U.K. Singh Manish DwivediEngineering Mechanics for B.Tech., U.BT.U. By Dr. U.K. Singh Prof. & E.0. D. Mechanical Engg. Department K.N.LT. Sultanpur Manish Dwivedi BE, M.Tech. (Mech. Engg.) Addl. Director Lucknow Model Institute of Technology & Management Mohanlalganj, Lucknow KRISHNA Prakashan Media (P) Ltd. | KRISHNA HOUSE, 11, Shivaji Road, Meerut - 250 0C! (U.P.), INDIAKrishras Engineering Mechanics for B.Tech., U.P.T.U. First Edition : 2008 Second Thoroughly Revised Edition : 2009 ‘This book or any part thereof may not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the publishers and authors. I. S. B. N. : 81-8283-070-2 Book Code No. : 352-2 Price : Rs. 160.00 Only Satyendra Rastogi "Mitra" for KRISHNA Prakashan Media (P) Ltd. 11, Shivaji Road, Meerut - 250 001 (U. Phones : (0121) 2642946, 2644766 Fax : 0121-2645855 Website : www.krishnaprakashan.com E-mail : info@krishnaprakashan.com Ea. Sugam Rastogi Typesetting Krishna Graphic Arts, Meerut (Surender Kumar) Printed at : Vimal Offset Printers, MeerutConTENTS 1. Two Dimensional Force System : Concurrent Force System ---- 2. Two Dimensional Force System : Non Concurrent Force System ----------- 31-52 3.__ Two Dimensional Force System : Support Reaction---- 4,__ Friction ---- 5.__ Application of Friction : Belt Friction --- ---- 105-128 6. 129-160 7. ---- 161-186 8. Centre of Gravity 187-214 9. Moment of Inertia : Area Moment of Inertia -- ---- 215-240 10. Kinematics of Rigid Bodies---- +> 241-284 11. Kinetics of Rigid Bodies ---- ---- 285-332 12. Simple Stress and Strain---- -o-- 333-374 13. Pure Bending of Beam ---- so-+ 375-394 14. Torsion ---- --- 395-410 15. Model Paper - 411-420 16. Previous Year Exam Paper (with solution) ---- 421-426fama zo Two Dimensional Force System (Concurrent Force System) L 1.1 Engineering Mechanics Engineering mechanics is that branch of science, which deals the action of the forces on the rigid bodies. 1.2 Rigid Bodies Arigid body may be defined as a body, which can retain its shape and size even if subjected to some external forces. In actual practice, no body is perfectly rigid. But for the sake of simplicity, we take the bodies as rigid bodies. 1.3 Newton’s Law of Motion Newton : It is magnitude of force, which develops an acceleration of 1 m/s? in 1 kg mass of the body. The entire subject of rigid body mechanics is based on three fundamental law of motion given by an American scientist Newton. Newton’s first law of motion : A particle remains at resi (if originally at rest) or continues to move in a straight line (if originally in motion) with a constant speed, if the resultant force acting on itis zero. Newton’s second law of motion : If the resultant force acting on a particle is not zero, then acceleration of the particle will be proportional to the resultant force and will be in the direction of this force. Fema Newton’s third law of motion : The force of action and reaction between interacting bodies are equal in magnitude, opposite in direction and have the same line of action. 1.4 Branches of Mechanics Mechanics is mainly divided into two parts Statics and Dynamics, Dynamics further divided in Kinematics and Kinetics Mechanics of Rigid Body Staties Dynamics (Body is at rest) (Body is in motion) | Kinematics Kinetics Fig 1.1 Statics : It deals with the study of behavior of a body at rest under the action of various forces, which are in equilibrium.image not availableimage not availableimage not availableTwo Dimensional Force System (Concurrent Force System) 5 Problem 1. Find the magnitude of two forces such that if they act at right angle their resultant is VIO KN, while they act at an angle of 60°, their resultant is ¥T3 kN. Solution : Let the two forces be P and Q, and their resultant be ‘R’. {P? + Q? + 2PQ cosa Since, R Case 1: Ifa = 90°, then R=V10 KN 10 =P? +Q? + 2PQ cos 90° 10= P? +Q?, cos 90° = 0 1) Case 2 : Ifo = 60°, then R = V13 kN 13 = P? + Q? + 2PQcos 60° 13 =P? +Q?+PQ, cos 60°=0.5 (2) Fromequation(1)and(2) PQ=3 3) Now (P+Q? =P? +Q? +2PQ =104+2x3=16 P+Q=4 w(4) (P-Q)? =P? +Q? -2PQ =10-2x3 P-Q=2 5) From equation (4) and (5) P=3KN and Q=1kN Problem 2. Two forces equal to 2P and P act on a particle. Ifthe first force be doubled and the second Jorce is increased by 12kN, the direction of their resultant remain unaltered. Find the value of P. Solution : In both cases direction of resultant remain unchanged, so we used the formula, tan @= —Qsina__ se (@+Qcosa) Case 1: P=2P,Q=P tang=—?Sna_ (D) (2P +P cosa) Case 2: P=4P,Q=P+12 4 ‘ range OA) sine (2) 4+(P +12) cosa Psina ___(P+12)sine Equate both equations ———— = ———__——_-"_ 2P + cosa 4P-+(P +12)cosa 4P? sin +P? sina. cosa. + 12P sina. cosa. = 2P? sina + 24sina. + P? sina. cose + 12P sino. cosa. 2P? sino = 24P sina =12 KN. Ans. 1.11 Resolution of a Force When a force is resolved into two parts along two mutually perpendicular directions, without changing its effect on the body, the parts along those directions are called resolved parts. And process is called resolution of a force.image not availableimage not availableimage not available‘Two Dimensional Force System (Concurrent Force System) 9 If EV Positive Ifangleis measured from horizontal and SH is axis as shown in fig. (c). SuRHNGS @= tan? (Zh with X-axis lies in Direction Ht (Angle 6) lies in second quadrant. second If angle @ is measured from vertical quadrant Y-axis as shown in fig. (d). @= tan? [2 } with Yeaxis lies in mv second quadrant if Vand SH SH ZH Ifangle @is measured from horizontal both are X-axis as shown in fig. (¢). Seen = tan [2] with X-axis lies in Direction Hl (Angle 6) lies in third quadrant. third quadrant If angle 9 is measured from vertical Y-axis as shown in fig. (D. tan Es third quadrant, with Y-axis lies in If EV Negative IfangleGis measured from horizontal and 3H is X-axis as shown in fig. (g). Positive: with Xaxis lies in Direction (Angle6) lies in fourth quadrant. fourth quadrant If angle 9 is mezsured from vertical Tras as shown in 43. (2). sun? (Zh with Yeaxts lies in iV fourth quadrant. 1.14 Steps for finding the resultant of Concurrent Coplanar Force System The steps are : 1. Make the direction of all the forces away from the body. 2. Resolved all the forces in horizontal and vertical direction, using method of Resolution of a force. 3. Take upward forces as positive, down force as negative. Left hand force as negative, and Right hand force as positive. 4. Take sum of all horizontal components i.e. ZH 5. Take sum of all vertical components ie. ZV 6. Find the resultant of the force system using, R+ VEH? +xV? 7. Find direction of resultant with the help of article 1.13.2. Problem 3. Four coplanar forces are acting ata point. Three forces have magnitude of 20, 50 and 20N at angles of 45°, 200° and 270° respectively. Fourth force is unknown. Resultant force has magnitude of 50N and acts along X-axis, Determine the unknown force and its direction from X-axis,image not availableimage not availableimage not available‘Two Dimensional Foree System (Concurrent Force System) 13 Or we can say that in equilibrium the sum of all horizontal components and sum of all vertical components is zero, hence resultant of force system is also zero. ie. EV and EH = 0 hence R = 0. When body is in equilibrium, then there are two types of forces applied on the body © Applied forces © Non-applied forces — Self weight (W= m.g. act vertically downwards) ‘— Contact reaction (Action = reaction) Notes : If the resultant of a number of forces acting on a particle is zero, the particle will be in equilibrium. > Such a set of forces, whose resultant is zero, are called equilibrium forces. > The force, which brings the set of forces in equilibrium, is called an equilibrant. As a matter of fact, the equilibrant is equal to the resultant force in magnitude, but opposite in nature. 1.16 ‘Action’ and ‘Reaction’ ‘Two bodies A and B are in contact at point ‘C’. Body A press against the body G B, Hence action of body A on the body B is F. Reaction of Body B on body A is (« A R, From Newton’s third law of motion (ie, action = reaction), both these forces are equal therefore F = R ie. Action = Reaction Fig. 1.19 Or, “Any pressure on a support causes an equal and opposite pressure from the support so that action and reaction are two equal and opposite forces.” 1.17 Tension in a String When a weight is attached to a string then it will be in tension. Various diagrams are shown below to describe this concept. linen Continous Pulley is massless wet ri no fetton " Sting Continuous TTonsion T Ty T, Friction betwoen Ww Ws bell and pulley present Continuous string Ty Ty Knot Ts w Fig. 1.20 : Different uses of stringimage not availableimage not availableimage not available‘Two Dimensional Force System (Concurrent Force System) ru Apply Lamis theorem at point‘ G .. Ty 1s sin 150° sin 135° sin 75° 15 sin 150° {= sin 75° T, = 7.76N Ans. 15 sin 135° eo sin 75° Ty = 10.98N Ans. Problem 10. A fine light string ABCDE whose extremity A is fixed, has weights W, and W, attached to itatB and C. It passes round a small smooth peg at D carrying aweightof 40N at the free endE as shown in fig. 1.30. If in the position of equilibrium, BC is horizontal and AB and CD makes 150° and 120° with BG, find (@ Tension in the portion AB, BC and CD of the string and (i) Magnitude of W, andW2, Fig. 1.30 Solution : First sting ABCD is split into two parts, and consider the joints B and C separately. Let, Tj = Tension in String AB Ty = Tension in String BC T; = Tension in String CD T, = Tension in String DE T, =T, = 40N D A Ty Ty=40 150°, T) 1208 a) ec B c Wi W, Fig. 1.31 Fig. 1.32 Since at joint B and C three forces are acting on both points. But at B all three forces are unknown and at point C only two forces are unknown. So apply Lami’s theorem first at joint C,image not availableimage not availableimage not available‘Two Dimensional Force System (Concurrent Force System) 21 Consider equilibrium of block A 3H =R, sin 75° — Ry cosa=0 Ry cosa > Rp= R Consider equilibrium of block B ZH = Rg sin 65° - Rp cosa = 0 _ Ry cosa, 's = _ 4.50005 62.51° sin 65° Rg =2.29 kN 5 cos 65° — Rz sino. + Ry —Wy =0 29 cos 65° — 4.509 sin 62.5° +Rp -4=0 02 KN Problem 14. A right circular roller of weight 5000N rests on a smooth inclined plane and is held in position by a cord AC as shown in fig. 1.37. Find the tension in the cord if there is a horizontal force of ‘magnitude 1000N acting at C. [May 2003) W=5000N Fig. 1.37 Solution : Let Rg be the contact reaction at point B. This reaction makes an angle of 20° with the vertical Y-axis. Let Tension in string AC is ‘T’, which makes an angle of 10° with the horizontal X-axis as shown in fig. 1.38. In triangle EBD Za C— ayo ‘P= 1000N m mA / Since EBD = Z FBC =70°, A Te B Now in Triangle FBC _ZFBC = 70°, % frm 20 D = 20%, si i.e, Rg makes an angle of 20° with the vertical W=5000N Now in Triangle ACF Fig. 1.38 Now,image not availableimage not availableimage not available‘Two Dimensional Force System (Concurrent Force System) py 7m 10. Iftwo forces acting at a point be represented in magnitude and direction by the twoaides of a triangle taken in order, then their resultant is represented by the third side of the triangle taken in the order. Lami’s Theorem states that if three forces acting at a point be in equilibrium, then each is proportional to the . of the angle between the other two. Ifa system of co-planar concurrent forces is in equilibrium, then the vector diagram drawn with those forces must be a figure. True/False Concurrent forces always lie in the same plane. Collinear forces always act in the same direction. Tension acts opposite to the external force. Equilibrant of a force system is equal and opposite to the resultant of the force system. Maximum resultant of two concurrent forces P and Q = P+Q. Minimum resultant of two concurrent forces P andQ = P - Q(P > Q). Resolved part of a force in a direction at right angles to its line of action is the force itself. ‘The algebraic sum of the resolved parts of any number of co-planar concurrent forces along any direction is equal to the resolved part of their resultant along the same direction. Lami’s Theorem is applicable only to three concurrent co-planar forces. Ifa system of co-planar concurrent forces be in equilibrium, 2X = 0 and EY = 0. Il. Multiple Choice Questions 1 Necessary and sufficient conditions for a system of co-planar forces are EX = Oand EY = 0. Then the forces are: @ concurrent forces Gi) like parallel forces ii) unlike parallel forces (iv) all the above Theoretical Questions 1 2. A State and explain the principle of transmissibility of forces? [May 2001, 2005, 2001, Dec. 2000, 2003, 2005) What do you understand by resultant of a force system and which are the methods used for determining the resultant of coplanar concurrent force system ? [May 2006] Explain Polygon law of forces. (Dee. 2004] State and prove parallelogram law of forces. (ee. 20071 How do you find the resultant of coplanar concurrent force system? State the necessary and sufficient condition of equilibrium of a system of coplanar concurrent force system. What will happen if one of the condition is not satisfied? Dee. 2005, May 2007] Describe the concept of free body diagram with suitable example. [May 2007, Dec. 2008]image not availableimage not availableimage not availableTwo Dimensional Force System (Concurrent Force System) 29 3. ASOON cylinder is supported by the frame ABC, which is hinged at A, and rests against wall AD. Determine the reactions at contact surfaces A, B, C and D. As shown in fig. 1.52. 4. Cylinder A and B weighing 5000N and 2500N rest on smooth incline planes as shown in fig. 1.53. Neglecting the weight of connecting bar and assuming smooth pin connections, find the force P to be applied such that the system is in the equilibrium. 5. Twosteel cylinders are supported in a right angled wedge supportas shown in fig. 1.54. The side OL makes an angle of 30° with the horizontal. The diameters of the cylinders are 250 mm and 500 mm; their weights being 100 and 400N respectively. Determine the reaction R between the smaller cylinder and the side OL.image not availableimage not availableimage not available‘Two Dimensional Force System (Non-Concurrent Force System) 33 = 2.Area of the triangle AOD (3) But from the geometry of the figure, we find that Area of triangle AOD = Area of triangle AOC + Area of triangle ACD But Area of triangle ACD = Area of triangle ABD= Area of triangle AOB (Because two AAOB and AADB are on the same base AB and between the same || lines) Now Area of triangle AOD = Area of triangle AOC + Area of triangle AOB Multiply both sides by 2 we get : 2. Area of triangle AOD = 2.. Area of triangle AOC + 2. Area of triangle ACD, i.e., Moment of force R about O = Moment of force P about O + Moment of force Q about O or R.d==M Where =M = Sum of the moment of all forces d=Distance between the resultant force and the point where moment of all forces are taken. ‘This principle is extended for any number of forces. 2.5 Resultant of Non-concurrent Coplanar Force System ‘The resultant of non-concurrent force system is that force, which will have the same rotational and translation effect as the given system of forces; it may be a force, a pure moment or a force and a moment. R= (GH) +a)" tang =2¥ =H IM =R.d Where, =H = Sum of all horizontal component XV =Sum of all vertical component =M = Sum of the moment of all forces d =Distance between the resultant force and the point where moment of all forces are taken. 2.6 Principle of Moment If there are number of coplanar non-concurrent forces acted upon a body, then for equilibrium of the body, the algebraic sum of momentof all these forces about a point lying in the same plane is zero. Le, =M =0 or we can say that, clockwise moment = Anticlockwise moment 2.7 Equilibrium conditions for Non-concurrent Force System For Equilibrium of non-concurrent forces, there are three conditions : 1, Sum of all the horizontal forces is equal to zero, i.e., ZH = 0 2. Sum of all the vertical forces is equal to zero, i.e., £V =0 3. Sum of the moment of all the forces about any point is equal to zero, i.e., EM = If any one of these conditions is not satisfied then the body will not be in equilibrium.image not availableimage not availableimage not available‘Two Dimensional Force System (Non-Concurrent Force System) 37 Taking moment from point A : 98.1 x 2 cos 45° — T cos 20° x BD +T sin 20° x AD=0 On solving T=81.75N tH=0 Ray —T cos 20° Ran wv Ray -T sin 20°- 98. Ray =126.06N Problem 6. The 12 m boom ABweights 1 KN, the distance of the center of gravity G being 6m from A. For the position shown, determine the tension T in the cable and the reaction at B. {ee. 2003] Solution : The free body diagram of the boom is shown in fig. 2.16. EM, =0 T sin 15° x 12 - 2.5 x 12 cos 30° — 1 x 6 cos 30° = 0 T = 10.0382 kN (2s? + 10? +10 x 2.5 x cos 75°) Reaction at Fig. 2.16 Parattet Forces anp Couptes 2.8 Parallel Forces The forces, whose lines of action are parallel to each other, are known as parallel forces. They donot meet at one point (i. e., Non-concurrent force). The parallel forces may be broadly classified into the following two categories, depending their direction. There are two types of parallel forces. 1, Like Parallel Forces : The forces whose lines of action are parallel to each other and all of them act in the same direction are known as like parallel forces. 2. Unlike Parallel Forces : The forces whose lines of action are parallel to each other, and all of them do not act in the same direction are known as unlike parallel forces.image not availableimage not availableimage not available‘Two Dimensional Force System (Non-Concurrent Force System) 41 Now, moment is not zero, i.e., forces are not in equilibrium. Hence the answer is system form a couple having magnitude of 400 KN- cm (U) ie, resultant moment = M = 400kN-cm (Anticlockwise) Problem 10. A rectangle ABCD has sides AB = CD = 80 mm and BC = DA = 60mm. Forces of 150N each act along AB and CD, and forces of 100 N each act along BC and DA. Make calculations for the resultant of the force system. 4100 1son—-—D lc léomm +150N rr $100 Fig. 2.23 Solution : Let R be the resultant of the given system. AndRy and Ry be the horizontal and vertical component of the resultant. And resultant makes an angle of @ with the horizontal. Resolving all the forces horizontally ZH = 150-150 =H =0kN (1) Resolving all the forces vertically ZV =100-100=0kN +(2) Since ZH and EV both are 0, then resultant of the system is also zero. But in Non-concurrent forces system, the resultant of the system may be a force, a couple or a force and a couple, i.., in this case if couple is not zero then couple is the resultant of the force system. For finding couple, taking moment about any point say point ‘A’. M, =~ 150 x 60 - 100 x 80, both are anticlockwise. Then, Resultant moment = couple = - 17000 N-mm, i.e., system form a couple, Problem 11. A square block of each side 1.5 m is acted upon by a system of forces along its sides as shown in the adjoining figure. If the system reduces to a couple, determine the magnitude of the forces P andQ and the couple. yy Q 300Nimage not availableimage not availableimage not availableTwo Dimensional Force System (Non-Concurrent Force System) 45 for finding the position of the resultant, apply Varignon’s theorem, i.e., R=1500N Moment of resultant = sum of moment of all the forces about any point. 4 Let from point A, and distance of resultant is ‘d’ m from A R. d= 4000 x 1 + 2000 - 2500x 2.5 - 1800 x d= - 250 = d= 0.166 m from point A Fig. 2.36(b) Gi) Equivalent system through A Equivalent system consist of : 1. Asingle force R passing through the given point, and 2. Asingle moment (EM) Where, R =the resultant of all forces acting on the body =M = Sum of all moments of all the forces about point A. Hence single force is = 1500 N; and couple = 250 N-m € Objective Type Questions i Fill in the Blanks 1. The moment of a force is equal to the and the .. which the moment is required, and the line of action of the force. ou of the point about 2. If point lie on the line of action of a force, the moment of the force about that point is. 3. The Moment of a force about any pointis equal to..... force. 4, The resultant of non-concurrent force system is that force, which will have the same ........ and ..... effect as the given system of forces. 5. The forces, whose lines 6f action are parallel to each other, are known as .. .~ the area of triangle formed by the 6. Nosingle force can replace two equal and opposite forces, whose line of action are True/False 1. Moment of a force indicates turning tendency of a body on which the force acts, about C.G. of the body. 2. “Moment of a force about an axis depends upon both the magnitude of the force and the distance of the axis from the line of action of the force. 3. If the moment of a system of forces about any two co-planar points is separately equal to zero, then either their resultant is zero or the line of action of the resultant passes through both the points. 4, Principle of moments is based on Varignon’s theorem. 5. Reaction on roller support may not be perpendicular to the plane supporting the rollers. 6. Couple causes rotating tendency of a body. 7. The resultant of two like parallel forces acts at C of a straight line AB such that the forces act at A and B respectively. If the two forces are equal in magnitude, they will form a couple.image not availableimage not availableimage not available‘Two Dimensional Force System (Non-Concurrent Force System) 49 2. Auniform wheel of 60cm diameter weighing 1000N rests against rectangular obstacle 15cm high. Find the least force required which when acting through center of the wheel will just turn the wheel over the comer of the block. Find the angle of force with horizontal, fig. 2.38, Fig. 2.38 3. A bar 4 m long and of negligible weight is acted upon by a vertical load of 400 N and a horizontal load of 200 N applied at positions as shown, in fig. 2.39. The ends of the bar are in contact with, a smooth vertical wall and a smooth incline. Determine the equilibrium position of the bar as defined by the angle 6, it makes with the horizontal. Fig. 2.39 4. Arod 2m long and of negligible wt. Rest in horizontal position on two smooth inclined planes. Determine distance ‘x’ at which the loadQ = 100N should be placed from point B to keep the bar horizontal. As shown in fig. 2.40. P=200N Q=100N 10.5: x B, fo }__—__ 2m Fig. 2.40 5. Aplate measuring (4 x 4) m? is acted upon by 5 forces in its plane as shown in fig. 2.41. Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant force.image not availableimage not availableimage not availableTwo Dimensional Force System (Support Reaction) fy 3.1 Beam A beam may be defined as a structural element which has one dimension (length) considerable larger compared to the other two direction, i.e., breadth and depth and is supported at a few points. It is usually loaded in vertical direction. Due to applied loads reactions develop at supports. The system of forces consisting of applied loads and reactions keep the beam in equilibrium. 3.2 Types of Beam and Different Types of Loading There are mainly three types of beam : 1, Simply supported beam 2. Overhanging beam 3. Cantilever beam 1, Simply Supported Beam : The beam on which the both ends are simply supported, either by point load or hinged or roller support. (Fig 3.1 and 3.2). Fig. 3.2image not availableimage not availableimage not available‘Two Dimensional Force System (Support Reaction) 87 Problem 2. A 500 N cylinder, 1 m in diameter is loaded between the cross pieces AE and BD which make an angle of 60° with each other and are pinned at C. Determir.e the tension in the horizontal rope DE assuming that the cross pieces rest ona smooth floor. [ec. 2001] Fig. 3.15 Fig. 3.16 Fig. 3.17 Solution : Consider the equilibrium of the entire system. C is the pin joint, making the free body diagram of ball and rod separately. 2Ry cos 60° ) Ry Ra t+Rp (2) Due to symmetry R, = Rg = 250N CP = 0.5 cot 30° = 0.866m Taking moment about pointC, T x 18 cos 30° - Ry X CP - Rg x 1.2 sin 30° = T x 18 cos 30° = Ry xCP + Rg x 1.2 sin 30° Putting the value of CP, Ry and Rg T=374N. Problem 8. Find the reactionis at supports A and B of the loaded beam shown in fig. 3.18. 6OkN 20KN 394m Fig. 3.18 Solution : First change UDL into point load. Resolved all the forces in horizontal and vertical direction. Since roller at A (only one vertical reaction) and hinged at point B (one vertical and one horizontal reaction). Let reaction at hinged, i.e., point B is Rg; and Rgy, and reaction at roller support, i.e., point A is Ray.image not availableimage not availableimage not available‘Two Dimensional Force System (Support Reaction) 61 SKN 10kN 3OKN 15kN 216m 05m im Fig. 3.27 Point load of Triangle CEA = 5x AC x AE =x 1x10=51N act ata distance ; of AC (i.e., 0.333 m) from point A Pointload of Triangle AED = 3 x AD x AE =x 2x10=10kN act ata distance 3 of AD (i.e. 0.666 m) from point A Now divided the diagram DBGF in to two parts A triangle FHG and a rectangle FHDB. Point load of Triangle FHG ; x FH x HG = x 3x (20-10) =15kN act a distance por FH ((.e., 1.0 m) from point H Point load of Rectangle FHDB = DB x BH = 3 x 10 = 30kN act ata distance 3 of DB (i.e., 1.5 m) from point D At point A roller support, i.e., only vertical reaction (Ray), and point B hinged support, i.e., a horizontal reaction (Rpjz )and a vertical reaction (Ry). Ray + Rpy - 5-10-30-15=0 Ray +Rpy =60kN (1) Now taking moment about point ‘A’ ~ 5X 3 +10 0456+ 30% 3.54 15% 4 ~ Ryy %5 = 0 Rey =34 kN Putting the value of Rgy in equation (1) Ray =26 KN Problem 8. Determine the reactions at supports A and Din thestructure shown in fig. 3.28. Wee. 2003, (C.0.)}image not availableimage not availableimage not availablenal Force System (Support Reaction) Ev = 200+ Ray ~ P sin 20° Ev = 200 + Rpy ~ 32.1sin 20° (2) Since, the lever-ABC is in equilibrium EH = Ry = O,we get Roy = ~ 269.85 KN Rey =~ 189.021 KN 1 Rp = (Ray)? + (Ray )}? 1 Rg = {(~ 269.85)? + (-189.02)?}2 Rg = 329.45 kN Let, @= Angle made by the line of action of Rg with the horizontal Rev the, tn6= 189.021 Ray — 269.835 @=35.01°. Problem 11. What force and moment is transmitted to the supporting wall at A? Refer Fig. 3.36. tH=0 BV =~ 5x 15415431510 =15kN EM, =1.5x 5x 0.75-15x2-—x1.5x10x (25-10) =- 35.625 kN-m A force of 15 KN (vertical) is transmitted to the wall along with an anticlockwise moment of 35.625 kN-m.image not availableimage not availableimage not available‘Two Dimensional Foree System (Support Reaction) 69 12. Determine the reactions at supports of simply supported beam of 6m span carrying increasing load of 1500 N-m to 4500 N-m from one end to other end, fig. 3.48. 4500N-m_ - é STMT Aj m. Ra IR Fig. 3.48 13. The cross section of a block is an equilateral triangle. It is hinged at A and rests on a roller at B. It is pulled by means of string attached at. If the weight of the block is Mg and the string is horizontal, determine the force P which should be applied through string to just lift the block off the roller, fig. 3.49. Wee. 2002) 14. Find the support reaction at A and Bin the beam as shown in fig, 3.50. ik N “AL Fig. 3.50 15. Compute the simplest resultant force for the load shown in fig. 3.51 acting on the cantilever beam. What force and moment is transmitted by this force to supporting wall at A? [May 2005] or k-35m—4 W=7N-m ——§00N 21Nm~ |-_—- sm + 72 —___ Fig. 3.51image not availableimage not availableimage not availableFriction 4.1 Friction When a body moves or tends to move over another body, a force opposing the motion develops at the contact surfaces, This force, which opposes the movement or the tendency of movement, is called frictional force or simply friction. Frictional force always acts parallel to the surface of contact, opposite to the tendency of motion and depends upon the roughness of surface. 4.2 Concept of Limiting Friction ‘The maximum value of frictional force, which comes into play, when a body R Just begins to slide cver the surface of the other body, is known as limiting friction, Consider a solid body placed on a horizontal plane surface. 5, P Let W = Weight of the body acting through ¢.G. downwards. R= Normal reaction of body acting through C.G. downwards. P = Force acting on the body through C.G. and parallel to the Fig. 4.1 horizontal surface. F = Limiting force of friction. If ‘P’ is small, the body will not move as the force of friction will be more than ‘P’, But if the magnitude of ‘P’ goes on increasing a stage comes, when the body is on the point of motion. At this stage, the force of friction acting on the body is called ‘LIMITING FORCE OF FRICTION (F)’. If the magnitude of P ’is further increased the body will start moving. The force of friction, acting on the body is moving, is called KINETIC FRICTION. 4.3 Types of Friction (a) Static Friction ‘When the applied force is less than the limiting friction, the body remains at rest and such frictional force is called static friction and this law is known as law of static friction. It is the friction experienced by a body, when it is at rest or when the body tends to move. (b) Kinetic (Dynamic) Friction When the applied force exceeds the limiting friction the body starts moving over the other body and the friction of resistance experienced by the body while moving. This is known as law of Dynamic or Kinetic Friction.image not availableimage not availableimage not availableFriction 7 Problem 2. A wooden block of weight SON rests on a horizontal plane. Determine the force required which is acted at an angle of 15° to just (a) Pull it, and (b) Push it. Take coefficient friction = 0.4 between the mating surfaces. Comment on the result. Solution : (a) Let A, be the force required to just pull the block. In the limiting equilibrium, the forces are balanced. That gies tH BR cos® 2V=0;R=W-R sine Also F=uR 1 W -R, sin®) = R, cos or R= ~ (cos 15° + 0.4 sin 15°) 8.70N (b) Let P, be the force required to just push the biock. With reference to the free body diagram (Fig. 4.7). Let us write the equations of equilibrium, Rg SH =0;F =P, cos0 Asia IV =0;R=W +P, sind * E 2 Also FauR ia kW +P, sin 0) =P, cos@ 7 f or a= Wes {eos — 1 #in8) Fig. 4.7 _ 04x50 (eos 15° = 0.4 sin 15°) =23.17N Comments It is easier to pull the block than push it. Problem 3. A body resting on a rough horizontal plane required a pull of 24N inclined at 30° to the plane just to move it. It was also found that a push of 30N at 30° to the plane was just enough to cause motion to impend. Make calculations for the weight of body and the coefficient of friction. Solution : 3H =0;F, =F, cos BV =0;R=W-R sind Also FapR W —B sin®) =F, cos or aes A) (cos 0+ sin)image not availableimage not availableimage not availableFriction 81 1 R=3500N (1) mwe=0 R=W =10KN = 10000N -=(2) Putting the value of R in equation (1) = 035 +=(3) Now consider second case : as shown in fig. 4.17 W=10kN 1046=160N Fig. 4.16 Fig. 4.17 Now normal reaction is Ry, SH =0 P-1R, =0 P=pR ofA) mv=0 Ry = 10KN+ 6KN = 16000 R, = 16000N 6) Putting the value of R, in equation (4) P= 0.35x 16000 P=5600N Problem 9. Block ‘A’ weighing 1000N rests over block B which weights 2000N as shown in fig. 4.18. Block A is tied to wall with a horizontal string. If the coefficient of friction between A and B is jand between B and floor is i, what should be the value of P to move the block B ? If (@) Pis horizontal @) Pis at an angle of 30° with the horizontal. Solution : (a) When P is horizontal Consider FBD of block A as shown in fig. 4.19. rv=0 gait Ry =W =1000 R, =1000N wa(1) TH =0 x x T=, R, 4x 1000 = 250N aR 4 % T= 250N @) Fig, 4.19image not availableimage not availableimage not availableFriction, 8 Resolving all the forces Parallel to Plane OA : Pcos@-pR-W.sina=0 = Resolving all the forces Perpendicular to Plane OA: R+Psin® -W.cosa=0 wii) Putting value of ‘R’ from (ii) in equation (i) we get P=W. Gt cona +a G) (i. sin B+ cos) Now putting y = tan @, on solving Paw, |S G48) | wlll) cos (® + @) Now Pis minimum at cos ( — 6) is max Prin = W «sin (a + 0) Case 2 : Magnitude of force ‘p’ which is required to move the body down the plane. When ‘p’ is acted with an angle of 9. R Resolving all the forces Parallel to Plane OA : Pcos®+pR-W.sina=0 oO Resolving all the forces Perpendicular to Plane OA : R+Psin@-W. cosa=0 fi) Putting value of ‘R’ from (ii) in equation (i) we get We nent cosa) (cos @ =p. sin o) Now putting » = tan @, on solving sin (@-9)] * [eos @ +8) | Case 3 : Magnitude of force ‘' which i required to move the body down the plane. When i acted horizontally. P=W Resolving all the forces Parallel to Plane OA : . ie Pcosat+pR-W.sina=0 i) Resolving all the forces Perpendicular to Plane OA : P R-P sina -W.cosa=0 fg = Putting value of ‘R from (ii) in equation (1) we get we P=W ..[(sina—p cos. a) (cosa. +p . sin o)] Now putting p = tan 8, on solving, P=W tan (@-0) Case 4 : Magnitude of force ‘p’ which is required to move the body up the plane. When p'is acted horizontally. R Fig. 4.33 Resolving all the forces Parallel to Plane OA A P cosa. wR -W sin =) ai yy Resolving all the forces Perpendicular to Mae OA: ‘ R-Psina-W.cosa=0 (ii) om x Putting value of ‘R’ from (ii) in equation (1) we get Fig. 4.34image not availableimage not availableimage not availableFriction 89 (iii) The force P required to just cause the motion up the plane as eee, shown in fig 4.48. Frictional force is acting down the plane She A Sum of force perpendicular to plane = 0 x > Ry =W cos 30° = 173.2N ++(8) ‘Sum of force parallel to plane = 0 ot PR, -W sin 30°=0 Ea NW cos 30° P=0, 25% 173. 2-220 sin 30° w P=143.3N Hig. 4.48 Problem 17. A body of weight SOKN rests in limiting equilibrium on a rough plane, whose slope is 30°. The plane is raised to a slope of 45°; what force, applied to the body parallel to the inclined plane, will support the body on the plane. Fig. 4.49 Solution : Case 1 Consider when the slope ofthe plane be 30°, gf Sum of forces parallel to plane = 0. er pR - W'sin 30° = 0 (1) R Sum of forces perpendicular to plane = 0 R-W cos 30° =0 Baek R=W cos 30° wn (2) ot Putting the value of R in equation (1), we get ¥ PN can p= tan 30°= 0.577 (3) ‘Case 2 : Now consider the case when the slope is 45°. Let force P Fig. 4.50 required to support the body. In this case Sum of forces parallel to plane = 0 P—pR, - W sin 45°=0 (A) Sum of forces perpendicular to plane = 0 Ry — W cos 45° = 0 Ry = W cos 45° 6) Putting the value of R in equation (4), we get P =1W cos 45° - W sin 45° Putting = 0.577 and w = SO KN, we get P=15.20kN Problem 18. Force of 200N is required just to move a certain body up an inclined plane of angle 15°, the force being parallel to plane. If angle of inclination is made 20° the effort again require! parallel to plane is found 250N. Determine the weight of body and coefficient of friction. Fig. 4.5190 Solution : Gase 1 : Consider when the slope of the plane is 15° Sum of forces perpendicular to plane = 0 R=W cos 15° wo() Sum of forces parallel to plane = 0 P—uR-W sin 15°=0 +) Putting the value of (1) in (2), we get P=,W cos15°+W sin 15° = 0 200=0.96nW+0.25W —...(3) Case 2 : Consider when the slope of the plane be 20°, fig. 4.53. Sum of forces perpendicular to plane = 0 Ry =W cos 20° (4) ‘Sum of forces parallel to plane = 0 P—uR, - W sin 20°=0 wl) Putting the value of (4), in (5), we get P= W cos 20° + W sin 20° = 0 250= 0.939 uW +0.34W —...(6) On solved equation (3) and (6) we get W =614.33N and 1 =0.06 Problem 19. A four wheel drive car as shown in fig. 4.54 has mass of 2000kg with passengers, The roadway is inclined at an angle@ with the horizontal. Ifthe coefficient of friction between the tyres and the road is 0.3, what is the maximum inclination ® that can climb? 03 we 38 Weng Fig. 4.54 Solution : Let the maximum value for inclination is @ for body to remain stationary. Fig. 4.55 Let 0.25m distance is the distance between the inclined surface and C.G. Now, Sum of forces parallel to plane = 0 W sin @=pR (R, +R) Sum of forces perpendicular to plane = 0 Ry +R, =W cose (1) +2)Friction 91 Putting the value of (2) in (1), we get W sin 0 =p (W cos0) or p= tan@ © =tan™! (0.3) 0 = 16.69° Problem 20. A weight SOON just starts moving down a rough inclined plane supported by force 200N acting parallel to the plane and it is at the point of moving up the plane when pulled by a force of 300N parallel to the plane. Find the inclination of the plane and the coefficient of friction between the inclined plane and the weight. 500 soon X\ Fa Fig. 4.56 Fig. 4.57 Solution : In first case body is moving down the plane, so frictional force is acting up the plane. Let @be the angle of inclination and be the coefficient of friction. ‘Sum of forces perpendicular to plane = 0 R= 500 cosé @) ‘Sum of forces parallel to plane = 0 200 + wR = 500 sin @ (2) Putting the value of (1) in equation (2) 200 + 500p cos @ = 500 sin 6 (8) Now 300N is the force when applied to block, it move in upward direction. Hence in this case frictional force acts downward. ‘Sum of forces perpendicular to plane = 0 R = 500 cosé 4) ‘Sum of forces parallel to plane = 0 300 = UR + 500 sin @ (8) Putting the value of (4) in equation (5) 300 = 500p cos 6 + 500 sin @ (6) Adding equation (3) and (6), we get : sino=2 3 or 8= 30° Putting the value in any equation we get p=0415 Problem 21. A body of weight 500N is pulled up along an inclined plane having an inclination of 30° with the horizontal. If the co-efficient of friction between the body and the plane is 0.3, and force is applied parallel to the plane, determine the force required. IMay 20061Engineering Mechanics PB oe Kol S00N 00N Fig. 4.58 Fig. 4.59 Solution : Body is being pulled up the inclined plane, force of friction (4R) will act downwards along the plane. Now, resolved all the forces horizontal and vertical direction apply equilibrium condition ie,, mwv=0 R - 500 cos 30° =0 R= 500 cos 30° R=433N 1) =H=0 P —500 sin 30° -pR=0 P-500x =~ 03x 433=0 P=3799N Force P = 379.9N, required to pull the body up the plane, Problem 22. What is the least value of P ’ required to cause the motion impend in the arrangement shown as follows. Assume that . = 0. 2for all contact surface. Weight of block A and Bare 840N and S6ON respectively. Wee. 2006] Fig. 4.60 Solution : Consider F.B.D. of Block B : mv Ry - 560+P sind R,=560-Psin@ — ...(1) zH=0 360N P cos8-T—R, =O Fig. 4.61, Block BFriction T +0.2 (560 - P sin@) = P cos@ T+112-0.2P sin@ =P cosd Consider F.B.D. of Block A : Iv=0 Ry ~ 840 cos 60° = 0 Ry = 420N -@) 3H =0 T ~ Rp ~ 840 sin 60° = 0 V3 Fig. 4.61, Block A T~0.2% 420~ 840x==0 T = (84+ 4203) Putting the value of T in equation (2), we get (84+ 420 J3) + 112- 0.2 P sin @ = P cosd Onsolving P (cos 0+ 0.2 sin 0) = 923.44 Since, 1 = 0.2 = angle of friction tang = 20 Putting the value of [so 328 sino] - 9.44 cos ere 4] 513.44 cos} PSS O=8 993. 44 923. 44 cos ¢ or = 22st cos (@ - 4) Now, we get least value of P when dominators cos (6 — $) is max i.e., cos (0 — 9) = 1= cos 0° @-o=0 @=@, but ¢=tan™ (0.2) =11.31° 923.44 cos 11, 31° nr Pea: = 905.5N wl) (5) (6)94 Engineering Mechanics 4.14 Ladder Friction Aladder is an arrangement used for climbing on the walls it essentially consists of two long uprights of wood or iron and connected by a number of cross bars. These cross bars are called rungs and provide steps for climbing. Fig 4.62. shows a ladder AB with its end A resting on the ground and end B leaning against a wall. The ladder is acted upon by the following set of forces : Fig. 4.62 (2) Weight W acting downwards at its mid point. (2) Normal reaction Rg and friction force Fy =p Rg at the end B leaning against the wall. Since the ladder has a tendency to slip downwards, the friction force will be acting upwards. If the wall is smooth (11 = 0), the friction force will be zero. (3) Normal reaction Ry and friction force F, =Rq at the end A resting on the floor. Since the ladder, upon slipping, tends to move away from the wall, the direction of friction force will be towards the wall. Applying equilibrium conditions, the algebraic sum of the horizontal and vertical component of forces would be zero. 4.15 Problems on Equilibrium of the Body on Ladder Problem 23. A ladder 5m long rests on a horizontal ground and leans against a smooth vertical wall atan angle 70° with the horizontal. The weight of the ladder is 900N and acts at its middle. The ladder is at the point of sliding, when a man weighing 750N stands 1.5m from the bottom of the ladder. Calculate coefficient of friction between the ladder and the floor. Ra 750N 900N Fig. 4.63 Solution : Apply equilibrium conditions m=0 Ry ~750-900=0Friction 95 Ry =1650N (1) 2My =0 —yR, x BC +R, x AC - 750 x DC - 900 x EC =0 wf) BC = 5 sin 70° AC = 5 cos 70° DC = FH = FB cos 70°, from 4 AFH = 3.5 cos 70° EC = GI = BG cos 70° = 2.5 cos 70°, from AGIB I from AABC Putting all the values in equation (2) ~ [1 x 1650 x 5 sin 70° + 1650 x 5 cos 70° ~ 750 x 3.5 cos 70° — 900 x 2.5 cos70° = 0 On solving =0,127 Problem 24. A uniform ladder of length 13m and weighing 250N is placed against a smooth vertical wall with its lower end 5m from the wall. The coefficient of friction between the ladder and floor is 0.3. ‘Show that the ladder will remain in equilibrium in this position. What is the frictional force acting on the ladder at the point of contact between the ladder and the floor? Solution : Since the ladder is placed against a smooth vertical wall, therefore there will be no friction at the point of contact between the ladder and wall. Resolving all the forces horizontally and vertically. =H =0,F,-R,=0 (1) EV =0, Ry - 250= Ry = 250N wu(2) From the geometry of the figure, BC = 12 m Taking moment about point B, 2M = 0 Ry XS—F, x 12-250x 2.5=0 fee F,=52N For equilibrium of the ladder, maximum force of friction available at the point of contact between the ladder and the floor = uR =0.3x250=75N Thus we see that the amount of the force of friction available at the point of contact (7SN) is more than force of friction required for equilibrium (52N). Therefore, the ladder will remain in equilibrium in this position, Problem 25. Auniform ladder of 7m rests against a vertical wall with which it makes an angle of 45°, the coefficient of friction between the ladder and the wall is 0.4 and that between ladder and the floor is 0.5. fa man, whose weight is one half of that of the ladder, ascends it, how high will it be when the ladder slips? Solution : Resolve all the forces vertically EV=0Ra -W -0.5W + 0.4Rg =0 Ry +0.4Rp = 1. (@Q) =H 0.5R, Rp Ra =2Ry on(2) Solve (1) and (2), we get 2Ry + 0.4Ry = 1.5W Taking moment about point A : EMA =0 W. AD + 0.5W.AE — Rg .BC - 0.48, . AC =0 (6) From AABC AC =7 cos 45° BC =7 sin 45° From AADG AD = 3.5 cos 45° From AAFE AE = ¥ cos 45° Putting all the value in equation (5) W x 3.5 cos 45° + 0. 5W x Y cos 45° ~ 0.625W x7 sin 45° ~ 0.4.x 0.625W x 7 cos 45* = 0 on solving Y=5.25m Problem 26. A ladder of length L rests against a wall, the angle of inclination height 45°. If the coefficient of friction between the ladder and the ground and that between the ladder and wall be 0.5 each, what will be the maximum distance on a ladder to which a man whose weight is 1.5 times the weight of the ladder may ascend before the ladder begins to slip. [ee. 2005]Friction 97 Solution : Apply equilibrium conditions i.., tH =ZV= 2M =0 IM, =0 (te, moment about point A) 1.5W. AE +W. AD—Rg x BC - 0.5Rg . AC =O (1) From AAEF AE = cos 45° From AADG AD =5 cos 45° From AABC AC =L cos 45° BC =L sin 45° Putting the value of AE, AD, AC and BC in equation (1), we get 1.5W. x cos 45°+W. cos 45° + Rg . L sin 45° - 0.5Rg . L cos 45°=0 _WL+3x) On solving Ry 7 (2) Now, EH =0 0.5R, — Ry =0 Ry =2Ry ~@) XV =0 Ry -1.5W-W+0.5R, =0 2Rz - 2.5W +0.5Rz =0 Ry =W From (3) Ry =W Recall equation (2) Ry = — wa @+30 ‘SL X=0.66L Problem 27. A ladder 3m long and weight 250N is placed against a wall with end B at floor level and Aon the wall. In addition to self weight the ladder supports a man weight 1200N at 2.5m from B on the ladder. If 1 at wall is 0.25 and at floor is 0.35, and if ladder makes an angle 60° with the floor, find the minimum horizontal force which if applied at B will prevent the slipping of the ladder. (May 20071 Ra afar, =025R, =a out, Ry 250. 1200N Fig. 4.6798 Solution : Apply equilibrium condition ie., =H ==V==M =0 EH =0 P+ 0.35Ry -Rq R= ) BV=0 Rg - 250-1200 +0.25R, =0 Ry - 1450+ 0.25 (P+ 0.35Ry) Rg - 1450+ 0.25P + 0.0875Rs 1.0875R, = 0.25P +1450 0.25P + 1450 Ba 0875 a Now, taking moment about Point A : -0.35Ry . AC +Ry . BC ~ 250. DC - 1200. EC =0 --@) From ABC From AAFH From AAGJ GI = EC = 0.5 cos 60° Putting all the values in equation (3), we get ~0.35[225r wt x3sin 60° 1.0875 [PASEE ASE 3 cos 6or— 250% 1.5. 0" [1.0875 = 1200 x 0.5 cos 60° = 0 On solving P =109.774N € Objective Type Questions I. Fill in the Blanks 1, Frictional force always acts .. to the surface of contact, .......to the moving direction and depends upon the .. surface. 2. When the applied force is less than the limiting friction, the body remains at 3. Coefficient of friction (1) is defined as the ratio of the .. to the.. two bodies. 4. When the surface is on the point of motion, the force of friction is maximum and this maximum frictional force is called the 5. Ifthe inclination is less than the extemal force. etween , the body will remain in equilibrium without anyFriction 99 I. True/False 1. Friction is a kind of reactive force. 2. Limiting friction is less than the sliding friction. 3. Rolling friction is less than the sliding friction. 4, Rolling friction is inversely proportional to the radius of the roller. 5. Limiting friction is the maximum value of static friction, 6. Dynamic friction is greater than the static friction. 7. Co-efficent of friction is the ratio of the normal reaction to the limiting friction. 8, y= tana, where « = angle of repose. 9. Angle of repose is equal to the angle of friction. 10. Horizontal pull required to'move a body on a horizontal plane is the same as the horizontal push required to move the body on the horizontal plane 11. Least force required to move a body up an inclined planes equal to W sin (B - 8), where W = weight of the body, = angle of friction andB = angle of inclination of the inclined plane with the horizontal. Ill. Multiple Choice Questions 1 3. 4 Limiting friction depends upon materials of the bodies in contact (di) weight of the body to be moved (dil) roughness of the surfaces of contact of two bodies (iv) all the above Co-efficient of friction depends upon : (@ roughness of surfaces of contact i) materials of the surfaces of contact Gii) weight of the body to be moved (iv) none of the these Co-efficient of friction is a ratio of the : (D limiting friction to normal reaction di) limiting friction to the weight of the body to be moved (ii) sliding friction to the normal reaction (iv) none of the above Total reaction is : @ the resultant of limiting friction and sliding friction (ii) the resultant of sliding friction and the normal reaction ii) the resultant of limiting friction and the normal reaction (iv) there is no term called total reaction Angle of friction is the angle : @ included between the normal reaction and the resultant reaction (i) included between the limiting friction and the resultant reaction (iii) induded between the limiting friction and the line of action of the weight of the body to be moved (iv) none of the aboveEngineering Mechanics 7 10. 1. ‘When a body resting on an inclined slides down the inclined plane under the action of its ‘own weight, the angle of inclination of the inclined plane is : (@ greater than the angle of repose Gi) less than the angle of repose ii) equal to the angle of repose Giv) none of the these ‘The angle which an inclined plane makes with the horizontal when a body placed on it is about to move down is known as angle of : @ friction ) limiting friction Gi) repose (iv) kinematic friction Dynamic friction as compared to static friction is : @ same (ii) more Gi) tess (iv) may be less of more depending on nature of surfaces and velocity Coulomb friction is the friction between @) bodies having relative motion Gi) two dry surfaces Gil) two lubricated surfaces (iv) solids and liquids On the ladder resting on the ground and leaning against a smooth vertical wall, the force of friction will be (@ downwards at its upper end Gi) upwards at its upper end Gi) perpendicular to the wall at its upper end (iv) zero at its upper end ‘The coefficient of friction depends on (i) area of contact (ii) shape of surfaces ii) strength of surfaces (iv) nature of surface € Theoretical Questions Define the term friction. Explain the concept of equilibrium of bodies involving dry friction with the help of neat diagram or the concept of limiting friction. (May 2005] Explain the law of coulomb friction? What are the factor affecting the coefficient of friction and effort to minimize it. [May 2005] Define the following terms : (a) Angle of Friction () Angle of Repose (May 2007] (©) Cone of Friction (Wee. 2004] Explain the laws of solid friction, (Dee. 2005]Friction 101 6. Explain uses of friction. [ee. 20051 7. Explain belt friction and its applications. [May 2007] 8. A body on contact with a surface is being pulled along it with force increasing from zero. How does the state of motion of a body change with force? Draw a graph and explain. 9. “Friction is both desirable and undesirable” explain. & Numerical Problems A. Friction on Horizontal Plane 1. Abody weighing SOON is just moved along a horizontal plane by a pull of 141.41N making 45° with horizontal. Find the coefficient of friction. 2. Force required to pull a body of SON on a rough horizontal plane is 20N. Determine the coefficient of friction if force is applied at an angle of 25° with X- axis. 3. For the arrangement shown in fig. 4.75, find the force F needed to cause impending motion to 3kN weight, coefficient of friction for all the contact surfaces being 0.3. What is the tension in the cable ? —{ an Fig. 4.68 4. .Aman wishing to slide a stone block of weight 1000N over a horizontal concrete floor ties a rope to the block and pulls it in a direction inclined upward at an angle of 20° to the horizontal. Calculate the minimum pull necessary to slide the block if the co-efficient of friction = 0.6, Calculate also the pull required if the inclination of the rope with the horizontal is equal to the angle of friction and prove that tie is the least force required to slide the block. P 5. A block of weight SKN is pulled by a force ‘P’ as shown in C fig. 4.69. The coefficient of friction between the contact surfaces is 0.35. Find the direction @ for which ‘P’ is minimum and find the corresponding value of P. [May 20041 Fig. 4.69 B. Friction on Inclined Plane 6. As shown in fig. 4.70, what should be the minimum weight of W so that the block of 1000N_ will not slide down the plane? Assume the pulley to be smooth and p = 0.3. Fig. 4.70102 Enginee ing Mechanics 7. Two blocks connected by a horizontal link AB are supported on two rough planes as shown in fig. 4.71. The coefficient of friction for the block on the horizontal plane is 0.4. The limiting angle of friction for block B on the inclined plane is 20°. What is the smallest weight W of the blockA for which equilibrium of the system can exist if weight of block B is SKN? A B Fig. 4,71 8. Two inclined planes have a common vertex and a string passing over a smooth pulley at the vertex, supporting two bodies of weight 200kN and 800KN as shown in fig. 4.72, see the next page. A cord fixes the weight of 200KN to the inclined plane of inclination 45°, Determine the tension in this cord. Assume that p= 0.2 for plane at 45° and for inclination 30°isp = 0.1. Fig. 4.72 9. Two blocks of weightW, and W, are connected by a string and rest on a horizontal plane as shown in fig. 4.73. Find the magnitude and direction of the least force ‘P ’ that should be applied to the upper block to induce sliding. The coefficient of friction for each block is to be taken asp. Fig. 4.73 10. Two identical blocks of weight W are supported by a rod inclined at 45° with the horizontal as shown in fig. 4.74. If both the blocks are in limiting equilibrium, find the coefficient of friction, assuming it to be the same at floor as well as wall.me. 103 Fig.4.74 A body of weight SOON is pulled up an inclined plane having an inclination of 30° with the horizontal. Ifthe coefficient of friction between the body and the planeis 0.3 and the force is applied parallel to the inclined plane. Determine the force required. C. Ladder Friction 12. 13. 14. 15. 16, 17. 18. Fora ladder of length 4m, rests against a vertical wall making an angle of 45°. Determine the minimum horizontal force to be applied at A to prevent slipping. » = 0.2 between the wall and the ladder, and 0.3 for the floor and the ladder. The ladder weight 200N and a man weighing 600N is at 3m from A. (Point A is on floor.) A uniform ladder of weight 800N and length 7m rests on a horizontal ground and leans against a smooth vertical wall. The angle made by the ladder with the horizontal is 60°. ‘When a man of weight 600N stands on the ladder at a distance 4m from the top of the ladder, the ladder is at the point of sliding. Determine the coefficient of friction between the ladder and the floor. A7.0m ladder rests against a vertical wall making an angle of 45°. If a man, whose weight is one half of that of the ladder, climbs it, at what distance along the ladder is he about to slip. For both the surfaces coefficient of friction isp. A uniform ladder rests with one end against a smooth vertical wall and the other on the ground, the coefficient of friction being 0.75 and the inclination of the ladder on the ground being 45°, Show that a man whose weight is equal to that of the ladder can just ascent tothe top of the ladder without its slipping. ‘A uniform ladder 3m long weights 20N. It is placed against a wall making an angle of 60° with the floor. The coefficient of friction between the wall and the ladder is 0.25 and that between the floor and ladder is 0.35. The ladder, in addition to its own weight, has to support a man of 100N at its top at B calculate: @ The horizontal force P to be applied to ladder at the floor level to prevent slipping. (ii) If the force P is not applied, what should be the minimum inclination of the ladder with the horizontal so that there is no slipping of it, with the man at its top? Aladder of length 3m rest against a wall, the angle of inclination being 45°. If the coefficient of friction between the ladder and the ground and that between the ladder and the wall be 0.5 each. What will be the maximum distance on ladder to which a man whose weight is 1.5 times the weight of ladder may ascend before the ladder begins to slip? ‘A uniform ladder of length 10m and weighing 10N is placed against a smooth vertical wall with its lower end 8m from the wall. In this position the ladder is just to slip. Determine @) Coefficient of friction between the ladder and floor. Frictional force acting on the ladder at the point of contact between ladder and floor.104 Engineering Mechanics ( ANSWERS ) OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS 1. Fill in the Blanks 1. parallel, opposite, roughness 2. rest 3, limiting force of friction (F), normal reaction(R) 4, limiting friction force 5. angle of friction UL. True/False LT 2.F 3.7 47 6. F 78 8. T 9.7 1. III. Multiple Choice Questions 1. G) 2. ¢ 3. @ 4. Gil) 6. (i) 7 Gi) 8. cil) % @ 11, (iv) NUMERICAL PROBLEMS 1, 0.25 2, 035 3. L9ZKN, 1.7kN 4, P=S24N, 514.5N 6, W="72.73N 7. W=R2=10.49KN 8. T; =161.02kN 9. P=(W; +W2)sin@, act at an angel of @=® 10, 0.414 12, 61.77N 18, w= 0.27 14. x-ufi-3{s-an} 2la+n) 16, P=18.35N, 68°S7 5. @ 10. (ix)Application of Friction : Belt Friction 5.1 Belt Belts are used for transmitting power from one shaft to another shaft. The belt may be flat, V shape ete. When the driver pulley rotates, it carries the belt due to a firm grip between its surface and the belt. ‘The firm grip between the pulley and the belt is obtained by friction. This firm grip is known as frictional grip or belt iiic:on. ‘The transmitting of power in factories from one rotating shaft to another that lies at a considerable distance is achieved through belts. 5.2 Types of Belts (a) Flat belt (b) V-Belt (©) Circular Belt Roctangular belt @ o © Fig. 5.1 1. Flat Belt : The flat belt is mostly used in the factories and workshops. Where a moderate amount of power is to be transmitted, from one pulley to another, when the two pulleys are not more than 10m apart. 2. V-Belt : The V-belt is mostly used where a great amount of power is to be transmitted, from one pulley to another, when the two pulleys are very near to each other. 3. Circular Belt or Rope : The circular belt or rope is mostly used where a great amount of power is to be transmitted from one pulley to another, when the two pulleys are more than 5m apart.106 Engineering Mechanics 5.3 Types of Belt Drive (1) Open belt drive (2) Cross belt drive (3) Compound belt drive G) Open Belt Drive : When the shafts are arranged in parallel and rotating in the same direction, open belt drive is obtained. In the fig. 5.2, pulley ‘4’is called as driver pulley because it is attached with the rotating shaft. Driver or Follower Fig. 5.2 @ Velocity Ratio (V.R.) for open Belt Drive Consider a simple belt drive (i.e., one driver and one follower) as shown in fig. 5.3. Fig. 5.3 Let D, = Diameter of the driver Ny = Speed of the driver in RPM Dp, Np = Corresponding values for the follower Length of the belt, ‘That passes over the driver, in one minute II. D, . Ny Similarly, Length of the belt, ‘That passes over the follower, in one minute =I. D2 .N2Application of Friction : Belt Friction 107 Since the length of belt, that passes over the driver in one minute is equal to the length of belt that passes over the follower in one minute, therefore : T1.D, Ny =T1.Dy.No D or, velocity ratio= N2 — Pt . Ny Dz If thickness of belt ‘1’ is given then v.R.=N2 +9 N, (D2 +t) (2) Cross Belt Drive : When the shafts are rotating in opposite direction, cross belt drives is obtained. In the fig. 5.4, pulley'A’ is called as drive pulley because it is attached with the rotating shaft, If thickness of belt ‘t’ is given then (8) Compound Belt Drive : When a number of pulleys are used to transmit power from one shaft to another then a compound belt drive is obtained. Driver Pulley, Follower or Driven Pulley108 Engineering Mechanics ™ Velocity Ratio for Compound Belt Drive Speed of last follower __ Product of diameter of driver (odd dia) Speed of first driver Product of diameter of follower (even dia.) Ng _ @-Ds) My z.Dy) 5.4 Different Relation Used In Belt Drive Let, D, = Diameter of the driver ‘Ny = Speed of the driver in RPM Diameter of the driven or Follower peed of the driven or Follower in RPM Radius of the driver Rp = Radius of the driven or Follower Belt thickness (if given) Distance between the centers of two pulleys Angle of lap (Generally less than 10°) @ = Angle of contact (Generally greater than 150°) always express in radian. efficient of friction ‘otal slip in percentage (%) L= Total length of belt Formula for V.R. Open Belt Drive V.R = a Cross Belt Drive V.R = 7a A h Thickness is considered | y,p.=N2.i+0 v.r= 82. Oi+0 a @2+8) ™ On+9 Slip is considered Na_ Di fl- el v.r= Ne KE ‘| D21100. MN D2(100. Slip and thickness both 2 Ng. Oi+9f1- rs 2 Ng _ Qt ofi- Lal are considered ™_ 2+ 9 L100. ™_O2+ 5 L100 Angle of contact @=M-2a @=M+ 20 ‘Angle of lap sing = AD wnoe lt D x x Length of belt Leng try G22 + ox Le HG age ED +x 5.5 Ratio of Belt Tension Let, T, = Tension in the belt on the tight side Tz = Tension in the belt on the slack side Angle of contact } = Coefficient of friction between the belt and pulley = Angle of LapApplication of Friction : Belt Friction 109 Consider a driven or follower pulley. Belt remains in contact with EBF. Let T, and T are the tensions in the tight side and slack side. Angle EBF called as angle of contact = I]. - 2a Consider a driven or follower pulley. Belt remains in contact with NPM. Let 7, and 7; are the tensions in the tight side and slack side, Fig. 5.6 Let T be the tension at point M and (T + 6 T) be the tension at point N. Let @ be the angle of contact of the element MN. Consider equilibrium in horizontal reaction be ‘R’ and vertical reaction be wR. Since the whole system is equilibrium, i.e., we 7 sin(90- 2) +n R- +5 7)sin(90 22 Tooe(% su R= +51) «s(*2) ro Secret R=6T F as () 380 since © is very small and cos O° = 1 So cos nv =)110 Engineering Mechanics .. (88 . (80 aeren(®)e ess an(®) 50 since 2 is very small so sin (2 eer ner.s0+57 (22) 2 since 7 (22s very small s087 (32) -0 R=T.60 (2) Putting the value of (2) in equation (1) p.T.60=6T ar =p.80 or a n ‘ Integrating both side: [" 57/T= | 66, where =Total angle of contact in (B)-n-0 12 * 2. Tz or Ratio of belt tension = z =e? 2 Belt ratio is also represent as 2.3 log @) =.8 7 Note that @is in radian In this formula the main important thing is Angle of contact (6) For open belt drive : Angle of contact () for larger pulley = 1 + 20. Angle of contact (@) for smaller pulley = IT - 2x For cross belt drive : Angle of contact (0) for larger pulley = II + 2a Angle of contact (0) for smaller pulley = IT + 2x (Le,, for both the pulley, it is same) But for solving the problems, we always take the angle of contact (8) for smaller pulley Hence, Angle of contact (8) =I - 2a... for open belt Angle of contact (@) =I + 2c ...for cross belt 5.6 Power transmitted by the Belt Let, 7, = Tension in the tight side of the belt ‘T =Tension in the slack side of the belt V =Velocity of the belt in m/sec.Application of Friction : Belt Friction un 2X m/sec, Dis in meter and N is in RPM P =Maximum power transmitted by belt drive The effective tension or force acting at the circumference of the driven pulley is the difference between the two tensions (i.¢., 7, — T,) Effective driving force = (T, ~ T) Work done per second = Forcex Velocity xVN-m=(F -T)xvN-m 7 v Power Transmitted = (h ~T2).<7>5 KW (Here 7, and 7, are in newton and V is in m/sec) Note 1 Torque exered on the diving pulley = -2)-, Where R; = radius of driving pulley > Torque exerted on the driven pulley = (Fy -T2). R: ‘Where Ry = radius of diiven pulley 5.7 Initial Tension in the Belt The tension in the belt which is passing over the two pulleys (ie. driver and follower) when the pulleys are stationary is known as initial tension in the belt. ‘When power is transmitted from one shaftto another shaft with the help of the belt, passing over the two pulleys, which are keyed, to the driver and driven shafts, there should be firm grip between the pulleys and belt. When the pulleys are stationary, this firm grip is increased, by tightening the two ends of the belt. Hence the belt is subjected to some tension. This tension is known as initial tension in the belt. Let, To = initial tension in the belt T, =Tension in the tight side T, = Tension in the slack side ty = 2 Problem 1. With the help of a belt an engine running at 200 rpm drives a line shaft. The diameter of the pulley on the engine is 80 cm and the diameter of the pulley on the line shaft is 40 cm. A 100 em diameter pulley on the line shaft drives a 20 cm diameter pulley keyed to a dynamo shaft. Find the speed of the dynamo shaft when : (1) There is no slip (2) There is a slip of 2.5% at each drive, fea Bante, freon ee sake ‘soca Fig. 5.7 Shaft112 Engineering Mechanics Solution : Dia. of driver pulley (D;) = 80cm Dia. of follower pulley (D2) = 40cm Dia. of driver pulley (D3) = 100cm Dia. of follower pulley (D4) = 20cm Slip on each drive, s; =s, =2.5 Let, 4 = Speed of the dynamo shaft () When there is no slip Ng _ @,-D3) Using equation _ (80 x 100) x 200] (40% 20) N4 =2000 RPM (i) When there is a slip of 2.5% at each drive In this case we will have the equation of : Ng _[@1-Da)]f1-s1 ][1-s2 N, |(@-D4)]{ 100 || 100 Putting all the value, we get 1-s: [1-52 100 100 Ng =200x [Sx = 2) (40 x 20) - = 3) -2.5 100 }{ 100 | N, =190125 RPM Problem 2. Find the length of belt necessary to drive a pulley of 500mm diameter running paraltelat a distance of 12m from the driving pulley of diameter 1600m. Solution : Given data Dia. of driven pulley (D) = 500mm = 0.5m Radius of driven pulley (r) = 0.25m Centre distance (X) = 12m Dia. of driver pulley (D,) = 1600 mm = 1.6m Radius of driver pulley (mj) = 0.8m Since there is no mention about type of belt (Open or cross type) So we find out for both the cases. @_ Length of the belt if it is open cn We know that : L=M(y +r2)+———Application of Friction : Belt Friction 113 Putting all the value ( 5)” L=11(0.8+0.25)+ 42x12 L=2732m Gi)_Length of the beltiif it is cross 2 We know that : L=M(y +ry)+ 22 + ox Putting all the value Gage 1=11(0.8+0.25)+ 29-929) 42512 L=27.39m Problem 3. Find the speed of shaft driven with the belt by an engine running at GOORPM. The thickness of belt is 2cm, diameter of engine pulley is 100cm and that of shaft is 62cm. Solution : Given that Speed of driven shaft (Nz) =? ‘Thickness of belt (¢) = 2em Diameter of driver shaft (D) = 100cm Diameter of driven shaft (D,) = 62cm Speed of driver shaft (N,) = 600 rpm. Since we know that, vir = 82 @1*0 N, (D, +t) Ny =N, x/ O49 (, +t), Putting all the value, Na = 600 x pos (00+ 2) Ng =376.47 RPM i Problem 4.A belt drives a pulley of 200 mm diameter such that the ratio of tensions in the tight side and slack side is 1.2. If che maximum tension in the belt is not to exceed 240KN. Find the safe power transmitted by the pulley at a speed of 60 rpm. Solution : Given that, D, = Diameter of the driver = 200mm = 0.2m Bei T2 Since between 7, and 7p, 7, is always greater than T, Hence, T = 240KN N, = Speed of the driver in RPM = 60 PRM14 Engineering Mechanics We know that ez T: Ty =a 28 200K me 12° 12 V =Velocity of the belt in m/sec. =x 2N m/sec, Dis in meter and.V in RPM _ G14 0.2 x 60) aay P=(h -T)xV P = (240 — 200) x 0.628 P=25.13 KW Problem 5. Find the power transmitted by cross belt drive connecting two pulley of 45.0 cm and 20.0 cm diameter, which are 1.95 m apart. The maximum permissible tension in the belt is 1kN, coefficient of friction is 0.20 and speed of larger pulley is 100 rpm. Solution : Given that D, = Diameter of the driver = 45 cm = 0.45 m R, = Radius of the driver = 0.225 m D3 = Diameter of the driven = 20 cm = 0.2m Ra = Radius of the driven = 0.1 m X = Distance between the centers of two pulleys = 1.95 m T, = Maximum permissible tension = 1000 N 1 = Coefficient of friction = 0.20 N, = Speed of the driver (Larger pulley) in RPM = 100 RPM Since we know that, Power Transmitted= (Ty +T;).—— KW ows Gi +7) T05 ). 628 m/ sec (2) Tension is in KN and Vis in m/sec First we find the velocity of the belt, V =Velocity of the belt in m/sec. Here we take diameter and RPM of larger pulley = 2M myses, Dis in meter and. is in RPM = G14200-45 100) _ 9 56 m/sec wa) 60 Now ratio of belt tension, Avo w= eM 0) hy é 3) Here we don’t know that the value of @, For 0 first find the value of a, by the formula, Angle of lap for cross beltApplication of Frictiv: 115 (A) Now, Angle of contact (0) = IT + 2c... for cross belt @=11+ 2x 959° = 19919° x =199.19° |= oS (ce ©) Now putting all the value in equation (3) Wess 1000 _ 0.20.47 T2 T, = 498. 9N 6) Using equation (1), we get P= [000 — 498.9) x 2.36] 1000 P=1.18 KW Problem 6. A flat belt is used to transmit a torque from pulley A to pulley B as shown in fig 5.8. The radius of each pulley is 50 mm and the coefficient of friction is 0.3. Determine the largest torque that can be transmitted if the allowable belt tension is SKN. Fig. 5.8 Solution : Radius of each pulley = 50mm Ry =R)=50mm R, = Radius of the driver = 50mm Ry =Radius of the driven = 50mm. Angle of contact (in radian) = 180° = x, bt = Coefficient of friction = 0.3 7, =Allowable tension = 3 KN, T, always greater than T2 Using the relation a =e? 2 Putting all the value, 3. .09@) Tz On solving T, =1.169 kN Since Radius of both pulley is same so6 Engineering Mechanics Torque exerted on both pulley is same and = (Ty - T2).R, = (T, - Tz)-Rz Putting all the value we get, (3 — 1.169) x 50 =91.55 kN- mm Problem 7. An open belt drive connects two pulleys 120 em and 50cm diameter on parallel shafts 4m apart. The maximum tension in the belt is 1855.3N. The coefficient of friction is 0.3. The driver pulley of diameter 120 cra runs at 200 rpm. Calculate (i) The power transmitted (ii) Torque on each of the two shafts. Solution : Given data D, = Diameter of the driver = 120cm= 1.2 m R, = Radius of the driver = 0.6m Ny = Speed of the driver in RPM = 200 RPM D, = Diameter of the driven or follower = 50cm= 0.5m R, = Radius of the driven or follower = 0,25 m X = Distance between the centers of two pulleys = 4 m b= Coefficient of friction =0.3 T, = Tension in the tight side of the belt= 1855.3N Calculation for power transmitting : Let, P= Maximum power transmitted by belt drive v = -T)).—— KW oo Q, G - T3005 Gy Where, T2 = Tension in the slack side of the belt V = Velocity of the belt in m/sec. =» DY m/see, Disin meter isin RPM 4.2) For Tp, We use the relation Ratio of belt tension = 3 =e? +-(3) a But angle of contact is not given, let, @=Angle of contact and a = Angle of lap for open belt, Angle of contact @=n-20 (4) ging = C= 72) _ (0.6 ~ 0.25) x 4 a= 5.02° 5) Using the relation (3),@ =I - 20 = 180 - 2x 5.02 = 169.96" = 169.96 x 1 = 2.97 rad (6) 180 Now using the relation (3) 1855.3 _ (0.32967) T2Application of Friction : Belt Friction uy T, =7618N ol) For finding the velocity, using the relation (2) y = (314x1.2 x 200) 60 For finding the power, using the relation (1) P = (1855.3 - 761.8) x 12.56 P=13.73 KW =12.56m/sec (8) We know that, 1. Torque exerted on the driving pulle (F, - T))-Ry 1855.3 — 761.8) x 0.6 656.1N-m 2. Torque exerted on the driven pulley = (T, - T,)-Re = (1855.3 - 761.8) x 0.25 =273,38N-m Problem 8. Find the power transmitted by a belt running over a pulley of 600 mm diameter at 200 rpm. The coefficient of friction between the pulleys is 0.25; angle of lap 160° and maximum tension in the belt is 2.5KN. Solution : Given data D, = Diameter of the driver = 600 mm = 0.6m Nj = Speed of the driver in RPM = 200 RPM 1 = Coefficient of friction = 0.25, 0 = Angle of contact = 160° = 160 x= = 2.79 rad 180 (Angle of lap is always less than 10°, so it is angle of contact which is always greater than 150°, always in radian) T, = Maximum Tension = 2.5kN Let, T, = Tension in the slack side of the belt V =Velocity of the belt in m/sec. = m/sec, Dis in meter and N is in RPM P = Power transmitted by belt drive We know that Power Transmitted = (7, - T,).¥ KW, 7 and Tp in kN Here Tz and Vis unknown Calculation for V Ven 2 nyse Disin meter and N is in RPM Putting all the value, y= G14 x 0.6 x 200) _ 60 6.28m/sec =) Calculation for Ty18 Engineering Mechanics We also know that, Ratio of belt tension, z sen? 2 | Putting all the value, 2 ppaena T, =1.24KN +2) Now, P=(2.5-1.24) x 6.28 P =792 KW Problem 9. An open belt runs between two pulleys 400 mm and 150 mm diameter and their centers | are 1000 mm apart. If coefficient of friction for larger pulley is 0.3, then what should be the value of coefficient of friction for smaller pulley, so that the slipping is about to take place at both the pulley at the same time? Solution : Given data D, = 400mm, R; = 200mm D, =150mm, R2 = 775mm X =1000mm Hy = 0.3 M2 =? sin = G21) _ (200-75) x 1000 1 =7.18° =7,18° x —— * “Tao a =0.1256rad ave) We know that for open belt drive : Angle of contact (8) for larger pulley = 11+ 20. Angle of contact (6) for smaller pulley = TI - 20. =e? Since, _ Ratio of belt tension = Te It is equal for both the pulley, i.e., a or e181 = et22, or #182 =H 02 putting all the value, we get, (0.3) + 2a) = 2) (1-20) (0.3)(11+ 2x 0.1256) = G1 2)(M- 2x 0.1256) on solving, HH, =0.352Application of Friction : Belt Friction 119 Fig. 5.9 Solution : Let the tensions in the belt be 7, and 7; as shown, since the weight W, just checks the tendency of weight W, to move dovm, tension on the side of W, is larger. That is 7 > T) # = 025, 0=11,W, =1000N Using the relation Ratio of belt tension Ta M4 _ .0.25cm) Tz On solving, Tz = Wz =456N Problem 11. An open belt running over two pulleys 24 cm and 60cm diameters. Connects two parallel shaft 3 m apart and transmits 3.75KW from the smaller pulley that rotates at 300 RPM, 1 = 0.3, and the safe working tension is 1OON/cm width. Determine (@ Minimum width of the belt; (ii) Initial belt tension; (iti) Length of the belt required. Solution : Given that, 60 =3.75KW Safe Tension = Maximum tension = 100 N/cm width = 100bN b = width of belt Tax = 1006 (1) Let, @ = Angle of contact ( ="2)_ GO-12) x 300 @ =I1- 20 = (180 - 2x 3.45)= 173.1° T = (173.1°) x —= 3. on a73.1°) x 180 3.02rad (3) sina = 3a = 345° +(2)120 Engineering Mechanics 9 = (0393.02) Now, Using the relation, Ratio of belt tension = z a Ty = 2.4747, (4) Now, Ve * m/sec, Dis in meter and N is in RPM =3.14x 0.29 = 3.77 m/sec (5) Power Transmitted = Ta) pag kW 3.75=(h ~m,)x 377 T, -T, = 994.7N (6) From relation (4) and (5), we get : T; = 1669.5N Tp = 674.8N @_ For width of the belt But T, = Tax = 100b; 1669.5 = 1006; b=16.7em Gi) For initial tension in the belt Let Tp = initial tension in the belt Tp = a, +T2)_ (1669.5 + 674.8) 2 2 Tp = 1172.15 ss G=n)* Gii) For length of belt Lay +)+ S52 + 2x Putting all the value, we get L=733m Problem 12. Determine the minimum value of weight W required to cause motion of a block, which rests on a horizontal plane. The block weighs 300N and the coefficient of friction between the block and plane is 0.6. Angle of warp over the pulley is 90° and the coefficient of friction between the pulley and rope is 0.3. Solution : Since the weight W impend vertical motion in the downward direction, the tension in the two sides of the pulley will be as shown in figure. Ty Pulley w= 300N es ab _ IR Fig. 5.10 Fig. 5.11 Fig. 5.12Application of Friction : Belt Friction 121 Given date T =W,p=03,0=90°= : rad .. a Using the relation of Ratio of belt tension, = = ¢!® 2 we ots) wne T W=1.6xT> wD) Considering the equilibrium of block : R, =0 R=300N (2) Ry =0 Ty = R=0.3x 300=180N (8) Equating equation (1) and (3), we get W =1.6x 180 W =288N Problem 13. A horizontal drum ofa belt drive carries the belt over a semicircle around it. It is rotated anti-clockwise to transmit a torque of 300N-m. If the coefficient of friction between the belt and rope is 0.3, calculate the tension in the limbs 1 and 2 of the belt shown in fig. 5.13, and the reaction on the bearing. The drum has a mass of 20 kg and the belt is assumed to be mass less. IMtay 20021 Te vy, Fig. 5.13 Solution : Given data : Torque (t) = 300N-m Coefficient of friction (1) = 0.3 Diameter of Drum (D) = 1m, R = 0.5m Mass of drum (m) = 20kg. Since, angle of contact = m rad Torque = (Tj -T).R 300 = ( -T)x 0.5 T, - T, = 600N @) And 5 eee Th Bone Th Ty, = 2.5667, +2)122 Engineering Mechanics Solving (1) and (2) We get, T =983.14N Ty =383.14N ‘Now, reaction on bearing is opposite to the mass of the body, and itis equal to R=T, +T) + mg R 83.14 + 383.14 + 20x 9.81 R=1562.484N Problem 14. A belt is stretched over two identical pulleys of diameter D meter. The initial tension in the belt throughout is 2.4KN when the pulleys are at rest. In using these pulleys and belt to transmit torque, itis found that the increase in tension on one side is equal to the decrease on the other side. Find the maximum torque that can be transmitted by the belt drive, given that the coefficient of friction between belt and pulley is 0.30. [ec. 20021 Solution : Given data : Diameter of both pulley = D Initial tension in belt (Ty Torque =? Coefficient of friction (1) = 0.3 Since, dia. of both pulleys are same, i.e, Angle of contact = 4kN 1 = Gt) a Ty +7) = 4.8kN axe) Now, Ratio of belt tension = z =e ae T; = 2.5667 (2) Putting the value of (2) in equation (1), we get Ty =3.46 KN Tz = 135 kN Now, Maximum torque transmitted by the pulley = (7, - 7) 2 (Since radius of both pulleys are same) Torque = (3.46 - 1.35) == 1.055DkN-m Torque = 1.055D kN-mProblem 15. A belt is running over a pulley of 1.5 m diameters at 250RPM. The angle of contact is 120° and the coefficient of friction is 0.30. If the maximum tension in the belt is 400N, find the power transmitted by the belt. INov. 2003, (C.0.)1 Solution ; Given data Diameter of pulley (D) = 1.5m Speed of the driver (N) = 250 RPM Angle of contact (0) = 120° = 120° x (3) 2.09 rad 180 Coefficient of friction (1) = 0.3 Maximum tension (Tyna ) = 400 N = Power (P) =? Since, P = (Ty ~ T)) x VWatt +) 7; is given, and for finding the value of Tp, using the formula Ratio of belt tension = 2 =e 2 400 _ ,00.31.2.00) Th Ty = 213.4N DN Now we know that Ven oo m/sec 1: S v= Bil «19, 64m/sec =) Now putting all the value in equation (1) P = (400 ~ 213. 4) x 19.64 watt P=3663.88 Watt or 3.66 KW Problem 16. In the figure given below, the co-efficient of friction is 0.2 between the rope and fixed pulley and that between other surface of contact, 1 = 0.3. Determine the minimum weight W to prevent the downward motion of the 100N body. [Dee. 2001] Fig. 5.15 Solution : Co-efficient of friction between rope and pulley, n=0.2 tana=> 4124 Engineering Mechanics and Co-efficient of friction between other surface Hy =B2 = 0.3 G) Draw FED of pulley Angle of contact (80° = If radian 2 Ts Using equation; see 1, = 92-1 1.974 Fig. 5.16(a) 1, = 1.8747, (Q) i) Consider FBD of weight ‘W’ mv=0 Ry, -W cosa. 4 R, =W cosa =W x= Ry (2) 3H = Tz ~W2R -W sina. ‘ Heseiae Tz = 0.3 0.8W +W x= .24W + 0.6W Ty =0.84W +-@) (iii) Consider FBD of weight 100N xv R, ~ Ry ~ 100 cosa = Ry =Rz +100 cosa = 0.817 + 100 4 = 60+ 0.807 (4) SH Ry +4yRo +H2Rp - 100 sin a = J, =100sina— Ry —W2Rp = 100 x3 - 0.3 x (0.8W + 80) - 0.3 x 0.80 5 R gs T, = 36-0.48wW (5) ee Ty From equation (1) cS donk, T= 1.8747) R, 36 - 0.4817 = 1.874 (0.84W) adi 100c08 a W =17.52N Fig. 5.16(c)Application of Friction : Belt Friction 125 & Objective Type Questions 1. Fill in the Blanks 1. Belts are used for from one shaft to another shaft. 2. Flat belt is used when a . is to be transmitted, from one palley to another. 3. When the two pulleys are very near to each other we used 4. For. bel: Angle of contact@ = IT - 2a. 5. For. belt Angle of contact =I + 2x. 6. For. belt Angle of lap sin o = Go 7. For. belt Angle of lap sin a = Gen 8. Ratio of belt tension is given by 9. Initial tension in belt is given by I. True/False 1. Belts are used for transmitting power from one shaft to another shaft. 2. The firm grip between the pulley and the belt is obtained by friction, 3. Flat belt is used when a moderate amount of power is to be transmitted, from one pulley to another. 4, When the two pulleys are very near to each other, circular belt is used. 5. When the two pulleys are more than Sm apart V-belt is used. 6. When the shafts are arranged in parallel and rotating in the same direction, open belt drive is obtained. 7. When the shafts are rotating in opposite direction, compound belt drive is obtained. III. Multiple Choice Questions 1. When the two pulleys are very near to each other, the belt drive is used : (@ V belt Gi) Circular belt Gil) cross belt (iv) None 2. When the shafts are arranged in parallel and rotating in the same direction : (i) Compound belt drive (ii) Cross belt drive iii) Open belt drive (iv) None 3. For Open belt Angle of Contact is given by : @x+2a Gi) x- 2a Gif) both (iv) none 4. For Cross belt Angle of Contact is given by : @xta Gi)x-2a Gil) both (iv) none Theoretical Questions 1, Explain belt friction and its applications. [ee. 2007] 2. Prove that the ratio of belt tension is given by the z =e, [May 2008, Dec. 2008] 2126 Engineering Mechanics & Numerical Problems 1. > 6. 7 Find the length of the belt required for driving two pulleys in a cross belt drive of 600mm and 300mm diameter when 3.5m apart. Take thickness of the belt as 5mm. Ina workshop an engine drives a shaft by a belt. The diameter of the engine pulley and the shaft pulley are 500mm and 250mm respectively. Another pulley of 700mm diameter on the same shaft drives a pulley 280mm in diameter on a motor shaft. Ifthe engine runs at 180 revolutions per minute, find the speed of the motor shaft. An engine shaftrunning at 120 rpm is required to drive a machine shaft by means of a belt. The pulley on the engine shaft is of 2m diameter and that of the machine shaft is of 1m diameter. If the belt thickness is 5mm, find the speed of the machine shaft when (i there is no slip; (ii) there is a slip of 3%. Two pulleys, one 450mm diameter and the other 200mm diameter are on parallel shaft 1.95m apart and are connected by a .ass belt. Find the length of the belt required and the angle of contact between the belt and each pulley. What power can be transmitted by the belt, when the larger pulley rotates at 200rev/min, if the maximum permissible tension in the belt is 1KN, and the coefficient of friction between the belt and pulley is 0.25? A leather belt is required to transmit 9KW, from a pulley 120cm in diameter running at 200RPM. The angle of contact embraced is 165° and the coefficient of friction between leather belt and pulley is 0.3. If the safe working stress for the leather belt is 140N/em2, the density of leather is 1gm/cm® and the thickness of the beltis 10mm, determine the width of the belt taking tension into account. Determine the maximum power that can be transmitted using a belt of 100mm x 10mm with an angle of lap is 160°. The density of belt is 10~° gm/mm? and coefficient of friction may be taken as0.25 The tension in the belt should not exceed 1.5N/mm?. An open belt running over two pulleys 1.5m and 1.0m diameters connects two parallel shafts 4.8m apart. The initial tension in the belt when stationary is 3000N. If the smaller pulley is rotating at 600RPM and coefficient of friction between the belt and pulley is 0.3, determine the power transmitted taking centrifugal tension into account. The mass of belt is given as 0.6703 Kg/m length. Power is transmitted using a V-belt drive. The included angle of V-grooves is 30°.The belt is 2cm deep and maximum width is 2cm. If the mass of the belt is 3.5gm per cm length and maximum allowable stress is 140N/cm2, determine the maximum power transmitted when the angle of lap is 140° and pt = 0.15. Following data is given for a rope pulley transmitted 23.628KW: Dia. of pulley = 40cm, speed=110rpm, Angle of groove=45°, Angle of lap = 160°, u= 0.28, No. of ropes = 10, ‘Mass in Kg/m length of rope=0.0053C? and working tension is limited to 12.2C? N where C= girth of rope in cm. Find G Initial tension; (ii) Diameter of each rope.Application of Friction : Belt Friction 227 10. 11. 12, 13, 14, ‘laminated belt &mm thick and 150mm wide drives a pulley of 1.2m diameter at 180rpm. ‘The angle of lap is 190° and mass of the belt material is 1000Kg/m:. If the stress in the belt is not to exceed 1.5 N/mm? and the coefficient of friction between the belt and the pulleyis 0,3, determine the power transmitted when the centrifugal tension is : ) Considered, and Gi) neglected. {flat belt is required to transmit 35KW from a pulley of 1.5m effective diameter running at 300 RPM. The angle of contact is spread over s of the circumference and the coefficient of friction between the belt and pulley surface is 0.3. Taking centrifugal tension into account, determine the width of the belt. Take belt thickness as 9.5mm, density as 1.1 Mg/m? and permissible stress as 2.5 N/mm?. ‘Two parallel shafts whose centerlines are 4.8m apart are connected by an open belt drive. ‘The diameter of the larger pulley is 1.5m and that of the smaller pulley is 1m. The initial tension in the belt, when stationary is 3.0kN, The mass of the material is 1,5Kg/m length and the coefficient of friction between the belt and the pulley is 0.3. Calculate the power transmitted, when the smaller pulley rotates at 400rpm. Determine the value of mass m to start the motion ‘or the system shown in fig. 5.18. T 200 kg) ~ W=02 3 T, Fig. 5.17 A flat belt running at a speed of 500 m/min drives a pulley. Determine the power transmitted by the belt, if the maximum tension on the tight side of the belt is 1200N. Neglect the centrifugal tension effect. The angle of lab is 160° and the co-efficient of friction between the belt and pulley material is 0.35. (Wee. 2007]128 Engineering Mechanics (ANSWERS ) OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS I. Fill in the Blanks 1, Transmitting Power 2, Moderate amount of power 3. V-belt 4. Open 5. Cross 6. Open 7. Cross 8. 2.7 3.7 4. F 5.F 6.7 7.F |. Multiple Choice Questions 1. @ 2. Gi) 3. Gil) 4 @ NUMERICAL PROBLEMS 1. L=8.488m 2. N4=9001pm. 3. (239-4 1pm, (fi) 232rpm 4, L=4,975m, 0 = 199.12", 2.74 KW 5. b=9.99 em 6. P =11.18KW 7. P=62.97KW 8. 4.09KW 9. 668.72N, 2132m 10. 11.74KW, 12 B4KW 11, b=150mm 12. 53.6KW 13, 82.14Kg.6.1 Beam A beam may be defined as a structural element which has one dimension (length) considerable larger compared to the other two direction i.e., breadth and depth and is supported at a few points. It is usually loaded in vertical direction. Due to applied loads reactions develop at supports. The system of forces consisting of applied loads and reaction keep the beam in equilibrium. 6.2 Types of Beam ‘There are mainly two types of beam 1. Statically Determinate Beam : If the reaction of the beam at their support can be determined by the use of equation of static equilibrium and the reactions are independent of the deformation of beam, such beams are called statically determinate beam. These types of beam are of three types : @_ Simply supported beam Gi) Overhang beam Gi) Cantilever beam (@_ Simply Supported Beam : The beam on which the both ends are simply supported, either by point load or hinged or roller support. 10kN 10kN A c D. B Fig. 6.1 Gi) Overhanging Beam : The beam on which one end or both ends are overhang (or free to air) are called overhanging beam. “anes BARRA Fig. 6.2 Gii) Cantilever Beam : If a beam is fixed at one end and is free at the other end, it is called cantilever beam. In cantilever beam at fixed end, there are three support reactions 2 horizontal reaction (Rj, ), a vertical reaction (Ry), and moment (M). 20kN_ 40kN 20kN-m_ Fig. 6.3130 Engineering Mechanics 2. Statically Indeterminate Beam : If the reaction of the beam at their support can not be determined by the use of equation of static equilibrium such beams are called statically indeterminate beam. These types of beam are of three types : (a) Fixed Beam : A fixed beam is one whose both ends are rigidly fixed. (b) Continuous Beam : A continuous beam is one which has more than two supports. (c) Propped Beam : A cantilever beam for which one end is fixed and other end is provided support, in order to resist deflection. 6.3 Types of Loading Mainly three types of load acting on any beam : 1. Concentrated load 2, Uniformly distributed load 3. Uniformly varying load Varying load Couple Point load ual Fig. 6.4 : Various types of load acting on beam 1. Concentrated Load (or Point Load) : If a load is acting on a beam over a very small length, it is called point load. 2. Uniformly Distributed Load (UDL) : For finding reaction, this load may be assumed as total load acting at the center of gravity of the loading (Middle point). 3. Uniformly Varying Load (UVL) : In the diagram load varying from point A to point C. Its intensity is zero at A and 900N/M at C, Here total load is represented by area of triangle and the centroid of the triangle represents the center of gravity. Thus total load = = (42 = And CG. . AB meter from B. 2 6.4 Shear Force and Bending Moment Shear Force (SF) : The algebraic sum of all the vertical forces at any section of a beam to the right or left of the section is known as shear force. Bending Moment (BM) : The algebraic sum of all the moment of all the forces acting to the right or left of the section is known as bending Moment. Shewe Force Diagrams (SFD) : A SF diagram is one, which shows the variation of the shear force along the length of the beam. Bending Moment Diagrams (BM) : A bending moment diagram is one, which shows the variation of the bending moment along the length of the beam. Importance : Shear force and bending moment diagram represent variation and effect of SF and BM ona beam. 6.5 Drawing f SFD and BMD In these diagrams, the SF or. BM is represented by ordinates whereas the length of the beam Tepresents abscissa. The following are the important points for drawing shear force and bending moment diagrams :Beam 131 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Consider the left or right side of the portion of the section. If the left portion of the section is chosen, a force on the left portion acting upwards is positive while force acting downwards is negative. ‘The + ive value of shear force and bending moment are plotted above the base line, and —ive value below the base line. The SF diagram will increase or decrease suddenly i.e., by a vertical straight line at a section where there is a vertical point load. In drawing SF and BM diagrams no scale is to be chosen, but diagrams should be proportionate sketches. For drawing SF and BM diagrams, the reaction of the right end support of a beam need not be determined. If however, reactions are wanted specifically, both the reactions are to be determined. The Shear force between any two vertical loads will remain constant. Hence the SF diagram will be horizontal. The BM diagram will be inclined between these two loads. For UDL, SF diagram will be inclined straight line and the BM diagram will be curve. The bending moment at the two supports of a simply supported beam and at the free end of a cantilever will be zero. The BM is maximum at the section where SF changes its sign. In case of overhanging beam, the maximum BM will be least possible when ‘ive max. BM is equal to the -ive max. BM If not otherwise mentioned specifically, self-weight of the beam is to be neglected. 6.6 Relation between load Intensity, Shear force and bending Moment Consider a beam subjected to any type of transverse load of the general form shown in fig. 6.5(a). Isolate from the beam an element of length dx at a distance x from left end and draw its free body diagram as shown in fig 6.5(b). Since the element is of extremely small length, the loading over the beam can be considered to be uniform and equal tow KN-m. w/unit longth CUT 7 vn a 1 2 8 i { | +P >a b) Fig. 6.5(a), (b) Consider equilibrium of beam and consider portion 1 ~ 1 and 2-2 Where, Ww Wve F-W.dx-(F + dF F-W.de-F-dF wo () F = shear force M = bending moment182 Engineering Mechanics Taking moment abont section 2-2 M22 =0 M+P.de-W. de. Z- (sam) =0 (x? Mekede WS HM dN = 9 Neglecting (dx)*, we get F.dx- dM =0 or Now, from (1) and (2) or or +) 6.7 Point of contraflexure or point of inflexion The point in a beam at which BM changes its sign, are called points of contraflexure or point of inflexion. OR ‘The points (other than the extreme ends of a beam) ina beam at which BMis zero, are called points of contraflexure or inflexion. ‘The point at which we get zero shear force, we get the maximum bending moment of that section/ beam at that point. Note : In the given diagram point E is called point of contraflexure.Beam 183 6.8 Nature of Shear force and bending Moment under load Variation The nature of SF and BM variation under two-load region is given in the table below : BETWEEN TWO POINTS, IF SFD BMD No load Constant UDL Inclined Linear Parabolic WL Parabolic Cubic 6.9. Numerical problems based on Simply Supported Beam For SFD 1. At end point, values of shear force are equal to the value of support reaction at that point but opposite in sign. 2. The SFD starts with zero value and ends with zero values. 3. We get two values of shear force at the point on which a point load is acting. And single value at the point on which any moment is acting. FOR BMD 1. The values of BM are zero at the ends points. 2. We get single value of BM at point loaded point. 3. We get two value of BM at the point where a couple/Moment is acting. Problem 1. Draw the SFD and BMD for the simply supported beam loaded as shown in fig. 6.7. 2kN AkN ‘2kN A B — a ta I, 4 4 2 2 +8 i 2 2 4 4 SFD 6 4 4 0: 0 BMD Fig. 6.7134 Engineering Mechanics Solution : Note : The value of support reaction where equal at both end points is the beam is symmetrical. Since beam is symmetrical hence; 2 2 Calculation for the SFD (Starting from LHS to RHS) At point A, a point load of R, is acting so we get two values at A. Value of SF just before A; SF, =0 (Summation of all forces acting before point A) Value of SF just at A; SF, =Ry = 4 (Summation of all forces acting before point A + Force acting at A) We get two values at A = 0 and 4 Plot the SFD at the point A, with the help of above shear force values. Between Point A and C Since there is no load between Point A and C, hence a constant line is drawn. At point C, a point load of 2kN is acting so we get two values at C. Value of SF just before C; Fo =R, = 4 (Summation of all forces acting before point C) Value of SF just at C; SF, =R, —2=2 (Summation of all forces acting before point C + Force acting atC) We g.t two values at C = 4and 2 Plot the SFD at the point C, with the help of above shear force values. Between Point C and D Since there is no load between point C and D, hence a constant line is drawn. At point D, a point load of 2KN is acting so we get two values at D. Value of SF just before D; SEp = Ra - 2= 2 (Summation of all forces acting before point D) Value of SF just at D; Sfp =R, -2=-2 (All forces acting before pointC + Force acting at C). ‘We get two values at D= 2 and -2 Plot the SFD at the point D, with the help of above shear force values. Between Point Dand E Since there is no load between Point D and E, hence a constant line is drawn. At point E, a point load of 2KN is acting so we get two values at E. Value of SF just before E; SF; =R, -2-4=-2Beam 135 (Summation of all forces acting before point F) Value of SF just at ESF, =R, -2-4-2=-4 (All forces acting before point E + Force acting at E) We get two values at E =— 2and - 4 Plot the SFD at the point £, with the help of above shear force values. Between Point £ and B Since there is no load between Point E and B, Hence a constant line is draw. At point B, a point load of Ry is acting so we get two values at B. Value of SF just before B; SF, =R, - 2-4-2=-4 (Summation of all forces acting before point B) Value of SFjust at B; SF; Ra -2-4-2+4=0 (All forces acting before point B + Force acting at B) We get two values at B = - 4and 0 Plot the SFD at the point 8, with the help of already given shear force values. Calculation of BMD Since there is no couple acting on that beam, so we get single value of BM at each point. BM, = [Summation of moment of all forces and couple acting before point A+ Summation of moment of all forces and couple acting at point A] about point A. = No force before A BM, =0kN-m BM = [Summation of moment of all forces and couple acting before point C+ Summation of moment of all forces and couple acting at point C.] about pointC. =R,X1 =4x1=4kN-m MBc = 4kN-m BM, = [Summation of moment of all forces and couple acting before point D+ Summation of moment of all forces and couple acting at point D.] about point D. =RyXx2-2x1 =4x2-2=6KN-m BMp = 6kN-m BM, = (Summation of moment of all forces and couple acting before point E + Summation of moment of all forces and couple acting at point E,] about point E. =RyX3-2x2-4x1 =4x3-4-4=4kN-m BM, = 4KN-m BM, = (Summation of moment of all forces and couple acting before point B+ Summation of moment of all forces and couple acting at point B.] about point B. =R,X4-2x3-4x2-2x1 =4x4-6-8-2=0kN-m BM, = OKN-m Note : Draw the BMD with the help of the above values. Since there is no load between point A-C, C-D, D-E and E ~B. Hence from Article 6.8 an inclined line is drawn between these points.136 Engineering Mechanics Problem 2. Draw the SFD and BMD of the simply supported beam loaded as shown in fig. 6.9. sro 3 2 Z h Q SS =< =3 Mp ‘ 5 3 3 0. Oo Fig. 6.9 Solution : Since, beam is symmetrical, hence, Ry =Ry = = =1+2x2+1=6 Hence Ry =Rg =3KN xe) Calculation for the shear force diagram At point A, a point load of Ry is acting so we get two values at A, Value of SF Just before A; SF, = 0 Just at A; SF, = +R, =3 We get two values at A = O and 3 Plot the SFD at the point A, with the help of above shear force values. At point C, a point load of 1 KN is acting so we get two values at C. Value of SF Just before C; SF = R, =3 Just atC;SFo =R, -1=2 ‘We get two values at C = 3 and 2 Plot the SFD at the point C, with the help of above shear force values. Between Point A andC Since there is no load between Point A andC, hence a constant line is drawn.Beam 137 At point D, No load is acting so we get single values at D. Value of SF just at D; SFp = Ry - 1=2 We get one value at D = 2 Plot the SFD at the point D, with the help of above shear force values. Between PointC and D Since there is no load between Point G and D, hence a constant line is drawn. At point E, No load is acting so we get single values at E. Value of SF just at B;SFz =R, -1- Load yp, 3-1-2x22-2 We get single value at E=-2 Plot the SFD at the point £, with the help of above shear force values. Between Point D and E Since there is UDL between Pont D and £, hence an Inclined line is drawn. Note : Since SFD change the sign. Or we get a point where the value of shear force is zero. W.K-T. The point at which we get zero shear force, we get the maximum bending moment of that is section/beam at that point. Now our aim is to find out the distance of that point where shear force changes its sign, let it will be‘ y’ from point A. SF, =R,g -1-2.(y -2) 3-1-2y+4 y = 3m; i.e. we get the value of SF zero, 3 m from point A. At point F, a point load of 1 KN is acting so we get two values at F. Value of SF Just before F; SFp =Rq -1- 2x Justat F;SFp =R, -1-2x2-1 ‘We get two values at B = - 2 and - 3 Plot the SFD at the point B, with the help of above shear force values. Between Point E and F Since there is no load between Point E and F, hence a constant line is drawn. At point B, a point load of Ry is acting so we get two values at B. Value of SF Just before B; SFg = Ry -1- 2x 2=1 Just at B; SF; =R, -1-2x2-14+3=0 We get two values at B = — 3 and 0 Plot the SFD at the point B, with the help of above shear force values. Between Point F and B Since there is no load between Point F and B, hence a constant line is drawn. Calculation of BMD Since, there is no couple acting on that beam, so we get single value of BM at each point. BM 4 = 0kN-m BM =Rq x1=3x1=3KkN-m BMp =Ra X2-1x1=3x 2-1=5kN-m Since, we get the max. bending moment at point h (3m from point A). 2 3138 Engineering Mechanics BM), =R, X3-1% 2-Loadyp, x Im=3%3 = 12-2613 = 6kNem (Max BM) BM, = Ra x 4-1x 3~Loadyp, X1m= 3x4 -1x3-2x2x1=5KkN-m BMp = 3x 5-1x4-2x2x2=3KN-m BM, *6-1x5-2x2x3-1x1=O0kN-m Note : Draw the BMD with the help of the above values. » Since there is no load between point A-C,C —D and F -B. Hence from Article 6.8 an inclined line is drawn between these points, > There is udl between DE hence an inclined line is drawn. > If the load diagram is symmetrical than SFD and BMD are also symmetrical. Problem 3. Draw the SF and BM diagram for the simply supported beam loaded as shown infig. 6.10. 20kN-m 20kN iz 1am ‘sm im im A Fig. 6.10 Solution : Let reaction at support A and Bbe, Ry andRg find the support reaction. For finding the support reaction, convert UDL into point load and equal to 20 x 1.5 = 30 KN, acting at mid point of UDLi.e. 0.75 m from point A. For that, Ry =0 Ra + Rg - 30-20=0,Ry +Rp = 50 () Taking moment about point A, EM, =0 30x 0.75 + 30+ 20x 3-Ry x4 Rg = 28125 kN Fromequation (1), Ra = 21.875 kN Calculation for the shear force diagram 21.875 ~8175 sD = 28.135 11.96, 102125 38.25, 8.125 28.125 ‘BMD Fig. 6.11139 At point A, a point load of R, is acting so we get two values at A. Value of SF Just before A; SFA = 0 Just at A; SF, = +Rq We get wo values at A = 0 and 21.875 kN At point E, No load is acting so we get single values at E. Value of SF Just before £; SFz = OkN Just at E, SFz = Ry ~ 20x 1.5 = 21.875~30 =~ 8,125 kN ‘We get two values at £ = 0 and 8.125 Between Point A and C Since there is UDL between Point A and £, hence an inclined line is drawn, Note : Since SFD chonve the sign. Now our aim is to find out the distance of that point where shear force changes its sign, let it will be ¥ from point A. SF, =Ray - 20.y O= 21.875- 20.y y = 1.09375 m,i.e. at 1.09375 m from point A the the value of bending moment is maximum. At point D, No Point‘load is acting so we get single values At D. Value of SF just at D; SFp = 21.875 ~ 20x1.5 8.125 Between Point £ and D Since there is no load between Point C and D, hence a constant line is drawn. At point C, a point load of 20 kN is acting so we get two values at C. Value of SF Just before C; SF; = 21.875 - 20x 1.5=- 8.125 We get single values at C=-8.125 Between Point D and C Since there is no load between Point D and G, hence a constant line is drawn. At point B, a point load of 28,125 is acting so we get two values at B. Value of SF Just before B; SFz = 21.875 - 20x 1.5~ 20 =~ 28.125 Just at B; SF; = 21.875 - 20x 1.5 ~ 20+ 28.125=0 We get two values at B = ~ 28.125 and 0 Between Point C and B Since there is no load between Point C and B, hence a constant line is drawn. Calculation of BMD BM, = OKN BM;, = 21.875 x 1.09- Moment of UDL140 Engineering Mechanics = 21.875 «1,09 - 222094109 _ 1.96 kN-m BMg = 21.875x 1.5 aa = 10,312KN-m Since there is a couple acting at point D, hence we get single value of BM at all point except point D where we get two values. BMp = 21.875 x 2— 30 x (0.5 + 0.75) = 6.25kN-m (BM just before D) = 6,25 + 30 = 36,25 KN-m (BM just at D) 1.875 x 3 — 30x (0.75 + 0.5+ 1)= 28.125 kN-m 1.875 x 4— 30 x (0.75 + 0.5 + 2)+30- 20% 1=0kN-m Note : Draw the BMD with the help of the above values. Problem 4. Determine the SF and BM diagrams for the simply supported beam shown in fig 6.12(a). Also find the maximum bending moment. 10kNm 20kN-m Fig. 6,12(a) Solution : Since roller at point A and D, suppose reaction at support A and Dbe, R ay and Rp, first find the support reacion. For finding the support reaction, convert UDL andUVLin to point load and, Point load of UDL equal to 10 x 2 = 20 kN, acting at mid point of UDLi.e. 1m from point A. Point load of UVL equal 5x 20 x 2= 20 KN, acting at a distance + of total distance em from point D. 15.76 Cubic curve Fig. 6.12(b)Beam For that, Ry Ray + Rpy ~ 20-2 Ray + Roy = 40 Taking moment about point A, EM,=0 20x 1+20 x 5.33- Rpy x 6=0 From equation (1), Ray = 18.9 kN Calculation for the Shear Force Diagram SF, = 0 (Before A) = 18.9(At A) 8.9- 10x Sy = B.9- 10x 2-2 x 2x 20 21.1 KN (before D) 21.14 21.1=0(AtA) Note : Since SP change its sign between point A~B, Calculation for distance y. 18.9-10 y =1.89m Calculation for BMD BM, =0 BM, = 18.9% 99 C0218) 07 17.86 KN-m BMy = 18.9x 2~ 20x 1=17.8 KN-m BMc 8.9x 4— 20x 5.6 KN-m Bip = 18.9% 6- 20x5- 20x > =0 Plot these values with the help of article 6.8. Problem 5. Draw the SF and BM diagrams for a simply supported beam. Solution : Calculation for Support reaction mw=0 Ra +R ~ 5 X6X (4,-1.5) 6x1.5=18 IM=0 15x6x39+2% 6x 4.5-1.5)x4—Ry x6=0 From (1) Calculation for SFD SF, =75-9-2x 6(4.5-1.5)142 Engineering Mechanics ~ 10.5 KN (Before B) - 10.54 10.5= 0 (AtB) Calculation for ‘y’ 45kN-n, D Fig. 6.13 ‘Since Triangle CED and Triangle CFD are similar hence FG 7.5-1.5 y (- UVL CFG) SF, =7.5-1.5y (z = ay 2 x 0=7.5-1.5y-— a y =3.24m from point A. Calculation for BMD BM, =0 BMy =7.5x3.24-(1.5% 2.20/32 x: { 26828) ot 2 2 3 = 13.6 KN-m (Maximum value of bending moment) BM, =75x6- 05% 0) x3-F(6xDx2=0 Plot these values with the help of artide 6.8. Problem 6. Draw the SFD and BMDfor the beam shown in the fig. 6.14. [May 2002] ‘10kN 10kN A Cc D B Kee et Fig. 6.14 Solution : Let Support reaction at A and B be Rg and R,; and the fig. 6.15 is symmetrical about y-axis so the reactions at both ends are equal; i.e. Ry =Rp =10KN . 10kN 108 Ap—2 D__s 1m) am 13m. Ry=t0kN Ry=10kN FD 10kN, +10 10 o ~e sD 10k 15kN 15kN tre 6. MD Fig. 6.15 SF Calculation SF, = 0 (Before A) =10 (At A) Sg = 10 (Before C) =10-10=0(Atc) SFp = 10-10 =0 (Before D) =10-10-10=-10(AtD) SF =10-10- 10=~- 10 (Before B) =10-10-10+ 10=0(AtB)44 Engineering Mechanics BM Calculation B.M,=0 B.Mg =10x1.5=15kN B.Mpy =10x3.5-10x2=15KN B.M; =10x 5-10x3.5-10x1.5=0 Draw the SFD and BMD with the help of above values and article 6.8. Note : The BM is zero at the point where shear force is zero. And the region where shear force is zero; the bending moment is constant as shown in fig. 6.15. This is the problem of pure bending of beam (chapter-13). 6.10 Numerical Problems based on Cantilever Beam Problem 7. Draw the SF and BM diagram for the beam as shown ‘in fig 6.16. Also indicate the principal values on the diagram. m—r}-— 2m —+f+— 2m —>| Fig. 6.15 Solution : Let reaction at support A be Ray, Ry, and M (anticlockwise), first find the support reaction For that, Iv=0 Ray ~2-3-3=0, Ry = ‘Taking moment about point A, IM, =0 ~M+2x14+3x3+3x5=0 M = 26 KN-m (Anticlockwise) =H=0 Ray = Calculation for the Shear Force SF, = 0 (Before A) (At A) (Before B) —2=6(AtB) = 6 (Before C) SFy SF = SFp ~2-3-3=0(AtD) ay BMD. Fig. 6.17Beam 145 Calculation for the Bending moment BM, =M =~ 26KN-m BM, =-26+8x1 18 kN-m BM =— 26+ 8x 3—2=~-6kN-m BMp =~ 26+8x5-2x4-3x2=0 Draw the SFD and BMD diagram with the help of article 6.8 Problem 8. A cantilever is shown in fig 6.18. Draw the BMD and SFD. 2kN-m 10kN 14, 10 10 e B c sm A B “io Mp os Fig. 6.18 Solution : Let reaction at support A be Ray, Ky; and M (anticlockwise), first find the support reaction For that, EV=0 Ray —4-10=0, Ry = 14k ‘Taking moment about point A, EM, =0-M+4x1+10x6=0 M = 64kN-m sH=0 Ruy =0 Calculation for the Shear force SF, = 0 (Before A)146 Engineering Mechanics 4 (At A) SFz =14-2x2=10 SF =14- 2x 2= 10 @eforeC) =10-10=0(AtC) Calculation for the Bending moment diagram BM, = moment at A = ~64KN-m (Anticlockwise) BMg =~ 64+14x 2-2x2x1=-40KN-m BMc =- 64+14x 6-2x2x5=0 Plot the BMD with the help of above bending moment values and article 6.8. ‘The SFD and BMD is shown in fig. 6.18. Problem 9. Fig. 6.19, shows vertical forces 20 kN, 40 kN and UDL of 20 kN-m in 3m lengths. Find the resultant force of the system and draw the shear forceand BM diagram. [ec. 2001] 20KN 40kN 20kN-m . Fig, 6.19 Solution : Let at support, three reactions are actingi.e,Ry, Ry, M For Support reaction w=0 20KN40kN 20KN-m Ry =20+ 40+ 60= 120 kN Ry =120KN IMc =0 Taking moment about point C ~ 20% 3- 40x 2- 20% 31.5 =~ 230 kN-m (anticlockwise) SF Calculations SF, = 0 (ust before A) — 20 KN (Just at A) SF, =— 20 - 20x 1=— 40 KN (Just before B) =~ 20-40-20 1 =~ 80 KN (Just at B) SF¢ - 20- 40 - 20x 3 = - 120 kN (Just beforeC) =~ 20-40-20 3+120=0 (Just atC) BM Calculations BM, =0 B.Ms =~ 20x1~ 20.1 (2) M290 KN-m Fig. 6.20 BM, =-30kN-maa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.150 Engineering Mechanics i.e.Noload between HtoG (6) Consider EI Load moves from E to J Load intensity at E = Rg = Last load — first load = - 1.5 - (- 3.5) = - 2kN ie. Rg =-2KN Load moves from J to K Load intensity = Last load — first load = ~ 3.5 ~ (- 3.5) = 0 i.e.No load between JtoK (8) Consider K-B Load moves from K to B Load intensity at B = Rg = Last load — first load = 0 - (- 3.5) = 3.5 KN ie. Ry =3.5kN (9) Now load diagram is given in fig. 6.26. W,=2kN | W=3kN W,=2kN Vij ty» Liddddddldddlddlddlddettddde Now Calculation for BMD Taking moment about any point gives the value of BM at that point. Consider left portion of the beam ‘Taking moment about point A i.e. M, = BM, =0 Taking moment about point C, Mg =BMg =3.5%2=7 kN-m Taking moment about point D, Mp =BMp =3.5x4-2x 2=10kN-m ‘Taking moment about point £, Mz =BMg =3.5x6-2x4-3x2=7kN-mBeam 151 Taking moment about point B, Mg = BMg =3.5x 8- 2x 6-3x 4- 2x 2=0kN-m Draw the BMD with the help of above value. Problem 13. The shear force diagram of simply supported beam is given below in the fig. 6.27. Calculate the support reactions of the beam and also draw bending moment diagram of the beam. Tee. 20011 btm —+}-—2m—+-— 2m of — 2 Fig. 6.27 Solution : For the given SFD, first we draw the load diagram, and then with the help of load diagram we draw the BMD. Let K, and Rg be the support reaction at A and B Here the graph of SFD moves from A-F-G-C-D-E-H-J-B Consider two points continuously, Consider A-F Load moves from A to F, Load intensity at A = R4 = Last load — first load = 4-0 =4kN ie Ry =4kN ea() Consider F-G Load moves from F to G, Load intensity = Last load — first load = 2-4 = -2kN Since inclined line in BMD indicate that UDL on the beam =Total load __ 2 _iynem —_ (ivemeansUDLact downward) Total Distance 2 . i.e.UDLof 1 kN-m between F toG (2) Consider G-C Load moves from GtoC, Load intensity at C = Rc = Last load - first load = 0 - 2=- 2KN ie Ro =- 2 kN (3) Consider C-D Load moves from C to D, Load intensity = Last load - firstload = 0- 0= 0 i.e. No load betweenC toD (4) Consider D-E Load moves from Dro £, Load intensity at D = Last load — first load = 0- 0= 0 ie No load betweenDtoE (5) Load moves from E to H,152 Engineering Mechanics Load intensity = Last load - first load = - 2- 0 = -2kN ie, Rp =-2KN (6) Consider H- J Load moves from H to J, Load intensity = Last load — first load = ~ 1.5 - (~ 3.5)=- 2 kN he Rg =-2KN (7) Load moves from J to K, Load intensity = Last load - first load = - 4- (- 2)=-2 Since inclined line in BMD indicate that UDL on the beam UDL =§ = - = =-1kN-m Total distance (Cive means UDL act downward) i.e.UDLof 1 kN-mbetween H tol (8) Consider J-B . Load moves from J to B, kN 7 Fig. 6.28 Load intensity at B = Rg = Last load — first load = 0- (- 4) = 4kN ie Ry = 4KN (9) Now load diagram is given in figure. Now calculation for BMD Here total three-section line, which cut AC, CD, DB Distarice of section 1-1 from point A is X, Distance of section 2-2 from point A is X2 Distance of section 3-3 from point A is X3 Consider left portion of the beamBeam 153 BM Calculation : BMat A=O0kNm BMatC =4x2-1x2=6kNm BM atD =4x4-1%2x(242}- 2x 2=6 kN BMatE =4x6-1%2%(2e4)-2x 4=6kNm aM ata =4x8-1%2%(246)- 206-20 2-1%2%(3) = obaim 6.13 Loading diagram and SFD from the given BMD Problem 14. The bending moment diagram (BMD) of a simple supported beam is given as shown in fig. 6.29. Calculate the support reactions of the beam. [ee. 2000] 2N-m skN-m A : D m4 1m—+ Fig. 6.29 Solution : Linear variation of bending moment in the section AC, CD and DB indicate that there is noload on the beamin these sections. Change in the slope of the bending moment at point C and Dis indicated that there must be concentrated vertical loads at these points. Let point load acting at A, B, C, D are RA, RB, P, Q respectively. Consider three section lines of the beam which cut the lines AC, CD and DB respectively. Since the value of moment at all the section is the last value of the BM at that section. Section 1-1, taking moment from point C, Mc =7=R,x1 Ra =7KN (1) Section 2-2, taking moment from point D, Mp =5=RaXx2-Px1 5=7x2-P P=9kN -Q) Section 3-3, taking moment from point B, My =0=R, X3-Px2-Qx1 0=7x3-9x2-Q Q=3KN w=(3) Now, R, +Ry =P+Q Ry = SKN Ra =7KNand Ry =5 kN154 Engineering Mechanics € Objective Type Questions I. Fill in the Blanks 1. The beam on which the both ends are simply supported, either by point load or hinged or roller support called .. 2: ‘The beamon:whichoneend orbothendsare overhang (or free to air.) areccalled ... 3. A fixed beam is one whose both ends are .. 4. Ifa load is acting on a beam over a very small length. Itis called .. 5. The algebraicsum of all the vertical forces at any section of a beam to the right or left ofthe section is known as .. 6. The algebraic sum of all the moment ofall the forces acting to the right or left of the section is known as 7. The SF. diagram will increase or decrease suddenly ie. by a vertical straight line at a section when there is a . 8. ForUDL,S.F. diagram will be inclined straight line and the B.M. diagram will be 9. The point in a beam at which B.M. changes its sign, are called . Il. True/False 1. Bending at any section of a beam or cantilever is the algebraic sum of the moments of all vertical loads acting on the beam or cantilever about that section. 2. Shear force at any section of a beam or cantilever is the algebraic sum of the vertical loads acting either to the right of the section or left of the section. 3. Incase of beam, maximum BM always occurs at the mid span. 4. Incase of a cantilever, maximum BM and maximum SF always occurs at the fixed end. 5. In case of a beam, BM is zero at the two ends. 6. Incase of a beam, maximum BM occurs at that section where SF is maximum. 7. At. points of contraflexure, BM is maximum. 8. Relation between BM and SF at any section is given by a Ill. Multiple Choice Questions 1. Statically determinate beams are (@ Simply supported beam (ii) Over hang beam Gii) Cantilever beam Giv) All of above 2. The algebraic sum of all the vertical forces at any section of a beam to the right or left of the section is known as (i) Shear force Gi) Bending Moment (ii) Al (iv) None 3. The algebraicsum of all the moment of all the forces acting to the right or left of the section is known as @ Shear force Gi) Bending Moment ii) All (iv) None 4. The point in a beam at which B.M. changes its sign, are called @ points of contraflexure (ii) Point of inflexion iii) Both (iv) NoneBeam 155 Theoretical Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. 6. Define a beam. What are the different types of beams and different types of loading? [Dec. 2005, May 2005] What do you understand by Shear force & bending moment, and what is their importance in beam design? [May 2005] Explain how SF and BM diagrams are draw for a beam. [May 2005] Whatis the relation between load intensity, shear force and bending moment? What are the assumptions required for this derivation ? [May 2007] Define point of contra flexure or point of inflexion. Also define the point of zero shear force. (Wee. 2005) Why shear force and bending moment appear in a loaded beam? Develop an expression between loading shear force and bending moment. {ec. 20071 Numerical Problems A. Simply Supported Beam 1. 3. Draw SF and BM diagram for the beam with a central moment M as shown in fig. 6.30. M_ L Fig. 6.30 Draw the shear force diagrams for the beam AB, (see fig. 6.31). 500 LN A B }-— 5m > sm] Fig. 6.31 Draw SF diagram for simply supported beam shown in fig. 6.32. 20kN-m156 Engineering Mechanics 4. Sketch the SFD and BMD showing fig. 6.33, their values at significant locations. 2kN 4kN SkN-m 2m —+}— 4m rf —— 4m ——+]— 2m +f tm Fig. 6.33 5. The intensity of loading on a simply supported beam of span 10 m increases uniformly from 10 kN-m at left support to 20 kN-m at the right. Draw SFD and BMD and Find the position and magnitude of maximum bending moment. 6. Asimply supported beam is shown in fig. 6.34. Draw SFD and BMD. Bm Fig. 6.34 7. Draw shear force diagram for the beam loaded as shown in fig. 6.35. w/unit ran, A B if Fig. 6.35, 8. Fig. 6.36 shows a beam pivoted at A and simply supported at B and carrying a load varying from 0 at A to 12 kN-m at B. Determine the reactions at A and B; and draw the BMD. 12kN-m }_—m—"], Fig. 6.36 9. Find the position of maximum shear force for the beam shown in fig. 6.37. [May 2004] 100kN 4skNeen fm ++ 4m ——>} Fig. 6.37Beam 10. 157 Find the expression for bending moment ‘M’ in the range of 3 < x < 6 for the beam as shown in fig. 6.38. [May 2004] Fig. 6.38 B. Cantilever Beam 11, 12. 13. 14. 15. Draw the SFD and BMD for the following fig. 6.39. 2000N- ee c B 3m—r}-— 2m—+ Fig. 6.39 Draw the SFD and BMD for the following fig. 6.40. 20KN-m — GOKN, 30kN Draw the SED and BMD for the following fig. 6.41. 10kN- 10kN A £ Bp EB 1.Smf—2m—fe-4.5m-4] Fig. 6.41 Draw the SFD and BMD for the following fig. 6.42. 2000N-m 1000 a} (infin jim Seam taf Fig. 6.42 Draw the SFD and BMD for the beam as shown in fig. 6.43. [May 2007] 4kN 4kN 5k Fig. 6.43158 Engineering Mechanics C. Overhanging Beam- 16. Alog of wood is floating in water with a weight W placed at its middle as shown in fig. 6.44. Neglecting the weight of log, draw shear force (SF) and bending moment (BM) diagrams of the log. we [Dee 2002) | }—1—}- 1 Fig. 6.44 17. Draw the shear force diagram of the beam shown in fig. 6.45. [Dec 2002] ikNm 2kN A c E COMPRAR RRNA D Q A 2m — eam + — 2m — oe — 2m — 9}, Fig. 6.45 18. Draw the shear force and bending moment diagram for the beam shown in fig. 6.46, (may 2005] 40kN 15kNm —SOLN, f—9m—+}-—s—fo-.5m— Fig. 6.46 19. A.uniformly loaded beam with equal overhang on both sides of the supports is shown in the fig. 6.47. Draw the bending moment diagram, when a = ;. Wk k—e Leda a Fig. 6.47 20. Draw the shear force and BM diagram for the beam shown in fig. 6.48. 10kN 10k SkN-m A c, D, B 5 2+} 2m —+ + — 2m —+ + — 2m —+} Fig. 6.48aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your 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