PHINMA – Cagayan de Oro College

College of Engineering and Architecture

Special Topics in Construction and Management

SYNTHESIS
in SPECIAL TOPICS

Submitted by:
Mohammad Hussein Bacaraman #5

Submitted to:
Engr. Lester Bolo
Excavation and Earthmoving Works

Excavation is the process of moving the earth with tools, equipment or explosions.
There are six types of earth moving equipment: excavators, backhoe loaders, bulldozers, skid
steer loaders, motor graders, trenchers. Excavation can be classified as material types:
namely topsoil excavation, earth excavation, rock excavation, muck excavation and
unclassified excavation. Excavation also has its purposes like cut and fill, trench excavation,
basement excavation, road excavation, bridge excavation and dredging.

Lifting Equipment, Cranes and Hoist

Lifting is concerned with the use of lifting equipment in the lifting or lowering of a
load. The types of lifting equipment are hoist, cranes, forklift, aerial work platform. Lifting
equipment purpose is to lift or lower loads. The method of lifting operations is Site evaluation,
planning, control, competence, assessment, workplace preparation and lifting operation
itself.

Drilling and Blasting Methods

Drill and Blast method is mostly used method for excavation. The difference between
drilling and blasting is drilling is the process of cutting holes in a solid material using a rotating
cutting tool while blasting is to use or detonate explosives. The methodology of drilling and
blasting is first s drilling, second is loading and blasting, next is ventilating, then dislodging,
after that is removing the rubble, to be followed by securing and finally geological mapping.
Tunneling is important for laying out utilities, building of roads and railroads. We use tunneling
because there is no zero-axis open space, it is the shortest route and it minimizes open
destruction.

Structure Repairs and Retrofitting

Structure Repairs are performed on damaged buildings to restore the strength to its
original. Retrofitting enables the increase in original strength of the building. Before you can
retrofit you need to conduct structure repairs first. Symptoms of repair are Cracks, Spalling
and Disintegration. The techniques in Structure Repair are epoxy bonding, routing and
sealing, stitching, external stressing, grouting, blanketing and overlays. The techniques in
Retrofitting are concrete jacketing, steel jacketing, FRP sheet wrapping, addition of infill walls,
addition of shear walls, addition of steel braces, and energy dissipation devices. The
methods of structure repairs and retrofitting are evaluation, selecting methods/materials,
preparation of drawings/specs, selection of contractor, execution of work and quality
control.

Mass Concrete Construction

Mass concrete is any volume of concrete with dimensions large enough to require
measures be taken to cope with the generation of heat from hydration of the cement. Mass
concrete is made up of pozzolans, cement, water, aggregates and admixtures. Mass
concreting can be applied in massive mat foundations, dams, constructions with depth
greater than 1m. The Mass Concreting operation and techniques include, low heat cement
concrete design, concrete lifting like hoist, crane and bucket. Cooling designs can also be
used like pump and pipelines. Concreting in hot weather use curing methods to minimize
moisture loss. Ready mix concrete is also a way of mass concreting.

Asphalting Works and Directional Drilling

Asphalt is mixture of aggregates, binder and filler. It used in transportation, recreation,

agriculture, industrial and building construction. There are 4 types of asphalt: Hot-mix, warm-
mix, cold-mix, and cut-back asphalt. The methodology of asphalting has three phases. Phase
1 is the planning and design. Phase 2 is the excavation and earthwork. Phase 3 is the asphalt
paving. The advantages of using asphalt is its 100% recyclable, economical, safe and easy to
maintain, but its disadvantages are environmental issues, care and sealing.

Directional Drilling is defined as the practice of controlling the direction and deviation
of a wellbore to a predetermined underground target or location. The applications of
directional drilling are: Multiple wells from single location, Inaccessible surface locations, Fault
drilling, Salt-dome drilling, Sidetracking, Relief well drilling, and River coursing application.
Directional drilling has four stages in its process. Stage 1 is pilot hole drilling. Stage 2 is reaming
process. Stage 3 is pullback operations. Stage 4 is finally the installation of conduits.

Dams and River Diversion Works

Dams are massive barriers built across rivers and streams to confine and utilize the
flow of water for human purposes, like generation of electricity, irrigation and to control
flooding. The causes for failure of dams are error in design, geological instability, substandard
materials, earthquake, poor maintenance, computer error, erosion/sliding, extreme flow and
internal erosion.

Diversion methods is defined as an instance of turning something aside from its

course. The primary purpose is to protect water quality by passing upstream flow around the
active construction zone. Cofferdams is a small dam design to allow the diversion of the river
flow and acts as a barrier to the river. There are many types of cofferdams like earthen, rock
fill, single-walled, double-walled, braced and cellular cofferdams.

Types of Bridges, Construction Techniques and Methods

The types of bridges are beam, truss, arch, cantilever, suspension and cable stayed.
Beam types are most simply made from I-Beams and Reinforced concrete. Truss types are
the types of bridge that are easy to analyze using method of joints. Arch types are beautiful
yet effective. Cantilever types supports its weight with a counter weight on one end.
Suspension types allow engineer to design longer spans than any other types. Bridges are
made with different construction techniques and methods which depends on the type of
bridge being made.

Off-shore Construction

Off-shore construction is the installation of structures and facilities in a marine

environment. The types of off-shore construction are oil rigs and platforms. The benefits of
offshore construction are its location, efficiency, environment, job openings, cooling process.
The offshore construction struggles building process, the control over the project and
environmental disruption. In off-shore construction Civil Engineers should focus on the
structural analysis, study of physics, hydraulics and foundation. Offshore construction is a
huge step forward for the industry. It unlocks new opportunities and resources for the whole
planet.

Dredging

Dredging is an excavation activity carried out at least partly underwater. Dredger is

the equipment used in dredging by digging, transporting and dumping soil under the water.
The types of dredger are Bucket Dredger, Grab Dredger and Backhoe Dredger. Dredging
has four phases: Phase 1 – Excavation, Phase 2 – Lifting, Phase 3 – Transportation, and Phase
4 – Disposal. The purpose of dredging is for excavation, reclamation, increasing waterway
depth, wildlife preservation, gathering construction materials and mining precious minerals.