Compound stresses | dvo to Me eli. ef | | ee ti ‘All classical tess anslysis formulas of the technical theory of deformable bodies resulting from a single clement of a force system acting at a section of a i member have been established in the preceding 2 chapters, For linearly elastic material these are summarized in the table on the next page, where for completeness the expressions for the clastic : | deformations are also included. v81, INTRODUCTION No such convenient table can be given for inelastically behaving members because of the lrger variety and complexity of the constitutive relations, In inelastic problems individual cases rust be analyzed using the basic kinematic assump- tions together with the appropriate stress-strain relations and equilibrium equations. In this chapter attention will be directed to problems where several elements of a force system occur at @ section of a member simultaneously. ‘The complete problem will be more fully discussed in Chapters 9 and 10. In this chapter a more limited objective is pursued. To begin, the normal stresses which arise from the simultaneous action of axial force and bending are considered, This is followed by a discussion of the normal stressesrulas of the technical sulting from a single ng at a section of a vd in the preceding. material these are 3e next page, where ions for the elastic ole can be given for 16 “because of the of the constitutive ss individual eases kinematio assump- oprinte stress-strain ion 1 will be directed to 1 of a force system ber simultaneously nore fully discussed is chapter @ more 2 begin, the normal imultaneous action considered. This is hhe normal stressos BASIC STRESS AND DEFORMATION RELATIONS 7 ane jean aa a aoe aoe dean ana on | ae (Peinipal axes must be used) peers tee | ay ae | as 2 | leteme steele Alec caused by unsymmetrical bending and an axial force. Then problems h shearing stresses due to torque and direct shear ‘occur simultaneously. Finally, at the end of the chapter, a special topic, a sussed in whi are di closely coiled helical spring, is considered. ‘82, SUPERPOSITION AND ITS LIMITATION ‘The basie stress analysis developed in this text thus far is completely predicated on small deformations of members, Situations such as ‘occur in flexible rods, Fig. 8-1, are considered in Chapter 14. Superposition of ly applied forces isnot applicab example, deflectionssignificantly change the bending moments caloulated.on the basis of undef Fig. &1(b), Because of deflection v, an ad bending moment Po is developed. In_ many. problems, however, the deformation effect on stresses is small and can be neglected. This will be ter. In members in which the overall defor mations are small in the sense discussed above, hate Deformai ‘Seeton 8-2 ‘Superposition and its Tnitatton (See Chapter 19) (See Chapter 13) £ 2 @ Ww 2 2 Detection » &) Fig, Sl, Deflection in axially compressed beams” indices an inarease’ in Bending moments, 283Chapter 8 Compound sreses superposition of the effects of separately applied forces is permissible. In considering this it is more basic to superpose strains than to super- [pose stresses as this enables one to treat both the elastic and the inelastic cases. For a member simultaneously subjected to an axial force P and a bending moment M, strain superposition is shown schematically in Fig, 8.2, For clarity the strains are greatly exaggerated, Because of an axial force P a plane section perpendicular to the beam axis moves along it parallel to itself, Fig. 8-2(a). Because of « moment M applied around one of the principal axes a plane section rotates, Fig. 8-2(b). Superposition of strains due to P and SM moves a plane section axially and rotate shown in Fig, &-2(¢). Note that ifthe axial force P causes a larger st than that caused by M, the combined strains due to P and M will not ‘change their sign within the member. a at Py =S5 aia i | ae + Unit length () Axial stain due to P Fig, 82. Combined strains. a8 late Univiengih t () Bending strains due to Af iTength (0 Combined stesins due to Pand Mf Jn addition to the moment which causes rotation of a plane section such as shown in Fig, 82, another moment acting around the other Principal axis, the vertical axis in the diagram, can be applied. This second moment rotates the plane section around the vertical axis. The axial strain combined with strains caused by rotating the plane section around both principal axes is the most general case in.an axially loaded bent member. By supplementing the above basic kinematic assum stress-strain relations and conditions of equilibrium, one can solve either elastic or inelastic problems. Except for the case of symmetrical sections, however, only linearly elastic problems will be considered here. The more general cases of inelastic behavior, elthough susceptible to the same type ‘of analysis, are very cumbersome, Discussion of combined shearing stresses also will be limited to linearly elastic casestees is pert tins than to super- jc and the inelastic axial force P and a hhematicelly in 3ecause of an axial iis moves along it applied around one iy and rotates it as rises & larger strain P and M will not sains dueto uw otation of a plane ng around the other 1 be applied. This e vertical ax 4g the plan ‘Ran axially ssumptions with the cone can solve either rmmetrical sections, sted here, The more dle to the same type combined shearing In linearly elastic problems, a linear relationship exists between Section 8-2 stress and strain, Therefore, unlike the cae in inelastic problems, not only S¥peoston and strains but also stresses can be superposed, This means that if on the same clement and for the same coordinate system two sets of stresses are known, algebraic addition of the components of the stress tensor is possible, just ast is for vector components. This follows from the faet that components of the stress tensor located in identical positions in the matrix are associ- ‘ated with the same elements of area, and, except for sense, actin the same direction, For example, superposition of the primed and the double primed set of stresses for & two-dimensional problem would result in ( *) | (@ *) (as Can + tad) ie) Mate OD Nrpeck ate) (oy i) Formulas such as those summarized in the preceding article axe used to find the stress components in the first two matrices. Based on the above discussion it is important to note that syperpasition of stresses is applicable anly in elastic problems where deformations are small. yeiry mal Three examples illustrating solutions for stress disiribution in sytimetrical members subjected to axial loads end bending moments follow. The solution of an elastic-plastic problem is given as the third example of this group. on EXAMPLE 64 clong bat of negligible weight is loaded as shown in Fig. 8-3(a). Determine the maximum tensile and compressive stresses acting normal to the section through the beam, Assume elastic response of the material, SOLUTION ‘To emphasize the method of superposition this problem is solved by dividing it into two parts. In Fig. 8-3(6) the bar is shown subjected only to the axial foree, and in Fig. 83) the same bar is shown subjected only to the transverse foree. For the axial force the normal stress throughout the length of the bar is P _ 6000 Fn Fipy 7 110001 Gension) ‘his resul is indicated in Fig, 83(0) The normal streses due 0 the transverse force depend on the magnitude of the bending moment, and the maximum bending moment occurs atthe applied force. As the left reaction is 600 tb, Hees = 600(15) = 9,000 inlb, From the fecute formula, the maximum sreses at the extreme fers caused by this moment are Me _ 6M © Ms = AE SR = 5,000 psi £269 255 020 (15) secsoed coe gooortA000 ps! ‘These stresses act normal to the section ofthe beam and decrease lineacly toward the neutral axis as in Fig. 8-3(¢) Then, to obtain the compound stress for any particular element, bending stresses must be added alge- Draially to the direct tensile stress, Thus, as may be seen from Fig. 8.3(0), at point A the resultant normel stress is 2,000-psi compression, and at Cit is 4,000-psi tension. Side views of the stress vectors as commonly drawn are in Fig. 8.3@. Although in this problem the given axial force is larger than the transverse force, bending causes higher stresses, However, the reader is cautioned not to regard slender members, particularly compression ‘members in the same light (909 Fig. 8-1(0). ‘Note that in the final result, the line of zero stress, which is Iocated at the centroid of the section for flexure, moves upward, Also note that the local stresses, caused by the concentrated force, which act normal to the top surface of the beam, were not considered, Generally these stresses are treated independently as local bearing stresses, ‘A typical application of Eq. 8-1 to an clement at A gives +1,000 0 0) 3,000 0 0) 2,000 0 0) o oo}+{ © oof={ o 0 ofpsi 0 09 an) 0 0 of ‘The stress distribution shown in Figs. 8-3(9 and (@) would change if, for example, instead ofthe axial tensile forces of 6 kips applied at the ends, compressive forees of the same magaitude were acting on the ‘ember, The maximum tensile stress would be reduced to 2,000 psi from 4,000 psi, whick would be desirable in a bear made of « material ‘weak in fension and carrying a transverse load. This idea is utilized in presiressed construction. Tendons mede of high-strength stel rods or cables passing through a beam with anchorages atthe ends are used to precompress concrete beams. Such axtifially applied fores inhibit the evelopment of tensile stresses. Prestressing also has been used in racing-car frames, Fen 0.3 ksi r + | J @ w o Rig. 84 2st Section 8.2 ‘Superposition fis Tinitation 10 igi one and 133k: