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Abstract − The description of collecting and processing system levels of organizational structure of electric power industry: in
of unavailability data of generating units of 120÷500 MW, power plants, in power dispatching areas, and in the
maintained in Energy Market Agency (ARE SA) is given in the Informatics Center of Power Industry, acting on behalf of the
paper. This system concerns 112 units with total capacity of Community of Power Industry and Brown (Lignite) Coal.
about 2/3 of Polish power system’s generation capacity. The
This system, for all power plants, operated only one year,
definitions of calculated indices are given as well as comparison
until the time of electric power industry disintegration. Part of
with used by NERC (North American Electric Reliability
Council) in GADS (Generating Availability Data System). Also the system, for large generating units, is still operating. For the
the values of reliability and performance indices of Polish “price” of data and financial support for database, power
generating units from the last years are given and compared with plants obtain in chosen cycles: cumulative statements, all
American generating units’ data. other information from the huge set, and each new edition of
Index Terms − Electric power system reliability, generating system software.
unit outage statistics, reliability and performance indices. Blackout, which took place in 1965 in north-eastern part of
the United States and in Canada, deprived of electricity of
I. INTRODUCTION about 30 million people. In consequence of that the North
T HE electric power system (EPS), and particularly the American Electric Reliability Council (NERC) was created.
generation subsystem, is the technical system in which Liberalization and deregulation of power electric sector have
there is no practical possibility to obtain the reliability data carried menace of electric energy supply. The Californian
with the use of accelerated laboratory studies. Only the lesson of the years 2000/2001 and the last blackouts in the US,
process of operation of the equipment gives the information in UK, in Italy, have confirmed great importance of electric
on the events having the influence on reliability of electricity power system reliability.
generation and its supply to the customers. This information The North American Electric Reliability Council maintains
must be then analyzed mathematically to determine the the Generating Availability Data System (GADS) on behalf of
fundamental reliability indices and their distributions, taking all US utilities and participating Canadian NERC members.
into consideration some rational circumstances [8]. Participation in NERC GADS is voluntary, and GADS
The investigation of unreliability of electric power devices participants represent about 90% of the installed capacity in
has a very rich tradition. The reliability of large generating North America [3]-[4], [6].
units (≥ 120 MW) always had, and still has, a great Elaborated by NERC instruction provides an outline of
importance for work of national electric power system [7-8]. procedures and format for submitting information for the
An attempt to implement the system for collecting and GADS needs. Those are targeted to enable consistent
processing data concerning failures (called SENE) in the reporting of the generating unit design information, outage
power plants was undertaken in late 1970s. But power plants and derating descriptions, and selected overall unit
have consequently rejected this system because of the great performance information. All reporting requirements and
number of data introduced into it. The second reason for definitions are based on ANSI/IEEE Standard 762
power plants unwilling was then computer hardware. "Definitions for Reporting Electrical Generating Unit
Establishing in the year 1987 of „Instruction of the Reliability, Availability and Productivity".
Examination of Disturbances in Electric Power Plants and Data acquisition using present GADS reporting format
Electric Power Networks” [1] has created the base for began in 1982, replacing procedures used since the early
elaborating the new computer system, called 1960s. The GADS reporting format provides means for
“UNRELIABILITY” - different for power networks, and describing the type and cause of outage and derating events on
different for power plants. both the generating unit as a whole and the component(s) that
The system for examination of failures and outages in failed. This may be further amplified by a written description
power plants was introduced from 1st January 1989, on three of the type and mode of failure, cause of immediate failure
and any contributing factors and corrective actions taken.
Performance reporting includes information on generating unit
J. Paska (D.Sc., Ph.D., MEE) is with Warsaw University of Technology, ratings, energy generated, unit loading characteristics and a
Institute of Electric Power Engineering, Warsaw, POLAND (e-mail: description of fuels consumed. All participants receive annual
Jozef.Paska@ien.pw.edu.pl).
300
TABLE I
RELIABILITY AND PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS 250
OF GENERATING UNITS IN THE YEARS 2000-2002 200
Indices
Group of units 150
AF FOF FOR GCF GOF SOF SF ART
% h 100
Brown (lignite) coal - condenser units (35 units)
50
82.4 2.1 2.9 64.4 91.8 15.5 71.0 281.0
120 MW (7 units) 90.0 1.3 1.8 63.3 90.6 8.7 69.8 240.4 0
auxiliaries
auxiliaries
Heating
Substation
Boiler
devices
Turbine
Generator
devices
Control
200 MW (16 units) 76.1 3.1 4.4 55.0 89.7 20.8 67.2 276.6
Turbine
devices
Boiler
360 MW (12 units) 86.3 1.3 1.7 71.6 93.3 12.4 76.7 315.2
Heating oil - condenser units
200 MW (2 units) 3.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 96.9 0.0 0.0
Hard coal - condenser units (67 units)
Fig. 2. Participation of specified main generating unit’s devices in overall
87.3 1.1 1.8 46.2 76.6 11.6 59.3 219.4
number of forced outages in the year 2002.
120 MW (16 units) 82.4 1.5 2.5 47.2 79.7 16.1 59.7 279.3
200 MW (45 units) 90.3 1.0 1.6 46.3 74.7 8.7 59.5 204.2
360 MW (4 units) 90.3 0.3 0.4 46.3 74.7 9.5 70.2 217.8 There is also the possibility to analyze what or who was
500 MW (2 units) 73.8 1.4 4.3 22.9 73.3 24.8 30.9 80.9 responsible for failures leading to generating units outages. In
Hard coal – co-generation units (8 units - about 120 MW each) “UNRELIABILITY” system the following “failure causes”
80.5 2.0 3.0 49.1 78.4 17.5 64.2 337.0
are differentiated: non proper exploitation, bad quality of
TOGETHER CONDENSING AND CHP UNITS (112)
84.3 1.4 2.2 51.9 82.7 14.3 61.9 238.1 devices or works, disaster effects, material deteriorating, non
120 MW (32 units) 84.1 1.5 2.3 50.9 82.5 14.4 62.0 268.2 personnel persons, different persons, fuel, disturbances
200 MW (63 units) 84.9 1.5 2.4 47.1 78.5 13.6 59.5 220.7 without failures.
360 MW (16 units) 87.3 1.0 1.4 68.7 90.9 11.6 75.1 285.4 Their participation in overall number of forced outages of
500 MW (2 units) 73.8 1.4 4.3 22.9 73.3 24.8 30.9 80.9
Polish generating units in the year 2002 is shown in Fig. 3.
It follows from Table I that the lowest forced outage rate Disturbances Non proper Bad quality
(FOR) in analyzed period had the generating units of 360 without failures exploitation
5%
of devices
12% 12% Disaster effects
MW, while the highest - units of the capacity 200 MW Fuel
1%
1%
working on brown coal and two units of 500 MW (hard coal
fired). The highest availability (AF) reach the modern units of
360 MW, while the lowest - 200 MW units working on brown
coal and 500 MW units, from the beginning causing large
operational difficulties.
The generating unit is a complex set of cooperating
components. The assumption in the reliability analysis of Material
Different persons Non personnel
single smallest components of the unit would direct to so 37% persons
deteriorating
30%
complex structures that their solution would be extremely 2%
15
in the system.
10 • Only “point” indices are calculated, but it seems there is a
need for empirical distributions of the duration of
5 particular unit exploitation states and its elements,
technological nodes and subsystems [8]. The range of the
0
“point” indices could also be wider (for example during
FOF FOR SOF
the works on the system bid market – calculation of LOLP
US 100-199 MW PL 120 MW US 200-299 MW PL 200 MW for the individual offer price – came out the demand for
US 300-399 MW PL 360 MW US 400-599 MW PL 500 MW
the probability of unsuccessful start of a generating unit -
SR) [8].
Fig. 6. Comparison of FOF, FOR and SOF indices of domestic and American There is no doubt the further functioning of the
power units. “UNRELIABILITY” system is desired – but the questions
whether there are not any threatens for the system in its actual
V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS state and whether there is a chance for its development are still
In the current situation of the power sector in Poland, open. Is there a possibility of creation of analogical, better
besides the official public statistics (GUS – Main Statistic system of reliability data acquisition and processing of
Office) practically do not exist voluntary, central systems of network components?
acquisition and transformation of the technical and economic A good deal of expectancy to expand the functions of
data. The exception of this is, kept in the Agency of Energy existing “UNRELIABILITY” system, in that: taking into
Market, acquisition and transformation data system about account equipment not covered by the system until now,
failures of the power units 120-500 MW. The system controls taking into account the drop (derating) of aggregates
112 power units with the capacity composing 2/3 of the total capability (forced and planned), caused that there are trials to
installed power, which may be produced in the domestic establish in Poland the Council for Reliability and Security of
power system. Electric Power System, similarly like it is in the USA. After
Analyses of the statistics of domestic generating units acceptance of the Council it will be possible not only to
unreliability show that in the years 1992-2002 the reliability develop the system of power plants monitoring, but also to
indices rose systematically in power plants with units of rebuild existing in the past monitoring system of electric
installed capacity between 120 and 500 MW. The lowest power networks reliability [11].
forced outage rate (FOR) in the period of three years (2000-
2002) had units of 360 MW, but the highest the units of 200 REFERENCES
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