11/10/2018

• Jin Jin Math Statistics Video (4:55)

Mathematics as a Tool
Data Management 01
(Introduction)

In 2015, there was an estimated

2.4 million OFWs

“In statistics, you try to analyze things by making

use of … a trend.”

“We often draw conclusions about a whole

phenomena on the basis of small data.”

https://psa.gov.ph/content/2015-survey-overseas-filipinos-0

https://psa.gov.ph/content/2015-survey-overseas-filipinos-0 https://psa.gov.ph/content/2015-survey-overseas-filipinos-0
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Study Development Reporting and Presentation

Data Gathering DATA ORGANIZATION of Findings
https://psa.gov.ph/content/2015-survey-overseas-filipinos-0

Descriptive Statistics Inferential Statistics

• Involves collecting, • Involves interpreting, Mathematics as a Tool

organizing, summarizing, generalizing, or drawing
or presenting data conclusions from data Data Management 02
collected from a collected from a (Frequency Distribution and Graphs)
population in a population
meaningful way

Population % Growth Rate of 50 Philippine Cities/Municipalities (Year 2000 to 2010)

Array – data set arranged according to magnitude, either in increasing or

Data set – a group of observations decreasing order
Raw data – data set in its original form
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14

Frequency distribution table – A table that summarizes

the values of a data set according to their frequencies Histogram
Class Boundaries
Class or Class (decimal place one
more than class limits)

Number of Philippine
Cities/Municipalities
Interval

Class LCB UCB Frequency

-4 to 5 -4.5 5.5 5
6 to 15 5.5 15.5 14
16 to 25 15.5 25.5 19
c c
26 to 35 25.5 35.5 7
36 to 45 35.5 45.5 3 Growth Rate (%)
46 to 55 45.5 55.5 2 10-Year Population Growth Rate of 50 Philippine Cities/Municipalities (Year 2000 to 2010)
Class Limits Class frequencies

Class width – Difference between the lower class limits of two successive classes.

Constructing a Frequency Distribution*

*one convention

1. Determine the number of classes. 3. Select the class limits.

• There are many ways to decide on the “suitable” number. • the lowest data value or a convenient value slightly less than the lowest data
• One way: “2 to the k” rule value
# of classes, k = the smallest integer k such that
2k > n (n = # of observations)
4. Count the number of observations occurring in each class.
2. Determine the class width. • Convention to follow: if a data value falls on the boundary of an interval, it
will be counted in the interval where it is its lower boundary.
• The class width should be uniform for all classes
class width = round up of H – L_
k H = highest data value
L = lowest data value

Possible Answer to Seatwork EXERCISE

Number of Hours Students Spend Studying Mathematics in a Week

Suppose that the number of observations (n) for a given data set, as
well as the highest (H) and lowest (L) data value are given as below. Use
Class LCB UCB Frequency the conventions described in this section and recommend the number
1 to 3 0.5 3.5 6 of classes, class width, and first class interval of a suitable frequency
4 to 6 3.5 6.5 12 distribution table for the data set.
7 to 9 6.5 9.5 9 1. n = 100 H = 3.1 L = 1.0
10 to 12 9.5 12.5 2 2. n = 64 H = 479 L = 242
13 to 15 12.5 15.5 1 3. n = 3032 H = 34 L=4
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Constructing a Histogram Possible Answer to Seatwork

IMPORTANT:
1. Intervals and tick marks are
• Horizontal axis – classes with the class evenly spaced.
boundaries displayed 2. Histogram is properly labelled.
3. Data not left out.
• Vertical axis – frequencies

• Width of rectangles – class width Some Histogram Uses

• Height of rectangles – correspond to associated • For displaying continuous
data
frequencies • Provides a representation
of the data’s distribution
• Summarizes large data
• Label the axes and the graph. Number of Hours Students Spend Studying Mathematics in a Week sets

Some Other Charts and Graphs Line Graph

• Line Graph Some Uses
• For displaying
• Bar Graph data that changes
• Pie Chart continuously
• Scatter Plot • For showing
trends
• Bubble Chart
• For predictions
• Box Plot • Can compare 2 or
• Pictograph more situations
• Dot Plot or variables

http://intellspot.com/types-graphs-charts/

Bar Chart* Pie Chart

*can be horizontal or vertical
Some Uses Some Uses
• Can compare • For displaying
data among division of a
different whole into parts
categories • Best to have 3 – 7
• Can show large categories
data changes
over time

http://intellspot.com/types-graphs-charts/ http://intellspot.com/types-graphs-charts/
 11/10/2018

Scatter Plot Bubble Chart

Some Uses Some Uses
• Exploring • Display three or
relationships four dimensions
between two of data.
variables

http://intellspot.com/types-graphs-charts/ Cost (X-Axis), Profit (Y-Axis), and

https://blog.hubspot.com/marketing/types-of-graphs-for-data-visualization Probability of Success (%) (Bubble Size). http://intellspot.com/types-graphs-charts/

Box Plot
Uses
• Displays the
distribution of
the data
• Can compare
data from
different
categories

Test Scores in Math and Literature for a Certain Class

https://www.gapminder.org/tools/#$chart-type=bubbles http://intellspot.com/types-graphs-charts/

Pictographs Dot Plot

Uses Uses
• Displaying data in • Plotting
more powerful or frequencies for
creative ways small number of
categories

http://intellspot.com/types-graphs-charts/ http://intellspot.com/types-graphs-charts/
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Some Misleading Graphs

There are three kinds of lies:

lies, damned lies, and statistics.

- attributed to Benjamin Disraeli,

popularized by Mark Twain

http://www.statisticshowto.com/misleading-graphs/

Some Misleading Graphs Some Misleading Graphs

Note:
• There are 50 M Wii owners. ~ 6%
• There are 30 M Xbox 360 owners. ~ 11%
• There are 20 M PS3 owners. ~ 10%
http://www.statisticshowto.com/misleading-graphs/ http://www.statisticshowto.com/misleading-graphs/

Some Misleading Graphs Some Misleading Graphs

https://venngage.com/blog/misleading-graphs/ https://venngage.com/blog/misleading-graphs/
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Some Misleading Graphs Some Misleading Graphs

http://www.statisticshowto.com/misleading-graphs/ https://twitter.com/ObamaWhiteHouse/status/67718925683460 9152

Some things to look out for in visual displays

• Title and labels
• Is there an appropriate title? And are there labels that provide explanation?
• Scale
• Does the scale start with zero?
• Design and cosmetic effects
• Does the design serve to distort?
• Intervals
• Are numbers equally spaced?
• Proportion
• Are the objects used properly proportioned?
• Data source
• Are data sources cited? Is data presented complete? Is the source reliable and objective?