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APANHADOS NA REDE

O QUE É EALMENTE ? ANTÓNIO MACHIAVELO


Universidade do Porto

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ajmachia@fc.up.pt

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APANHADOS NA REDErO que é realmente ? 23


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Ver p. 554 de Victor Katz (ed.), The Mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, Chi-
$""!*$&7!$, KRXYH SRU FRQVHJXLQWH H FRPR p QDWXUDO XP
na, India, and Islam, Princeton University Press 2007, e p. 15 de J. L. Berggren,
ORQJR SHUtRGR GH OHQWD PHWDPRUIRVH TXH FRQGX]LUi XPD
Episodes in the Mathematics of Medieval Islam, Springer 1986.
LGHLD DEVWUDWD GH UD]mR D XP FRQFHLWR TXH KRMH DFKDPRV
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Disponível em http://archive.org/details/universalarithm00hallgoog.

24 GAZETA DE MATEMÁTICA r169

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