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Mechanical Vibration Lecture-1
Mechanical Vibration Lecture-1
FUNDAMENTALS OF
VIBRATIONS
BASIC CONCEPTS
MEMB443 Mechanical Vibrations
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
VIBRATION IN ENGINEERING
PRACTICE
Good
Machine condition monitoring.
Vibrating sieves, mixers and tools.
Electric massaging units, dentist drills, electric
toothbrushes.
Bad
Noise, vibration and harshness (NVH).
Machinery and structural failures.
Motion sickness, white finger syndrome, etc.
MEMB443 Mechanical Vibrations
EXAMPLES OF VIBRATING
SYSTEM
SPRING ELEMENTS
Linear Spring
FS kx
Torsional Spring
M S kT
A spring is a mechanical link that is generally assumed to
have negligible mass and damping.
A force is developed in a spring whenever there is a
relative motion between two ends of the spring.
Work done in deforming a spring is stored as potential
energy in the spring.
MEMB443 Mechanical Vibrations
Linear Motion
F mx
Rotational Motion
M I
The mass or inertia element is assumed to be a rigid body.
A rigid body’s inertia is responsible for the resistance to
acceleration of a system.
Work done on a mass is stored in the form of kinetic
energy of the mass.
MEMB443 Mechanical Vibrations
2 2 2 2
The equivalent system’s mass is therefore obtained
2 2
l2 l3
meq m1 m2 m3
l1 l1
MEMB443 Mechanical Vibrations
x
To obtain the equivalent rotational
mass
eq
MEMB443 Mechanical Vibrations
2
1 2 1 x 1 1 2 1 2 1
mx J 0 meq xeq
2
m r J 0 J eqeq
2
2 2 r 2 2 2 2
J0
meq m 2 J eq mr2 J 0
r
MEMB443 Mechanical Vibrations
DAMPING ELEMENTS
Linear Damper
FD cx
Torsional Damper
M D cT
A damper is generally assumed to have negligible mass
and stiffness.
A force is developed in a damper whenever there is a
relative velocity between two ends of the damper.
The damper dissipates energy from a system in the form of
heat or sound.
MEMB443 Mechanical Vibrations
Viscous Damping
The damping force is proportional to the velocity of the
vibrating body.
Coulomb Damping
The damping force is constant in amplitude but opposite
the direction to that of the motion of the vibrating body.
Hysteretic Damping
The energy dissipated per cycle is proportional to the
square of the vibration amplitude.
MEMB443 Mechanical Vibrations
DEGREE OF FREEDOM
x
x
z
Unconstrained rigid body with 6 d.o.f.
z
MEMB443 Mechanical Vibrations
CLASSIFICATION OF VIBRATION
Free Vibration
Oscillation occurring at a natural frequency, after an initial
force input.
mx kx 0
mx cx kx 0
Forced Vibration
Oscillation occurring at the frequency of a driving force
input.
mx kx F (t )
mx cx kx F (t )
MEMB443 Mechanical Vibrations
Undamped Vibration
No energy is lost or dissipated in friction or other
resistance during oscillation.
mx kx 0
mx kx F (t )
Damped Vibration
Energy is lost or dissipated during oscillation.
mx cx kx 0
mx cx kx F (t )
MEMB443 Mechanical Vibrations
Linear Vibration
The cause (force) and effect (response) are proportionally
related. Principle of superposition holds.
Nonlinear Vibration
Relationship between cause and effect is no longer
proportional.
MEMB443 Mechanical Vibrations
Deterministic Vibration
The instantaneous values of the vibration amplitude at any
time (t) can be determined from mathematical expressions.
Random Vibration
Future instantaneous values of the vibration amplitude
cannot be predicted in a deterministic sense.
MEMB443 Mechanical Vibrations
EXAMPLE 1
EXAMPLE 1 (cont.)
D 4 d 4
IP
32
Torsional stiffness for the shaft is:
kt
GI P G D d
4 4
l 32l
MEMB443 Mechanical Vibrations
EXAMPLE 1 (cont.)