conventional and half rectangular DRAs the resonant frequencies cutting a cross slot of equal length in the centre

in the centre of a rectangular

are, respectively, 1.14GHz with bandwidth 126MHz and 915MHi patch. The obtained two separate operating frequencies are with
with bandwidth 55MHz. orthogonal polarisation planes and the impedance matching for
the two frequencies can be obtained using a single probe feed. Sev-
Conclusions: We have demonstrated by experiment and simulation eral designs have been implemented, and typical experimental
that the volume of a DRA can be reduced by approximately half results are presented and analysed.
by incorporating an additional metallic plate. Using the example
of a rectangular DRA operating at -900MHz we reduce its size
from 2Ox88x40mm3 to 20x44x40mm3.Further size reductions may
make the DRA suitable for use in mobile telephones operating at
900MHz.
To maintain a good impedance match the probe position of the
half DRA should be altered to that of the conventional DRA.
Because of the additional metallic plate, a decrease in efficiency
will occur and this needs to be investigated.
We have also experimented with replacing the additional metal-
lic plate with a metal post. This suggests that even greater reduc-
4................................
~ ,-
L . . ; ................................ *;
probefeed

tions in volume are possible and may provide motivation for more
compact designs.

0 IEE 1997 I September 1997 lzig

Electronics Letters Online No: 19971334
Fig. 1 Geometry of small dual-frequency rectangular microstrip
M.T.K. Tam and R.D. Murch (Department of Electrical and antenna with cross slot
Electronic Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and
Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong)
E-mail: eetktam@ee.ust.hk

References

gz
1 LONG, S.A , MCALLISTER, M.w., and SHEN, L.c.: ‘The resonant
cylindrical dielectric cavity antenna’, IEEE Trans., 1983, AP-31,
(3), pp. 406-412
2 MONGIA, R K., and BHARTIA, P.: ‘Dielectric resonator antennas - A
review and general design relations for resonant frequency and
bandwidth’, Int. J. Microwave & Millimeter- Wave Computer-Aided
Engineering, 1994, 4, (3), pp. 230-247 first resonant frequency
3 KAJFEZ, D , GLISSON, A.w., and JAMES, J : ‘Computed modal field
distributions for isolated dielectric resonators’, IEEE Trans., 1984, . ._
MTT-32, (12), pp. 1609-1616 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
4 SHUM, S.M , and LUK, K.M.: ‘FDTD analysis of probe-fed cylindrical slot length I / W
dielectric resonator antenna operating in fundamental broadside Fig. 2 First two resonant frequencies against normalised cross slot
mode’, Electron. Lett., 1995, 31, (15), pp. 1210-1212 length
5 ROWELL, C.R., and MURCH, R.D : ‘A capacitively loaded PIFA for
compact mobile telephone handsets’, IEEE Trans., 1997, AP-45, h = 1.6mm, E, = 4.4, L = 37.7mm, W = 28.4mm, w = l m m
( 5 ) , pp. 837-842

Antenna design and experimental results: Fig. 1 shows the geome-

try of a small dual-frequency rectangular microstrip antenna with
a cross slot of equal length. The rectangular patch has a dimen-
sion of L x Wand is printed on a substrate of thickness h and
Small dual-fre uency microstrip antenna relative permittivity E,. The equal-length cross slot has a length of
with cross slot , and is centred at point B in the rectangular patch. Point A in the
patch is the feed position for dual-frequency operation for the case
Kin-Lu Wong and Kai-Ping Yang without a cross slot, which is determined from the optimal feed
positions of the TM,, and TM,, mode excitations [2]. And by
choosing an equal-length cross slot, the optimal feed position for
dual-frequency operation can easily be chosen from between point
Indexing terms: Microstrip antennas, Slot antennas
A and point B, as shown in the Figure. Another reason for choos-
A new design of single-feed, reduced-size dual-frequency ing the equal-length cross slot, instead of using an unequal-length
rectangular microstrip antenna with a cross slot of equal length is cross slot, is that the frequency ratio of the two excited frequencies
presented. The frequency ratio of the two operating frequencies is can thus be mainly determined by the aspect ratio of the rectangu-
mainly determined by the aspect ratio of the rectangular patch, lar patch, which makes the dual-frequency design much simpler.
and the reduction in the two operating frequencies is achieved by And by increasing the cross slot length, both the two excited fre-
cutting a cross slot in the microstrip patch. Details of the quencies can be lowered, with the frequency ratio almost
expermental results for such a design are presented and discussed. unchanged.
Introduction: A variety of dual-frequency microstrip antenna Table 1: Dual-frequency characteristics for rectangular patch with
designs have been reported. For the case of the two operating fre- various cross slot lengths
quencies with orthogonal polarisation planes, typical designs such
as a square patch with rectangular notch [l], a simple rectangular 12 14 16 18
patch with a properly selected feed [2], and an inclined-slot-cou- 0.94 0.87 0.59 0.20
pled simple rectangular patch [3] have been proposed. However, it fi [MHz] 1900 1848 1795 1764 1703 1662
is noted that these available dual-frequency designs are mainly for SW, [Yo] 1.84 1.84 1.84 1.70 1.53 1.38
regular-size microstrip antennas. In this Letter, we present a tech-
nique for obtaining a reduced-size dual-frequency microstrip f2 [MHz] 2446 2376 2306 2280 2187 2144
antenna; that is, for a given dual-frequency operation, the present BW, [Yo] 2.44 2.44 2.25 2.24 1.95 1.82
proposed technique can result in smaller physical dimensions of 1.287 1.286 1.285 1.292 1.284 1.29
the patch antenna. This antenna size reduction is achieved by h = 1.6mm, E, = 4.4, L = 3

1916 ELECTRONICS LETTERS 6th November 1997 Vol. 33 No. 23

 The above design concept has been implemented. Typical results
of the first two resonant frequencies as a function of the cross slot
length are presented in Fig. 2. The corresponding characteristics of
the two excited frequencies are listed in Table 1. From these
results it is observed that the first two resonant frequencies
decrease with increasing slot length, with an almost same fre-
quency ratio (-1.29). This frequency ratio is slightly lower than the
aspect ratio (1.327) of the rectangular patch, probably due to the
substrate effects. The optimal feed position for the two different
frequency excitations is also found to be closer to the patch centre
(point B) when the cross-slot length increases. For a smaller slot
length, however, the optimal feed position is about the same as
that (point A) for the simple patch case. Conversely, when the
cross slot length is > 18" (0.634W), there exist no proper feed
positions in the microstrip patch for the two different frequency
excitations. In this case another feeding mechanism, such as a slot-
coupling feed which is not studied here may be used. However, for
the case with, = 18mm, both the two resonant frequencies (1662
and 2144MHz) are lowered by -12% as compared to those (1900
and 2446MHz) of the simple rectangular patch without a cross
slot. The results of the measured return loss for these two cases
are also shown in Fig. 3 for comparison. This reduction in the two
excited frequencies can result in a patch size reduction of -23%
for a given dual-frequency design. As for the operating bandwidth,
determined from lOdB return loss, it is found that both the band-
widths for the two operating frequencies decrease with increasing
cross slot length, probably due to the patch-size reduction.
! Indexing terms: Ia'entlfication, Digital communication systems
frequency, GHz
Fig. 3 Measured return loss against frequency for the case with cross
slot of18 mm and the case with no cross slot
h = 1.6mm, E, = 4.4, L = 37.7mm, W = 28.4mm, w Imm
, = 18"
- - - -simple patch, , = 0
O0 O0
goo
a b /6wi41
Fig. 4 Measured E-plane and H-plane radiation patterns jor dual-fre-
quency patch antenna shown in Fig. 3 with , = 18 mm
a: f = 1662MHz
b:f = 2144MHz
(i) cross-polarisation
(ii) copolarisation
~ E-plane
~ H-plane
The radiation characteristics for the two excited frequencies are
also studied. The E-plane and H-plane radiation patterns for the
case with, = 18" are plotted in Fig. 4. A good crosspolarisation
level for both of the two operating frequencies is obtained, and no
special distinction as compared to those [41 of the dual-frequency
rectangular patch antenna without a cross slot is observed.
Conclusions: A single-feed, reduced-size rectangular microstrip
antenna with dual-frequency operation has been successfully
implemented. The frequency ratio of the two operating frequencies
is mainly controlled by the aspect ratio of the rectangular patch,
ELECTRONICS LETTERS 6th November 1997 Vol. 33
and the reduction in the two frequencies is obtained by cutting a
cross slot of equal length in the patch. Also, the two operating fre-
quencies are with orthogonal polarisation planes.
0 IEE 1997 22 September 1997
Electronics Letters Online No: 19971355
Kin-Lu Wong and Kai-Ping Yang (Department of Electrical
Engineering, National Snn Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan,
Republic of China)
References
1 NAKANO, H., and VICHIEN, K.: 'Dual-frequency square patch antenna
with rectangular notch', Electron. Lett., 1989, 25, pp. 1067-1068
2 CHEN, J.s., and WONG, K.L.: 'A single-layer dual-frequency
rectangular microstrip patch antenna using a single probe feed,
Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett., 1996, 11, pp. 83-84
3 ANTAR, Y.M M., ITTIPIBOON, A.I., and BHATTACHARYYA, A.K.: 'A dual-
frequency antenna wing a single patch and an inclined slot',
Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett., 1995, 8, pp. 309-311
4 WONG, K.L., and C H A N I ~C.M.:
. 'Experimental study of a two-element
dual-frequency microstrip array', Microw. Opt. Technol Lett., 1997,
15, pp. 67-68
Blind identifiability of a channel transfer
function from the correlation and conjugate
correlation functions of a fractionally
sampled signal
F. Mazzenga
The problem of blind identifiability of a digital communication
channel using second-order statistics of the received signal is
addressed. A time series representation of the fractionally sampled
digital signal is used to obtain a novel, necessary and suficient
condition for blind channel identificationfrom the correlation and
the conjugate correlation functions of the corresponding vector
stationary process.
Introduction; To counteract the deleterious effects of intersymbol
interference due to non-ideal transmission channels, a blind chan-
nel estimate can be used to facilitate equalisation as well as maxi-
mum likelihood sequence estimation. Blind channel estimation
means that no training signal is used to perform the estimation
but only the received sippal, with some a priori statistical informa-
tion on the input process, is employed. Blind channel estimation
techniques based on second-order statistics [11 are of great interest.
Some algorithms were presented and analysed in [2 - 51. In [6], a
necessary and sufficient condition for channel identifiability from
the correlation function of the stationary vector process associated
to the time series representation (TSR) [I] of the fractionally sam-
pled signal, was obtained. Starting from this result, it is now
shown that if both the correlation and conjugate correlation func-
tions of the stationary vector process are measurable, then the
class of the identifiable channels is extended with respect to the
case where only one of the two statistics is used. It must be noted
that BPSK and staggered QPSK have non-zero conjugate correla-
tion, but QPSK and many digital QAM have zero conjugate cor-
relation (see [l]). In the following Section, the signal model and
the statistical parameters of interest are reviewed.
Signal model and statistical parameters: The received digital signal
can be modelled as
-
z ( t )= a&(t - +
/T) w(t) (1)
l=-CC
where T i s the symbol ]period, {a(}is the transmitted iid complex
sequence with zero mean, variance 0,2 = E{ala;} and conjugate
variance ob2= Elup,}; E{.} denotes statistical expectation, w(t) is
a stationary, zero mean additive white noise independent of {a(},
No. 23 1917