PRACTICE TOEFL 1 173 Section 2 Structure and Written Expression Time: 25 minutes This section is designed to test your ability to recognize language structures that are appeo- priate in standard written English. The questions in this section belo: which has special directions. to two types, ach of DIRECTIONS; Questions 1-15 are partial sentences, Below each sentence you will sce four words or phrases, marked (A), (B), (C), and (D), Select the one word! or phrase that best com- pletes the sentence. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question «nd fill in the space that contains the letter for the answer you have chosen. Fill in the space completely EXAMPLE I Sample Answer Drying flowers isthe best way ~~~ them, e000 (to preserve B) by preserving (© preserve (D) preserved ‘The sentence should state, “Drying flowers is the best way to preserve then correct answer is (A). Therefore, the EXAMPLE IL Sample Answer Many American universities - + as small, private colleges ®ee0 (A) begun (B) beginning (©) began, (D) for the beginning The sentence should state, ‘Many American universities began as small, private colleges, Therefore, the correct answer is (C) Afier you read the directions, begin work on the questions 1. Fort Niagara was built by the French in 2, Soil texture depends on the proportions 1726 on land 1 Seneca Indians, of clay and sand particles, - -- ~~ soil (A) they buy from. Jies (B) bought from (both alte (©) buying from (B) which alter (D)was bough from (© where altered (D)although ered GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. »174 TOEFL STRATEGIES @eeeeeod 3. The writers of the realist movement embraced the notion that art should depict life - -— (A) accurately and objectively (B) accuracy “xd objectivity © accurate and objective (Dyaccurate objectivity 4, A ratio is a comparison of or a part to another part ~~ whole (A) part to the (B)a panto (©)a pam to the (D)the past to the ‘The bones of the elderly are more prone to fractures and splinte young people. (a than that (B) than those (©) those than (Dpthat than 6, English and Scottish settlers - = «= = Belfast as a trading post in 1613. (A) they established (B) established themselves (©) established (establishing The formulation of economic policies necessitates meticulous consideration large segments of the population (A) because they ailect (B) they are affected because (affect them because (because affecting them 8. Only - ~~ -- feathered creatures in the Arctic region year round pit (fewer (B) fewer than (as few as, (D)a few 9. Before Richard Bennett accepted the appointment as the prime minister of Canada in 1930, he = «+ + ~ as @ lawyer cay had (B) had been achieved successfully (has achieved succes (Dyhad achieved success achieved a successful 10. Gardeners transplant bushes and flowers by moving them from one pice 10 (avorher (others (©)another (peach other 11, Museums of natural history are ordinarily by special int for that purpose fest groups created (WX owned and op (B) they own andl operate (owning and opening (Dythe owner operates 12, A surge in the level of stress - ~~ ~~ the recurrence of nightmares, w (B) apparently increase parently increases ypparent increases pparent increase 13. Fach bowler - ~~ in each frame, unless a strike is howled. (A)rolling the ball wice (B) the ball is rolled iwice (O rolls the b ()the ball rolls twice all twice GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE, ©PRACTICETOEFL1 175 @eeeoeoeedo 14, William Hearst had five sons, - ~~ ~~ 15. An axiomatic assumption in physics eventually became executives in the holds that all matter has kinetic energy Hearst newspaper conglomerate ~~ =~ motion and mass A)all of them (A) because its (B) of them all (By because of its (©)all of whom (© because it is D)who of all (Dybecause of it GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. »176 TOEFL STRATEGIES @®eeeecoece DIKECHIONS: In questions 16-40 every sentence has four words or phrases that are underlined, The four underlined portions of each sentence are marked (A), (B), (C), and (D). Identify the one word or phrase that makes the sentence incorrect. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that conta the letter for the answer you have cho: sen. Fill in the space completely EXAMPLE E ‘Sample Answer S0©O00 Christophe Jumbus has sailed from Europe in 1492 and discovered a new land he ight to be India, D The sentence should state, “Christopher Columbus sailed from Europe in 1492 and discov- ered a new lind he thought to be India.” Therefore, you should choose answer (A), ExaMpre 1 Sample Answer e060 As the roles of people in society change, so does the rules of conduct in certain situations A B c Dd The sentence should state, “As the roles of people in society change, so do the rules of in certain situations.” Therefore, you should choose answer (B). After you read the directions, begin work on the questions 16. In warm southern carties moist north to the eastern and BOG Billie Holiday became recognized as the most innovative jazz. singer of her day and was A B c n for her vocal range 18 se livestock successfully, farmers must selecting catle for breesling and apply a dietary A B ie D -gimen 19. In the 1960s, urban sene’ projects cle for commerce and c D 20, In 1868, Sioux leaders si wed a treaty preventing whites from iraveling through the Sioux A B c territorial, D GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. »PRACTICE TOEFL 117 @2eeee0e0d 21. A number multiplied by zero is zero, and «t number 1m B lied by one is the same & 22, Muscles aids in attaching ponions of the skeleton to one another and ultimately shape the torso. A B Gi D 23. Thomas More, who fell into disfavor with the king, was a great English author, statesman, and A B c scholars D 24, ‘the first microprocessors were on in handhold calculators. A D 25. If autistic children form an attachment, it predominantly was to inanimate objects, A B D 26, the tools, skills, and methods necessary 10 produce goods. Dd 28. sstulate that Eskimos migsated from Alaska to Greenland ig two greater B Coe: for lighting and ovudets designing for household appliances, iG D 30. Troops housing in Fort Bliss, Texas, tain to operate aircraft equipment and artillery. A B cI D 31, Chark reicles in 1911, ised saner for cs Kettering patented the first success spark-bx a B c 32. During the 1700s, public concerts roliferated when composers wrote musie for the A B c audiences’ enjoying. D 33. The philosophers and artists of ancient Greece and Rome emphasized the study of human as A B c lamental to their cloxttine. D 34, Computer graphics software has infinite applications in a widely anray of file. A B ¢ D 35. The planet Mercury rotates slow than any other planet except Venus, G D GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. »178 TOEFL STRATEGIES 36. Van Cliburn he studied piano from 1951 to 1954 and won multiple awards between 1958 and, A B fe D 1960, 37. Not only comiss show a part ofa story but they also convey the compe sory A B D 38. How much information can be retained in shor-erm memory depends almost exclusively on A B ¢ how it arranged, D 39. When readers contribute funds to private libraries, these readers are used the library A B c Be. 40, ns display informations in a conspicuous way and vividly show differences and B c similarities D »>STOP< ‘This is the end of Section 2. Read the directions for Section 3, Do not read or work on any other section of the test Look at the time now before you begin work on Section 3 Use exactly 55 minutes to work on Section 3.PRACTICETOEFL1 179 Section 3 Reading Comprehension Time: 55 minutes DIRECTIONS: In this section you will read several passages. Each passage is followed by series ‘of questions. For questions 1-50, you need to select the best answer, (A), (B), (©), or (D), to each ‘question. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space contains the letter of the answer you have selected, Fill in the space completely Answer all questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage: Read the following passage: A tomahawk is a small ax used as @ tool and a weapon by the North American Indian, tibes. An average tomahawk was not very long and did not weigh a great deal. Originally, the head of the tomahawk was made of a shaped stone or an animal bone and was mounted on Line @ wooden handle, After the artival of the European settlers, the Indians began to use toma- (5) hawks with iron heads, Indian males and females of all ages used tomahawk to chop and cut ‘wood, pound stakes into the ground to put up wigwams, and do many other chores. Indian swartiors relied on tomahawks as weapons and even threw them at their enemies, Some types of tomahawks were used in religious ceremonies, Contemporary American idioms reflect this aspect of American heritage. Sample Answer eeoo ‘EXampue I Barly tomahawk heads were made of (A) stone oF bone (B) wood or sticks (© European iron (D) religious weapons According to the passage, early tomahawk heads were made of stone or bone. Therelore, the comect answer is (A), EXAMPLE IL Sample Answer How has the Indian use of romahawks affected American daily life todayy © © @ © (A) Tomahawks are still used as weapons. (B) Tomahawks are used as tools for certain jobs (©) Contemporary language refers to tomahawks, (D) Indian ibes cherish tomahawks as heitlooms, The passage states, "Contemporary American idioms reflect this aspect of American her- jtage.” The correct answer is (©. After you read the directions, begin work on the questions, GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. >180 TOEFL STRATEGIES AAAAAAAA Questions 1-12 arles Lindbergh was born in Detroit, Michigan, in 1902 but was raised on a farm in Minnesota, where his father was elected to the U.S. Congress in 1907. From then on, he spent his boyhood alternately in Washingion, D.C., Detroit, and Lite Falls, Minnesota. Line Because Lindbergh exhibited exceptional mechanical talent, in 1921 he was aelmitted to (B) the University of Wisconsin to stucly engineering. However, the young man was seeking more challenging endeavors, nd two years later he became a stunt pilot who performed, feats at county fairs and public assemblies. This unusual and off handsomely in the sense that i¢ allowed bis ingerous unclertaking paid to gain a diverse and well-rounded experi- cence in aeronautics. He particularly delighted in what he called *wing-walking” and pars (20) ebute jumping, After @ year of truining as a milituy cadet, Lindbergh completed his program at the Brooks and Kelly airfields at the top of his class and earned the rank of captain, Roberson Aircraft Corporation of St. Louis, Missouri, offered him employment as a mail pilot 10 run the routes between St, Louis and Chicago, and Lindbergh retained his position with the (45) company until 1927. During this period, he set out to win the Raymond B, Orteig prize of $25,000 to be awarded to the first pilot 10 fly nonstop from New York to Paris. This ambi- tion would irreversibly change his life and accord him a prominent place in the history of aviation, Embarking on the greatest adventure of his time, Lindbengh left Roosevelt Feld at 752, (20) Ass. on May 20, 1927, and landed at Le Bourget Field at 5:24 at, the next day. Fearing that he would he unknown when he arrived, Lindbergh ca ied leuers of introduction © cligni taries in Paris, but when his plane came to a stop, he was overwhelmed by tremendous wel coming crowds. He was decorated in France, Great Britain, and Belgium, snc! President Coolidge sent specially designated cmiser, the Memphis, to ring him back, His accom (25) plishments in aeronautics brought him more medals and awards than hae ever been re ceived by any other person in private life 1, Which of the following is the best title 3. In line 7, the word “assemblies! is closest for the passage? in meaning to (ADA Benchmark Adventure in (A) hearings Acronauties| (By houses, (B) The Early Life of Charles Lindbergh (©) gatherings (©) Groundbreaking Events in Aviation ()shows (D)Charles Lindbergh's Explorations 4, In line 7 the word “unde aking” refers to 2. According t0 the passage, Lindbergh did (A) stodying at the university not complete his degree because he eae Hf (B) exhibiting mechanical talent (A) opted for the life of an exhibition (© seeking challenging endeavors pilot (D)performing feats (B) pursed training in the military (©) was seeking a sedentary life-style (D)set out to win recognition GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. »PRACTICE TOEFL1 181 AAAAAAAA 5. In line 8, the word “handsomely” is closest in meaning to (&) honorably, (By handily © well (Din time 6. Ic can be inferred from the passage that as.a military cadet, Lindbergh (A) was in top form (B) cared a good salary (© was the best among students (D)twained with the best students ‘The author of the passage implies that Lindbergh's job with Robertson Aircraft Corporation (A) required regular intercity Hight (B) was not intended as long-term employment (© required him to perform dangerous fights (D)necessitated his running long, distances 8. In line 17, the word “irreversibly” is closest in meaning to A forever (B) formerly (© irresistibly (honly 9. Acconding to the passage, how old was Lindbergh when he carried out his challenging flight? (A) Twenty-one (B) Twenty-three (© Twenty-four (Dy Twenty-five 10, The author of the passage implies that Lindbergh «lid not anticipate becoming a (A) pilot (B) celebrity (CO mail caries (army captain 11. It ean be inferred from the passage that in the early 1920s it was NOT common for young people to (A) study engineering (B) train as officers (© go on exhibition tours (Dybe elected (0 an office 12. A paragraph following the passage would most probably discuss (A) the development of commercial and military aviation (B) the reaction of the government to indbergh's flight (CO the effect of instant celebrity on Lindbergh (D)Lindbergh’s aircraft and engine modifications GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. »182 TOEFL STRATEGIES AAAAAAAA Questions 13-21 Lithography is a planographie process hat perlonms a significant function in illastation and offset printing. It is hase! on the principe that water does not combine with grease- based substances, preventing them from smearing an outline on aan unpolished surface. The Zine contous does not need 10 be engraved into the plate, asin the case of gravure printing, oF (5) nsec! above the surfice, as in the letterpress process. These laborious operations ensure that only the design to be printed catches snd retains the ink transfered to the pape. In lithography, the anist claws on a leveled, grainy plate made of limestone, zine, alumi ‘num, oF specially treated paper with a grease pencil, a crayon, or tusche, greasy liquid. AF ter sketching the contour on the plate, the artist coats both the drawn and the undawn pot (20) tions of the plate with an inking roller dipped in a solution of ntsc acid andl gum arbi “The gum arabic envelops the greased surfaces ancl prevents ink from penetrating into the seaseless areas. The anist dampens the surface with water, which is repelled by the greased areas, Then the surface is covered with thick, oly ink and pressed onto paper. The sheet picks up the ink from the design while the damp stone around the pattem keeps the ink (15) feo spreading, In offset lithography, shiny sheets of zine and aluminum are used instead of the heavy, har-to-handle stone plates. The meta plates are scoured by emery dus and marble chips 10 sive them a grained finish. The subjects to be printed are lid clown photographically, acl rotary presses automatically moisten, ink, andl print hundreds of impressions per hour, 13. What does the passage mainly discuss? 16, In line 7, the word “leveled” is closest in. (A) Commercial printing of ma eee produced lithographs (A) elevated (B) Steps in a technique for making (B) low impressions © flawed The equipment necessary for offset (Dpflatened lithographs (D) The evolution of lithograph printing 17. In fine 11, the word “envelops’ is closest o rouary presses in meaning to (A) sends 14. According to the passage, lithographic B)soils (A anists can draw on at, greasless Mpevis Bally substances do not mix with 18,1 cam be inferred from the passage that vvater in making lthographic prints, the paper (©) gravure erching is work- and tme- (A) absorbs the ink from the printing plate (B) spreads the ink on the greased areas (© shrinks away from the printing stone (D)keeps the oil from sliding off ()limestone, zinc, and aluminum can be used as planes 15, In line 4, the word “contour” is closest in meaning to GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. » (Ad contrast (B) content © outline DredgePRACTICE TOEFL 1 183, AAAAAAAA 19, Where in the passage does the author point out the advantages of lithography over other types of printing? (A) Lines 1-2 (B) Lines 3-5 (Lines 7-8 (DLines 16-18 20. A paragraph following the passage would most probably dliscuss (9 photosynthe lithographs. (B) the offset printing of billboard is in commercial «© printing (Dotypes of unique lithographs printed in rare books technological advancements in offset 21. In line 19, the word “impressions” is closest in meaning to (A) originals (B) reproductions (©) photographs (Dyplates GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. >184 TOEFL STRATEGIES AAAAAAAA Questions 22-32 Although a few protozoans are multicellar, the simplest are unicelfular organisms, such as amoebas, bacteria, sarcodina, ciliates, flagellates, ane sporozoans, which can be amorphous in shape and! smaller than .001 inch. Cytoplasm fils the cell membrane that en- ine closes it and! functions as a barier between cells. The membrane serves as the outer tissue, (©) and any compound that may destroy the cell has 10 penetrate it to seach the cytoplasm. Some types of onganisms are termed colonial because they represent loose groups of structurally similar and unifunctional cells. Colonial onganisms maintain a symbiotic relationship within their particular environments, Unlike colonial onganisms, almost all species of animals and plants are multicellular and (10) include various types of specialized or somatic cells, each with is own mucleus, genetic code, and RNA. The overall size of a muiicelular boxly is contingent on the total number of cells that comprise it, not the size of individual cells. The simplest multicellular animals are hy- ras, sponges, and jellyfish, which have well-defined tissues, a cellular nu ment of cell functions. Sponges have a few specialized cells but largely resemble colonial or- (15) ganisms that can readily form a new individual group. Ifthe cells of a sponge are separated, they rejoin and continue as a newly formed colonial organism, 22, How many cells do the simplest 26. In line 6, the word “loosely” is closest in onganisms contain? meaning to, (9) One (A) lively (B) One hundred (B) naturally (© Many (O freely (D)An unknown number (Dyfeebly 23. In line 4, the phrase “outer tissue’ is 27. In line 8, the word “symbiotic” is closest closest in meaning to in meaning to (A) outside force (A) mutually dependent (B) outlying area (B) mutually exclusive (©) shell (©) mutually hostile (eel (D) mutually resistant 24. In line 5, the word “ie” refers to 28, The author of the passage implies that pera lagge animals and plants have (B) any compound (A) larger cell sizes than amoebas and. (© the membrane protozoans (Dythe cytoplasm (B) larger quantities of protoplasm than ‘smaller life-forms 25. It can be inferred from the passage that a (© stronger cellular membranes than cell serves as Aagellates (D)a greater number of cells than smaller (A) partition of organism functions Feeeh (B) the smallest colonial group (©)the smallest genetic unit (D)a flagellate reproductive organ GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. ©PRACTICETOEFL 1 185 AAAAAAAA P refers to 29. In line 10, the word “ea animals (B) species (cells, (D)plants 30 According to the passage, spong jellyfish are (A the simplest one-cell organisms (B) the simplest multicellular animals (tissues and cellular nuclei (D) cellular and colonial organisms 3 The author mentions all of EXCEPT (A) procteative mechanisms (B) colonial organisms (©) cell contents (D) specialized cells This passage would most likely be found in a textbook on which of the following subject? (Genetics (B) Anatomy >) Biology (pBiochemistry GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. 4186 TOEFL STRATEGIES AAAAAAAA Questions 42, ‘When parchment, which was extraordinarily costly, was replaced by papyrus it became feasible t establish libraries. At the onset, they began chives for record keeping ancl document storage, According fo second-hand reports, the most renowned papyrus library Time was the Alexandrian, founded by Alexander the Great around 330 B.. in Alexandria, Egypt (5) Bis successons as rulers of Egypt, Ptolemy and Ptolemy Il, expanded the library into the greatest collection of scrolls in the ancient world, To aequire this collection, the rulers bor- rowed scrolls ancl manuscripts from libraries in Athens, Rome, and other localities and or dered them duplicated. At times, the livery employed more than 100 sesibes and illus tors. Some historians claim that the Alesandrian bby purchased entine lesser libraries to (10) conttibure to and enhance the quality of its possessions, ‘The library owned! a copy of every contemporary scroll known 10 the library's acministea tors and contained more than 400,000 items, all of which were classified ane! onganized. The contents of the papyrus rolls were edited, and « bibliography of Greek literature was com piled and cross-referenced, reflecting the emergence and dissemination of a highly devet- oped Greek culture. Over time, su Jon of leading scholars directed this library, which ‘was acclaimed! for the scholarly undertakings it supported as well as for the size ofits collee- tion, At one time, 72 scholars were engaged to translate religious testaments, historical an- nals, and mercantile accounts. Although the library flourished, it was accessible «o only a minority of the population because in ancient times the vast majority of urban dwellers were 207 illiterate, Because papyrus was extremely perishable, not a trace of the Alexandrian ibrary remains today, andl archaeologists have several hypotheses as to what became of it 33, What does the passage mainly discuss? 36. The author of the passage implies that (A) The use of papyrus in ancient scroll the rulers of Egypt collections (A oversaw the expansion of the library (B) The origin and history of @ library directly (© The cultural initiatives of Alexander (8) devored Funds and other resources t© the Great the library collections (D) The expansion of libraries in ancient (© sought to make the brary self times contained (Dy marshaled wordwide suppor for the 34. In line 2, the word “feasible” is closest in library collections meaning (© 37. According to the passage, the main goal (A) practicable i of the library in Alexandria was. easy (©) prestigious (A) collecting scrolls loaned by other (Dpebullient libraries (B) gradually replacing papyrus with, 35. It can be inferred from the passage that parchment reports of the Alexandrian library (© translating scrolls in ancient Egypt and Greece (Dyaccumulating (A) were highly exaggerated (B) could not be verified Cee originals of texts (© were secondary in impor (D)could not be made known GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. »PRACTICE TOEFL1 187 AAAAAAAA 38, 39. In the second paragraph, the author implies that (A) parchment was more durable than books (B) libraries were necessary to conduct research (CO the library collection cannot he examined (DDthe library was historically relevant With which of the following stat about Greek literature is the author of the passage most likely «0 agree? (A) It was nurtured in libraries in Athens cl Rome, (B) It was integral t0 Greek culture. (© Ie was compiled and cross-referenced in the library (D)It was beginning to emerge when the library was expanded. In line 15, the word “succession” is closest in meaning to (A) series (B) success (© sundry (D) substitution aL 1 can he inferred from the passage that in ancient times (A) books and scrolls were updated regularly (B) libraries benefited upper social classes (©) maintaining collections was fruitless (D)the population should have been, educated In the last sentence, the phrise “aot a trace" most probably means (A) absolutely no one B) absolutely nothin (© not a penny (D)a0t a soul GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. »188 TOEFL STRATEGIES. AAAAAAAA Questions 43-50 Acconling to data obtained from radioactive dating, the oldest rocks founel on earth are approximately 500 milion to 4 billion years old. Similar ages have been determined for me: teostes and the rocks gathered from the moon's surface. Different methods of arriving atthe Line cank’s age generate very similar results. Modern theories about the formation, develop- (5) meat, apd eventual burning out of stars suggest that the sun is about 5 billion years old, Ex pests contend thatthe earth and the sun were formed at almost the same time from a loud of ‘dust and gas resuking from a cosmic explosion, The present rate of expansion ofthe galaxies can be extrapolated to suggest that, ifthe universe began with a “big bang” about 15 billion years ago, an age of 5 billn years for both the earth and the sun can be considered plausible GO) Tong before radioactive dating was implemented, mythology and oral narratives alluded! to a conjecture that the earth was neatly 6,000 years old. The methods of computation basexl 6on the analysis of genealogical wees in scant archaeological findings provide evidence that can be dificult 10 date accuritely. Today, radioactive dating of particles and whole objects hus rejected this figure of the earth's age as unreliable. 43. What does the passage mainly discuss? (A) Dating techniques in research (B) Modern theories and radioactive dating (©) Research and narratives about the earth's formation (DyEstablishing the earth's age 44, It can be inferred from the passage that radioactive dating is important for estimating the age of (all known meteors (B)all existing planets (©) the earth, (Dythe trees, 45. In line 5, the word *eventu: in meaning to is closest ©) ulimate (B) eventful ©uter (Dyendusing 46. According to the passage, the moon is (A) older than the earth and the sun (B) newer than the earth and the sun © approximately the same age as the earth and the sun (approximately the same density as the earth and sun. 47. The author of the passage implies that (A the earth and the sun are of similar origin (B) the earth and the sun can be explosive (©) meteorites and the moon have been analyzed (D)the galaxies are expanding at a substantial rate 48, With which of the following statements would the author be most likely to agree? (2) The moon and the sun are 15 billion years old (B)’The moon can be viewed as meteorite (©)"The formation of galaxies is an om- going process (Dy The earth can be dated as far back as 6,000 years GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. »PRACTICE TOEFL 1 189, AAAAAAAA 49. In line 9, the word “plausible” is closest 50, What conclusion does the author of the in meaning to passage make? (A) reasonable (A) Radioactive dating is refuted by (B) rational researchers (© relative (B) Radioactive dating is more accurate (D)relational than other methods. (© The earth is a part of a galaxy that includes many moons. (D) The sun's radioactivity is scant and can be negligible