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Soran University: Well Stimulation
Soran University: Well Stimulation
School of Engineering
Department of Petroleum Engineering
Well Stimulation
Dr. Muhammad Amin
Prepared by:
Rebaz Abdulqadr Hamad
Aras Bahri Salim
Dlvin Taher Abdullah
Zhidar Jargis
Rawa Asaad
Omer Muhemmed
Well Stimulation
Some, petroleum exists in a formation but is
unable to flow readily into the well because
the formation has very low permeability.
• Natural low permeability formation.
• Formation damage around the wellbore
caused by invasion of perforation
fluid and charge debris.
Well Stimulation
Formation damage:
the reduction of permeability in a reservoir
rock caused by the invasion of drilling fluid
and treating fluids to the section adjacent to
die wellbore. It is often called skin damage.
Well Stimulation
any of several operations used to increase
the production of a well or a treatment
performed to restore or enhance the
productivity of a well such as:
1) Acidizing
2) Fracturing
Well Stimulation
Acidizing
• The pumping of acid into the wellbore to
remove near-well formation
damage and other damaging substances.
• This procedure commonly enhances production
by increasing the
effective well radius.
Well Stimulation
The two basic types of acidizing are
characterized through injection rates and
pressures:
gelling,
Emulsifying
chemically retarding the acid
Well Stimulation
Gelled Acid:
The use of gelled acid for fracture
acidizing has increased to the point that
it is now the most used technique.
The introduction of more temperature-
stable gelling agents with ready
application up to temperatures of about
400°F has been a major factor in
selecting gelled acid for acid fracturing.
Two types of gelling systems, polymers
and surfactants, are in common use.
Well Stimulation
Emulsified Acid:
For many years the primary retarded acid for
fracture acidizing was an acid-in-oil emulsion. This
type retarded acid is very functional but is no
longer the primary fracture acid method used.
It has limited temperature range and stability, with
high viscosity and high friction loss.
It does, however, have the ability to restrict contact
between the acid and formation, to reduce fluid
loss, and to retain large quantities of the treating
fluid in the fracture.
Well Stimulation
Chemically-Retarded:
Acid-Retardation of HCl is obtained by
the addition of unique surfactants to the
acid which form protective films on the
surface of limestone or dolomite.
These films retard reaction rate in much
the same way that an acid corrosion
inhibitor protects metal.
In addition to retarding acid reaction
rate, chemical retarders tend to promote
nonuniform etching of fracture faces,
thus increasing fracture conductivity.
Hydraulic Fracturing
Hydraulic Fracturing
The objective of hydraulic fracturing for well
stimulation is to increase well productivity
by creating a highly conductive path
(compared to reservoir permeability) some
distance away from the wellbore into the
formation.
Usually the conductivity is maintained by
propping with sand to hold the fracture
faces apart.
Hydraulic Fracturing
Acid fracturing involves most of the
same considerations as hydraulic
fracturing except that conductivity is
generated by removing portions of the
fracture face with acid, leaving etched
channels after the fracture closes
Hydraulic Fracturing
During a fracture job or hydraulic fracturing, a
service company injects large volumes of fracture
fluids under high pressure into the well to fracture
the reservoir rock . Fracture jobs are done either in
an open-hole or a cased well with perforations.
Common fracture fluid is a gel formed by water
and polymers, long organic molecules that form a
thick liquid when mixed with water.
Oil-based fracture fluid and foam-based fracture
fluids using bubbles of nitrogen, or carbon dioxide
can also be used to minimize formation damage.
The fracture fluid is transported out to the fracture
job in large trailers
Hydraulic Fracturing
A fracture job is done in three steps:
First, a pad of fracture fluid is injected into the well
by several, large, pumping units on trucks to initiate
fracturing the reservoir.
Hydraulic Fracturing
Next, a slurry of fracture fluid and propping agents
are pumped down the well to extend the fractures
and fill them with propping agents. Propping agents
or proppants are small spheres that hold open the
fractures after pumping has stopped.
Hydraulic Fracturing
The propping agents are usually well sorted quartz
sand grains, ceramic spheres, or aluminum oxide
pellets. The well is then back flushed in the third
stage to remove the fracture fluid.