FLUCTUATIONS IN ASHRAE HANDBOOK REFRIGERANT PHYSICAL

PROPERTIES AND THE EFFECT ON SINGLE AND TWO PHASE FLOW

A Thesis

by

PAUL HENRY NAGY

Submitted to the Office of Graduate and Professional Studies of

Texas A&M University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE

Chair of Committee, Michael Pate

Committee Members, Jorge Alvarado
Partha Mukherjee

Head of Department, Andreas Polycarpou

December 2014

Major Subject: Mechanical Engineering

Copyright 2014 Paul Nagy

 ABSTRACT

Throughout the course of the American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air

Conditioning, data of refrigerant physical properties have been published in their

Handbooks. However, this information is not constant, rather varying as each subsequent

handbook edition is released. Thirteen properties (liquid and vapor viscosity, thermal

conductivity, specific heat, enthalpy, surface tension, density and specific volume) from

five widely used refrigerants (R-22, R-134a, R-410a, R-152a, R-600a) are examined at

temperatures of 100 and 40 degrees Fahrenheit. Also, standard correlations to design

variables such as effect on Reynolds number are obtained using these properties. Mass

flux rates of 100 and 300 lbm/ft2-s are considered with pipe diameter of 8.52mm. The

resultant values are compared to 2013, the most recent ASHRAE Handbook edition, as

well as between editions beginning in 1981 in a standard percent change format.

It is seen that physical properties can vary by nearly 30% with respect to edition

2013 and up to 25% between editions with a stabilizing effect appearing near more

current editions. Additionally, design variables showed a similar trend however, as

equations became a function of more physical properties, percent change became more

erratic. With regards to mass flux rate, percent change was not affected for the selected

single phase design variables as mass flux increased due to a scaling factor response, yet

at lower mass flux pipe friction factor could be affected.

Two phase flow calculations resulted in R-600a showing discrepancies of nearly

plus and minus 50 percent through the quality range of 0.2 to 0.8 for condensation and

ii
plus 15 percent to negative 20 percent for qualities of 0.2 and 0.8, respectively. R-22

showed the lowest error with R-152a revealing at times negative 40 percent error for

condensation and plus 7 percent error for evaporation.

iii
 DEDICATION

This thesis is dedicated to my mom and my dad for their love and support every

step of the way.

iv
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First and foremost I would like to thank Dr. Pate for his guidance and giving me

the opportunity to work on this thesis. I would also like to thank Dr. Alvarado and Dr.

Mukherjee for being on my committee. A big thank you to Jason Korn for assisting me

with the proof reading and helping throughout the entire process, I couldn’t have done it

without you. Also I would like to acknowledge my brother, Phillip Nagy for helping

through the proofing process and putting up with the late nights. Lastly, thank you to

Yuliang Ji for helping with the two phase calculations.

v
 NOMENCLATURE

ASHRAE American Society of Heating Refrigerating & Air Conditioning

Engineers

ASHAE American Society of Heating & Air Conditioning Engineers

ASRE American Society of Refrigerating Engineers

ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers

ASH&VE American Society of Heating & Ventilating Engineers

HVAC Heating Ventilation & Air Conditioning

EPA Environmental Protection Agency

GWP Global Warming Potential

ODP Ozone Depletion Potential

IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

µ Viscosity, 𝑙𝑏𝑚/(𝑓𝑡 ∙ ℎ𝑟)

κ Thermal Conductivity, 𝐵𝑡𝑢/(𝑓𝑡 ∙ ℎ𝑟 ∙ 𝐹)

ρ Density, 𝑙𝑏𝑚/𝑓𝑡 3

hf Liquid Enthalpy, 𝐵𝑡𝑢/𝑙𝑏

hg Vapor Enthalpy, 𝐵𝑡𝑢/𝑙𝑏

V Velocity, 𝑓𝑡/𝑠

D Diameter,𝑓𝑡, 𝑚𝑚

Re Reynolds Number

Nu Nusselt Number

vi
Pr Prandtl Number

G Mass Flux, 𝑙𝑏𝑚/(𝑓𝑡 2 ∙ 𝑠)

Pr Reduced Pressure, 𝑙𝑏𝑓/𝑖𝑛2

Cp Specific Heat, 𝐵𝑡𝑢/(𝑙𝑏𝑚 ∙ 𝐹)

h Heat Transfer Coefficient, 𝐵𝑡𝑢/(𝑓𝑡 2 ∙ ℎ𝑟 ∙ 𝐹)

f Friction Factor

P Pressure, 𝑙𝑏𝑓/𝑖𝑛2

x Quality

hTP Two Phase Heat Transfer Coefficient, 𝑊/(𝑚2 ∙ 𝐾)

hLT Liquid Heat Transfer Coefficient, 𝑊/(𝑚2 ∙ 𝐾)

Fr Froude Number

Ffl Fluid Dependent Parameter

Bo Boiling Number

Co Convection Number

vii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................ii

DEDICATION ..................................................................................................................iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... v

NOMENCLATURE ..........................................................................................................vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................... viii

LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................ x

LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................... xiii

1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Problem Overview ................................................................................................ 1

1.2 Problem Validation............................................................................................... 2

2. BACKGROUND AND HISTORY ................................................................................ 3

2.1 History of ASHRAE ............................................................................................. 3

2.2 ASHRAE Handbook ............................................................................................ 4
2.3 Refrigerant Background ....................................................................................... 5

3. DATA ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY ........................................................................ 9

3.1 Overview .............................................................................................................. 9

3.2 Method.................................................................................................................. 9
3.3 R-410a Interpolation........................................................................................... 10
3.4 Data Organization and Trends ............................................................................ 11
3.5 Data Percent Change .......................................................................................... 14

4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES .......................................................................................... 18

4.1 Preface ................................................................................................................ 18

4.2 Viscosity ............................................................................................................. 18
4.3 Thermal Conductivity......................................................................................... 21
4.4 Enthalpy.............................................................................................................. 25
4.5 Summary ............................................................................................................ 29

viii
5. SINGLE PHASE FLOW CORRELATIONS .............................................................. 32

5.1 Reynolds Number ............................................................................................... 32

5.2 Prandtl Number .................................................................................................. 39
5.3 Nusselt Number .................................................................................................. 46
5.4 Heat Transfer Coefficient ................................................................................... 52
5.5 Darcy Friction Factor ......................................................................................... 58
5.6 Pressure Drop ..................................................................................................... 64
5.7 Limitations of Results ........................................................................................ 69

6. TWO PHASE FLOW CORRELATIONS ................................................................... 71

6.1 Key Differences .................................................................................................. 71

6.2 Condensation ...................................................................................................... 71
6.3 Evaporation ........................................................................................................ 78

7. CONCLUSIONS .......................................................................................................... 86

REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 87

APPENDIX A .................................................................................................................. 90

APPENDIX B .................................................................................................................. 92

APPENDIX C ................................................................................................................ 110

ix
 LIST OF FIGURES

Page

Figure 1: Saturated Liquid Viscosity Trend 40 Degrees Fahrenheit ................................ 13

Figure 2: Saturated Liquid Viscosity Trend 100 Degrees Fahrenheit .............................. 13

Figure 3: Liquid Viscosity Previous Percent Change, 40F .............................................. 16

Figure 4: Liquid Viscosity Percent Change With Respect to 2013, 40F ......................... 17

Figure 5: Saturated Liquid Viscosity-2013, 100F ............................................................ 19

Figure 6: Saturated Vapor Viscosity-2013, 40F............................................................... 20

Figure 7: Saturated Vapor Viscosity-2013, 100F............................................................. 20

Figure 8: Liquid Thermal Conductivity-2013, 40F .......................................................... 22

Figure 9: Liquid Thermal Conductivity-2013, 100F ........................................................ 22

Figure 10: Vapor Thermal Conductivity-2013, 40F ........................................................ 24

Figure 11: Vapor Thermal Conductivity-2013, 100F ...................................................... 24

Figure 12: Liquid Enthalpy-2013, 40F ............................................................................. 27

Figure 13: Vapor Enthalpy-2013, 40F ............................................................................. 28

Figure 14: Entrance Region of a Pipe .............................................................................. 32

Figure 15: Liquid Reynolds Percent Change-2013, 40F .................................................. 35

Figure 16: Liquid Reynolds Percent Change-Previous, 40F ............................................ 35

Figure 17: Vapor Reynolds Number-2013, 40F............................................................... 38

Figure 18: Vapor Reynolds Number- Previous, 40F........................................................ 38

Figure 19: Liquid Prandtl Number-2013, 40F ................................................................. 42

Figure 20: Liquid Prandtl Number-Previous, 40F ........................................................... 42

x
Figure 21: Liquid Prandtl Number-2013, 100F ............................................................... 43

Figure 22: Liquid Prandtl Number Previous, 100F .......................................................... 44

Figure 23: Vapor Prandtl Number 2013, 100F ................................................................ 45

Figure 24: Vapor Prandtl Previous, 100F......................................................................... 45

Figure 25: Liquid Nusselt Number Percent Change with Respect to 2013, 100F ........... 49

Figure 26: Liquid Nusselt Number Percent Change Previous Edition, 100F .................. 49

Figure 27: Vapor Nusselt Number Percent Change 2013, 100F ...................................... 50

Figure 28: Vapor Nusselt Number Percent Previous, 100F ............................................. 51

Figure 29: Liquid Heat Transfer Coefficient 2013, 40F .................................................. 54

Figure 30: Liquid Heat Transfer Coefficient 2013, 100F ................................................ 55

Figure 31: Liquid Heat Transfer Coefficient Change Previous, 40F ............................... 56

Figure 32: Liquid Heat Transfer Coefficient Change Previous, 100F ............................. 56

Figure 33: Vapor Heat Transfer Coefficient 2013, 100F ................................................. 58

Figure 34: Liquid Friction Factor 2013, 100F .................................................................. 61

Figure 35: Liquid Friction Factor Previous, 100F ............................................................ 62

Figure 36: Vapor Friction Factor 2013, 40F .................................................................... 63

Figure 37: Vapor Friction Factor Previous, 40F .............................................................. 63

Figure 38: Liquid Pressure Drop-2013, 40F .................................................................... 67

Figure 39: Liquid Pressure Drop-2013, 100F .................................................................. 67

Figure 40: Vapor Pressure Drop-2013, 40F ..................................................................... 68

Figure 41: Vapor Pressure Drop-2013, 100F ................................................................... 69

Figure 42: R-22 Condensation, D = 8.52mm ................................................................... 73

xi
Figure 43: R-152a Condensation, D = 8.52mm ............................................................... 73

Figure 44: R-600a Condensation, D = 8.52mm ............................................................... 74

Figure 45: R-22 Condensation Percent Change with Respect to 2013 ............................ 75

Figure 46: R-152a Condensation Percent Change With Respect to 2013 ........................ 76

Figure 47: R-600a Condensation Percent Change With Respect to 2013........................ 77

Figure 48: R-22 Evaporation, D = 8.52mm ..................................................................... 80

Figure 49: R-152a Evaporation, D = 8.52mm .................................................................. 80

Figure 50: R-600a Evaporation, D = 8.52mm .................................................................. 81

Figure 51: R-22 Evaporation Percent Change With Respect to 2013 .............................. 82

Figure 52: R-152a Evaporation Percent Change With Respect to 2013 .......................... 83

Figure 53: R-600a Evaporation Percent Change With Respect to 2013 .......................... 84

xii
 LIST OF TABLES

Page

Table 1: R-410a Interpolation .......................................................................................... 11

Table 2: Saturated Liquid Velocity Trend ........................................................................ 12

Table 3: Liquid Viscosity Percent Change With Respect to 2013 ................................... 15

Table 4: Liquid Viscosity Percent Change With Respect to Previous Edition ................ 15

Table 5: Saturated Liquid Enthalpy ................................................................................. 26

Table 6: Saturated Vapor Enthalpy .................................................................................. 26

Table 7: Maximum Percent Change-2013, 40F ............................................................... 29

Table 8: Maximum Percent Change-2013,100F .............................................................. 30

Table 9: Maximum Percent Change Edition to Edition ................................................... 31

Table 10: Liquid Reynolds Number, G = 100 lbm/ft2s, D = 8.52mm.............................. 34

Table 11: Liquid Reynolds Number, G = 300 lbm/ft2s, D = 8.52mm.............................. 34

Table 12: Vapor Reynolds Number, G = 100 lbm/ft2s, D = 8.52mm .............................. 36

Table 13: Vapor Reynolds Number, G = 300 lbm/ft2s, D = 8.52mm .............................. 37

Table 14: Liquid Prandtl Number .................................................................................... 40

Table 15: Vapor Prandtl Number ..................................................................................... 40

Table 16: Liquid Nusselt Number, G = 100 lbm/ft2s, D = 8.52mm ................................. 48

Table 17: Vapor Nusselt Number, G = 100 lbm/ft2s, D = 8.52mm ................................. 48

Table 18: Liquid Heat Transfer Coefficient, G = 100 lbm/ft2s, D = 8.52mm .................. 53

Table 19: Vapor Heat Transfer Coefficient, G = 100 lbm/ft2s, D = 8.52mm .................. 53

Table 20: Liquid Friction Factor, G = 100 lbm/ft2s, D = 8.52mm ................................... 60

xiii
Table 21: Vapor Friction Factor, G = 100 lbm/ft2s, D = 8.52mm .................................... 60

Table 22: Liquid Pressure Drop, G = 100 lbm/ft2s, D = 8.52mm, Δx = 1ft ..................... 65

Table 23: Vapor Pressure Drop, G = 100 lbm/ft2s, D = 8.52mm, Δx = 1ft ..................... 66

Table 24: Constants for Two Phase Evaporation Correlations ........................................ 79

xiv
 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Problem Overview

With the advent of more sophisticated measuring devices, previous recorded

values for a material’s physical properties are brought into question with regards to the

level of dependability and precision over time. This paper intends to introduce

discrepancies with the progression of tabulated data concerning a variety of heavily used

refrigerants in the American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air Conditioning

Engineers, or ASHRAE Handbooks. In addition to the examination of the physical

properties for the selected refrigerants, correlations will be drawn to commonly used

design variables highlighting areas of the most concern. The selected refrigerants of

interest are R-22 (Chlorodifluoromenthane), R-152a (1,1-Difluoroethane), R-600a

(Isobutane), R-134a (1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane) and R-410a [R-32/125 (50/50)]. These

five refrigerants are used in different applications; however, all designs for use with one

of these refrigerants utilize the same properties.

Since the implementation of the ASHRAE series of handbooks, the physical

properties of various refrigerants have been included in the publishing Every four years

the respective editions of these ASHRAE Handbooks are published with up-to-date data,

sometimes including additional refrigerants not documented in previous versions

Because these handbooks are considered one of the most important references for

obtaining physical data of refrigerants to be used in conjuncture with design of a system,

it is imperative that the data listed is precise. Because new editions are published every

1
four years, there are sometimes significant discrepancies between editions resulting in a

possible large percentage of error for systems designed using a previous compilation of

the data. As a result of this, it is the intent of this paper to explore these incidences and to

derive several important parameters used in refrigeration systems associated with these

properties that may be affected by the variations recorded in the available refrigerant

data.

1.2 Problem Validation

As stated earlier, due to the non-annual nature of the handbook releases, there are

possibilities for data to become outdated since technology advances quickly and often.

As the tools for measuring physical properties become more advanced and precise, it

creates the problem, how much were the previous measurements off and how do they

affect design parameters of systems already built? The results that will be presented

reveal that there are large changes between some years for a plethora of physical

properties in nearly all the refrigerants analyzed. The result of this research will allow

companies and individuals to see conclusively how far off the design of a system is if

already made, as well as provide a solid set of data to use that is accurate. The

exploration conducted is also expected to draw correlations between the earliest edition

published and the most recent in order to firmly obtain a standard data set.

2
 2. BACKGROUND AND HISTORY

2.1 History of ASHRAE

The roots of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air

Conditioning Engineers can be traced back to 1894 and focuses on refrigeration, energy

efficiency and sustainability to name a few. The organization came into existence due to

a merger of two groups, The American Society of Heating and Air Conditioning

Engineers, or ASHAE that started in 1894 and The American Society of Refrigerating

Engineers, or ASRE which was established in 1904. ASHAE was formed as a result of

the apathetic attitude of Master Steam and Hot Water Fitters Association in regard to the

scientific merits of heating and ventilation which created ASHAE with an expressed

priority in matters of heating and ventilation engineering [12].

ASRE on the other hand, was organized by members of the American Society of

Mechanical Engineers, or ASME, due to refrigeration only playing a small role in annual

meetings and an understanding that a scientific society focusing on refrigeration was

needed due to a growing demand for refrigeration [13]. Thoughts of a merger of the two

societies were not seriously considered until the 1950’s when there was substantial

overlap in the research between them. As a result of these similarities, by June 1958 each

society has approved the Proposed Merger plan. Following a vote, ASRE and ASHAE

dissolved and became known as ASHRAE on January 29, 1959 which it is still known as

to this day [11].

3
2.2 ASHRAE Handbook

The ASHRAE Handbooks can be traced back to 1922. The handbooks were

initially known as the Heating and Ventilating Guide published by the American Society

of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, or ASH&VE which was changed to ASHAE. The

American Society of Heating and Air Conditioning Engineers continued to publish a

new edition of The Guide annually until 1961. It was then that The Guide was

amalgamated with the Refrigerating Data Book produced by ASRE and renamed the

ASHRAE Guide and Data Book with only two separate editions, Applications and

Fundamentals and Equipment. It was not until 1967 that a change occurred with the

publication regrouped into four editions, Fundamentals, Systems, Applications and

Equipment. In 1973 the name of the ASHRAE Guide and Data Book was changed to the

ASHRAE Handbooks and it was not until 1985 that separate editions were introduced

for English and International measurements [10].

2.2.1 Present Handbook Versions

At the moment, there are four versions of the handbooks available; Refrigeration,

Fundamentals, HVAC Systems & Equipment and finally HVAC Applications. These

versions are rotated, each coming out every four years from the last publication. For

example, Refrigeration may be published in 2010 then again in 2014, HVAC

Applications in 2011 and then again in 2015 and so on. These handbooks are “the

recognized repository of current engineering procedures and practices in the fields of

heating, ventilation, air conditioning and refrigeration” according to ASHRAE. Due to

4
the previous statement, the physical property data included in the handbooks are

typically used by design engineers. The version which will be utilized in this herein is

the Fundamentals Handbook dating back to 1981 to the most revision in 2013,

comprising a total of nine volumes.

2.3 Refrigerant Background

In this analysis five different refrigerants will be examined with applications

ranging from refrigeration to automobile air conditioning systems. It is important to

clarify the uses for each refrigerant as well as acknowledge any shortcomings each

possesses in order to ensure a firm understanding of the data presented later in this

thesis. The fluids to be examined are R-22, R-152a, R-134a, R-410a and lastly R-600a.

2.3.1 R-22

R-22 or chlorodifluoromethane is a gas at room temperature and a

hydrochlorofluorocarbon resulting in a high ozone depletion and global warming

potential. R-22 has been used as a refrigerant for air conditioning units for decades yet,

because of environmental concerns, is being phased out by the Environmental Protection

Agency, or EPA, with a prohibition of new unit manufactures beginning in 2010 and the

end of production of R-22 by 2020 [20]. The usage of this refrigerant will dwindle in the

future in the United States of America and worldwide due to the Montreal Protocol,

signed in 1987 with 197 ratifiers and worldwide usage is expected to be sharply curbed

5
in the near future [29]. Because of this, it remains important to examine the trends of

documented R-22 physical properties.

2.3.2 R-152a

In contrast to R-22 there is R-152a which is more commonly referred to as Freon

with a chemical name of 1,1-Difluoroethane. This refrigerant has an ozone depletion

potential of zero, a lower global warming potential (GWP) than R-134a at approximately

120 [21], and as such is a viable replacement for use in automobiles. Not until recently

was R-152a selected by the EPA as the refrigerant of choice for mobile air conditioners

although having physical property data listed in the ASHRAE Handbooks since 1981 as

opposed to R-134a which began to be tabulated in 1993.

2.3.3 R-134a

R-134a also known by the chemical name 1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane is a

haloalkane class refrigerant which is a subset of halocarbons. This refrigerant is used in

mobile air conditioners such as automobiles and according to the EPA, all vehicles

manufactured with air conditioning worldwide use this refrigerant [19] and as such is

extremely valuable to examine the trends in this fluid. First showing up in early 1990

and listed in the Fundamentals handbook in 1993, 134a was initially developed as a

replacement for R-12 due to its less environmentally harmful nature [24]. However,

recently in the European Union it was announced that all vehicles sold in EU countries

with air conditioning must use refrigerants with a global GWP of less than 150 starting

6
in 2011 for new automobiles and by 2017 for all vehicles[19]. Because of this R-134a

will not qualify as it has a GWP of 1300 although usage worldwide will continue.

2.3.4 R-410a

The fourth refrigerant which will be analyzed is the relatively new R-410a also

known as Puron. Originally invented by Allied Signal in 1991, it first appeared in the

Fundamental Handbook in 2001 and is comprised of a fifty-fifty percent mixture of R-32

and R-125. This has begun to replace R-22 in commercial and residential air

conditioning systems in the United States due to the EPA phase-out plan as well as other

developed countries due to R-410a possessing a zero ozone depletion potential (ODP).

However, although R-410a has a zero ODP, the GWP is very large akin to that of R-22

which it is replacing. According to an IPCC 2007 assessment, because of R-410 operates

at higher pressures and efficiencies than its predecessor R-22, the impact on global

warming due to the use of R-410a will be significantly less than R-22 as a result of lower

energy consumption and coincidentally lower emissions from power plants [23].

2.3.5 R-600a

The last refrigerant to be observed is R-600a, commonly known as isobutane.

Contrary to the other four refrigerants, isobutane is not explicitly used in residential or

commercial air conditioning and is not used in automobile air conditioning systems due

to the fluid being highly flammable with a low flash point. Instead, R-600a is used

primarily in residential refrigerators and freezers but due to the insignificant ODP and

7
with a GWP of approximately three, it is foreseeable that isobutane will eventually

become a dominant source for permanent air conditioning systems and refrigeration.

Isobutane was first used in small systems in the 1920’s, but faded when

chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) type refrigerants arrived onto the market in the 1930’s and

did not return to use in Unites States appliances until 2008 [33]. Because of the present

and clear continued use of R-600a for refrigeration into the future, it is important to

analyze the fluid’s recorded physical properties by ASHRAE.

8
 3. DATA ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY

3.1 Overview

Beginning in 1981, ASHRAE started listing the physical properties of widely

used refrigerants in the Fundamentals Handbook as a way for designers to easily access

reliable data concerning these fluids. It is crucial to note that during the compilation of

the data from the various editions, not all the refrigerants of interest have information

reaching back to 1981. Furthermore, certain properties at typically extreme temperatures

are not recorded, even so, the temperatures of interest of forty and one hundred degrees

Fahrenheit are well documented due to them being more typical operating conditions for

refrigeration and air conditioning.

3.2 Method

There are twelve physical properties that are to be considered, these are saturated

vapor and liquid viscosity, saturated vapor and liquid thermal conductivity, surface

tension, saturated liquid and vapor specific heat, liquid enthalpy, vapor enthalpy, liquid

density and vapor specific volume. All of these properties are considered as they play

significant roles in the design of a system. The refrigerant data sheet for each fluid was

taken from ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook from 1981 to 2013[1-9], representing a

total of nine edition and subsequently nine data points per refrigerant. The properties for

R-22, R-152a and R-600a were available dating back to the first edition while R-134a

did not appear until 1993 and R-410a not appearing until 1997. Also, starting at the 1993

9
edition the table format was altered which is when the first appearance of surface

tension, velocity of sound and a ratio of specific heats occurred.

3.3 R-410a Interpolation

All the refrigerants, with the exception of R-410a, are tabulated in the handbooks

according the value of each property corresponding to a set temperature. For R-410a the

physical properties are listed corresponding to a set pressure with temperatures of the

liquid on the bubble line and vapor on the dew line. In order to obtain values for each of

the twelve properties, standard interpolation was performed on the data using the

equation shown below [28]:

(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )(𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) (1)

𝑦2 = + 𝑦1
(𝑥3 − 𝑥1 )

Where 𝑥1 and 𝑥3 are the temperatures immediately before and after the desired

temperature on the bubble and dew line and 𝑦1 and 𝑦3 are the corresponding values of

the physical property in liquid or vapor form, respectively. A selected example of this is

shown in Table 1 below.

10
 Table 1: R-410a Interpolation
R-410a 2001
40 Degrees Fahrenheit
Liquid Temp. Vapor Temp. Liquid Enthalpy Vapor Enthalpy
Lower Bound 38.65 38.82 27.02 120.1
Desired 40 40 27.513 120.176
Upper Bound 43 43.18 28.61 120.38
100 Degrees Fahrenheit
Liquid Temp. Vapor Temp. Liquid Enthalpy Vapor Enthalpy
Lower Bound 97.32 97.53 49.95 121.64
Desired 100 100 51.105 121.551
Upper Bound 101.75 101.95 51.86 121.48

As seen in Table 1, interpolation for R-410a was crucial to remain consistent with the

other refrigerants as well as accurate due to a non-uniform upper and lower bound

temperature with regards to the bubble and dew lines. This was implemented for every

year and property.

3.4 Data Organization and Trends

After all of the data was interpreted, the data was then placed into a table

showing the trend of the selected physical property for each refrigerant with respect to

the year. As can be seen in Table 2, the progression of data shows a stabilization effect

nearing 2013 as there are several years in a row with identical information obtained from

the handbooks.

11
 Table 2: Saturated Liquid Velocity Trend
Saturated Liquid Viscosity (lbm/ft-h)
ASHRAE Edition 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
R-22 0.5530 0.5530 0.5530 0.4840 0.4840 0.5030 0.5030 0.5030 0.5030
R-152a 0.5030 0.5030 0.5030 0.4940 0.4940 0.4930 0.5030 0.5030 0.5030
40 ◦F

R-600a 0.4800 0.4800 0.4800 0.4800 0.4580 0.4580 0.4560 0.4570 0.4570
R-134a 0.6580 0.6580 0.6200 0.6200 0.6200 0.6200
R-410a 0.3797 0.3894 0.3894 0.3894

R-22 0.4490 0.4490 0.4490 0.3380 0.3380 0.3460 0.3460 0.3460 0.3460
R-152a 0.3760 0.3760 0.3760 0.3480 0.3480 0.3430 0.3400 0.3400 0.3400
100 ◦F

R-600a 0.3500 0.3500 0.3500 0.3500 0.3190 0.3190 0.3170 0.3200 0.3200
R-134a 0.4430 0.4430 0.4070 0.4070 0.4070 0.4070
R-410a 0.2442 0.2450 0.2450 0.2450

The blanks in the table are indicative of unavailable data in the ASHRAE

Handbook for the respective year and refrigerant and this format is carried through for

all results. It is evident that there are changes from year to year, often coming after

several years of no change. All thirteen selected properties were organized in this same

fashion for ease of access. The remaining twelve property tables can be seen in the

appendix and in addition to this these results are exported into a line plot showing the

trend of the data. This can be visualized on Figure 1 and Figure 2 for saturated liquid

viscosity at forty and one hundred degrees Fahrenheit respectively.

12
 Saturated Liquid Viscocity 40 Degrees Fahrenheit
0.70

0.65
Viscosity (lbm/ft-h)

0.60

0.55

0.50

0.45

0.40

0.35
1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
Year

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

Figure 1: Saturated Liquid Viscosity Trend 40 Degrees Fahrenheit

Saturated Liquid Viscocity 100 Degrees Fahrenheit

0.50

0.45
Viscosity (lbm/ft-h)

0.40

0.35

0.30

0.25

0.20
1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
Year

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

Figure 2: Saturated Liquid Viscosity Trend 100 Degrees Fahrenheit

13
 From Figure 1 and Figure 2 as noted earlier, the trend of the data shows

stabilization closer to 2013 for all refrigerants, but very large fluctuations in recorded

data for earlier editions of the ASHRAE handbooks primarily centered from 1989 to

2001. It is apparent that there are numerous large jumps in the data resulting in the

presented property value change from edition to edition being particularly concerning.

To assess these instances the data was arranged into another line plot.

3.5 Data Percent Change

In order to pinpoint problem areas it was imperative to find the percent change of

the data for two separate baselines. Firstly, the change with respect to the previous year

was analyzed utilizing Equation 2.

𝑌𝑟𝑖+1 − 𝑌𝑟𝑖 (2)

% 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑠 = ∗ 100
𝑌𝑟𝑖+1

Where Yr is the handbook year and i represents the edition number. This

equation relates the increase or decrease of a data set relative to the immediately

preceding one. The second percent change formula is used to compare years before 2013

to 2013 as seen in Equation 3.

𝑌𝑟𝑖 − 𝑌𝑟2013 (3)

% 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 2013 = ∗ 100
𝑌𝑟2013

For the percent change with respect to 2013 as seen in Equation 3, i represents

the year of interest and generates a value relative to 2013. This enables one to identify

years with the greatest amount of contrast with the most recent handbook edition as a

14
benchmark. Combining Equations 2 and 3 with the information in Table 2, the results

are obtained in following in Table 3 and Table 4.

Table 3: Liquid Viscosity Percent Change With Respect to 2013

Percent Change From 2013
Refrigerant 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
R-22 9.94 9.94 9.94 -3.78 -3.78 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-152a 0.00 0.00 0.00 -1.79 -1.79 -1.99 0.00 0.00 0.00
40 ◦F

R-600a 5.03 5.03 5.03 5.03 0.22 0.22 -0.22 0.00 0.00
R-134a 6.13 6.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a -2.49 0.00 0.00 0.00

R-22 29.77 29.77 29.77 -2.31 -2.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-152a 10.59 10.59 10.59 2.35 2.35 0.88 0.00 0.00 0.00
100 ◦F

R-600a 9.37 9.37 9.37 9.37 -0.31 -0.31 -0.94 0.00 0.00
R-134a 8.85 8.85 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a -0.33 0.00 0.00 0.00

Table 4: Liquid Viscosity Percent Change With Respect to Previous Edition

Percent Change From Previous Edition

Refrigerant 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
R-22 0.00 0.00 -12.48 0.00 3.93 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-152a 0.00 0.00 -1.79 0.00 -0.20 2.03 0.00 0.00
40 ◦F

R-600a 0.00 0.00 0.00 -4.58 0.00 -0.44 0.22 0.00

R-134a 0.00 -5.78 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a 2.55 0.00 0.00

R-22 0.00 0.00 -24.72 0.00 2.37 0.00 0.00 0.00

R-152a 0.00 0.00 -7.45 0.00 -1.44 -0.87 0.00 0.00
100 ◦F

R-600a 0.00 0.00 0.00 -8.86 0.00 -0.63 0.95 0.00

R-134a 0.00 -8.13 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a 0.33 0.00 0.00

15
 Following the results obtained in the percent tables line plots revealing this data

are created to enable ease of visualization for rapid acquisition of concern years and

refrigerants; this is shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4 for percent change with respect to the

previous edition and 2013, respectively.

Liquid Viscosity Percent Change With Respect to Previous

Edition, 40F
6.00
4.00
2.00
Percent Change %

0.00
-2.00 81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13

-4.00
-6.00
-8.00
-10.00
-12.00
-14.00
Years

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

Figure 3: Liquid Viscosity Previous Percent Change, 40F

Each data point represented in Figure 3 corresponds to the change between the

years indicated. For example, considering R-22 it is seen that there is no change from

1985 to 1989; however in 1993 the recorded values are altered by nearly -13% from

1989. The change from 2013 is shown in figure 4 below and is more straightforward.

16
 Liquid Viscosity Percent Change With Respect to 2013, 40F
12.00

10.00

8.00
Percent Change %

6.00

4.00

2.00

0.00
1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
-2.00

-4.00

-6.00
Year

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

Figure 4: Liquid Viscosity Percent Change With Respect to 2013, 40F

From Figure 4, due to the nature of the percent change correlation regarding

2013 as the baseline, all refrigerants converge to 2013. This is very important, as it

allows one to instantly recognize years differing greatly than the values accepted for a

certain physical property of a refrigerant at this point in time. When used in conjunction

with percent change between editions, the graphs reveal a very complete picture of the

progression of the data through the years allowing individuals to pinpoint years where

system designs or research were incorrect due to inaccurate information utilized. All

remaining twelve property tables and graphs are obtainable in the appendix. At this

point, it is imperative to analyze the effect of these occurrences on standard design

variables.

17
 4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

4.1 Preface

Upon compiling all data from the ASHRAE handbooks, there are several

instances where the physical properties change considerably through time. Although this

occurs with many of the examined properties, not all experienced notable change and

therefore, only selected occurrences that pose the most impact will be highlighted in this

section with the remainder placed in the appendix.

4.2 Viscosity

Both saturated liquid and saturated vapor viscosity exposed percent changes

relative to 2013 with liquid viscosity containing the largest change. Because viscosity is

used in a wide range of fluid and heat transfer calculations, it is important to understand

which refrigerants show the most concern and at what year range. Viscosity is a fluids

resistance to deformation by shear and tensile stresses [32] and is important when

considering frictional losses in pipe flow. The units used in the ASHRAE handbooks are

𝑙𝑏𝑚/(𝑓𝑡 ∙ ℎ𝑟). Liquid viscosity was briefly touched upon in the previous section for 40

degrees Fahrenheit and at 100 degrees an increased error is realized when viewing the

below figures.

18
 Liquid Viscosity Percent Change With Respect to 2013,
100F
35.00

30.00

25.00
Percent Change %

20.00

15.00

10.00

5.00

0.00
1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
-5.00
Year

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

Figure 5: Saturated Liquid Viscosity-2013, 100F

The results in Figure 5 are very striking as R-22 shows a thirty percent increase

over the most recent handbook edition while all other refrigerants with the exception of

R-410a show values ten percent above 2013 as well. This occurs until 1997 where all

refrigerants begin a declination to values in use today. Such a large discrepancy would

significantly affect systems designed with this data and any calculations involving liquid

viscosity raised to a power will result in an even more severe offset. From Figure 6 and

Figure 7, the change with respect to 2013 for vapor viscosity can be seen.

19
 Percent Change From 2013, Vapor Viscosity, 40 Degrees F
5.00

4.00
Percent Change %

3.00

2.00

1.00

0.00
1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013

-1.00
Year

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

Figure 6: Saturated Vapor Viscosity-2013, 40F

Percent Change From 2013, Vapor Viscosity, 100 Degrees F

6.50

5.50

4.50
Percent Change %

3.50

2.50

1.50

0.50

-0.50 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013

-1.50
Year

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

Figure 7: Saturated Vapor Viscosity-2013, 100F

20
 The saturated vapor viscosity shows approximately one sixth of the change for

R-22 as the liquid, and about a third for the remainder of the refrigerants. One instance

for Figure 7 and Figure 8 which differs from Figure 6 is that the data does not reach a

steady state until 2005, a whole edition later than the liquid viscosity. Additionally, at

elevated temperatures the error became greater for both refrigerant states.

4.3 Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity is a measure of how well a material conducts heat and is

measured in the ASHRAE handbooks as 𝐵𝑡𝑢/(ℎ𝑟 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 ∙ 𝐹). This is a particularly

important property as it references how well a refrigerant is able to transmit heat with

larger values resulting in a higher amount of possible heat transfer [30]. As with

viscosity, both liquid and vapor forms of the five refrigerants must be analyzed,

beginning with saturated liquid thermal conductivity.

21
 Liquid Thermal Conductivity Percent Change With Respect
to 2013, 40F
20.00

15.00
Percent Change %

10.00

5.00

0.00
1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013

-5.00
Year

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

Figure 8: Liquid Thermal Conductivity-2013, 40F

Liquid Thermal Conductivity Percent Change With Respect

to 2013, 100F
25.00

20.00
Percent Change %

15.00

10.00

5.00

0.00
1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
-5.00
Year

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

Figure 9: Liquid Thermal Conductivity-2013, 100F

22
 Figure 8 and Figure 9 depict a great deal about the anticipated thermal

conductivity of the five refrigerants through time because of two reasons. Firstly, none

of the recorded values are below the values obtained in the most recent handbook, all

exhibiting a downward trend, reducing the liquid thermal conductivity through time.

Secondly, all refrigerants with the exception of isobutane level off at 2001 with

isobutane maintaining around an 8 percent error until 2005. Because of this, system

designers and researchers could have used this information believing that these

refrigerants, R-600a in particular, possessed a much higher liquid thermal conductivity

and as a result would have been able to transport much more energy than would be

expected using the most recent set of values.

Vapor thermal conductivity similar to viscosity, has substantially less change

than its liquid counterpart, however, the vapor portion must be addressed due to an

outlier which appear when comparing the recorded values of 40 and 100 Fahrenheit. In

this case, vapor thermal conductivity does not exhibit the extreme change that liquid

conductivity shows with maximums at negative 8 percent and 4 percent for R-22 and R-

600a at 100 and 40 degrees Fahrenheit, respectively. The outliers shown in Figure 10

and Figure 11 for R-22 and R-600a at 40 degrees expose that instead of steadily nearing

the most recent value, they instead both make jumps at 1993 in the wrong direction.

23
 Vapor Thermal Conductivity Percent Change With Respect
to 2013, 40F
3.00

2.00

1.00
Percent Change %

0.00
1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
-1.00

-2.00

-3.00

-4.00
Year

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

Figure 10: Vapor Thermal Conductivity-2013, 40F

Vapor Thermal Conductivity Percent Change With Respect

to 2013, 100F
6.00

4.00

2.00
Percent Change %

0.00
1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
-2.00

-4.00

-6.00

-8.00

-10.00
Year

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

Figure 11: Vapor Thermal Conductivity-2013, 100F

24
 Additionally, when looking at these two refrigerants at the temperatures

indicated, at the lower temperature isobutane is below the zero and above the zero at the

higher temperature, this is reversed for R-22 in 1993. This is peculiar as the fluid is

heated the declared property begins at a set percentage above 2013 values and instead of

remaining constantly above these values it is flipped to the negative.

4.4 Enthalpy

Enthalpy is an essential physical property to know for thermodynamic systems

and is provided in the ASHRAE handbooks as specific enthalpy with the units of

𝐵𝑡𝑢/𝑙𝑏𝑚. This is defined as Equation 4 below [16].

𝐻 = 𝑈 + 𝑃𝑉 (4)

Were H is enthalpy, U is internal energy, P is pressure and V is volume of a

system. This property is an extensive property and relies on the size of the system. For

the specific enthalpy which is provided it is similarly defined as

ℎ = 𝑢 + 𝑃𝜈 (5)

Where h is the specific enthalpy, u is the internal energy and v is the specific

volume. In this case enthalpy is regarded as an intensive property due to the per unit

mass. The data obtained via the ASHRAE handbooks show an extremely surprising

result for specific enthalpy, both liquid and vapor exhibit extreme percent changes with

respect to current edition. As can be seen Table 5 and Table 6 below, the tables represent

the collected values for liquid and vapor enthalpy.

25
 Table 5: Saturated Liquid Enthalpy
Saturated Liquid Enthalpy, h f , (Btu/lb)
Refrigerant 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
R-22 21.422 21.474 21.474 21.688 21.688 21.662 21.662 21.662 21.662
R-152a 24.700 24.427 24.427 31.628 31.628 31.490 31.490 31.490 31.490
40 ◦F

R-600a -818.40 140.520 140.520 140.520 42.439 42.448 42.259 42.035 42.035
R-134a 24.051 24.694 24.694 24.890 24.890 24.890 24.890
R-410a 27.620 27.513 27.818 27.818 27.818

R-22 39.267 39.233 39.233 39.538 39.538 39.502 39.502 39.502 39.502
R-152a 48.430 48.004 48.004 57.366 57.366 57.124 57.124 57.124 57.124
100 ◦F

R-600a -782.900 175.860 175.860 175.860 77.399 77.418 77.137 76.639 76.639
R-134a 44.230 44.943 44.943 45.155 45.155 45.155 45.155
R-410a 51.266 51.106 51.667 51.667 51.667

Table 6: Saturated Vapor Enthalpy

Saturated Vapor Enthalpy, h g , (Btu/lb)
Refrigerant 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
R-22 108.142 107.940 107.940 108.191 108.191 108.313 108.313 108.313 108.313
R-152a 154.450 154.240 154.240 161.473 161.473 161.639 161.639 161.639 161.639
40 ◦F

R-600a -668.700 291.690 291.690 291.690 193.598 193.609 193.133 192.647 192.647
R-134a 107.389 108.705 108.705 108.856 108.856 108.856 108.856
R-410a 120.662 120.176 120.644 120.644 120.644

R-22 112.105 111.810 111.810 112.081 112.081 112.276 112.276 112.276 112.276
R-152a 163.860 163.490 163.490 170.092 170.092 170.258 170.258 170.258 170.258
100 ◦F

R-600a -649.800 311.020 311.020 311.020 212.830 212.847 212.281 211.820 211.820
R-134a 114.888 116.166 116.166 116.289 116.289 116.289 116.289
R-410a 121.741 121.551 121.971 121.971 121.971

The most evident point in these tables are all entries for R-600a in 1981. The

given values are an anomaly resulting in a -450% change with respect to 2013 for vapor

and up to -2050% change from 2013 for the liquid. This skews the data to the point

where the typical percent change graphs implemented become ineffective due to the

dominance of isobutane. After careful consideration of the tables for R-600a, it was

determined that the reference point for both liquid and vapor was inconsistent until 1997.

26
Therefore, all years prior to 1997 will be omitted from any graphs displayed, however if

the exact value is desired it may be accessed in the appendix.

Notwithstanding the previous occurrence, there are several points where the

liquid enthalpy, or hf, and the vapor enthalpy, or hg, deviate significantly. Selecting forty

degrees as a point of examination the following two figures reveal other refrigerants of

interest.

Percent Change From 2013, Liquid Enthalpy, 40 Degrees F

5.00

0.00
1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
Percent Change %

-5.00

-10.00

-15.00

-20.00

-25.00
Title

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

Figure 12: Liquid Enthalpy-2013, 40F

27
 Percent Change From 2013, Vapor Enthalpy, 40 Degrees F
1.00

0.00
1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
Percent Change %

-1.00

-2.00

-3.00

-4.00

-5.00
Title

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

Figure 13: Vapor Enthalpy-2013, 40F

Analyzing Figure 12 and Figure 13, there is still a significant percent change

with R-600a in 1985, coming to within one percent of the accepted values by 1997. In

addition to this, R-152a shows up as only 5 percent under the zero but almost 23 percent

under for vapor and liquid enthalpy, respectively. It should be noted that for single phase

flow, calculations would be grossly incorrect until 1997 where the values stabilized.

Although individually the liquid and vapor enthalpies have issues, ℎ𝑓𝑔 which is the

specific enthalpy change for evaporation, defined as ℎ𝑓𝑔 = ℎ𝑔 − ℎ𝑓 shows a near zero

percent difference for all entries.

28
4.5 Summary

Although there was not change in every category, there is still significance in

determining the maximum error for each refrigerant at each property. The maximum

percent change from 2013 is typically centered about two editions, 1981 and 1993, and

deviates occasionally to the previous or later edition. Since some refrigerants only

reported large changes at one edition such as R-134a, there is but one year selected to

represent its maximum. Results were obtained for both forty and one hundred degrees as

well as the maximum error between editions for any year range or temperature. A

snapshot of the maximum inaccuracies are seen below in Table 7 and Table 8.

Table 7: Maximum Percent Change-2013, 40F

Maximum Percent Change 40F
Refrigerant R-22 R-134a R-152a R-600a R-410a
Year 1981 1993 1993 1981 1993 1981 1993 2001
Liquid Viscosity 9.94 -4.78 6.13 -1.79 5.03 5.03 -2.49
Vapor Viscosity 4.24 2.47 2.27 2.22 3.55 1.78 1.00
Liquid Conductivity 5.40 1.49 1.34 6.96 5.66 17.86 8.21 0.15
Vapor Conductivity -0.36 0.53 2.33 -2.47 -3.64 0.41
Surface Tension 1.47 0.16 -5.14
Liquid Specific Heat 0.18 0.14 -0.37 -13.78 7.82 3.19 3.19 -1.03
Vapor Specific Heat -3.47 0.66 -1.60 -6.10 8.79 0.28 1.09 -10.81 (97)
Liquid Enthalpy -1.11 0.12 -3.37 -22.43(85) 0.44 .98(97) -1.09
Vapor Enthalpy -.34(85) -0.11 -1.35(89) -4.58(85) -0.10 .49(97) -0.39
h(fg) -.21(85) -0.17 -.75(89) -0.31 -0.23 .36(97) .23(97)
Liquid Density 0.26 0.03 -0.06 -0.05 -0.02 0.03 0.01 0.09
Specific Volume -23(85) -0.17 -.61(89) 0.50 -0.25 0.35 0.09 .62(97)

29
 Table 8: Maximum Percent Change-2013,100F
Maximum Percent Change 100F
Refrigerant R-22 R-134a R-152a R-600a R-410a
Year 1981 1993 1993 1981 1993 1981 1993 2001
Liquid Viscosity 29.77 -2.31 8.85 10.59 2.35 9.37 9.37 -0.33
Vapor Viscosity 5.86 5.86 3.99 1.95 4.21 4.21 3.74
Liquid Conductivity 4.67 3.56 0.46 5.61 1.50 20.41 20.41 0.57
Vapor Conductivity -7.73 -7.73 1.37 2.27 2.27 4.47
Surface Tension 2.18 0.25 -8.19
Liquid Specific Heat -1.14 -0.13 0.11 -2.93 0.31 4.17 1.01 -1.24
Vapor Specific Heat -2.88 1.25 -2.12 -8.34 10.43 2.11 1.28 -9.19 (97)
Liquid Enthalpy -.68(85) 0.12 -2.05 -15.97(85) 0.42 .99(97) -1.09
Vapor Enthalpy -.42(85) -0.17 -1.2(89) -3.98(85) 0.10 .48(97) -0.34
h(fg) -.27(85) 0.32 -.67(89) 2.08(85) -0.36 .18(97) .24(97)
Liquid Density 0.25 -0.01 .07(89) -0.04 -0.02 0.09 -0.01 0.34
Specific Volume -.3(85) -0.23 -.5(89) 1.43 -0.35 0.49 -0.08 0.35

The data represented in the Table 7 and Table 8 reveal several insights about the

trend of change for the refrigerants. Typically, at the higher temperature there is more

error realized except for a select few instances. The headings represent the years of

interest with the largest change occurring at the earliest appearance of the refrigerant.

Even so, the year 1993 showed substantial changes across the board with a few

exceptions noted in parentheses next to the value. This is especially true for enthalpy

with the largest changes before or after 1993.

The next important set of maximum percent changes are from edition to edition.

Since each new handbook effectively replaces the previous version, making the old data

obsolete, there is an interest to examine maximum changes that result from the

introduction of an updated version. Occasionally, it has been witnessed that new

information increases the overall error rather than correct and stabilize it and the largest

occurrences of this are seen in Table 9.

30
 Table 9: Maximum Percent Change Edition to Edition
Maximum Percent Change, Edition to Edition
Refrigerant R-22 R-134a R-152a R-600a R-410a
Liquid Viscosity -24.72 -8.13 -7.45 -8.86 2.55
Vapor Viscosity -5.54 -3.83 -2.17 -4.04 -3.60
Liquid Conductivity -3.71 -1.33 -5.21 -11.69 -0.57
Vapor Conductivity 8.38 -2.27 -0.73 3.90 -4.28
Surface Tension 2.18 0.25 -8.19
Liquid Specific Heat 1.02 0.37 25.04 -3.03 1.25
Vapor Specific Heat 4.29 2.16 20.47 -1.43 12.79
Liquid Enthalpy 1.00 2.67 29.48 -0.65 1.11
Vapor Enthalpy -0.26 1.23 4.69 -0.27 -0.40
h(fg) -0.36 0.81 -2.39 -0.21 -0.20
Liquid Density -0.26 -0.10 0.04 0.21 -0.34
Specific Volume -0.47 0.68 -1.77 -0.57 0.50

The above table illuminates several extremely large changes with a substantial

amount centered about R-152a for specific heat. There are also numerous points of

greater than 5 percent change although there is little deviation surrounding any point in

time for liquid density, specific volume and surface tension. Blanks in the table represent

that there has been zero change since initial documentation with only two instances, both

surface tension for R-22 and R-600a.

31
 5. SINGLE PHASE FLOW CORRELATIONS

5.1 Reynolds Number

One of the most important variables in fluid mechanics and heat transfer is the

Reynolds number. This is a dimensionless value which is defined as the ratio of inertial

forces to viscous forces [22] and is used to determine turbulent or laminar flow either in

a stream or tube. From this point on, all variables analyzed will be related to pipe flow

directly or indirectly due to correlations.

Figure 14: Entrance Region of a Pipe

As seen in Figure 14, the entrance region of a pipe is shown [18]. For all

considerations herein fluid flow is fully developed, constant properties and steady state

are assumed, unless otherwise noted. Since only the hydrodynamic fully developed flow

is considered, therefore velocity flow is constant as observed in Equation 6 [30].

32
 𝜕𝑣(𝑟, 𝑥) (6)
= 0, 𝑣 = 𝑣(𝑟)
𝜕𝑥

Where v is the flow velocity, x is the pipe length, and r is the pipe inner diameter.

Due to constant velocity for any position inside the pipe as well as constant inner pipe

diameter, mass flux through the pipe is constant as well.

𝜌𝑉𝐷𝐻 (7)
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇

From Equation 7 the Reynolds number for pipe flow is obtained where ρ is

density, V is velocity, µ is dynamic viscosity and DH is the hydraulic diameter where for

a pipe 𝐷𝐻 = 𝐷. All calculations involving pipe diameter in this section utilize the same

diameter at 8.52mm.

𝐺 = 𝜌𝑉 (8)

The equation for mass flux is seen above simply as the product of density and

velocity. For Reynolds number analysis as well as all variables yet to be discussed, the

mass flux rates are 100 and 300 𝑙𝑏𝑚⁄𝑓𝑡 2 𝑠. With Equation 8 substituted into Equation 7

and pipe diameter for hydraulic diameter, the working Reynolds number equation is

obtained as seen below.

𝐺𝐷 (9)
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇

Using Equation 9, the Reynolds number for each mass flux rate can be obtained.

Both saturated liquid viscosity and saturated vapor viscosity are used to find the liquid

Reynolds number, 𝑅𝑒𝑙 , and the vapor Reynolds number, 𝑅𝑒𝑣 respectively. The resultant

tables generated for liquid Reynolds number are seen below in Table 10 and Table 11.

33
 Table 10: Liquid Reynolds Number, G = 100 lbm/ft2s, D = 8.52mm
ReL At G=100 lbm/ft2s
Refrigerant 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
R-22 1.82E+4 1.82E+4 1.82E+4 2.08E+4 2.08E+4 2.00E+4 2.00E+4 2.00E+4 2.00E+4
R-152a 2.00E+4 2.00E+4 2.00E+4 2.04E+4 2.04E+4 2.04E+4 2.00E+4 2.00E+4 2.00E+4
40 ◦F

R-600a 2.10E+4 2.10E+4 2.10E+4 2.10E+4 2.20E+4 2.20E+4 2.21E+4 2.20E+4 2.20E+4
R-134a 1.53E+4 1.53E+4 1.62E+4 1.62E+4 1.62E+4 1.62E+4
R-410a 2.65E+4 2.58E+4 2.58E+4 2.58E+4

R-22 2.24E+4 2.24E+4 2.24E+4 2.98E+4 2.98E+4 2.91E+4 2.91E+4 2.91E+4 2.91E+4
R-152a 2.68E+4 2.68E+4 2.68E+4 2.89E+4 2.89E+4 2.93E+4 2.96E+4 2.96E+4 2.96E+4
100 ◦F

R-600a 2.88E+4 2.88E+4 2.88E+4 2.88E+4 3.15E+4 3.15E+4 3.17E+4 3.14E+4 3.14E+4
R-134a 2.27E+4 2.27E+4 2.47E+4 2.47E+4 2.47E+4 2.47E+4
R-410a 4.12E+4 4.11E+4 4.11E+4 4.11E+4

Table 11: Liquid Reynolds Number, G = 300 lbm/ft2s, D = 8.52mm

2
ReL At G=300 lbm/ft s
Refrigerant 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
R-22 5.46E+4 5.46E+4 5.46E+4 6.24E+4 6.24E+4 6.00E+4 6.00E+4 6.00E+4 6.00E+4
R-152a 6.00E+4 6.00E+4 6.00E+4 6.11E+4 6.11E+4 6.12E+4 6.00E+4 6.00E+4 6.00E+4
40 ◦F

R-600a 6.29E+4 6.29E+4 6.29E+4 6.29E+4 6.59E+4 6.59E+4 6.62E+4 6.61E+4 6.61E+4
R-134a 4.59E+4 4.59E+4 4.87E+4 4.87E+4 4.87E+4 4.87E+4
R-410a 7.95E+4 7.75E+4 7.75E+4 7.75E+4

R-22 6.72E+4 6.72E+4 6.72E+4 8.93E+4 8.93E+4 8.73E+4 8.73E+4 8.73E+4 8.73E+4
R-152a 8.03E+4 8.03E+4 8.03E+4 8.68E+4 8.68E+4 8.80E+4 8.88E+4 8.88E+4 8.88E+4
100 ◦F

R-600a 8.63E+4 8.63E+4 8.63E+4 8.63E+4 9.46E+4 9.46E+4 9.52E+4 9.43E+4 9.43E+4
R-134a 6.81E+4 6.81E+4 7.42E+4 7.42E+4 7.42E+4 7.42E+4
R-410a 1.24E+5 1.23E+5 1.23E+5 1.23E+5

In order to obtain dimensionally correct Reynolds numbers, the liquid and vapor

viscosity were converted from 𝑙𝑏𝑚⁄𝑓𝑡 ∙ ℎ𝑟 to 𝑙𝑏𝑚⁄𝑓𝑡 ∙ 𝑠 and diameter converted to

0.0279528 ft. Applying Equations 2 and 3 to the data in the above tables the Reynolds

number percent change is obtained. It should be noted that for internal flow from

𝑅𝑒𝐷 < 2000 the flow is laminar, for 𝑅𝑒𝐷 > 3000 the flow is turbulent and between

these two values the flow is transitional [34]. Consequently, it is apparent that all liquid

Reynolds numbers, as well as vapor, fall within turbulent fluid flow parameters.

34
 Liquid Reynolds Number Percent Change With Respect to
2013, 40F
6.00

4.00

2.00
Percent Change %

0.00
1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
-2.00

-4.00

-6.00

-8.00

-10.00
Year
R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

Figure 15: Liquid Reynolds Percent Change-2013, 40F

Liquid Reynolds Number Previous Percent Change, 40F

14.00
12.00
10.00
8.00
Percent Change %

6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13
-2.00
-4.00
-6.00
Years
R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

Figure 16: Liquid Reynolds Percent Change-Previous, 40F

35
 Referencing the above Figure 15 and Figure 16, it is apparent that there are

considerable discrepancies in the liquid Reynolds number with the greatest occurring for

R-22 from 1981 to 1989 with nearly a ten percent difference from present day. Similar

problems arise with R-600a and R-410a, beginning in the first two years the latter was

introduced. Comparing these issues with the edition to edition change, the graph reveals

a twelve percent differential from 1989 to 1993. When comparing the liquid Reynolds

number percent changes to the vapor Reynolds number percent there are similar

occurrences, however less amplified.

Table 12: Vapor Reynolds Number, G = 100 lbm/ft2s, D = 8.52mm

Rev for G = 100 lbm/ft2s
Refrigerant 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
R-22 3.41E+5 3.41E+5 3.41E+5 3.47E+5 3.47E+5 3.56E+5 3.56E+5 3.56E+5 3.56E+5
R-152a 4.38E+5 4.47E+5 4.47E+5 4.47E+5
40 ◦F

R-600a 5.75E+5 5.75E+5 5.75E+5 5.75E+5 5.85E+5 5.85E+5 5.95E+5 5.95E+5 5.95E+5
R-134a 3.73E+5 3.73E+5 3.81E+5 3.81E+5 3.81E+5 3.81E+5
R-410a 3.33E+5 3.37E+5 3.37E+5 3.37E+5

R-22 2.93E+5 2.93E+5 2.93E+5 3.11E+5 3.11E+5 3.11E+5 3.11E+5

R-152a 3.93E+5 3.93E+5 3.86E+5 3.93E+5 3.93E+5 3.93E+5
100 ◦F

R-600a 5.08E+5 5.08E+5 5.08E+5 5.08E+5 5.08E+5 5.08E+5 5.30E+5 5.30E+5 5.30E+5
R-134a 3.22E+5 3.22E+5 3.34E+5 3.34E+5 3.34E+5 3.34E+5
R-410a 2.79E+5 2.89E+5 2.89E+5 2.89E+5

36
 Table 13: Vapor Reynolds Number, G = 300 lbm/ft2s, D = 8.52mm
Rev for G = 300 lbm/ft2s
Refrigerant 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
R-22 1.02E+6 1.02E+6 1.02E+6 1.04E+6 1.04E+6 1.07E+6 1.07E+6 1.07E+6 1.07E+6
R-152a 1.31E+6 1.34E+6 1.34E+6 1.34E+6
40 ◦F

R-600a 1.73E+6 1.73E+6 1.73E+6 1.73E+6 1.76E+6 1.76E+6 1.79E+6 1.79E+6 1.79E+6
R-134a 1.12E+6 1.12E+6 1.14E+6 1.14E+6 1.14E+6 1.14E+6
R-410a 1.00E+6 1.01E+6 1.01E+6 1.01E+6

R-22 8.80E+5 8.80E+5 8.80E+5 9.32E+5 9.32E+5 9.32E+5 9.32E+5

R-152a 1.18E+6 1.18E+6 1.16E+6 1.18E+6 1.18E+6 1.18E+6
100 ◦F

R-600a 1.52E+6 1.52E+6 1.52E+6 1.52E+6 1.52E+6 1.52E+6 1.59E+6 1.59E+6 1.59E+6
R-134a 9.65E+5 9.65E+5 1.00E+6 1.00E+6 1.00E+6 1.00E+6
R-410a 8.36E+5 8.68E+5 8.68E+5 8.68E+5

Examining Table 12 and Table 13, the vapor Reynolds number for both mass

flux rates are well above acceptable values for turbulent flow in all instances.

Additionally, it should be noted that the blanks are indicative of nonexistent data as

some refrigerants were not available, however in the case of R-22 for 100 degrees

information was not published in 1993 or 1997 contrary to the preceding and

aforementioned years. Applying Equations 2 and 3 to the vapor tables the following

graphs are attained.

37
 Vapor Reynolds Number Percent Change With Respect to
2013, 40 F
1.00

0.00
1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
Percent Change %

-1.00

-2.00

-3.00

-4.00

-5.00
Year

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

Figure 17: Vapor Reynolds Number-2013, 40F

Vapor Reynolds Number Previous Edition Change, 40F

3.00

2.50

2.00
Percent Change %

1.50

1.00

0.50

0.00
81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13
-0.50

-1.00
Years

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

Figure 18: Vapor Reynolds Number- Previous, 40F

38
 For the vapor Reynolds number, all recorded values differing from 2013 are

situated at negative percent change points on the graph as seen in Figure 17. Also, there

is significantly lower percent change with respect to the liquid values. As for the edition

to edition graph seen above as Figure 18, the results show a peculiar trend with property

changes occurring essentially every other edition until it reaches current values.

Although there are differences between the percent changes for the states, this can be

explained by Equation 9. Because mass flux and pipe diameter are considered constant,

Reynolds numbers for each are only a function of the respective viscosities, which also

explains that although there are two different mass fluxes considered resulting in

different values, it only increases by a factor of 3, thus holding the percent change for

each flux constant. The remaining 100 degree Fahrenheit graphs for each Rev and Rel

can be found in the appendix showing approximately the same trends as the 40 degree

Fahrenheit graphs.

5.2 Prandtl Number

The Prandtl number is a dimensionless number which is essential in many heat

transfer calculations and is defined by the ratio of momentum diffusivity to the thermal

diffusivity [14]. It is very important to calculate the Prandtl number for each entry using

vapor and liquid properties rather than select a predetermined value for future equations

due to the constantly changing Prandtl number. The equation shown below is used for all

calculations of the Prandtl number.

𝑣 𝑐𝑝 𝜇 (10)
𝑃𝑟 = =
𝛼 𝑘
39
 Where v is the kinematic viscosity, 𝛼 is the thermal diffusivity, 𝑐𝑝 is specific

heat, µ is dynamic viscosity and 𝑘 is the thermal conductivity. Considering three of the

properties provided in the ASHRAE handbooks are specific heat, dynamic viscosity and

thermal conductivity, it enables a generation of the Prandtl number and determination of

its percent change and effects on refrigeration and heat transfer. Applying the 𝑐𝑝 , 𝜇 and 𝑘

property tables referenced in Appendix A, the vapor and liquid Prandtl numbers are

extrapolated as viewed in the below tables.

Table 14: Liquid Prandtl Number

Liquid Prandtl Number
Refrigerant 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
R-22 2.815 2.765 2.765 2.512 2.512 2.646 2.646 2.646 2.646
R-152a 2.686 2.686 2.686 3.339 3.112 3.261 3.332 3.332 3.332
40 ◦F

R-600a 4.138 4.138 4.138 4.138 4.210 4.210 4.523 4.500 4.500
R-134a 4.017 4.017 3.850 3.850 3.850 3.850
R-410a 2.127 2.207 2.207 2.207

R-22 2.984 2.984 2.984 2.293 2.293 2.434 2.434 2.434 2.434
R-152a 2.888 2.888 2.888 2.874 2.874 2.861 2.841 2.841 2.841
100 ◦F

R-600a 3.719 3.719 3.719 3.719 3.723 3.723 3.940 3.931 3.931
R-134a 3.587 3.587 3.307 3.307 3.307 3.307
R-410a 2.060 2.105 2.105 2.105

Table 15: Vapor Prandtl Number

Vapor Prandtl Number
Refrigerant 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
R-22 0.922 0.922 0.922 0.937 0.937 0.913 0.913 0.913 0.913
R-152a 0.855 0.838 0.838 0.838
40 ◦F

R-600a 0.833 0.833 0.833 0.833 0.835 0.835 0.789 0.782 0.782
R-134a 0.828 0.828 0.842 0.842 0.842 0.842
R-410a 1.158 1.144 1.144 1.144

R-22 1.140 1.140 1.140 1.023 1.023 1.023 1.023

R-152a 0.887 0.876 0.876 0.876
100 ◦F

R-600a 0.851 0.851 0.851 0.851 0.873 0.873 0.829 0.818 0.818
R-134a 0.926 0.926 0.922 0.922 0.922 0.922
R-410a 1.343 1.340 1.340 1.340

40
 Scrutinizing Table 14 and Table 15, there are large differences in the Prandtl

number with respect to present day values. The importance of the Prandtl number in

engineering applications is that it provides a “measure of relative effectiveness of

momentum and energy transport by diffusion in the velocity and thermal boundary

layers” [14]. Therefore, large discrepancies will result in a skewed understanding of the

true nature of the fluid. When placing significance on the numbers it should be noted

that for 𝑃𝑟 ≪ 1 the energy diffusion of the material exceeds the momentum diffusion

rate and the converse is true for 𝑃𝑟 ≫ 1 where the momentum diffusion rate is

dominant. From the above tables, it is apparent that for the liquid refrigerants energy

diffusion rate is key staying well above 1. Whereas for the vapor refrigerants the trend is

to rely on a greater momentum diffusion rate, although there are fluctuations in the vapor

Prandtl numbers resulting in a more unstable understanding of the fluid nature due to the

values of all vapor refrigerants hovering at 1. Transferring this data into percent change

graphs, referenced below as Figures 19 and 20, it becomes apparent how large the data is

varied.

41
 Liquid Prandtl Number Percent Change With Respect to
2013, 40F
10.00

5.00

0.00
Percent Change %

1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013

-5.00

-10.00

-15.00

-20.00

-25.00
Year

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

Figure 19: Liquid Prandtl Number-2013, 40F

Liquid Prandtl Number Previous Percent Change, 40F

25.00

20.00

15.00
Percent Change %

10.00

5.00

0.00
81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13
-5.00

-10.00

-15.00
Years

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

Figure 20: Liquid Prandtl Number-Previous, 40F

42
 Figure 19 depicts obvious large inconsistencies in the recorded data, resulting in

very large changes in data with the greatest occurring with R-152a as it differs from

present day values by nearly 20 percent. This also reveals the aforementioned

discrepancies in Figure 20 between 1989 and 1993 with a 20 percent increase in the

calculated Prandtl number between these two editions. All other refrigerants show

concerns with R-600a and R-22 nearing a 10 percent offset in some years, although

much less severe than R-152a. Stabilization of values occurs at the 2005 edition and is

similar to the 100 degree Fahrenheit values. Even though constant values are obtained

around 2005, the variance in earlier years for the higher temperature are even more

telling as revealed in Figure 21 and Figure 22.

Liquid Prandtl Number Percent Change With Respect to

2013, 100F
25.00

20.00

15.00
Percent Change %

10.00

5.00

0.00
1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
-5.00

-10.00
Year

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

Figure 21: Liquid Prandtl Number-2013, 100F

43
 Liquid Prandtl Number Previous Percent Change, 100F
10.00

5.00

0.00
81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13
Percent Change %

-5.00

-10.00

-15.00

-20.00

-25.00

-30.00

-35.00
Years

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

Figure 22: Liquid Prandtl Number Previous, 100F

The most striking instance in these figures occurs with R-22 from 1981-1993 and

between 1988 to 1993 on Figure 22 presenting results of positive 25 percent from

present day and negative 30 percent change, respectively. R-152a is much less

represented at the higher temperature although, as stated earlier, the leveling off effect

still happens around 2005.

Vapor Prandtl number also shows several refrigerants of interest, albeit at a

smaller percent change than liquid. The change is more sensitive for vapor with values

all at approximately one, which allows a slim margin for error on either side.

44
 Vapor Prandtl Number Percent Change From 2013, 100F
14.00

12.00

10.00
Percent Change %

8.00

6.00

4.00

2.00

0.00
1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
-2.00
Year

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

Figure 23: Vapor Prandtl Number 2013, 100F

Vapor Prandtl Number Previous Percent Change, 100F

4.00

2.00

0.00
81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13
Percent Change %

-2.00

-4.00

-6.00

-8.00

-10.00

-12.00

-14.00
Years

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

Figure 24: Vapor Prandtl Previous, 100F

45
 Figure 23 and Figure 24 were selected as they show the greatest variation

between the editions with regard to the temperatures of 40 or 100 degrees Fahrenheit.

The former can be viewed in the appendixes. Looking at the above graphs, it is apparent

that R-22 shows the greatest deviation from the norm at nearly 12 percent with isobutene

showing a plus 4 to plus 6 percent change before settling at current values. Editions of

the most interest are the 1997 to 2001 as there is a negative 12 percent change between

these two editions.

Prandtl number calculations using ASHRAE handbook data show some of the

greatest discrepancies out of the selected calculations due to the base equation being a

function of 3 variables provided in the handbooks, dynamic viscosity, thermal

conductivity and specific heat. In addition to this, the equation is linear which does not

place more emphasis on any certain variable as all 3 properties contribute equally to the

percent change. Nevertheless, when referencing the physical property percent change

tables, the property most affecting Prandtl number in this scenario is dynamic viscosity

due to the high percent changes recorded. The importance of the Prandtl number is seen

in section 5.3 where the calculation of the Nusselt number occurs.

5.3 Nusselt Number

The Nusselt number is another dimensionless number that is used in several heat

transfer calculations as a way of comparing the ratio of convection to pure conduction

heat transfer [14]. For forced turbulent flow, Nusselt number is a function of the

Reynolds number and the Prandtl number or, 𝑁𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑅𝑒, 𝑃𝑟). For an internal turbulent

46
flow with a cooling load, we find the Nusselt number via the Dittus-Boelter equation as

seen below.

𝑁𝑢𝐷 = 0.023𝑅𝑒𝐷 4/5 𝑃𝑟 0.3 (11)

Examining Equation 11, the dominating number in terms of percent change is the

Reynolds number as opposed to the Prandtl number due to them being raised to the 4/5th

and 1/3rd power, respectively. Similar to section 5.1, Nusselt number is obtained for both

mass fluxes although this will have no effect on the percent change due to the scaling

factor of 3. It should be strictly observed that the Dittus-Boelter equation is specifically

for hydrodynamically and thermally fully developed turbulent flow in a smooth circular

pipe [14]. These restrictions are experimentally confirmed in the range of conditions

shown below as obtained from Incropera.

0.6 ≤ 𝑃𝑟 ≤ 16,700
𝑅𝑒𝐷 ≥ 10,000
[ ]
𝐿
≥ 10
𝐷

As is evident from the Reynolds and Prandtl number tables all eligible values fall

within these parameters indicating that Equation 11 is valid for this scenario. The

calculated liquid Nusselt number and vapor Nusselt number, or 𝑁𝑢𝐷,𝐿 and 𝑁𝑢𝐷,𝑉

respectively, can be seen in the Table 16 and Table 17 below for a mass flux of 100𝑙𝑏𝑚/

𝑓𝑡 2 𝑠.

47
 Table 16: Liquid Nusselt Number, G = 100 lbm/ft2s, D = 8.52mm
NuD,L at G = 100
Refrigerant 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
R-22 83.089 82.597 82.597 89.001 89.001 87.806 87.806 87.806 87.806
R-152a 88.248 88.248 88.248 96.267 94.035 95.661 94.820 94.820 94.820
40 ◦F

R-600a 105.808 105.808 105.808 105.808 110.491 110.491 113.560 113.164 113.164
R-134a 81.398 81.398 84.167 84.167 84.167 84.167
R-410a 102.235 101.440 101.440 101.440

R-22 100.085 100.085 100.085 115.064 115.064 115.197 115.197 115.197 115.197
R-152a 114.105 114.105 114.105 121.198 121.198 122.420 123.000 123.000 123.000
100 ◦F

R-600a 131.467 131.467 131.467 131.467 141.633 141.633 145.062 143.863 143.863
R-134a 107.576 107.576 112.044 112.044 112.044 112.044
R-410a 143.992 144.644 144.644 144.644

Table 17: Vapor Nusselt Number, G = 100 lbm/ft2s, D = 8.52mm

NuD,V at G = 100
Refrigerant 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
R-22 597.416 597.416 597.416 608.876 608.876 615.598 615.598 615.598 615.598
R-152a 710.985 718.648 718.648 718.648
40 ◦F

R-600a 876.998 876.998 876.998 876.998 890.074 890.074 885.737 883.178 883.178
R-134a 0.000 618.729 618.729 633.448 633.448 633.448 633.448
R-410a 632.631 635.171 635.171 635.171

R-22 645.114 645.114 645.114 586.557 586.557 586.557 586.557

R-152a 578.984 578.911 578.911 578.911
100 ◦F

R-600a 684.329 684.329 684.329 684.329 707.559 707.559 684.439 671.728 671.728
R-134a 529.738 529.738 543.661 543.661 543.661 543.661
R-410a 766.557 786.499 786.499 786.499

The above tables reveal an increase in Nusselt number for every liquid

refrigerant from the earliest ASHRAE handbook to the most recent, with the exception

of R-410a where the change is minor. Vapor has a more sporadic trend with some

refrigerants increasing at lower temperatures through the years while decreasing at

higher temperatures such as can be seen for isobutane. As discussed earlier, the tables

are transferred into line plots representing the change in Nusselt number as can be seen

in Figure 25 and Figure 26.

48
 NuD,L Percent Change with Respect to 2013, 100F
2.00

0.00
1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
-2.00
Percent Change %

-4.00

-6.00

-8.00

-10.00

-12.00

-14.00
Year

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

Figure 25: Liquid Nusselt Number Percent Change with Respect to 2013, 100F

NuD,L Percent Change with Respect to Previous Edition,

100F
14.00

12.00

10.00
Percent Change %

8.00

6.00

4.00

2.00

0.00
81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13
-2.00
Years

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

Figure 26: Liquid Nusselt Number Percent Change Previous Edition, 100F
49
 All refrigerants as stated earlier show an upward trend. This was initially

documented as much as 13 percent different from 2013. With R-152a and R-600a

lingering around negative 8 percent, the largest jumps occurred from 1989 to 1997 for

those three refrigerants. The upward movement is reassuring as it shows uniformity for

all the refrigerant trends allowing comparison to 2013 as a baseline value. The graphs for

forty degrees Fahrenheit show the same upward inclination and can be accessed in the

appendix. When analyzing the resultant graphs for the vapor Nusselt number, there

appears to be a slight disconnect with the refrigerants and consistency plus or minus

from 2013.

NuD,V Percent Change with Respect to 2013, 100F

12.00

10.00

8.00
Percent Change %

6.00

4.00

2.00

0.00
1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
-2.00

-4.00
Year

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

Figure 27: Vapor Nusselt Number Percent Change 2013, 100F

50
 NuD,V Percent Change with Respect to Previous Edition,
100F
4.00

2.00

0.00
Percent Change %

81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13

-2.00

-4.00

-6.00

-8.00

-10.00

-12.00
Year Range

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

Figure 28: Vapor Nusselt Number Percent Previous, 100F

Similar to liquid Nusselt Number, Figure 27 and Figure 28 reveal R-22 having

the largest deviance from the most recent handbook edition at 10 percent; although after

the absence of data from 1993-1997 the values line up with 2013. Remarkably, R-600a

reveals a near constant value of 2 percent above the latest edition extending until 2005.

As a consequence of the gap in R-22 data, it can be concluded that individuals used the

1989 data until new information was published in 2001 which is seen in Figure 27.This

could indicate as much as a negative 10 percent error in Nusselt number values from just

this one instance. It should be noted that the values obtained are for the local Nusselt

number and the local heat transfer coefficient can be easily obtained.

51
5.4 Heat Transfer Coefficient

The heat transfer coefficient can be defined as either being local or average

across the system, in this evaluation the local coefficient will be calculated due to

simplicity as well as following the local Nusselt numbers obtained in section 5.3. This

variable is defined as a proportionality between heat flux and the temperature difference

of a system as seen below in Equation 12 [25].

𝑞̈ (12)
ℎ=
𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞

Where 𝑞̈ is heat flux, and Ts and T∞ are temperatures of the surface and bulk fluid

temperature respectively. Equation 12 can be rewritten to include physical properties

provided in the ASHRAE handbooks and the previously calculated Nusselt numbers as

shown below in Equation 13 [26].

ℎ𝐷 (13)
𝑁𝑢𝐷 =
𝑘

Where h is the local heat transfer coefficient, D is the pipe diameter, k is the

thermal conductivity and NuD is the local Nusselt number calculated in the previous

section. Rearranging this equation to solve for h obtains the working Equation 14.

𝑁𝑢𝐷 𝑘 (14)
ℎ=
𝐷

Using this equation, the change in heat transfer coefficient is a function of the

Nusselt number and the thermal conductivity, or ℎ = 𝑓(𝑁𝑢𝐷 , 𝑘). Since there are no

exponents in this expression, the percent change affected by ASHRAE provided physical

property data. This has a linear relationship and is influenced only by these two variables

52
and unaffected by pipe diameter. Applying the required variables to Equation 14 the

following tables are obtained.

Table 18: Liquid Heat Transfer Coefficient, G = 100 lbm/ft2s, D = 8.52mm

Liquid Heat Transfer Coefficient (Btu/ft 2-hr-F), G = 100
Refrigerant 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
R-22 165.269 167.245 167.245 173.526 173.526 168.685 168.685 168.685 168.685
R-152a 208.679 208.679 208.679 224.887 219.673 211.836 209.634 209.634 209.634
40 ◦F

R-600a 249.827 249.827 249.827 249.827 239.538 239.538 227.503 226.710 226.710
R-134a 153.752 153.752 156.874 156.874 156.874 156.874
R-410a 238.463 236.245 236.245 236.245

R-22 168.642 168.642 168.642 191.823 191.823 185.450 185.450 185.450 185.450
R-152a 230.635 230.635 230.635 235.434 235.434 234.743 235.414 235.414 235.414
100 ◦F

R-600a 277.488 277.488 277.488 277.488 263.983 263.983 253.249 252.186 252.186
R-134a 168.948 168.948 175.164 175.164 175.164 175.164
R-410a 273.017 272.700 272.700 272.700

Table 19: Vapor Heat Transfer Coefficient, G = 100 lbm/ft2s, D = 8.52mm

Vapor Heat Transfer Coefficient (Btu/ft 2-hr-F), G = 100
Refrigerant 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
R-22 119.685 119.685 119.685 123.070 123.070 123.768 123.768 123.768 123.768
R-152a 182.879 184.593 184.593 184.593
40 ◦F

R-600a 260.406 260.406 260.406 260.406 261.105 261.105 269.972 268.876 268.876
R-134a 155.829 155.829 155.910 155.910 155.910 155.910
R-410a 167.025 167.014 167.014 167.014

R-22 156.935 156.935 156.935 154.651 154.651 154.651 154.651

R-152a 198.223 196.748 196.748 196.748
100 ◦F

R-600a 264.401 264.401 264.401 264.401 264.264 264.264 258.567 253.765 253.765
R-134a 168.665 168.665 170.765 170.765 170.765 170.765
R-410a 313.722 308.097 308.097 308.097

Because of the dual mass fluxes described, it was necessary to calculate the heat

transfer coefficient for both flow rates at liquid and vapor states. Although this was

necessary, the percent change for this variable was not affected by flow rate due to the

53
Nusselt number which is similar to how diameter does not affect the percent change as it

is constant for every entry. Because the thermal conductivity is given in 𝐵𝑡𝑢/ℎ𝑟 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 ∙ 𝐹,

the resulting heat transfer coefficient is maintained in a per hour format. Comparing

Table 18 and Table 19, it is most evident that the liquid values fluctuate considerably

more than the vapor values.

Liquid HT Coefficient Percent Change With Respect to

2013, 40F
12.00

10.00

8.00
Percent Change %

6.00

4.00

2.00

0.00
1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
-2.00

-4.00
Year

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

Figure 29: Liquid Heat Transfer Coefficient 2013, 40F

54
 Liquid HT Coefficient Percent Change With Respect to
2013, 100F
15.00

10.00
Percent Change %

5.00

0.00
1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
-5.00

-10.00

-15.00
Year

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

Figure 30: Liquid Heat Transfer Coefficient 2013, 100F

From the above two graphs, Figure 29 and Figure 30, representing the liquid heat

transfer coefficient, there are several obvious areas of concern. At both temperatures, R-

600a maintains a positive ten percent difference from present-day values until 1997

where it is slightly corrected to five percent. In addition to this, although R-22 is of little

interest at 40 degrees Fahrenheit, at 100 degrees there is a minus ten percent error which

is overcorrected in 1993. A similar instance occurs with R-152a maintaining an

acceptable level of error until 1993 where the offset increases dramatically. These

variances can be viewed according to their effect on values between editions as seen in

the following two figures.

55
 Liquid HT Coefficient Percent Change With Respect to
Previous Edition, 40F
8.00

6.00

4.00
Percent Change %

2.00

0.00
81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13
-2.00

-4.00

-6.00
Years

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

Figure 31: Liquid Heat Transfer Coefficient Change Previous, 40F

Liquid HT Coefficient Percent Change With Respect to

Previous Edition,100F
14.00
12.00
10.00
8.00
Percent Change %

6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13
-2.00
-4.00
-6.00
Years

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

Figure 32: Liquid Heat Transfer Coefficient Change Previous, 100F

56
 Figure 31 and Figure 32 reveal how these large inconsistencies accumulate

between editions especially concerning R-152a for 40 degrees. While the heat transfer

coefficients obtained until 1989 were identical to present day values, beginning in 1993

until 2005 the values were egregiously wrong. The non-constant values for the heat

transfer coefficient demonstrate that a system may be designed or research may be

conducted using the given data, but because of the changes for some years the results

will be incorrect. This can be seen from the numerous corrections of R-600a and R-22

uncovered in the nine handbook editions that have been examined.

The results for vapor were less significant than the liquid with a much minor

deviation although isobutane still held as the refrigerant with the largest percent change

which is similar to the liquid.

57
 Vapor HT Coefficient Percent Change With Respect to
2013, 100F
5.00

4.00

3.00
Percent Change %

2.00

1.00

0.00
1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
-1.00

-2.00
Year

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

Figure 33: Vapor Heat Transfer Coefficient 2013, 100F

Figure 33 shows only minor issues for vapor refrigerants with the greatest being

approximately plus four percent difference for R-600. Because of this, issues resulting

from incorrect vapor heat transfer coefficients are minimal compared their liquid

counterpart. The remaining graphs and data tables can be viewed in the appendix

5.5 Darcy Friction Factor

Fluid flow in a pipe encounters frictional losses along the length of pipe due to

several factors. Reynolds number and pipe roughness are key players in a formulation of

a friction factor and a commonly used equation is the Colebrook-White equation

referenced below [17].

58
 1 𝜀 2.51 (15)
= −2𝑙𝑜𝑔10 ( + )
√𝑓 3.7𝐷ℎ 𝑅𝑒√𝑓

Where f is the friction factor and ε is the roughness coefficient. Typically this

equation is solved via iteration, however due to the wide range of pipe roughnesses and

for simplicity in showing how the progression of published physical property data

directly affects design variables, only smooth pipe correlations will be used. However, if

the roughness for a pipe is known Equation 15 can be used to determine the friction

factor at a certain year.

As an alternative to this, the Blasius friction correlations can be used. These are

for smooth pipe, turbulent flow and are valid for Reynolds numbers up to 100,000.

These two correlations are listed in Equations 16 and 17.

𝑓 = 0.316𝑅𝑒 −1/4 , 𝑅𝑒 < 2 × 104 (16)

𝑓 = 0.184𝑅𝑒 −1/5 , 𝑅𝑒 > 2 × 104 (17)

Observing that the cutoff Reynolds number is twenty thousand, Table 10 through

Table 14 must be referenced for calculation parameters. All values for vapor fall within

the range of Equation 17 as well as all the values for liquid at a mass flux of 300.

However, for a mass flux of 100 at the liquid state at 40 degrees, there are a select few

instances where the Reynolds number does fall in the range of Equation 16. Because the

difference of approximately 1,000 is small, it was decided that only Equation 17 will be

used for the data analysis. The resultant friction factors are shown in Table 20 and Table

21 below for both vapor and liquid.

59
 Table 20: Liquid Friction Factor, G = 100 lbm/ft2s, D = 8.52mm
Liquid Friction Factor, G = 100
Refrigerant 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
R-22 0.02587 0.02587 0.02587 0.02519 0.02519 0.02539 0.02539 0.02539 0.02539
R-152a 0.02539 0.02539 0.02539 0.02529 0.02529 0.02528 0.02539 0.02539 0.02539
40 ◦F

R-600a 0.02515 0.02515 0.02515 0.02515 0.02491 0.02491 0.02489 0.02490 0.02490
R-134a 0.02679 0.02679 0.02647 0.02647 0.02647 0.02647
R-410a 0.02400 0.02412 0.02412 0.02412

R-22 0.02482 0.02482 0.02482 0.02345 0.02345 0.02356 0.02356 0.02356 0.02356
R-152a 0.02395 0.02395 0.02395 0.02358 0.02358 0.02351 0.02347 0.02347 0.02347
100 ◦F

R-600a 0.02361 0.02361 0.02361 0.02361 0.02318 0.02318 0.02315 0.02319 0.02319
R-134a 0.02475 0.02475 0.02433 0.02433 0.02433 0.02433
R-410a 0.02197 0.02198 0.02198 0.02198

Table 21: Vapor Friction Factor, G = 100 lbm/ft2s, D = 8.52mm

Vapor Friction Factor, G = 100
Refrigerant 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
R-22 0.01440 0.01440 0.01440 0.01435 0.01435 0.01428 0.01428 0.01428 0.01428
R-152a 0.01370 0.01364 0.01364 0.01364
40 ◦F

R-600a 0.01297 0.01297 0.01297 0.01297 0.01292 0.01292 0.01288 0.01288 0.01288
R-134a 0.01414 0.01414 0.01408 0.01408 0.01408 0.01408
R-410a 0.01446 0.01443 0.01443 0.01443

R-22 0.01484 0.01484 0.01484 0.01467 0.01467 0.01467 0.01467

R-152a 0.01399 0.01399 0.01405 0.01399 0.01399 0.01399
100 ◦F

R-600a 0.01329 0.01329 0.01329 0.01329 0.01329 0.01329 0.01318 0.01318 0.01318
R-134a 0.01457 0.01457 0.01445 0.01445 0.01445 0.01445
R-410a 0.01499 0.01488 0.01488 0.01488

As stated earlier about the decision to use only Equation 17, the percent change

in all scenarios is not affected by flow rate. However, if a small enough mass flux

occurred and reduced the Reynolds number by enough, then both equations would have

to be utilized resulting in slight differences in the percent change with regard to a

different mass flux. Because of this, at the cutoff Reynolds number the correct formula

must be applied to ensure consistency. From the correlation, it is predictable that friction

60
factor does not show a great deal of change with respect to the various ASHRAE

editions.

Liquid Friction Factor Percent Change With Respect to

2013, 100F
6.00

5.00

4.00
Percent Change %

3.00

2.00

1.00

0.00
1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
-1.00

-2.00
Year

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

Figure 34: Liquid Friction Factor 2013, 100F

61
 Liquid Friction Factor Percent Change With Respect to
Previous Edition,100F
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
Percent Change %

81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13

-1.00
-2.00
-3.00
-4.00
-5.00
-6.00
-7.00
Years

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

Figure 35: Liquid Friction Factor Previous, 100F

Figures 34 and 35 representing the liquid friction factor at 100 degrees, illustrates

the largest offset occurring for R-22 in the earliest editions, with the common percent

change for the other refrigerants lingering at approximately plus 2 percentage points

from the 2013 values. This occurs because of the heavy reliance on Reynolds number in

the equation as in the Blasius equation the friction factor is only a function of Reynolds

number, or 𝑓 = 𝑓(𝑅𝑒). Equation 17 reveals that the only variable of interest is taken to

the negative one fifth power and therefore, even though the liquid Reynolds number

revealed instances of nearly 25 percent difference from the most recent edition, the error

for the friction factor using this correlation is significantly reduced. Viewing the vapor

friction factor percent change we see the exact same phenomenon.

62
 Vapor Friction Factor Percent Change With Respect to
2013, 40F
1.10

0.90

0.70
Percent Change %

0.50

0.30

0.10

-0.10 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013

-0.30

-0.50
Year

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

Figure 36: Vapor Friction Factor 2013, 40F

Vapor Friction Factor Percent Change With Respect to

Previous Edition, 40F
0.30

0.20

0.10
Percent Change %

0.00
81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13
-0.10

-0.20

-0.30

-0.40

-0.50

-0.60
Years

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

Figure 37: Vapor Friction Factor Previous, 40F

63
 As is the case with the vapor Reynolds number, the data in Figures 36 and 37

show a downward trend to stabilization. However, because the change is so small it is

nearly insignificant with the exception being in extremely long pipes. The friction factor

is necessary to determine the pressure drop in a pipe and using the obtained values

pressure drop is easily discoverable.

5.6 Pressure Drop

Pressure drop in a pipe is extremely useful to know from a design standpoint,

allowing one to determine how far a fluid can travel before it becomes a stagnant flow as

well as allowing a designer to predict power required to overcome the drop in pressure.

This stems directly from the Darcy friction factor that that was calculated in the previous

section. As seen from White Fluid Mechanics [34], the head loss is represented as

𝑃1 𝑃2 ∆𝑃 (18)
ℎ𝑓 = (𝑧1 − 𝑧2 ) + ( − ) = ∆𝑧 +
𝜌𝑔 𝜌𝑔 𝜌𝑔

where x is the pipe elevation change, P is pressure, ρ is density, g is gravity and hf is the

head loss which is defined in Equation 19 below.

𝐿 𝑉2 (19)
ℎ𝑓 = 𝑓
𝐷 2𝑔

Substituting Equation 19 into Equation 18 and solving for ΔΡ, while taking into

account that pipe length L can be defined as the difference between the two points along

a pipe 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ,the following is obtained.

𝑝𝑉 2 (20)
∆𝑃 = 𝑓 (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
2𝐷 2

64
 Equation 20 is referred to as the Darcy-Weisbach equation [15]. With regards to

finding the percent change in pressure drop for refrigerants listed in the ASHRAE

handbooks, the diameter and pipe length are noncontributing factors. Mass flux as

recalled from equation 8 is 𝐺 = 𝜌𝑉, substituting this into Equation 20 a working formula

is produced .

𝐺𝑉 (21)
∆𝑃 = 𝑓 ∙ ∆𝑥
2𝐷

It should be noted that although mass flux is constant, velocity is dependent on

the division of the mass flux by the liquid density and inverse of vapor specific volume

provided in the ASHRAE handbooks. In order to maintain a constant mass flux with

inconsistent densities, the flow velocity must be adjusted to compensate at each scenario

and because of this pressure drop is a function of the Darcy friction factor and density, or

∆𝑃 = 𝑓(𝑓, 𝐺 ⁄𝜌). Using this information, the following tables are obtained showing

pressure drop.

Table 22: Liquid Pressure Drop, G = 100 lbm/ft2s, D = 8.52mm, Δx = 1ft

Liquid ΔP, G = 100
Refrigerant 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
R-22 0.0126 0.0126 0.0126 0.0123 0.0123 0.0124 0.0124 0.0124 0.0124
R-152a 0.0166 0.0166 0.0166 0.0165 0.0165 0.0165 0.0165 0.0165 0.0165
40 ◦F

R-600a 0.0270 0.0270 0.0270 0.0270 0.0268 0.0268 0.0268 0.0268 0.0268
R-134a 0.0130 0.0130 0.0128 0.0128 0.0128 0.0128
R-410a 0.0129 0.0129 0.0129 0.0129

R-22 0.0134 0.0135 0.0135 0.0127 0.0127 0.0128 0.0128 0.0128 0.0128
R-152a 0.0171 0.0171 0.0171 0.0168 0.0168 0.0168 0.0168 0.0168 0.0168
100 ◦F

R-600a 0.0273 0.0273 0.0273 0.0273 0.0268 0.0268 0.0269 0.0268 0.0268
R-134a 0.0132 0.0132 0.0130 0.0130 0.0130 0.0130
R-410a 0.0137 0.0138 0.0138 0.0138

65
 Table 23: Vapor Pressure Drop, G = 100 lbm/ft2s, D = 8.52mm, Δx = 1ft
Vapor ΔP, G = 100
Refrigerant 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
R-22 0.3655 0.3644 0.3644 0.3634 0.3634 0.3622 0.3622 0.3622 0.3622
R-152a 0.8719 0.8681 0.8681 0.8681
40 ◦F

R-600a 1.6347 1.6304 1.6304 1.6304 1.6278 1.6279 1.6197 1.6176 1.6176
R-134a 0.5206 0.5206 0.5179 0.5179 0.5179 0.5179
R-410a 0.2544 0.2535 0.2535 0.2535

R-22 0.1472 0.1465 0.1465 0.1453 0.1453 0.1453 0.1453

R-152a 0.3243 0.3243 0.3267 0.3254 0.3254 0.3254
100 ◦F

R-600a 0.6405 0.6368 0.6368 0.6368 0.6387 0.6386 0.6321 0.6321 0.6321
R-134a 0.1918 0.1918 0.1901 0.1901 0.1901 0.1901
R-410a 0.0964 0.0954 0.0954 0.0954

For Table 22 and 23, the same diameter as all previous calculations was used

although Δx was set to 1ft arbitrarily as actual pressure drop is not of interest, rather the

percent change of the refrigerants for identical internal flow conditions. Since the Darcy-

Weisbach equation relies on friction factor and density which does not fluctuate greatly,

the following graphs reveal only minor discrepancies.

66
 Liquid ΔP Percent Change With Respect to 2013, 40F
2.50

2.00

1.50
Percent Change %

1.00

0.50

0.00
1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
-0.50

-1.00
Year

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

Figure 38: Liquid Pressure Drop-2013, 40F

Liquid ΔP Percent Change With Respect to 2013, 100F

6.00

5.00

4.00
Percent Change %

3.00

2.00

1.00

0.00
1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
-1.00

-2.00
Year

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

Figure 39: Liquid Pressure Drop-2013, 100F

67
 Figure 38 and Figure 39 indicates some issues that arise with the pressure drop

for single phase flow with R-22 achieving the highest error values of approximately 5

percent at higher temperatures. Isobutane and R-134a do show around a 2 percent

deviation until 1997. This is minor unless the pipe length is very long or flow rate is very

high, in which case could cause readings to be incorrect and display a pressure drop

higher than what would show if properties from 2013 were used. The vapor pressure

drop shows even less of a change as the editions progressed as can be referenced from

Figure 40 and Figure 41.

Vapor ΔP Percent Change With Respect to 2013, 40F

1.30
1.10
0.90
Percent Change %

0.70
0.50
0.30
0.10
-0.10 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
-0.30
-0.50
Year

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

Figure 40: Vapor Pressure Drop-2013, 40F

68
 Vapor ΔP Percent Change With Respect to 2013, 100F
1.60
1.40
1.20
1.00
Percent Change %

0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
-0.20 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
-0.40
-0.60
Year

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

Figure 41: Vapor Pressure Drop-2013, 100F

As is expected due to the reliance on friction factor and density, the pressure drop

percent change occurring at a vapor state is significantly less than that at a liquid state.

With the highest difference occurring for R-22, R-134a and R-600a at around one

percent until 2001, the effect could be considered negligible unless extremely long

lengths of pipe were used or a system had a very small margin for error. As stated in

section 4.5, due to the Dittus-Boyler equation, the resultant Darcy friction factor has a

very small percent change which was transferred to the pressure drop equation.

5.7 Limitations of Results

For the results provided in section 4 and the appendix, one should be cautious in

applying the results to a specific system. To begin with, the Reynolds number

69
correlations rely on a predetermined, constant internal diameter pipe size. As there are

many possible pipe sizes in refrigeration, heating and cooling, one must take care to

assure this is accurate. In addition to this, only two mass flux rates were examined to

highlight typical flow rates and reveal data trends; for excessively high or low mass flux

rates results will vary due to changes in Reynolds number and ultimately friction factor

as well. Moreover, although there will be fluctuations in data for external flow the data

obtained is only applicable for internal flow. With regards to friction factor, as stated in

section 4.5, there is no roughness coefficient accounted for and thus care must be taken

when applying to commercial pipes. Finally, because flow is assumed to be in a straight

pipe, helical pipe correlations are not accounted. The results obtained are for the specific

parameters outlined as stated earlier, any alterations for systems not matching the

descriptions discussed earlier must be adequately tested.

70
 6. TWO PHASE FLOW CORRELATIONS

6.1 Key Differences

Two phase flow is approached differently than single phase in the above sections.

For both condensation and evaporation, only three of the five refrigerants were

examined, R-22, R-152a and isobutane. In addition to this, the flow rates were altered to

100 and 300 𝑘𝑔/(𝑚2 𝑠) in order to maintain compatibility with the correlations in the

following sections due to a minimum flow rate limit for the equations being above the

mass flux rates discussed in the previous sections. To complement this change the

diameter was maintained at 8.52mm and the tubes are assumed horizontal with no

change in elevation. Although there were changes in these values, the temperature range

remains the same as 40 and 100 degrees Fahrenheit corresponds well with a typical

condenser and evaporator. In order to maintain simplicity only three years were chosen

to compare, 1981, 2013 and for the third year the data was analyzed from the ASHRAE

handbooks and chosen based on which year contained the greatest number of

discrepancies for each respective refrigerant. In a select few cases where the data for a

physical property was unavailable, the previous year was used as it can be assumed this

is what would be used in systems designed using the ASHRAE data.

6.2 Condensation

Refrigeration and air conditioning operate on vapor-compression thermodynamic

cycle. An integral part of this is the condenser which removes the superheated vapor

71
entering from the compressor and converts it to saturated liquid. The focus will be on the

Shah correlation for heat transfer during condensation in plain tubes. This correlation,

published in 1979 is expressed below.

0.8
3.8𝑥 0.76 (1 − 𝑥)0.04 (22)
ℎ𝑇𝑃 = ℎ𝐿𝑇 [(1 − 𝑥) +
𝑃𝑟 0.38

From Equation 22, hTP is the two phase heat transfer coefficient, hLT is the heat

transfer coefficient assuming all flow is liquid, Pr is the reduced pressure and x is the

quality of the vapor. This is stated as accurate for the conditions of 𝑅𝑒𝐿𝑇 > 350, 𝑅𝑒𝐺𝑇 >

35,000 and 𝑉𝐺𝑇 > 3 𝑚/𝑠 where ReGT is the vapor Reynolds number and VGT is the

velocity assuming all flow is vapor however it has been noted that these are very

conservative limits [31].

Equation 22 was applied to the three selected refrigerants with the selected year

of interest being 1993 for both R-22 and R-152a and 1997 for R-600a. The local heat

transfer coefficients were plotted from a quality of 0 to 1 for both mass flux rates yet it

should be noted that the selected data range only contains qualities from 0.2 to 0.8 due to

large discontinuities which occur prior and immediately following these limits. The

following three figures reveal the trends of R-22, R-152a and R-600 for condensation.

72
 Figure 42: R-22 Condensation, D = 8.52mm

Figure 43: R-152a Condensation, D = 8.52mm

73
 Figure 44: R-600a Condensation, D = 8.52mm

Upon analyzing Figures 42, 43 and 44, there are obvious striking differences

between the flow rates and the years for each instance. With regard to mass flux, the

trends do not stay constant revealing that at these two different flows will not have the

same percent change for each respective entry. It is expected that the each edition will

have discrepancies when compared to a different year but due to the disparities caused

by different mass fluxes, some refrigerants show concerning differences for the same

year.

It is seen that R-22 has a very close fit, with the higher mass flux for each edition

not altered greatly resulting in a predictable percent change distribution for each

observed quality point as seen in the Figure 45.

74
 R-22 Condensation Percent Change With Respect to 2013
1993, G = 100 1993, G = 300 1981, G = 100 1981, G = 300

5
-3.6
4.5
-3.8
1993 Percent Change %

1981 Percent Change %

4
-4

3.5
-4.2

3
-4.4

-4.6 2.5

-4.8 2

-5 1.5
0.16
0.01
0.06
0.11

0.21
0.26
0.31
0.36
0.41
0.46
0.51
0.56
0.61
0.66
0.71
0.76
0.81
0.86
0.91
0.96
Quality

Figure 45: R-22 Condensation Percent Change with Respect to 2013

Between the years of 1981 and 1993 for the mass flux of 100, there is

approximately a 0.1 percent difference, however at the higher mass flux this increases to

approximately a 0.5 percent difference and instead of a near constant change through all

qualities, the change shows a slight upward curl at the lower qualities indicating an

increase in error. R-152a exhibits an exaggerated example of this as seen below.

75
 R-152a Condensation Percent Change With Respect to
2013
1981, G = 100 1993, G = 100 1993, G = 300 1981, G=300

2.5 0

-5

1981, G = 300 Percent Change %

2
-10
Percent Change %

-15
1.5

-20

1
-25

-30
0.5
-35

0 -40
0.06

0.81
0.01

0.11
0.16
0.21
0.26
0.31
0.36
0.41
0.46
0.51
0.56
0.61
0.66
0.71
0.76

0.86
0.91
0.96
Quality

Figure 46: R-152a Condensation Percent Change With Respect to 2013

Analyzing Figure 46, the percent change for both flow rates in 1993 line up with

approximately a 0.5 percent difference while remaining fairly constant through all

qualities. This changes when the year 1981 is referenced at the two mass flux rates

where the mass flux of 100 remains constant and close to the subsequent edition.

However, if the next flow rate is examined it is seen that there is a massive change,

revealing a negative non-linear trend as the quality increases while revealing a negative

25 to 40 percent change from a quality of 0.2 to 0.8, respectively. Isobutane shows

similar occurrences to both R-22 and R-152a albeit with much higher percent changes.

76
 R-600a Condensation Percent Change With Respect to
2013
1981, G = 100 1997, G = 100 1981, G = 300 1997, G = 300

60
50
40
30
Percent Change %

20
10
0

0.36
0.01

0.06

0.11

0.16

0.21

0.26

0.31

0.41

0.46

0.51

0.56

0.61

0.66

0.71

0.76

0.81

0.86

0.91

0.96
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
Quality

Figure 47: R-600a Condensation Percent Change With Respect to 2013

Figure 47 highlights the changes that occur when flow rate is changed. While the

change in 1981 is steady and small between the flows, it is important to note that for 100

and 300 𝑘𝑔/(𝑚2 𝑠) thers is still a 10 and nearly 20 percent difference with respect to the

heat transfer coefficient for 2013 flows. The drastic deviations occur for the year of

1997. As opposed to 1981, the slower flow relates to a plus 50 percent difference and the

higher flow rate relates to a negative 40 percent difference with a downward trend

nearing negative 50 percent at a quality of 0.80. Such large differences are disquieting as

it shows that both years had heat transfer coefficients which differed significantly from

present day data. Additionally, the uncertainty created with the enormous contrast

between the flow rates is something that must be considered for future research and

77
certainly resulted in systems designed with this data to obtain unreasonably high or low

two phase heat transfer coefficients. The other major refrigeration and air conditioning

component that must be examined in conjunction with condensation is evaporation.

6.3 Evaporation

In a single-stage vapor compression refrigeration cycle, the evaporator is where

the saturated liquid from the condenser is passed into the expansion valve and flashed

into a vapor and liquid mix drastically decreasing the pressure and temperature, from

where it is input into the evaporator and is evaporated by absorbing the heat from the

refrigerated space. Air conditioners are essentially refrigerators cooling a larger space

such as a building [16].

The correlations for determination of the two phase heat transfer coefficient in

evaporators is presented by S.G Kandlikar in 1990 [27]. These are seen in equation 23

and 24 below:

ℎ𝑇𝑃 (23)
= 𝐶1 𝐶𝑜𝐶2 (25𝐹𝑟𝑙𝑜 )𝐶5 + 𝐶3 𝐵𝑜𝐶4 𝐹𝑓𝑙
ℎ𝑙

From Equation 23 hTP is the two phase heat transfer coefficient, Ffl is defined as

the fluid-dependent parameter, Flo is the Froude number with all liquid flow Bo is the

boiling number, Co is the convection number defined as

1 − 𝑥 0.8 𝜌𝑔 0.5
𝐶𝑜 = ( ) ( )
𝑥 𝜌𝑙

And hl defined as the single phase liquid heat transfer coefficient show in Equation 24

78
 ℎ𝑙 = 0.023𝑅𝑒𝑙 0.8 𝑃𝑟𝑙 0.4 (𝑘𝑙 ⁄𝐷 ) (24)

And the constants C1-C5 provided in Table 24, however it should be noted that C5 is zero

for horizontal tubes with a liquid Froude number of less than 0.04.

Table 24: Constants for Two Phase Evaporation Correlations

Constant Convective Region Nucleate Boiling Region

C1 1.1360 0.6683

C2 -0.9 -0.2

C3 667.2 1058.0

C4 0.7 0.7

C5 0.3 0.3

Applying the above correlations to the same years for each refrigerant the

following figures are obtained revealing the two phase evaporative heat transfer

coefficient. Comparable to condensation, only vapor qualities from 0.2 to 0.8 were

selected to avoid discontinuities occurring beyond this range.

79
 Figure 48: R-22 Evaporation, D = 8.52mm

Figure 49: R-152a Evaporation, D = 8.52mm

80
 Figure 50: R-600a Evaporation, D = 8.52mm

Examining Figures 48, 49 and 50, the most significant difference between the

two heat transfer coefficient for evaporation and condensation using these correlations is

that there appears to be no discrepancies between the two flow rates with regard to

percent change. The graphs exhibit uniform increases and decreases for each refrigerant

regardless of year or mass flux for the selected quality range. The invariable percent

change with respect to flow rate can be seen in the below figure.

81
 R-22 Evaporation Percent Change With Respect to 2013
1993 1981

2.3 -1.76

2.25 -1.78
1993 Percent Change %

1981 Percent Change %

2.2 -1.8

2.15 -1.82

2.1 -1.84

2.05 -1.86

2 -1.88
0.11
0.01
0.06

0.16
0.21
0.26
0.31
0.36
0.41
0.46
0.51
0.56
0.61
0.66
0.71
0.76
0.81
0.86
0.91
0.96
Quality

Figure 51: R-22 Evaporation Percent Change With Respect to 2013

Figure 51, representing R-22, reveals a small shift from 1981 to 1993, changing

from approximately negative to positive 2 percent difference from 2013 values.

Additionally, it can be seen that both flow rates display identical changes with respect to

present data, enabling only a single curve to be plotted per year as opposed to

condensation. This trend continues for every instance during the examination of

evaporation. R-22 displayed the least change among the three refrigerants selected with

R-152a showing the second most change as seen in the below figure.

82
 R-152a Evaporation Percent Change With Respect to
2013
1993 1981

7.24 -1.72

-1.74
7.22
-1.76
1993 Percent Change %

1981 Percent Change %

7.2
-1.78

7.18 -1.8

-1.82
7.16
-1.84
7.14
-1.86

7.12 -1.88
0.01
0.06
0.11
0.16
0.21
0.26
0.31
0.36
0.41
0.46
0.51
0.56
0.61
0.66
0.71
0.76
0.81
0.86
0.91
0.96
Quality

Figure 52: R-152a Evaporation Percent Change With Respect to 2013

Similar to R-22, Figure 52 representing R-152a comes in approximately 2

percent under 2013 values for dual phase heat transfer coefficient. However, in 1993

there is a much more substantial result at 7 percent difference, slightly decreasing as the

quality nears one. This is the converse of 1981 values for both of the refrigerants

examined thus far.

The last refrigerant the correlation is applied to is R-600a and consequentially

also contains the largest errors among the three selected fluids, similar to condensation.

The resultant percent change can be viewed in the below figure.

83
 R-600a Evaporation Percent Change With Respect to
2013
1981 1997

15 15

10 10

5 5
1981 Percent Change %

1993 Percent Change %

0 0.36 0
0.01
0.06
0.11
0.16
0.21
0.26
0.31

0.41
0.46
0.51
0.56
0.61
0.66
0.71
0.76
0.81
0.86
0.91
0.96
-5 -5

-10 -10

-15 -15

-20 -20
Quality

Figure 53: R-600a Evaporation Percent Change With Respect to 2013

Figure 53 reveals compelling evidence of serious discrepancies from dual phase

heat transfer coefficients obtained using the most recent data for isobutane. Like the

previous two refrigerants, mass flux does not affect the percent change, yet, unlike these

two fluids the change for both years is not localized to either the positive or negative

axis. Instead, in the year 1997 there is a crossing of the zero axis at a quality of

approximately 0.45. The error begins at nearly positive 15 percent, and then decreases to

approximately negative 20 percent from qualities of 0.2 to 0.8 respectively. This will

bring up the conclusion, at a specific quality the heat transfer coefficient is equal to

84
the2013 value. 1981 shows a similarity in this regard, nearing zero at higher qualities

while maintaining a 10 percent error at lower qualities.

85
 7. CONCLUSIONS

After careful consideration of the physical properties for R-22, R-152a, R-134a,

R-410a and R-600a published by ASHRAE from 1981 to 2013, it is evident that there is

cause for concern at certain points. For most cases the greater the length of time the

refrigerant has been in the handbooks, the more stable and closer the data came to

present day values, however with the introduction of new refrigerants it was seen that

there is always a correction in the next edition which warrants that care be taken when

implementing cutting edge refrigerants in research or system design.

Additionally, as seen in the section containing two phase flow, there are large

discontinuities which arise, especially for isobutane. As a result of this, it is not unlikely

that research conducted using past data obtained incorrect results. This would be

indicative of illegitimate results produced by using refrigerant physical properties

contained in the ASHRAE Fundamentals handbook.

86
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89
 APPENDIX A

Surface Tension (dyne/cm)

Refrigerant 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
R-22 11.040 11.040 11.040 11.040
R-152a 12.590 12.590 12.570 12.570 12.570 12.570
40 ◦F

R-600a 12.500 12.500 12.500 12.500 12.500

R-134a 11.080 11.080 10.920 10.920 10.920 10.920
R-410a 7.938 8.369 8.369 8.369

R-22 6.330 6.330 6.330 6.330

R-152a 8.060 8.060 8.040 8.040 8.040 8.040
100 ◦F

R-600a 8.660 8.660 8.660 8.660 8.660

R-134a 6.550 6.550 6.410 6.410 6.410 6.410
R-410a 3.256 3.547 3.547 3.547

Saturated Liquid Specific Heat, cp , (Btu/lbm-F)

Refrigerant 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
R-22 0.2830 0.2830 0.2830 0.2829 0.2829 0.2825 0.2825 0.2825 0.2825
R-152a 0.3530 0.3530 0.3530 0.4414 0.4114 0.4094 0.4094 0.4094 0.4094
40 ◦F

R-600a 0.5690 0.5690 0.5690 0.5690 0.5571 0.5571 0.5555 0.5514 0.5514
R-134a 0.3223 0.3223 0.3235 0.3235 0.3235 0.3235
R-410a 0.3663 0.3652 0.3690 0.3690 0.3690

R-22 0.3130 0.3130 0.3130 0.3162 0.3162 0.3166 0.3166 0.3166 0.3166
R-152a 0.4340 0.4340 0.4340 0.4485 0.4485 0.4471 0.4471 0.4471 0.4471
100 ◦F

R-600a 0.6270 0.6270 0.6270 0.6270 0.6080 0.6080 0.6065 0.6019 0.6019
R-134a 0.3555 0.3555 0.3551 0.3551 0.3551 0.3551
R-410a 0.4480 0.4471 0.4527 0.4527 0.4527

Saturated Vapor Specific Heat, cp , (Btu/lbm-F)

Refrigerant 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
R-22 0.1750 0.1750 0.1750 0.1825 0.1825 0.1813 0.1813 0.1813 0.1813
R-152a 0.2510 0.2510 0.2510 0.2908 0.2908 0.2673 0.2673 0.2673 0.2673
40 ◦F

R-600a 0.3950 0.3950 0.3950 0.3950 0.3982 0.3982 0.3978 0.3939 0.3939
R-134a 0.2159 0.2159 0.2194 0.2194 0.2194 0.2194
R-410a 0.2509 0.2830 0.2813 0.2813 0.2813

R-22 0.2260 0.2260 0.2260 0.2356 0.2356 0.2327 0.2327 0.2327 0.2327
R-152a 0.2980 0.2980 0.2980 0.3590 0.3590 0.3251 0.3251 0.3251 0.3251
100 ◦F

R-600a 0.4640 0.4640 0.4640 0.4640 0.4602 0.4602 0.4610 0.4544 0.4544
R-134a 0.2633 0.2633 0.2690 0.2690 0.2690 0.2690
R-410a 0.3829 0.4257 0.4215 0.4215 0.4215
90
 h(fg), (Btu/lb)
Refrigerant 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
R-22 86.720 86.466 86.466 86.503 86.503 86.651 86.651 86.651 86.651
R-152a 129.750 129.813 129.813 129.845 129.845 130.149 130.149 130.149 130.149
40 ◦F

R-600a 149.700 151.170 151.170 151.170 151.159 151.161 150.874 150.612 150.612
R-134a 83.338 84.011 84.011 83.966 83.966 83.966 83.966
R-410a 93.042 92.662 92.826 92.826 92.826

R-22 72.838 72.577 72.577 72.543 72.543 72.774 72.774 72.774 72.774
R-152a 115.430 115.486 115.486 112.726 112.726 113.134 113.134 113.134 113.134
100 ◦F

R-600a 133.100 135.160 135.160 135.160 135.431 135.429 135.144 135.181 135.181
R-134a 70.658 71.223 71.223 71.134 71.134 71.134 71.134
R-410a 70.476 70.445 70.304 70.304 70.304

Liquid Density (lbm/ft^3)

Refrigerant 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
R-22 79.255 79.049 79.049 79.070 79.070 79.050 79.050 79.050 79.050
R-152a 59.210 59.206 59.206 59.230 59.230 59.240 59.240 59.240 59.240
40 ◦F

R-600a 35.930 35.922 35.922 35.922 35.920 35.920 35.910 35.920 35.920
R-134a 79.933 79.850 79.850 79.900 79.900 79.900 79.900
R-410a 71.966 71.978 71.910 71.910 71.910

R-22 71.236 71.061 71.061 71.050 71.050 71.060 71.060 71.060 71.060
R-152a 54.030 54.028 54.028 54.040 54.040 54.050 54.050 54.050 54.050
100 ◦F

R-600a 33.380 33.347 33.347 33.347 33.350 33.350 33.280 33.350 33.350
R-134a 72.219 72.160 72.160 72.170 72.170 72.170 72.170
R-410a 61.872 61.936 61.727 61.727 61.727

Vapor Specific Volume (ft^3/lbm)

Refrigerant 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
R-22 0.65753 0.65571 0.65571 0.65610 0.65610 0.65720 0.65720 0.65720 0.65720
R-152a 1.65700 1.65710 1.65710 1.64470 1.64470 1.64880 1.64880 1.64880 1.64880
40 ◦F

R-600a 3.26500 3.25640 3.25640 3.25640 3.26240 3.26270 3.25760 3.25350 3.25350
R-134a 0.94700 0.95340 0.95340 0.95280 0.95280 0.95280 0.95280
R-410a 0.45773 0.45554 0.45489 0.45489 0.45489

R-22 0.25703 0.25582 0.25582 0.25600 0.25600 0.25660 0.25660 0.25660 0.25660
R-152a 0.61090 0.61104 0.61104 0.60020 0.60020 0.60230 0.60230 0.60230 0.60230
100 ◦F

R-600a 1.24800 1.24090 1.24090 1.24090 1.24450 1.24430 1.24190 1.24190 1.24190
R-134a 0.33900 0.34110 0.34110 0.34070 0.34070 0.34070 0.34070
R-410a 0.16574 0.16657 0.16599 0.16599 0.16599

91
 APPENDIX B

Vapor Viscosity Percent Change From 2013

Refrigerant 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
R-22 4.24 4.24 4.24 2.47 2.47 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-152a 2.22 0.00 0.00 0.00
40 ◦F

R-600a 3.55 3.55 3.55 3.55 1.78 1.78 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-134a 2.27 2.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

R-22 5.86 5.86 5.86 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

R-152a 0.00 0.00 1.95 0.00 0.00 0.00
100 ◦F

R-600a 4.21 4.21 4.21 4.21 4.21 4.21 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-134a 3.99 3.99 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a 3.74 0.00 0.00 0.00

Vapor Viscosity Percent Change From Previous Edition

Refrigerant 81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13
R-22 0.00 0.00 -1.69 0.00 -2.41 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-152a -2.17 0.00 0.00
40 ◦F

R-600a 0.00 0.00 0.00 -1.71 0.00 -1.74 0.00 0.00

R-134a 0.00 -2.22 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a -0.99 0.00 0.00

R-22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

R-152a 1.95 -1.92 0.00 0.00
100 ◦F

R-600a 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -4.04 0.00 0.00

R-134a -3.83 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a -3.60 0.00 0.00

92
 Liquid Thermal Conductivity Percent Change From 2013
Refrigerant 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
R-22 3.54 5.40 5.40 1.49 1.49 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-152a 6.96 6.96 6.96 5.66 5.66 0.16 0.00 0.00 0.00
40 ◦F

R-600a 17.86 17.86 17.86 17.86 8.21 8.21 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-134a 1.34 1.34 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.00

R-22 4.67 4.67 4.67 3.56 3.56 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-152a 5.61 5.61 5.61 1.50 1.50 0.19 0.00 0.00 0.00
100 ◦F

R-600a 20.41 20.41 20.41 20.41 6.33 6.33 -0.41 0.00 0.00
R-134a 0.46 0.46 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a 0.57 0.00 0.00 0.00

Liquid Thermal Conductivity Percent Change From Previous Edition

Refrigerant 81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13
R-22 1.80 0.00 -3.71 0.00 -1.47 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-152a 0.00 0.00 -1.21 0.00 -5.21 -0.16 0.00 0.00
40 ◦F

R-600a 0.00 0.00 0.00 -8.18 0.00 -7.59 0.00 0.00

R-134a 0.00 -1.33 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a -0.15 0.00 0.00

R-22 0.00 0.00 -1.06 0.00 -3.43 0.00 0.00 0.00

R-152a 0.00 0.00 -3.89 0.00 -1.29 -0.19 0.00 0.00
100 ◦F

R-600a 0.00 0.00 0.00 -11.69 0.00 -6.33 0.41 0.00

R-134a 0.00 -0.46 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a -0.57 0.00 0.00

Vapor Thermal Conductivity Percent Change From 2013

Refrigerant 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
R-22 -0.36 -0.36 -0.36 0.53 0.53 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-152a 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.00
40 ◦F

R-600a -2.47 -2.47 -2.47 -2.47 -3.64 -3.64 0.12 0.00 0.00
R-134a 2.33 2.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a 0.41 0.00 0.00 0.00

R-22 -7.73 -7.73 -7.73 -7.73 -7.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-152a 0.74 0.00 0.00 0.00
100 ◦F

R-600a 2.27 2.27 2.27 2.27 -1.14 -1.14 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-134a 1.37 1.37 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a 4.47 0.00 0.00 0.00

93
 Vapor Thermal Conductivity Percent Change From Previous Edition
Refrigerant 81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13
R-22 0.00 0.00 0.89 0.00 -0.53 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-152a -0.14 0.00 0.00
40 ◦F

R-600a 0.00 0.00 0.00 -1.20 0.00 3.90 -0.12 0.00

R-134a 0.00 -2.27 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a -0.41 0.00 0.00

R-22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.38 0.00 0.00 0.00

R-152a -0.73 0.00 0.00
100 ◦F

R-600a 0.00 0.00 0.00 -3.33 0.00 1.15 0.00 0.00

R-134a 0.00 -1.35 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a -4.28 0.00 0.00

Surface Tension Percent Change From 2013

Refrigerant 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
R-22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-152a 0.16 0.16 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
40 ◦F

R-600a 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

R-134a 1.47 1.47 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a -5.14 0.00 0.00 0.00

R-22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

R-152a 0.25 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
100 ◦F

R-600a 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

R-134a 2.18 2.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a -8.19 0.00 0.00 0.00

94
 Surface Tension Percent Change From Previous Edition
Refrigerant 81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13
R-22 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-152a 0.00 -0.16 0.00 0.00 0.00
40 ◦F

R-600a 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

R-134a 0.00 -1.44 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a 5.42 0.00 0.00

R-22 0.00 0.00 0.00

R-152a 0.00 -0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00
100 ◦F

R-600a 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

R-134a 0.00 -2.14 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a 8.91 0.00 0.00

Liquid Specific Heat Percent Change From 2013

Refrigerant 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
R-22 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.14 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-152a -13.78 -13.78 -13.78 7.82 0.49 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
40 ◦F

R-600a 3.19 3.19 3.19 3.19 1.03 1.03 0.74 0.00 0.00
R-134a -0.37 -0.37 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a -0.73 -1.03 0.00 0.00 0.00

R-22 -1.14 -1.14 -1.14 -0.13 -0.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-152a -2.93 -2.93 -2.93 0.31 0.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
100 ◦F

R-600a 4.17 4.17 4.17 4.17 1.01 1.01 0.76 0.00 0.00
R-134a 0.11 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a -1.04 -1.24 0.00 0.00 0.00

95
 Liquid Specific Heat Percent Change From Previous Edition
Refrigerant 81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13
R-22 0.00 0.00 -0.04 0.00 -0.14 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-152a 0.00 0.00 25.04 -6.80 -0.49 0.00 0.00 0.00
40 ◦F

R-600a 0.00 0.00 0.00 -2.09 0.00 -0.29 -0.74 0.00

R-134a 0.00 0.37 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a -0.30 1.04 0.00 0.00

R-22 0.00 0.00 1.02 0.00 0.13 0.00 0.00 0.00

R-152a 0.00 0.00 3.34 0.00 -0.31 0.00 0.00 0.00
100 ◦F

R-600a 0.00 0.00 0.00 -3.03 0.00 -0.25 -0.76 0.00

R-134a 0.00 -0.11 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a -0.20 1.25 0.00 0.00

Vapor Specific Heat Percent Change From 2013

Refrigerant 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
R-22 -3.47 -3.47 -3.47 0.66 0.66 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-152a -6.10 -6.10 -6.10 8.79 8.79 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
40 ◦F

R-600a 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 1.09 1.09 0.99 0.00 0.00
R-134a -1.60 -1.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a -10.81 0.60 0.00 0.00 0.00

R-22 -2.88 -2.88 -2.88 1.25 1.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-152a -8.34 -8.34 -8.34 10.43 10.43 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
100 ◦F

R-600a 2.11 2.11 2.11 2.11 1.28 1.28 1.45 0.00 0.00
R-134a -2.12 -2.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a -9.16 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

96
 Vapor Specific Heat Percent Change From Previous Edition
Refrigerant 81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13
R-22 0.00 0.00 4.29 0.00 -0.66 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-152a 0.00 0.00 15.86 0.00 -8.08 0.00 0.00 0.00
40 ◦F

R-600a 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.81 0.00 -0.10 -0.98 0.00

R-134a 0.00 1.62 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a 12.79 -0.60 0.00 0.00

R-22 0.00 0.00 4.25 0.00 -1.23 0.00 0.00 0.00

R-152a 0.00 0.00 20.47 0.00 -9.44 0.00 0.00 0.00
100 ◦F

R-600a 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.82 0.00 0.17 -1.43 0.00

R-134a 0.00 2.16 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a 11.18 -0.99 0.00 0.00

Liquid Enthalpy Percent Change From 2013

Refrigerant 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
R-22 -1.11 -0.87 -0.87 0.12 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-152a -21.56 -22.43 -22.43 0.44 0.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
40 ◦F

R-600a 0.96 0.98 0.53 0.00 0.00

R-134a -3.37 -0.79 -0.79 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a -0.71 -1.09 0.00 0.00 0.00

R-22 -0.59 -0.68 -0.68 0.09 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-152a -15.22 -15.97 -15.97 0.42 0.42 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
100 ◦F

R-600a 0.99 1.02 0.65 0.00 0.00

R-134a -2.05 -0.47 -0.47 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a -0.78 -1.09 0.00 0.00 0.00

Liquid Enthalpy Percent Change From Previous Edition

Refrigerant 81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13
R-22 0.24 0.00 1.00 0.00 -0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-152a -1.11 0.00 29.48 0.00 -0.44 0.00 0.00 0.00
40 ◦F

R-600a 0.02 -0.45 -0.53 0.00

R-134a 2.67 0.00 0.79 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a -0.39 1.11 0.00 0.00

R-22 -0.09 0.00 0.78 0.00 -0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00

R-152a -0.88 0.00 19.50 0.00 -0.42 0.00 0.00 0.00
100 ◦F

R-600a 0.02 -0.36 -0.65 0.00

R-134a 1.61 0.00 0.47 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a -0.31 1.10 0.00 0.00
97
 Vapor Enthalpy Percent Change From 2013
Refrigerant 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
R-22 -0.16 -0.34 -0.34 -0.11 -0.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-152a -4.45 -4.58 -4.58 -0.10 -0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
40 ◦F

R-600a 0.49 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.00

R-134a -1.35 -0.14 -0.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a 0.01 -0.39 0.00 0.00 0.00

R-22 -0.15 -0.42 -0.42 -0.17 -0.17 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-152a -3.76 -3.98 -3.98 -0.10 -0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
100 ◦F

R-600a 0.48 0.48 0.22 0.00 0.00

R-134a -1.20 -0.11 -0.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a -0.19 -0.34 0.00 0.00 0.00

Vapor Enthalpy Percent Change From Previous Edition

Refrigerant 81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13
R-22 -0.19 0.00 0.23 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-152a -0.14 0.00 4.69 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00
40 ◦F

R-600a 0.01 -0.25 -0.25 0.00

R-134a 1.23 0.00 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a -0.40 0.39 0.00 0.00

R-22 -0.26 0.00 0.24 0.00 0.17 0.00 0.00 0.00

R-152a -0.23 0.00 4.04 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00
100 ◦F

R-600a 0.01 -0.27 -0.22 0.00

R-134a 1.11 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a -0.16 0.35 0.00 0.00

h(fg) Percent Change From 2013

Refrigerant 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
R-22 0.08 -0.21 -0.21 -0.17 -0.17 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-152a -0.31 -0.26 -0.26 -0.23 -0.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
40 ◦F

R-600a -0.61 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.36 0.36 0.17 0.00 0.00
R-134a -0.75 0.05 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a 0.23 -0.18 0.00 0.00 0.00

R-22 0.09 -0.27 -0.27 -0.32 -0.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-152a 2.03 2.08 2.08 -0.36 -0.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
100 ◦F

R-600a -1.54 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 0.18 0.18 -0.03 0.00 0.00
R-134a -0.67 0.13 0.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a 0.24 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00

98
 h(fg) Percent Change From Previous Edition
Refrigerant 81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13
R-22 -0.29 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.17 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-152a 0.05 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.23 0.00 0.00 0.00
40 ◦F

R-600a 0.98 0.00 0.00 -0.01 0.00 -0.19 -0.17 0.00

R-134a 0.81 0.00 -0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a -0.41 0.18 0.00 0.00

R-22 -0.36 0.00 -0.05 0.00 0.32 0.00 0.00 0.00

R-152a 0.05 0.00 -2.39 0.00 0.36 0.00 0.00 0.00
100 ◦F

R-600a 1.55 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.00 -0.21 0.03 0.00

R-134a 0.80 0.00 -0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a -0.04 -0.20 0.00 0.00

Liquid Density Percent Change From 2013

Refrigerant 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
R-22 0.26 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-152a -0.05 -0.06 -0.06 -0.02 -0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
40 ◦F

R-600a 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 -0.03 0.00 0.00
R-134a 0.04 -0.06 -0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a 0.08 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00

R-22 0.25 0.00 0.00 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-152a -0.04 -0.04 -0.04 -0.02 -0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
100 ◦F

R-600a 0.09 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00 -0.21 0.00 0.00
R-134a 0.07 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a 0.24 0.34 0.00 0.00 0.00

99
 Liquid Density Percent Change From Previous Edition
Refrigerant 81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13
R-22 -0.26 0.00 0.03 0.00 -0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-152a -0.01 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00
40 ◦F

R-600a -0.02 0.00 0.00 -0.01 0.00 -0.03 0.03 0.00

R-134a -0.10 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a 0.02 -0.09 0.00 0.00

R-22 -0.25 0.00 -0.02 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00

R-152a 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00
100 ◦F

R-600a -0.10 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 -0.21 0.21 0.00

R-134a -0.08 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a 0.10 -0.34 0.00 0.00

Vapor Specific Volume Percent Change From 2013

Refrigerant 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
R-22 0.05 -0.23 -0.23 -0.17 -0.17 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-152a 0.50 0.50 0.50 -0.25 -0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
40 ◦F

R-600a 0.35 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.27 0.28 0.13 0.00 0.00
R-134a -0.61 0.06 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a 0.62 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.00

R-22 0.17 -0.30 -0.30 -0.23 -0.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-152a 1.43 1.45 1.45 -0.35 -0.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
100 ◦F

R-600a 0.49 -0.08 -0.08 -0.08 0.21 0.19 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-134a -0.50 0.12 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a -0.15 0.35 0.00 0.00 0.00

100
 Vapor Specific Volume Percent Change From Previous Edition
Refrigerant 81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13
R-22 -0.28 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.17 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-152a 0.01 0.00 -0.75 0.00 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00
40 ◦F

R-600a -0.26 0.00 0.00 0.18 0.01 -0.16 -0.13 0.00

R-134a 0.68 0.00 -0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a -0.48 -0.14 0.00 0.00

R-22 -0.47 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.23 0.00 0.00 0.00

R-152a 0.02 0.00 -1.77 0.00 0.35 0.00 0.00 0.00
100 ◦F

R-600a -0.57 0.00 0.00 0.29 -0.02 -0.19 0.00 0.00

R-134a 0.62 0.00 -0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a 0.50 -0.35 0.00 0.00

Liquid Reynolds Number Percent Change From 2013

Refrigerant 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
R-22 -9.04 -9.04 -9.04 3.93 3.93 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-152a 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.82 1.82 2.03 0.00 0.00 0.00
40 ◦F

R-600a -4.79 -4.79 -4.79 -4.79 -0.22 -0.22 0.22 0.00 0.00
R-134a -5.78 -5.78 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a 2.55 0.00 0.00 0.00

R-22 -22.94 -22.94 -22.94 2.37 2.37 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-152a -9.57 -9.57 -9.57 -2.30 -2.30 -0.87 0.00 0.00 0.00
100 ◦F

R-600a -8.57 -8.57 -8.57 -8.57 0.31 0.31 0.95 0.00 0.00
R-134a -8.13 -8.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a 0.33 0.00 0.00 0.00

Liquid Reynolds Number Percent Change From Previous Edition

Refrigerant 81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13
R-22 0.00 0.00 12.48 0.00 -3.93 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-152a 0.00 0.00 1.79 0.00 0.20 -2.03 0.00 0.00
40 ◦F

R-600a 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.58 0.00 0.44 -0.22 0.00

R-134a 0.00 5.78 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a -2.55 0.00 0.00

R-22 0.00 0.00 24.72 0.00 -2.37 0.00 0.00 0.00

R-152a 0.00 0.00 7.45 0.00 1.44 0.87 0.00 0.00
100 ◦F

R-600a 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.86 0.00 0.63 -0.95 0.00

R-134a 0.00 8.13 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a -0.33 0.00 0.00
101
 Vapor Reynolds Number Percent Change from 2013
Refrigerant 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
R-22 -4.07 -4.07 -4.07 -2.41 -2.41 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-152a -2.17 0.00 0.00 0.00
40 ◦F

R-600a -3.43 -3.43 -3.43 -3.43 -1.74 -1.74 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-134a -2.22 -2.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a -0.99 0.00 0.00 0.00

R-22 -5.54 -5.54 -5.54 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

R-152a 0.00 0.00 -1.92 0.00 0.00 0.00
100 ◦F

R-600a -4.04 -4.04 -4.04 -4.04 -4.04 -4.04 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-134a -3.83 -3.83 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a -3.60 0.00 0.00 0.00

Vapor Reynolds Number Percent Change From Previous Edition

Refrigerant 81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13
R-22 0.00 0.00 1.69 0.00 2.41 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-152a 2.17 0.00 0.00
40 ◦F

R-600a 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.71 0.00 1.74 0.00 0.00

R-134a 0.00 2.22 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a 0.99 0.00 0.00

R-22 0.00 0.00 5.54 0.00 0.00 0.00

R-152a 0.00 -1.95 1.92 0.00 0.00
100 ◦F

R-600a 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.04 0.00 0.00

R-134a 0.00 3.83 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a 3.60 0.00 0.00

Liquid Prandtl Number Percent Change From 2013

Refrigerant 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
R-22 6.37 4.49 4.49 -5.06 -5.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-152a -19.39 -19.39 -19.39 0.21 -6.60 -2.15 0.00 0.00 0.00
40 ◦F

R-600a -8.04 -8.04 -8.04 -8.04 -6.43 -6.43 0.52 0.00 0.00
R-134a 4.33 4.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a -3.64 0.00 0.00 0.00

R-22 22.57 22.57 22.57 -5.79 -5.79 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-152a 1.65 1.65 1.65 1.16 1.16 0.69 0.00 0.00 0.00
100 ◦F

R-600a -5.38 -5.38 -5.38 -5.38 -5.29 -5.29 0.23 0.00 0.00
R-134a 8.47 8.47 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a -2.12 0.00 0.00 0.00

102
 Vapor Prandtl Number Precent Change From 2013
Refrigerant 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
R-22 0.98 0.98 0.98 2.60 2.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-152a 2.08 0.00 0.00 0.00
40 ◦F

R-600a 6.47 6.47 6.47 6.47 6.78 6.78 0.87 0.00 0.00
R-134a -1.65 -1.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a 1.20 0.00 0.00 0.00

R-22 11.43 11.43 11.43 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

R-152a 1.21 0.00 0.00 0.00
100 ◦F

R-600a 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 6.75 6.75 1.45 0.00 0.00
R-134a 0.41 0.41 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a 0.28 0.00 0.00 0.00

Liquid Prandtl Number Percent Change From Previous Edition

Refrigerant 81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13
R-22 -1.80 0.00 -10.06 0.00 5.06 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-152a 0.00 0.00 19.56 -7.29 4.55 2.15 0.00 0.00
40 ◦F

R-600a 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.72 0.00 6.92 -0.52 0.00

R-134a 0.00 -4.33 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a 3.64 0.00 0.00

R-22 0.00 0.00 -30.10 0.00 5.79 0.00 0.00 0.00

R-152a 0.00 0.00 -0.48 0.00 -0.46 -0.69 0.00 0.00
100 ◦F

R-600a 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.00 5.51 -0.23 0.00

R-134a 0.00 -8.47 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a 2.12 0.00 0.00

Vapor Prandtl Number Percent Change From Previous Edition

Refrigerant 81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13
R-22 0.00 0.00 1.59 0.00 -2.60 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-152a -2.08 0.00 0.00
40 ◦F

R-600a 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.29 0.00 -5.85 -0.87 0.00

R-134a 0.00 1.65 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a -1.20 0.00 0.00

R-22 0.00 0.00 -11.43 0.00 0.00 0.00

R-152a -1.21 0.00 0.00
100 ◦F

R-600a 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.54 0.00 -5.23 -1.45 0.00

R-134a 0.00 -0.41 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a -0.28 0.00 0.00
103
 Liquid Nusselt Number Percent Change With Respect to 2013
Refrigerant 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
R-22 -5.37 -5.93 -5.93 1.36 1.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-152a -6.93 -6.93 -6.93 1.53 -0.83 0.89 0.00 0.00 0.00
40 ◦F

R-600a -6.50 -6.50 -6.50 -6.50 -2.36 -2.36 0.35 0.00 0.00
R-134a -3.29 -3.29 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a 0.78 0.00 0.00 0.00

R-22 -13.12 -13.12 -13.12 -0.12 -0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-152a -7.23 -7.23 -7.23 -1.47 -1.47 -0.47 0.00 0.00 0.00
100 ◦F

R-600a -8.62 -8.62 -8.62 -8.62 -1.55 -1.55 0.83 0.00 0.00
R-134a -3.99 -3.99 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a -0.45 0.00 0.00 0.00

Vapor Nusselt Number Percent Change With Respect to 2013

Refrigerant 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
R-22 -2.95 -2.95 -2.95 -1.09 -1.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-152a -1.07 0.00 0.00 0.00
40 ◦F

R-600a -0.70 -0.70 -0.70 -0.70 0.78 0.78 0.29 0.00 0.00
R-134a -2.32 -2.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a -0.40 0.00 0.00 0.00

R-22 9.98 9.98 9.98 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

R-152a 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00
100 ◦F

R-600a 1.88 1.88 1.88 1.88 5.33 5.33 1.89 0.00 0.00
R-134a -2.56 -2.56 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a -2.54 0.00 0.00 0.00

Liquid Nusselt Number Percent Change With Respect to Previous Edition

Refrigerant 81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13
R-22 -0.60 0.00 7.20 0.00 -1.36 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-152a 0.00 0.00 8.33 -2.37 1.70 -0.89 0.00 0.00
40 ◦F

R-600a 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.24 0.00 2.70 -0.35 0.00

R-134a 0.00 3.29 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a -0.78 0.00 0.00

R-22 0.00 0.00 13.02 0.00 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00

R-152a 0.00 0.00 5.85 0.00 1.00 0.47 0.00 0.00
100 ◦F

R-600a 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.18 0.00 2.36 -0.83 0.00

R-134a 0.00 3.99 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a 0.45 0.00 0.00

104
 Vapor Nusselt Number Percent Change With Respect to Previous Edition
Refrigerant 81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13
R-22 0.00 0.00 1.88 0.00 1.09 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-152a 1.07 0.00 0.00
40 ◦F

R-600a 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.47 0.00 -0.49 -0.29 0.00

R-134a 0.00 2.32 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a 0.40 0.00 0.00

R-22 0.00 0.00 -9.98 0.00 0.00 0.00

R-152a -0.01 0.00 0.00
100 ◦F

R-600a 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.28 0.00 -3.38 -1.89 0.00

R-134a 0.00 2.56 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a 2.54 0.00 0.00

Liquid HT Coefficient Percent Change With Respect to 2013

Refrigerant 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
R-22 -2.02 -0.85 -0.85 2.87 2.87 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-152a -0.46 -0.46 -0.46 7.28 4.79 1.05 0.00 0.00 0.00
40 ◦F

R-600a 10.20 10.20 10.20 10.20 5.66 5.66 0.35 0.00 0.00
R-134a -1.99 -1.99 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a 0.94 0.00 0.00 0.00

R-22 -9.06 -9.06 -9.06 3.44 3.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-152a -2.03 -2.03 -2.03 0.01 0.01 -0.29 0.00 0.00 0.00
100 ◦F

R-600a 10.03 10.03 10.03 10.03 4.68 4.68 0.42 0.00 0.00
R-134a -3.55 -3.55 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00

Vapor HT Coefficient Percent Change With Respect to 2013

Refrigerant 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
R-22 -3.30 -3.30 -3.30 -0.56 -0.56 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-152a -0.93 0.00 0.00 0.00
40 ◦F

R-600a -3.15 -3.15 -3.15 -3.15 -2.89 -2.89 0.41 0.00 0.00
R-134a -0.05 -0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00

R-22 1.48 1.48 1.48 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

R-152a 0.75 0.00 0.00 0.00
100 ◦F

R-600a 4.19 4.19 4.19 4.19 4.14 4.14 1.89 0.00 0.00
R-134a -1.23 -1.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a 1.83 0.00 0.00 0.00

105
 Liquid HT Coefficient Percent Change With Respect to Previous Edition
Refrigerant 81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13
R-22 1.18 0.00 3.62 0.00 -2.87 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-152a 0.00 0.00 7.21 -2.37 -3.70 -1.05 0.00 0.00
40 ◦F

R-600a 0.00 0.00 0.00 -4.30 0.00 -5.29 -0.35 0.00

R-134a 0.00 1.99 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a -0.94 0.00 0.00

R-22 0.00 0.00 12.08 0.00 -3.44 0.00 0.00 0.00

R-152a 0.00 0.00 2.04 0.00 -0.29 0.29 0.00 0.00
100 ◦F

R-600a 0.00 0.00 0.00 -5.12 0.00 -4.24 -0.42 0.00

R-134a 0.00 3.55 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a -0.12 0.00 0.00

Vapor HT Coefficient Percent Change With Respect to Previous Edition

Refrigerant 81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13
R-22 0.00 0.00 2.75 0.00 0.56 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-152a 0.93 0.00 0.00
40 ◦F

R-600a 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.27 0.00 3.28 -0.41 0.00

R-134a 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a -0.01 0.00 0.00

R-22 0.00 0.00 -1.48 0.00 0.00 0.00

R-152a -0.75 0.00 0.00
100 ◦F

R-600a 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.05 0.00 -2.20 -1.89 0.00

R-134a 0.00 1.23 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a -1.83 0.00 0.00

Liquid Friction Factor Percent Change With Respect to 2013

Refrigerant 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
R-22 1.91 1.91 1.91 -0.77 -0.77 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-152a 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.36 -0.36 -0.40 0.00 0.00 0.00
40 ◦F

R-600a 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.04 0.04 -0.04 0.00 0.00
R-134a 1.20 1.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a -0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00

R-22 5.35 5.35 5.35 -0.47 -0.47 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-152a 2.03 2.03 2.03 0.47 0.47 0.18 0.00 0.00 0.00
100 ◦F

R-600a 1.81 1.81 1.81 1.81 -0.06 -0.06 -0.19 0.00 0.00
R-134a 1.71 1.71 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a -0.07 0.00 0.00 0.00
106
 Vapor Friction Factor Percent Change With Respect to 2013
Refrigerant 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
R-22 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.49 0.49 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-152a 0.44 0.00 0.00 0.00
40 ◦F

R-600a 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.35 0.35 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-134a 0.45 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00

R-22 1.15 1.15 1.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

R-152a 0.00 0.00 0.39 0.00 0.00 0.00
100 ◦F

R-600a 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-134a 0.78 0.78 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a 0.74 0.00 0.00 0.00

Liquid Friction Factor Percent Change With Respect to Previous Edition

Refrigerant 81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13
R-22 0.00 0.00 -2.70 0.00 0.77 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-152a 0.00 0.00 -0.36 0.00 -0.04 0.40 0.00 0.00
40 ◦F

R-600a 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.94 0.00 -0.09 0.04 0.00

R-134a 0.00 -1.20 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a 0.50 0.00 0.00

R-22 0.00 0.00 -5.84 0.00 0.47 0.00 0.00 0.00

R-152a 0.00 0.00 -1.56 0.00 -0.29 -0.18 0.00 0.00
100 ◦F

R-600a 0.00 0.00 0.00 -1.87 0.00 -0.13 0.19 0.00

R-134a 0.00 -1.71 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a 0.07 0.00 0.00

Vapor Friction Factor Percent Change With Respect to Previous Edition

Refrigerant 81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13
R-22 0.00 0.00 -0.34 0.00 -0.49 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-152a -0.44 0.00 0.00
40 ◦F

R-600a 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.35 0.00 -0.35 0.00 0.00

R-134a 0.00 -0.45 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a -0.20 0.00 0.00

R-22 0.00 0.00 -1.15 0.00 0.00 0.00

R-152a 0.00 0.39 -0.39 0.00 0.00
100 ◦F

R-600a 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.83 0.00 0.00

R-134a 0.00 -0.78 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a -0.74 0.00 0.00
107
 Liquid ΔP Percent Change With Respect to 2013
Refrigerant 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
R-22 1.650 1.915 1.915 -0.792 -0.792 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
R-152a 0.051 0.057 0.057 -0.344 -0.344 -0.401 0.000 0.000 0.000
40 ◦F

R-600a 0.959 0.981 0.981 0.981 0.044 0.044 -0.016 0.000 0.000
R-134a 1.260 1.260 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
R-410a -0.597 0.000 0.000 0.000

R-22 5.090 5.348 5.348 -0.453 -0.453 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
R-152a 2.071 2.075 2.075 0.485 0.485 0.176 0.000 0.000 0.000
100 ◦F

R-600a 1.717 1.818 1.818 1.818 -0.063 -0.063 0.022 0.000 0.000
R-134a 1.724 1.724 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
R-410a -0.402 0.000 0.000 0.000

Vapor ΔP Percent Change With Respect to 2013

Refrigerant 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
R-22 0.885 0.605 0.605 0.322 0.322 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
R-152a 0.441 0.000 0.000 0.000
40 ◦F

R-600a 1.056 0.790 0.790 0.790 0.627 0.636 0.126 0.000 0.000
R-134a 0.514 0.514 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
R-410a 0.343 0.000 0.000 0.000

R-22 1.316 0.839 0.839 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

R-152a -0.349 -0.349 0.388 0.000 0.000 0.000
100 ◦F

R-600a 1.324 0.747 0.747 0.747 1.039 1.023 0.000 0.000 0.000
R-134a 0.903 0.903 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
R-410a 1.088 0.000 0.000 0.000

Liquid ΔP Percent Change With Respect to Previous Edition

Refrigerant 81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13
R-22 0.26 0.00 -2.73 0.00 0.79 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-152a 0.01 0.00 -0.40 0.00 -0.06 0.40 0.00 0.00
40 ◦F

R-600a 0.02 0.00 0.00 -0.94 0.00 -0.06 0.02 0.00

R-134a 0.00 -1.26 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a 0.60 0.00 0.00

R-22 0.25 0.00 -5.83 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.00

R-152a 0.00 0.00 -1.58 0.00 -0.31 -0.18 0.00 0.00
100 ◦F

R-600a 0.10 0.00 0.00 -1.88 0.00 0.08 -0.02 0.00

R-134a 0.00 -1.72 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a 0.40 0.00 0.00

108
 Vapor ΔP Percent Change With Respect to Previous Edition
Refrigerant 81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13
R-22 -0.28 0.00 -0.28 0.00 -0.32 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-152a -0.44 0.00 0.00
40 ◦F

R-600a -0.26 0.00 0.00 -0.16 0.01 -0.51 -0.13 0.00

R-134a 0.00 -0.51 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a -0.34 0.00 0.00

R-22 -0.47 0.00 -0.84 0.00 0.00 0.00

R-152a 0.00 0.73 -0.39 0.00 0.00
100 ◦F

R-600a -0.57 0.00 0.00 0.29 -0.02 -1.02 0.00 0.00

R-134a 0.00 -0.90 0.00 0.00 0.00
R-410a -1.09 0.00 0.00

109
 APPENDIX C

Percent Change Previous Edition, Liquid Viscocity, 100F

5.0

0.0
81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13
-5.0
Percent Change %

-10.0

-15.0

-20.0

-25.0

-30.0
Years

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

110
 Percent Change Previous Edition, Vapor Viscocity, 40
Degrees F
1.00

0.50

0.00
Percent Change %

81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13

-0.50

-1.00

-1.50

-2.00

-2.50

-3.00
Years

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

Percent Change Previous Edition, Vapor Viscocity, 100

Degrees F
3.00

2.00

1.00
Percent Change %

0.00
81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13
-1.00

-2.00

-3.00

-4.00

-5.00
Years

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

111
 Percent Change Previous Edition, Liquid Thermal
Conductivity, 40 Degrees F
4.00

2.00

0.00
Percent Change %

81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13

-2.00

-4.00

-6.00

-8.00

-10.00
Years

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

Percent Change Previous Edition, Liquid Thermal

Conductivity, 100 Degrees F
2.00

0.00
81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13
-2.00
Percent Change %

-4.00

-6.00

-8.00

-10.00

-12.00

-14.00
Years

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

112
 Percent Change Previous Edition, Vapor Thermal
Conductivity, 40 Degrees F
5.00

4.00

3.00
Percent Change %

2.00

1.00

0.00
81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13
-1.00

-2.00

-3.00
Years

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

Percent Change Previous Edition, Vapor Thermal

Conductivity, 100 Degrees F
10.00

8.00

6.00
Percent Change %

4.00

2.00

0.00
81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13
-2.00

-4.00

-6.00
Years

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

113
 Percent Change From 2013, Surface Tension, 40 Degrees F
2

0
1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
Percent Change %

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5

-6
Year

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

Percent Change From 2013, Surface Tension, 100 Degrees F

4

0
Percent Change %

1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013

-2

-4

-6

-8

-10
Year

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

114
 Percent Change Previous Edition, Surface Tension, 40
Degrees F
6

4
Percent Change %

0
81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13
-1

-2
Years

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

Percent Change Previous Edition, Surface Tension, 100

Degrees F
10

6
Percent Change %

0
81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13
-2

-4
Years

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

115
 Percent Change From 2013, Liquid Specific Heat, 40
Degrees F
10.00

5.00
Percent Change %

0.00
1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013

-5.00

-10.00

-15.00
Year

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

Percent Change From 2013, Liquid Specific Heat, 100

Degrees F
5.00

4.00

3.00
Percent Change %

2.00

1.00

0.00
1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
-1.00

-2.00

-3.00

-4.00
Year

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

116
 Percent Change Previous Edition, Liquid Specific Heat, 40
Degrees F
30.00

25.00

20.00
Percent Change %

15.00

10.00

5.00

0.00
81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13
-5.00

-10.00
Years

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

Percent Change Previous Edition, Liquid Specific Heat, 100

Degrees F
4.00

3.00

2.00
Percent Change %

1.00

0.00
81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13
-1.00

-2.00

-3.00

-4.00
Years

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

117
 Percent Change From 2013, Vapor Specific Heat, 40
Degrees F
10.00

5.00
Percent Change %

0.00
1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013

-5.00

-10.00

-15.00
Year

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

Percent Change From 2013, Vapor Specific Heat, 100

Degrees F
15.00

10.00
Percent Change %

5.00

0.00
1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
-5.00

-10.00

-15.00
Year

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

118
 Percent Change Previous Edition, Vapor Specific Heat, 40
Degrees F
20.00

15.00
Percent Change %

10.00

5.00

0.00
85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13
-5.00

-10.00
Years

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

Percent Change Previous Edition, Vapor Specific Heat, 100

Degrees F
25.00

20.00

15.00
Percent Change %

10.00

5.00

0.00
85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13
-5.00

-10.00

-15.00
Years

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

119
 Percent Change From 2013, Liquid Enthalpy, 100 Degrees F
2.00
0.00
1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
-2.00
-4.00
Percent Change %

-6.00
-8.00
-10.00
-12.00
-14.00
-16.00
-18.00
Year

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

Percent Change Previous Edition, Liquid Enthalpy, 40

Degrees F
35.00

30.00

25.00
Percent Change %

20.00

15.00

10.00

5.00

0.00
81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13
-5.00
Years

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

120
 Percent Change Previous Edition, Liquid Enthalpy, 100
Degrees F
25.00

20.00
Percent Change %

15.00

10.00

5.00

0.00
81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13
-5.00
Years

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

Percent Change From 2013, Vapor Enthalpy, 100 Degrees F

1.00
0.50
0.00
-0.50 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
Percent Change %

-1.00
-1.50
-2.00
-2.50
-3.00
-3.50
-4.00
-4.50
Year

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

121
 Percent Change Previous Edition, Vapor Enthalpy, 100
Degrees F
4.50
4.00
3.50
Percent Change %

3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
-0.50 81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13
Years

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

Percent Change Previous Edition, Vapor Enthalpy, 40

Degrees F
5.00

4.00
Percent Change %

3.00

2.00

1.00

0.00
81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13
-1.00
Years

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

122
 Percent Change From 2013, Liquid Density, 40 Degrees F
0.30

0.25

0.20
Percent Change %

0.15

0.10

0.05

0.00
1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
-0.05

-0.10
Year

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

Percent Change From 2013, Liquid Density, 100 Degrees F

0.40

0.30

0.20
Percent Change %

0.10

0.00
1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
-0.10

-0.20

-0.30
Year

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

123
 Percent Change Previous Edition, Liquid Density, 40
Degrees F
0.10

0.05

0.00
Percent Change %

81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13

-0.05

-0.10

-0.15

-0.20

-0.25

-0.30
Years

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

Percent Change Previous Edition, Liquid Density, 100

Degrees F
0.30

0.20

0.10
Percent Change %

0.00
81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13
-0.10

-0.20

-0.30

-0.40
Years

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

124
 Percent Change From 2013, Vapor Specific Volume, 40
Degrees F
0.80

0.60

0.40
Percent Change %

0.20

0.00
1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
-0.20

-0.40

-0.60

-0.80
Year

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

Percent Change From 2013, Vapor Specific Volume, 100

Degrees F
2.00

1.50
Percent Change %

1.00

0.50

0.00
1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
-0.50

-1.00
Year

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

125
 Percent Change Previous Edition, Vapor Specific Volume,
40 Degrees F
0.80

0.60

0.40
Percent Change %

0.20

0.00
81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13
-0.20

-0.40

-0.60

-0.80

-1.00
Years

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

Percent Change Previous Edition, Vapor Specific Volume,

100 Degrees F
1.00

0.50
Percent Change %

0.00
81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13
-0.50

-1.00

-1.50

-2.00
Years

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

126
 Liquid Reynolds Number Percent Change From 2013, 100
Fahrenheit
5.00

0.00
1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013

-5.00
Percent Change %

-10.00

-15.00

-20.00

-25.00
Year

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

Liquid Reynolds Number Previous Percent Change, 100F

30.00

25.00

20.00
Percent Change %

15.00

10.00

5.00

0.00
81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13
-5.00
Years

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

127
 Vapor Reynolds Number Percent Change From 2013, 100F
2.00

1.00

0.00
1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
Percent Change %

-1.00

-2.00

-3.00

-4.00

-5.00

-6.00
Year

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

Vapor Reynolds Number Previous Edition Change, 100F

6.00

5.00

4.00
Percent Chage %

3.00

2.00

1.00

0.00
81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13
-1.00

-2.00

-3.00
Years

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

128
 Vapor Prandtl Number Precent Change From 2013, 40F
8.00
7.00
6.00
5.00
Percent Change %

4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
-1.00
-2.00
-3.00
Year

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

Vapor Prandtl Number Previous Percent Change, 40F

3.00

2.00

1.00

0.00
Percent Change %

81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13

-1.00
-2.00

-3.00

-4.00

-5.00

-6.00
-7.00
Years

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

129
 NuD,L Percent Change with Respect to 2013, 40F
2.00
1.00
0.00
1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
-1.00
Percent Change %

-2.00
-3.00
-4.00
-5.00
-6.00
-7.00
-8.00
Year

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

NuD,V Percent Change with Respect to 2013, 40F

1.00

0.50

0.00
1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
Percent Change %

-0.50

-1.00

-1.50

-2.00

-2.50

-3.00

-3.50
Year

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

130
 NuD,L Percent Change with Respect to Previous Edition, 40F
10.00

8.00

6.00
Percent Change %

4.00

2.00

0.00
81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13
-2.00

-4.00
Years

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

NuD,V Percent Change with Respect to Previous Edition, 40F

2.50

2.00

1.50
Percent Change %

1.00

0.50

0.00
81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13
-0.50

-1.00
Years

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

131
 Vapor HT Coefficient Percent Change With Respect to
2013, 40F
1.00

0.50

0.00
1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
Percent Change %

-0.50

-1.00

-1.50

-2.00

-2.50

-3.00

-3.50
Year

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

Vapor HT Coefficient Percent Change With Respect to

Previous Edition, 40F
4.00

3.00
Percent Change %

2.00

1.00

0.00
81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13
-1.00

-2.00
Years

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

132
 Vapor HT Coefficient Percent Change With Respect to
Previous Edition, 100F
1.50

1.00

0.50
Percent Change %

0.00
81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13
-0.50

-1.00

-1.50

-2.00

-2.50
Years

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

Liquid Friction Factor Percent Change With Respect to

2013, 40F
2.50

2.00

1.50
Percent Change %

1.00

0.50

0.00
1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
-0.50

-1.00
Year

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

133
 Liquid Friction Factor Percent Change With Respect to
Previous Edition, 40F
1.00

0.50

0.00
Percent Change %

81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13

-0.50

-1.00

-1.50

-2.00

-2.50

-3.00
Years

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

Vapor Friction Factor Percent Change With Respect to

2013, 100F
1.30

1.10

0.90
Percent Change %

0.70

0.50

0.30

0.10

-0.10 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
-0.30

-0.50
Year

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

134
 Vapor Friction Factor Percent Change With Respect to
Previous Edition, 100F
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
Percent Change %

81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13

-0.20
-0.40
-0.60
-0.80
-1.00
-1.20
-1.40
Years

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

Liquid ΔP Percent Change With Respect to Previous

Edition, 40F
1.00

0.50

0.00
Percent Change %

81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13

-0.50

-1.00

-1.50

-2.00

-2.50

-3.00
Years

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

135
 Vapor Friction Factor Percent Change With Respect to
Previous Edition, 40F
0.10

0.00
81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13
-0.10
Percent Change %

-0.20

-0.30

-0.40

-0.50

-0.60
Years

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

Liquid ΔP Percent Change With Respect to Previous

Edition,100F
1.00

0.00
81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13
-1.00
Percent Change %

-2.00

-3.00

-4.00

-5.00

-6.00

-7.00
Years

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

136
 Vapor Friction Factor Percent Change With Respect to
Previous Edition, 100F
1.00

0.50
Percent Change %

0.00
81-'85 85-'89 89-'93 93-'97 97-'01 01-'05 05-'09 09-'13

-0.50

-1.00

-1.50
Years

R-22 R-152a R-600a R-134a R-410a

137