BRAIN TEASER 1

There are three houses. One is red,

one is blue, and one is white. If the red
house is to the left of the house in the
middle, and the blue house is to the
right of the house in the middle,
where is the white house?

WASHINGTON, D.C.
 BRAIN TEASER 2
Jimmy’s mother had four children.
She named the first Monday. She
named the second Tuesday, and
she named the third Wednesday.
What is the name of the fourth
child?
JIMMY, BECAUSE JIMMY’S
MOTHER HAD FOUR CHILDREN!
 BRAIN TEASER 3
A family lives in a large tower apartment
building, 10 floors high. Every day their son
takes the elevator from the family’s
apartment on the 10thfloor to the ground
floor and goes to school. When he returns
in the afternoon, he uses the elevator to get
to the fifth floor, and then uses the stairs for
the remaining five floors. Why?
Because he cannot reach the buttons
higher than five
 BRAIN TEASER 4
Imagine that you are in a boat, in
the middle of the sea. Suddenly,
you are surrounded by hungry
sharks, just waiting to feed on
you. How can you put an end to
this?
Stop imagining!
 BRAIN TEASER 5
Some months have 30
days, some months have
31 days; how many have
28?
They all do have
WHY DO WE ASK QUESTIONS?
RESEARCH
Definition of RESEARCH
It is searching for a theory, for
testing theory, or for solving a
problem.
It is to search
again, to take
another more
careful look, to
find out more
(Selltiz, et.al.,
1976).
It is a systematic quest for
undiscovered truth
(Leedy, 1974).
 It is a
systematic
attempt to
provide answers
to questions
(Tuckman, 1972).
According to John W. Best:
“Research may be defined as the
systematic and objective analysis and
recording of controlled observations
that may lead to the development of
generalizations, principles, or theories,
resulting in prediction and possibly
ultimate control or events.”
Research fills in...
 Based on Based on
purpose method

Based on Types of Based on

inquiry research data
 Rationalistic
Based on
inquiry
Naturalistic
Begin with an existing theory Rationalistic
Formal instruments are used
Findings are generalized
Problem is converted into dependent and
independent variables after which the
researcher develops strategies and
instruments to control relationships
between and among naturally occurring
variables.
 Naturalistic
State that we must understand the
framework within which the subjects under
study interpret their environment to be
able to understand human behavior
The individual’s thoughts, values,
perceptions and actions are studied.
 involves observing subjects in
Naturalistic their natural environment.
Naturalistic

This type of research is often

utilized in situations where
conducting lab research is
unrealistic, cost prohibitive or
would unduly affect the subject’s
behavior.
Naturalistic

Data Collection Methods :

• Tally counts
• Observer narratives
• Audio or video recordings
 Basic/
fundamental
/ pure

Applied/
action

Develop-
mental
 Basic/ * is intended to add to the body of
Fundamental/
Pure scientific knowledge by exploring
the unknown to extend the
boundaries of knowledge as well as
to discover new facts, and learn
more accurately the characteristics
of known without any particular
thought as to immediate practical
utility.
BASIC RESEARCH
…seeks to discover basic truths
or principles.
Also known as action research Applied/
Directed towards the practical Action
application of knowledge
Theory may be supported, modified or revised.
New theory may even be provided.
Involves seeking new applications of scientific
knowledge to the solution of a problem such as
the development of new system or procedure,
new device, or new method, in order to solve
the problem.
APPLIED RESEARCH
…produces knowledge of practical
use to man.
Develop-  This is a decision-oriented
mental research involving the application
of the steps of the scientific
method in response to an
immediate need to improve
existing practices.

Often used in engineering and

technology areas
 Formative

Evaluation

Summative Case study

Qualitative Ethnography
Descriptive
Based Content
on
Ex-post facto
Method Quantitative
Survey

Correlational Cross-
sectional

Historical Field Longitudinal

Experimental

Experimental Quasi
Experimental
 Historical Research
Critical investigation of events,
developments and experiences of
the past, the careful weighing of
evidence of the validity of sources
of information on the past and the
interpretation of the weighed
evidence (Kellinger, 1972)
Data are gathered through the
collection of original documents or
interviewing eye witnesses.
 Descriptive Research
Describes the population’s
characteristics
A study where the major emphasis is
on the discovery of ideas and insights
(Selltiz, et.al., 1979)
 Correlational Research
Involves the collection of two or
more sets of data from a group of
subjects with the attempt to
determine the subsequent
relationship between those sets of
data (Tuckman, 1972)
 Ex Post Facto Research
“After the Fact”
A systematic empirical inquiry in which
the researcher does not have direct
control of the independent variables
 Also known as Causal-Comparative
Research
 Causal-Comparative vs
Correlational
Causal-comparative studies attempt to
identify cause-effect relationships,
correlational studies do not.
Causal-comparative studies involve
comparison, correlational studies involve
relationship.
 Evaluation Research

Judges the value, worth or merit of an

existing program
Formative and summative evaluation
are applied in training programs,
textbooks, manuals or curricula.
 Experimental Research
A study conducted in the
laboratory
Involves two groups:
Experimental group
Control group
 Values
of
Research
For the quality of life to
progress
To provide solutions to
problems
For scientific and technological
advancement of the new
millennium
Ideas about
 Research endeavors to
organize data in
quantitative (measurable)
terms if possible and to
express these data in
numerical measures.
Research
requires
courage.
 Research is
carefully
recorded and
reported.
Research gathers
new knowledge
and data from
primary and
secondary sources.
 Primary data are the data collected by the
researcher themselves, i.e.
• interview
• observation
• action research
• case studies
• life histories
• questionnaires
• ethnographic research
• longitudinal studies
Secondary sources are data that already exists
Previous research :

• Official statistics
• Mass media products
• Diaries
• Letters
• Government reports
• Web information
• Historical data and information
Why research is so
important_.mp4
Exercise 1:

Do what is being asked:

1. Define the term “research”.
2. Enumerate the characteristics of research.
3. Give a comprehensive definition of research.
4. Describe the specific features of research,
5. Describe the various classification of research.