a SIEGEL, BIRUCIURES, (S41 movks) 1. MATERIALS & SPECIFICATIONS OF Steet —> Advantages of Structural heel vs Concrete cb Dhgrem enema the Jon ro20 wnvrete, Fek = 20 POP Jor wild steel, % = 250 PP th of tleal are equally good. > Bevo Comproniie, & tensile throng! Buk for comuneke, tarsile, forangth u appnose, Ath corepruive den, cy Mone ecomormtcal her akrer to weight notes for steel co ‘to eonrete, Fall ballast, lege span buildings, beidgn ots one Chaser corsbruiced ith abruckural steal: Ropid Comstruchion + Enackor ob dhruckure com be corrploked quickly modikeatton iy aw Coos napan tot wy Buckle, material ation > 15h > Ductile matorial sh — 15% > griownediake. materials 25% Brittle mectonial, Jor leet, eloygation 7 2ole. dhows Tyne of poilune. ~o elong:(wi 100% senop value (neusoge value) | Grishin theel members com be dismantled amd reused {nr another application sith 100%. throngth wi) Overall comabruckion cock Lomer, Cost of mrotertal, unk of man power, cat of, maintenane, dmanttin Cae ete one dheapnr. (Wii) Aigh quality & nelialili’ 4 4 8 Badety norms ‘Working gbnews method Fos ( fr connrete = NT-1e for steel? Lomit teacke Dexyn Partial safety ack or, C= 1S Yor concreta. = leis fer steel ) Buen volur of FOS, PSF for reel one become Weg facona, produck 3 quality control 4% proper amd uncrtainitios ane Len % Conraion and ‘pronenes to cotth fine ene the tuo Aisacworst agae of sheel toreponed, to tonereke Jg make them comesve od re, Maithet J an ejimave prot: Bulpror 4 va Ve Phosphono us. eee % Ft Bicon [> Saat, Osan) come Mangan eve (01-01. 1% w) By wosight ) Nicktet Chromium, | xe Nickel @ Chromiun content * mere Iw HKoinleos eel giving tt ambi— connorive propertiesOo O coo0o0o00o00 8 O° ecooo0q0000e0cco COC : 1 —> Moedhanical ‘nopentics Impanted by Conbon. ® Gy Yield Shrerygth ib UUbimerte, Fertile strength (iy Ponders Gn Prrck Ly oo Be Jougrnen Conbon wsnterb + 0:28 > 4j= 250 boa. 027% ——> = 350 MR. => Clamifjeation of Bezel (bored om Conoon, Content) g) Lous Ganbun steel oe Medium Conbor gked.— 0:25 to 06% i High Convor steel — 0-6 to Ih Rec condnuckions as reinbetemertt tow, — 04 40 0.25% Mad teal used ve (Fe a50, 025%) Fkruckunah teel Feebton ured. tn steel busting construtcon,J Carbon. high terale har a Reale, Bynes, Wah te le, te-ls, warnas att, —9 Medium Covbor Feome "Nagorney dole s drills» pundreo ote, —> High Carbon Ae canbow wmtent T, jeld strength (FY ) High Carbon Stoel L,Uirnabe tensile Btaensth (Fu) 4 Yordrre of, steel. Carbon Geel Buctilily i V Sous hnens @ Ducky & toughns ore voy irporctecst er ainuckunal thael aby to dymarnhe A impact loads .~> Genenal Classification : w ‘Resnoncing Boels.:— used a4 roinforcemrent in Roe constructions Fe 250, Fe 415, Fe 500 otc Steel. KX © yield strength (Pa) Gi Stnuckunal Steels. - ured. ow steel building, and bide corstrau tions Fe 410, Fe S40, Fe S70 ere. a4 fea Uteimate tensile Strength (oP) Jor wild akeal , fy = 250 roa, fu=4i5 MPa, > Codes & Standands Failures of old constructions : Ponlyrrearca. oly cocuaking, bulaarss boa, fr Rescandrer wr various publications CODE Yormrutotion 1956 — 1962 (1S*) Code. of pnacitee fn @ Is soot eq (ard) wis P use of snuctural steel, 200% (3™4) Lsp in ger buains, construct e 81S: i Is 1987 (ive porte) + code off pnackixe pe design. loods or buildings ia shuckun oS @ is Yond Book Noi — sayweight [nonin robe, (Steel Faber) e/g wun. enadius of agen 4) Jocteon vroduluaOooo S808 89S ccogooqo$sd > Rolled Reel Yections oe @ Reted steal I-aacktong 0% I beame Gy RoUed steel. Charmel tection : CG: Corina o Gio Robe abesl See zecttoms or T-bams : “geaey ww Palled steel amgle rection SC: Shean centre. ( y Coriine of Tlerew w Sndian hamdond tube sections , Flange wo Poled Steel bars: Gon ae wiv Role stool plates keweb Accis) qWiiyRoVed sree Theets — (wo Rolled, sheet (late \ ‘ 10. wo Robed steel Fevipe ate. a Cathet, ‘fuiet: Y Grinimice > Major Principal Ade 9 T-section on I-beawns” EZ-Z awe Moeaent of mention wore 22 oncis wu anone. (venday asus) Tez = Yar Y z % Wher only dnamverse loads acte ec ona rachorypeslon Learn , bending wi be 7 abouk 2% owise t Tez should be more. For thins cop th Py beam UU inceonads gh lateral loada aheo oo on the beam, Une wil be loending, about gry awa o# well Sn tha cana, wlth of beam ta also neneened, x An Teseckon ray be chatignedtel, ob: ISLB SOO @ 735-6 N/m (w75 kg/m) XN Depth of I- ~aectiort = 500 mm Bending Sess Shane stress * ee ae ahow will be Fla Ges + yp ned uy web. AWeight por nurmng mekre—*ive Fypes of I-sections: @ IsTB Gndion @ IsLBo — frdion Gy 10g = Srdian misweB — Indian m ISHB (Mare. clepth = 600 Poandand Gunion Bears Bandend. Kirt weight Beams Bavdond. Medina ‘Wight Beara Fandond Wide mn) % Special I-teckion : Asse (Mase. depth i * —) % ISLE & TSMR one ured aa Hoon bears u 3 250 mm) Flange Beara — Fndiom Bhan dand. Teams beams Beams 1 Indion Srandand Column Pacltom <——trlley | Gab) co » Crome ——> |_| sey Lara loeols ack on it y | |e Gerder ( Se tuctabn apr i Ploke — oh “aol Ty crswa) > Ty ciste/ismoefisug) “steal column. Sree a, oe oy To incase. Ty, dordimes channel rections are also fo the flomgas Taz oh channel 4 tockion WM add 40 the Ty of I teckton. © Hw TsHe sured for” columns ih prone comparetl a counterpart Creal ood onreing capactiy » Por = 2 Ter _ Beckionoh anaa & Aadins of ggnctom Yr. [SHR ore Ey 2 TE AY 7% —3 Po = TER . aren v2 k og e a ()* ~ o 2 of) 2. (Pe)o2 = TEA oO (Ge), = TEA 7 ° Uvex) (Crag) 9 vez = (1 Payee r; a ane {= ‘ay a => rez > Yuy. ° (Per)er > Per) ay, oO oO Colurne one danignak $7 Cody, omd failure wilh be ao o yay asds, Uowover, golid Eroular seckrons or hollows Garcon 9° ockions ane mask ekbident column tecktons, So ISHe ase 1 : in, older cio. ° La Son the large, tires = _P * bxb oO ma don the webs str = _?P oth we) Nd Aa be > tw, abu cone, Occurs in and 2, useb crippling flare may onan. increoted im filets to awoicl errs concentration bd 5 Lecogcooqooooogoooood—> Charmel on C¢ — Sections @ A channel rection may be letignaded a4 & ISLC 350 @ 320.6 Nim = 1 Gag J RR L_| Dopth of channel = $50 mew Weight por Munring _mabne Yewinon =" S806 Nin & 99.8 ke «Taz a < Gee deseaton 1. channel szetiona ane usc light loadings lke H Gina) x ( a (H+ Weose) cause moment about major aaa (Z- wsine cause moment about miner aa (yy) Untela , roof punlins a channd tedtons used for Yates Loads ax th more cconorrcah thar 1=tecktort He -Charmel Aectrory One akic ured as Buitt-up Column teatro _ L i Face pee foce, back —to- back x Dypes of Channel Sections. _ Gndian Standord Juvisr Channela @ iste gy IsLe — Indien omdard Light Cae Gy 1st Medinrwr wt: dhamel with sloping He dy Isroce Medium wt. channel coith parallel w Tsec, Gate. Channels& SC & & point Hrough cddL Aaubboret -tramolpr shear load. muse ack: th the i, to be no tusisting on tonston (section ie ralgeckeol 4o Bm only) «44 given monbor ae Tras acts of, gyromebyy alooik uth the. principal area, $6 & comciclamt with co ofa x or memba. G4 gre seca te tymmotnie obouk one Br, Sc will be wings on asda of Came: open section lepen seatons Gh Wood act ak a porn difhorerst fnorm Sc, vowkaling momerk occurs: \ w Sher soos, q = Ib h Shoon flow, Q= qb = vay w # I { H h sc. @ vara u M=we- Hh le (arte Vath Celockwiee) elockune) ¥A w act Pr SC, the Neb moment will reduced. Hw acts at a dilfonenk pot from Sc, We wil be clockuri ard Hh wil olto be. This will tnoeore the net moment The purpose of onngle section : wo Tze tnownses by Tyy in owoses aSccetles 9. Pectin decheosas 1 & maker [ood pas Prough se.> Aragle Sections (on) L Section vi Angle sadttons ane usados beg aN Shue (comprastion) members a tie Cemion) members in roof truus, burl up wolums, bracing eke, J U NS x LAL Gout). * Thad Ywpea of Angle “a quod Arglas. % Designed as, ISEA @ ISK > GrISEA (00x10 x10 . strut members > erceelhent ISER 100X100x 10 ISA \25x18x10+ A= 1902 mnt A = 1903 mre Yay = 194 mam Ww = 4 Aug conan? Gordian Btondand Bans iy Grdiom Prancland Roun Bans, Derignedved os ISRO 20 C) drivers bolts, exelcbing, nods. Uy Gndiom — Phomoland, Syuore Pana Designated os I5SQ 50 L j 7 (minor aaa a preeipal [7 He i < :ccoocoaocco “sy Gndian Poandand Yube Section + Gy) Redromng ulon Hollow Ledtons. (Rus) Gi Squane” Hollow Sections (sus) GivCnrcaulen Hollow Becttomg (cus) y ue aye. Gl. ©. ols, ‘bubulon sections ore most Y To withstand torsional lo: okicient: Polen women’ ob inertia y Ip = Tax = Tea + Tyy Leaf (iz & Tyy one vor T G yr twudor T= Bxo (s=m). gaclton ) NoTe: > w& Te best soctton or economical Feion for column Boiid Croulon sector or hollow draton tackton & dy Jor tarne. vous (cls area), hallow drator reckon stl provide, Trghar radian of gyrabron than folid creulon seeks Dance WiC WIL provide: glen commpransive. abrowath then. SsOsSs Py = WEL . TEAY Be a Yecs << Vues. = Por oder —tecktore ‘homing. Byer about both the acces, bending will be bow the axis ob ty rom any wer gackeomt ski ane symmobric aloud On one axis; vending, we be abou Ue ania of tymmebrg oA on. ontie news alto the ase of igor,—s Gndion Sramadand. Plates (when $25 mm). Designated os (SPL ae ISPL_ 2000100010 mm Length L = 2000 Rracdth g =1900 Dhickmam + =10 -s Grdion Handond Pheets (when +< 5mm) Designaked os ISSH i ISSH 1000x600 XZ Me += ' —s Indian Prandand locks (when 35mm) Broignated os. ISF 4, B=100 mm £4: 100 ISF ‘to ——— io a eT ta tO meO O O QO O o QO O U Cc Cc &. Load. Enamaorral Bheel Pections @ to the twnacte foundation wil ba gh Bur bearing Srey th of conoreke Us ony Oe fek Bo plates ane uscd. Bearing aenegth on plate =P cog & xB 1s a L Fw Structural Steel v5: Alvem'imiurn Dripiical Pro parties Freel Aluminium neiky (Rx ahs) 0 =7es0 Igl vt Pas 2700 kg ft Youngs modalus Bs = 2x10" roPa Eqs O10" "OFe. (eas 4s) Coakyeseaty oh eg = 12x10 rg ola 22MM, Sherrnal, opto oa) . (ae > (Fag Binength (Aaa Al. tecktons Sreckunek. Per = THQn_ => For bg comprove lends, AL tection One howe mone Chances of, bucking.LAL Ww not used cil comutnection applications, Buk or amroplame conctnuctivrs, AL is weed os woaight> ts more treportarnts — ponarmatird there, Acnospace umsb auctions Le, miuilos, space skrucbures make use of Al viv Al decor, ore MOR womesive nesikank than fnuckural seal sectors, Hence mamrbenomee, ropy be Leer for Al tecktors > Method of Design Gy Workin. Btness Method (wsm) — Fos Gy WUUtim ake Lood Besign. CULD) = Load Factor tio Limit Phabe Besign (Usp) Pantial, Lately Jactar Fog = yield straw won 3 rene ooo ackon = ultimate load wonking Load. Positkal Kafery Jackon. ~ Jabey moron ae amd. © Design ay bared on aonadsaie of uw) Design Fone. = sheor fore S axial fre. Gb Design mmomorte — tustabing moments | & aso momo ee hy Cee) Cues © Digs Shope (4 T sackron) Go Sigg (Eye sv 400). iy Conne chon dokoile. © Dai: neq uarernentte 5 @.Amtic.potel loool cid Dele kton to be did Sconoricol tection Ww.rtibe ¢pan.so Aug, Cpasony 3 OW YF OD OO 009 9 oO°O eooeooocmcCcmcOUc OC OUUOUOO O U > Working Stress Method: (ws™) tw Ps Proportionody Vomit Foe: elastic Limit Yor Upper afield. pointe Yt t lowen ger point. Yite.t plastte geleng Us ubbirmate etree poiwt f: Bnanlring shrews point Strain —> p Plastic eneim & 10 to Is tines Ce, @ : elastic stnain- NOTES: ® WS ob asian Unean elastic rrethod of dorign, Gh this method, te \s auumed thak the shrew amd hrain vevies Lineorn upto get post - © $n ws ob desis the tow tm a memb& due to Vorious woancing loads Ate contengs loach eombinabions ane to be evolved, eddy ore called “wlonking. Straw’. © Tor talgty oh sruckunal member, strane due to warious vomrking Laod. Lecd combinations must te led thom ot equal to greenside value of tbrarsee Domini ie, strant i a frackion. 4 gal Seth (Kfy 3 k Limit State Design @ Types of Limit Pate Co imbt — Broke of shnength G0 Limit Pb acke, ob forvice ability Kirmit ote of, strength Limit Poke of gorvicealsil (eertieny = abrangth orn getting — deflacteon 0% deformations or byckliqn & fexune) — vibrations — sbability ( got ite or | cometions cai a) = foe eke Eat RS — ploslte atnemath « @ Design raqivements for sobety Derigr actor Ga) < Berign meng (Ra) danign values of trbemad Joncas GE & AF), design moments (gm 87%) duc tt dasign oods (Fa) a pontial safety factor or load factor KX Chonackoristic. tools - x dhenackonistic lols oe Dovign ackion (Sa) : @ Deige Load » Fa = on FJactrored boat Fa = f oat = chonactenistio strength @ Darign sbrength (Ra) jankal ally ORO Senate foston Grn Recttbamce factor (on) panto safety factor ogaiatr: — veld ahreng th» Ying 110 — buckling strength, Yno = 1:10 ~ ultimeste temile erungth, Yor = 125)Oo SCO 0 CO 0 Ce OVeeoooees Yeo > ‘o OA looA facton or o portial, taser facton (4) t @ Sor sreggth limit shots : Koodo lood_combinabions, we De + LL S M+ we es a DLO + LL +we ne28" Aug, m2. BOLTED CONNECTIONS Rivets pa : vi Hoad ov china Fed Te f-Shank i” é Snap Head or Pan He Head. Flat courier Round Head Rivet Rivet Shank rivet v Ges tenga Nominal Diameter (p) OF Riv * Gb ig the diametor of rwct be. a Divcbhing, pros ors. Sine roth anna Ad ke chiormoton , b — bee Effective Diameter on Gros Diameter Thee $46 crarmabor of, rivok aflan riveb prevernattc process. which ia alto fame oa dia rivet hole (A). aA = G +i5mm (when $< 25mm) = 6 +20 mm (when g>265 mm) = diameter of nivet hole. Bolt & Belting : Soo & head = washer a +c Grip length of b. shank See ort (Ig) + S nat threaced ie Glole diametor > 149 Smm than shamk diameter9 gDo0¢ oqgocooqooooocoocoooo9g 000 000009 CCO0 C A bott ree be designated, as t fw eS todx bo length ob bott- mrgbric age 5 B > Types of Bolts: dy Un finuhed Botts f Ordinona / Rough [Black botta- iy igh snangte Tnictton grip bolt. CusEG bolt) Gis Unginthed bolt / Block bobts [Ordinary bobs ~Bobts ane nonme made from mild steel round bars, wett squone or onal heoot shaper = Diameker oh bole available im market: Smm-36mm or darignated as 1S to 1936. However most ae used omer o hie, 20, m24, 30 — There bolt are recommenctel to ure in connections hich oF sul to stakic locds ond oho used im aac strckunny tudr a perlins s bracing. membens tension or Cormpranion member be Roof treme. hese ane ok necommendid Fr structunal connections whidy ona uly to Craceaa loeale omel, irmpack Lada _ Medromucal propertion of there both are specitied unith grade « property class. Gnade 4-6 to Grade tg one avoilalte im monket- Bowoven, moth torymnor! wed ome 46. Cormection uit the help of black bol A umfinuthed, bok UL eg. for bearing, Agpe cmmmeckom Slip ype rmertton OL mon frictional, connections yoo = Fob Grade 4.6 tub. —_t tots fyb =0:6x400 10o = 240 mPa, Fab = 400 foPa.Bearing stress J —>P ° - SE rf c — mn sbross : Fone o* _tranvenn tte, through bearing Bren (compnansive) Jurthan th the xe Leroy th ww mone (eT) , cece nitty will ook ene. fal duc ty tension cared by the mamett (19 =Pxe) + es “Ghank dameto a be mona omd be High Stroy th Griction Gnip Borts:. (usee bolts) — Mode from medium carbon steel on “Nigh tennile, Leorny anergth the Crop, fone. Wibd i) © Torque Wrench lia eens _ pa Cenedhanical otevice) — a= r 1 THATT aaa al eee ; i] —4 & Frictional type Connections (Non slip type connections) Proof loud < Yield strength of, abott = Gree 10.95 ~ 1295 uTs Fub = 1040 MOR yb = 40 MPa 1 Ag, Arerory > Classification of Botbed Connection Based on Force experienced by the Bolt: B @ Shean commectcons @ Torsion connections @ Comered shear omd tension omnertion,oooo0o0o0c 0 oo°o eoogoogggoo0000 O w * t 1 L t Sheay Connection. ty aS Hanger Connection, <> je Pooso -SS> uy P Pein > Types of Shear Connections: Lap Cormection, Buk commection / Bingla” cover Double cover Busts Canmection but conmaction ete c cover plate, = wl ] or 1 ml I 1 rt [ It LI 4 a= ‘ O° 1 ; 0 » 0 Fingle Borved. Angle Coen : = Boral Potted Lop Connection. eg, Reed He cover plate. Main plate Chas qe 35 Double. Porbal Double Cover Butt connection.NOTES: OS w dasinclhe to use oulle cover butt ennection be olla wing neasonas > Gr doulste aver butts tennection, 6 0} loo wm ohe formebecl member u Wipg with CG of load Wm omothor connect membar. Gena cmnutton & frae form moment, whereas cece rect Oh aload oath im lap connection & singe coven bute anne chon Gy Nominal shear copacity of bott wm dowlsle cover butt veonnetion (2 no» of thion plates) i twice the nomimak dean capacity of bot ww lap usnnecton or Binge ose oa Bee —> Specifications for Boted Connections: ~ No: of bots. n = Design loaol Daan Benength of, bolt. — Bots one to be amonged inv suitbalste pattern : a) Chaim pattern Ct b Bragg ord patton re ae ©) Dicwnond pakborn, t,o oor Fr !o opo !- ~ Pich, gouge, end distance, edge. dishomen, joo o! | diamelor a bolk hole. mo Edge distance.oooo 90 08% oo ooo oo 8 CoO°90 COooceoece ooo? (Se Pech: Geis the ce distamee blur two adjacort. batts « mecsurecl paroled to the dinedlion 04 a load im a member Tn wide plates, de oldtemee bly two adjacent botcta measure along length ob vamection wa % Diameter of Polk Mole + do = A+ 10 mm (lamm 27mm) du> shomk diameter of bolt. x Condition fon Optimum Ptch: Design sbnegyth of bolt par pibch = Dey sinegih of plate por pitch % Minimum pitch, Prin £ 25x Shonk ameter of, bobt- Prin K 25d & Mossi — pC, Pinay = I2b OL 2OOMM (Whichever iw le fr Comp. member : > = 16t 62 200 mm (Whicker Uw Lor 4 tension memly te > thicknens of thimmern connected muomben, Prin < PS Pros x Jacking Botts or Partch Botts tah fo? Py ; Mohan Po > Prax budding bho es 4 : members occur. To avoicl the tacking batts one wal, which will prevent’ the umsupp oe od mamnbor prom bus ling.Jon plostes : Moaimur pikch of, tacking or Sheth bolts, Prax = 32% or 200 mm (whidwor ules, wher plates ane nob expaed to weathe =l6e % 200 mm (Whidhewa U led whn plates one wer expesal bo weather) © Pmax X Goo mm — (for Lovr~pnestion member) @ Prax 1000 mm (hor tension member > Gauge (g) dt uw the cle distane blu two adjacent bots measureh Tarmal $0 the dination of lool mm a member or it w ditance blw two adjacent bolt neg End distance Ge iw distomee blvo the reanert odge. oy a tren member 02% cover plate. Treaawad poraltel, tn the dneckion of lock om G member certre of bott Theda’ to % Edge Distance He iw distames bus centre of bolt hola 40 the peanesh edge of a main rrenbd ol woven plake measured, puonvnal to she direction of becd fr a member. Sh . prevent block shear foilore Of & tember, cain, end distomes UW provided 15 x dliameber of bol de’ (1.5 do) Crin & ft Cmachine Some’ ob egal) © do (lyn hamnd {lame cut edges)SE he QO OQ 9 Oo oO o — Mane. end. Jedge distances Cmax REE ; Jor conrorive envaonment, Ero = 40 mom Fob y= gd ee of Trackericd OY 5 Failunes of Bolted Connections: + Shear forlure of, bobts * Beoning foilure of Lotte + Thaning fpilane of bolt + Bearing failure of plote + Searing feilure. oh plate + Block dean fptlune of plate, Gi Bhearn Jailure of, bole muy pe fe Le w etc ci ne plana Co ae to oppleed, forces. Whar mone, lackonedk SF the bolt may exccead nominal shoo copaclty of the bolt, shean fpilare of bolts may cceWr ack plsde of uterus Fadure occurs when design actiow, P> TP, tub _ ‘oF i Boning, Toilure of Bolts a pay lene 4 pp Rb=579) Ph T grade 6 Gib =400 106) The bof honk of bot iv crushed when plate maybe song in The howily Siremed glacko. way ‘hus pros the hoitihank of, tthe Goths Bearing failure of bolt may nob occur hy pradive oncepitplakes may bo _ wm vavtys. iv Teoning 9 Foilune of ee T ‘ Ach = Tats Mb> ek area o, shank an Anb = ong ok Ab > monon of Pattion. Anb Nat section D Fp Yuptane Failune Gross ution gietding Flune Gnors tekton yielding fpilure occurs whem uniberm Benes doveleped in gree onan, T= fyb. Asb J4 bot ele}: 4p tension, pearing. fpslire. wey eee portion. Nok sacktem rughune fpilure occurs when localised threw ceneloped iw mk ony Te afb, Wet tectton will not umdloyo delornatior a i is aubjeded to Located stnad alone, Gy Bearing. Soilune of Plate. 95 fab = 1040 ory) When @rclin bolt ba uly. to fecdroned. SF, ilip wey taker plac Fe 410 (Fu= t10 roPa) amd, bolt m TN Wy Uarrback with plore ond plate. rect ova. cnughid, when plate PP seake in bearing on Tearing, Lallure of, Plate Teaning foilune of a plate moy occur when bole one stronger Grom plate. member.o oO oO Oo O QO oO QO (Sug 0° eT oo C elat tie. - ®Guss eon owe? An (B-2do} %y pia oO! AE or near connection, only. | oO! Wock shean fatluna & nek techay rupture take place Bude block 8! thurs com ovoidad | 0 vidi RAMON Lo; hear fail be. yy P ya all end distemas Shas only nek eubon Rapbune takes flac. wi Block Choon allure of Plate Adhen bette are placed at lewen omel clisbane than end distance o4 pr IS Coo gate, a block of plake soperadee, 0% end oh connection. GF cam be Aimionated ‘ye end distemen. conn. may prondeg, war NY tb > Design strength of Beaning Type Dotted. Connection Wace) a) Desig dheon capacity (on) Shrwrgth of bolt (Vash) Nnsb = Nominal sheer capacity of, bolir = Be (Mm Acb +s a) V3 hee meat \ reat = = 71 1 : ss a oO NJDarsign shoon shength ok bolt, Vash = Vasb. Vb = ey _ (Ro Anb + Mg Asb ) fab > ulkimake tensile aorergth of bolt: fn > Poe Of, shir planes cith thread intouechiny ghar flaw he—> nor of sheor plants without thresd inkeraeckeny than plane, Ag pnorminal plane thamk onea of belts = re Dab —> Nee berslle oun HE Ab = O78 es Xen = partial sakes | factor for bearing sgpe bolt =125 for woorkshop baltin =tas jr se on field belong. Jor lap connection or single coven batt cunnaction, Nt ns =t , Ly > 16d, Ahern Mm =1, ne <0 wo _ n=O ng =1 Jer douste cover butt connection, mat Ns = 2 AWhen ral, Meal Mn=2, Ne=0 NMn=O, Ngs2 4 log {pint tect @Nominak shaon capacity of bolt t modizied aor long. Jerrt (shen Ded), long grip batt (ashen Iyosd) amd thicken, pocking plate (edhew tpkg > 6 mm) = fb eh (Pa Anh + PERL) Fy « Pay Fog v, = Ns ab rate 7 A (rn Anb +Ms sb) Fj. Fy. “Bokg,coo ooo0o°0o O° coooooqooooococoo$d Mh % Reluchion akon Jor Xorg gp bolk (Fig) Guden loro) hg = 84 : 1g =anip length of bott (| y dg” age ac 0b bo Ca sea) = — trek plate, L = BEF mis “TL =a Higher the accents Ticgknens oh pack? og plete, ial will be eceerbicity ond the moment: Jo ovoid thet tacking betta one provid whos Fpkg < orm, Bak shun Tig >Grmm, Redaction for Uricknents Frig applied % Reduction fpdor for Shick packing. plate, (When ply > Gym TP =1.0— 0+0126 tg 3 ply picks ren. b) Design Bearing. strength, of Bott & Plate (app) Bearing area of bolb = Tdt Be “hole diameten wil have a tolerance Of Term, 2mm er Zinn > = Leaning ona & 80% Tat Bo%. Wat = 25d Wominol bearings shrngeth Of bolt amd plate, Vnpb = 25 dt. fas ky. Vaph = Noph 25 att. Fu. kb Y¥mb Y¥mb- Kj, the beanimgs hacker tb minimum of 2 Po. Fab) , o & > to oes , on » Lo 2 RP ane ond diame and pitch diakonce respectively measured parallel to bedining direckior, dy —> diameter of botfu P minimum value, "UTS oh bobt (Fub) or plate ©) Derign Tensile. Sremgth of Bore; Tab) Thh = Wormmal tensile trepgth of bolt Tho =D Anb fib < Asb. yb - Tob asa Safety Facton as fub je Ymo Tab = Tob = 04 Anb fub ¢ Ach. Sb Tenb> Yen Fimo. 4 Design Srength of Bott (Nab): Ge ta reimimmum Serength of babe booed on design shnerpth oh bot ve thon (Vash) , dyn einangth of belt mn bearty (Vas ond, design sirasyxth of bod in terslon (Tab) Vgb = trinimurn of (Vacb Nap b Vab (i exist) x Wo. of bole nequiored. 4% Concentric cormmavtion (mJ n= Packonad on design locd _ i (noumded off to Derign strength of one bolt Sept, dy) Design Tensile Pinemgth of Plate Tuespay “np = nominal tenile strength [7] oh plate. HS 04 Antu qu H Tap = Tne = O:9Awhe y, vas m™ Yen . neonaae “highest Vode) “a Ko°° oO Oo 9 oO oO oO ° O oO O Q Oo O oS Co TW Design Strength of Connection (vac) $e is the minimum oh darign tensile Srength of plate Vasb » Vatpb » Tab (i exist) ancl Ton Sabety commeckion (design requinement) + Berign Actiompc Bern strength ol, commectarn (Vac) Nasb Vapb Tab (if exist) Tap Vide = Tinimurmn of > Efficiency of a Bolted Connection (1) ( Percentage Penength of a Potted Cormection) T= sesign Brength of bolted connection (Vac x 100 olesign strength of main plate (Trp) T= Nde x 100 Top ' % Tor aside pater : NY = clsign strength of a bolted connaction ikch. danign Brana th of main plate pe pitchX Dorign Prongth of main plate (Te) ® Tr = A R. a ‘abpli p cideesiae coed on gnors gactton rr ya Sree atom ateig) wo OTmp = chee (Based on not rection rupture) = Min. of above hoo will be urads bub variation will be low DN = OFA / Tent x 100 069 Ag Fu /Trm = Aa = @-ndo)t *x100 pcan Ae OG) 7 Bxt 1= (Bra Yoo 8B wi be mardmum, whe no of bolt holes in failure uw minimum: Jor diamend pattem of bolting, n=. ared amd chain pattorn, n= 34,505 dou stag “Vaiamara = (Bate x100 pattern B 00 yo a0, cover plate. Aare, oP PoP ee ds P=600 kv ee f Nap= 100 kN. us pice ‘\teain pate. wb@, bse ee T 3 > h ° oo. (Uo Chain Potter ° Bolin a 0 ting. 1 ot et; TT , I i $ 0 Diamond. Patt i of Boltiny oooooooo00g09g0 00090 009 2 ¢ CO09 9090009 9 9,970 0 2 : ® Ic oO ae is datinable tp use, diamond patton of batting: (Sw . a Eigicien of diamond pattern a ae uu Nigha Coven plate mmateniol, moe be sovedk with diamond packtern, ob betting, Giiy Width of ain plate nequinel Yor diamond patlorn, oh aonomgermert ta let Cormpanad to chain on Haggorad postorn of boli P= Tap < Vab = 0-9 An fe om P = oa“ 7 one cane Fron Tra }t Critical tectron for main plate = fection 1-1 (mare locolin : < Wei oh bolt wm seckeon 1-1 at chein bolle » dicrmonel, aa te 1 Soe Yee Be (mmeem Mang aL [SSS am Reduction fuck on for ticles packing plate Cohen Aplg 2omm) ° =~ 01125 45k, Pg 125 Fpl = 1 o.0125x12 =0-8s Veo raskvend ty _ 1 P= 600 kn Nash = 40 KN 5 Vapb = 60 kN» Tap = 50 kn. n= design load =P = 600 = 5 noes me ql Val * daign seregy + -3. \ ub a fash = ian (mm Anb+ Me Ash ) Jer triple bottesl double coven burke goort, Ng = 8x2 =6 Jor one belt in thyle shear, He = 1 Jor wis Bott, d=16 mm es fyb = 400 MPa, fy = 240 Pa * [tem cefm [ S f- nf > Yeob = 25 Ph, <_[ Bam aa] Beoning, bacon, ky =0-5 y Sine, i ib a double cover butt joint, only shear bear ny feclune occurs: Share wont be teaning. failure, Nasp = VE Lb (opens shed ) = 400 : WEX125 (rex tx) = 74,2 kN Naph = 2sdbfa kb = 25x16 xIgX 400K os Y¥nb few = 102.4 kn, Dorign wrergth of bot, Nab = 742 kw qe A=20em 4 Lub = 400 MPa, y= 240 MPa aeeednte (iecdsen] God stan, @ =33 mm, pitch > = 50 mm Oo rMco Ndsb = fb (ny Anb + ort ) 9 thnsae mt = feo (04 1B ash) = ee bn B eo - 8-45 3A 3x22 : Ab. 40d = : => Beoning, factor, ky = 0.5: Re aig 9? © _o.as = 0-507, 3do( Design bearing thrangth of bells Vagb = ens dt fib ke i@ oO Yb. a Oo = %5Sx20x12x400 KOS : nas oO oO = 96 kN oO oO 2 dalomm, Gnade 46 => fub= 400 Pa, Oo fy = 240 fa. oO oO oO ¢ ge Ullimate load = Piso kn L198 Wpoxw046 (design load / —|(— gackonel load) FL Jor grade 6 bolt, fib = 400 mPa G = 240 MPa Gam thick do groda R410 plate, G+ 410 Po C= 28 morn, p=40 mm rie 1 A= lomm, do = [Emm n= P Nab Vash = fab (m9 Bab +s Ach ) TDhrsad, intersecting. shan Seo plane, Ne=0, Naae eooooooqoooocoeooooo0oo0o 8 = 400 (ix2xongxt ig) = 87.4 kN fR xn25, ( + J = CCVapb = Fenb nas *(6p) = Beam Ky iw minimum of (tae ae COne | Osos) 3do Bx Po oes = 40-05 = 0.49 3do 3x18 = 400 2 0.09 Naph = 25X16 x8x 400x049 _ goog. P 5O.25 kn. aus xate Hub x Kb 25 x16 xBx 400K Kb Liane) bh E=I2 me es Nab = 50.25 KN a= 180° 50.25 a Sept, WEDNESDAY 40. P=400 kN. dea 46 gree, bot, Rab =-400 MPa, Le= 410 MPa, a ] kpco.s , For 20 bett » d= 20 mm: el st F ' wd r= PB i H Wor of boda? requined & Nab = dlesign abnangth of one lott = minimum of Vase &% Nap b Nash = fs, Gn Arb +s Ash) 5 Mn=2 nds = 400 By —— ( 2x0,78x tr SB x 1-25 ( * “gx a +) * Fekg, Pkg = raduction actor on thicken packing plocten (when Ely Pky = In 0, 0125% tpl = 1-0-0125x8 = 0.9. Vdsb = 21225 kN Vaph = 2:5dbk Rok, a5 x20m0 X400x0-5 = go kn Yen 125 = ECO A) = lean» L092) = 10 wm 9 ¥ (CP) =848= 1b mm SmCeEeooogoqooooqoooonecoococooeoooooooeoascea oo Of ee J n= P. #00. — 5 bolts Vdbo BO Forlurwa ore: SFB > Vole fib = 4100 eerie BFE Vy (fabs fas Oo BFP bot wit fail tn TEP > Tap beansey) Dor wide plate, Exgiionyy of the wnneckion a = Aarign strength of comme ction, —__ 9 pan pitch) datian rknength of rramn plate (per a vie) P ee Cpa pec) x 100 = A Vac ay ene per pitch, Vae por pitch = twins of Vdeb on Vash OX Tap por pitdh. Vash = fab (nn And bo Ses = 400 WFxv25 Vag = ang beaniys = a5 dt fabs Ke fre + Me eb ) (1x2x 0.78 x Hx iP+o) = sna kn army th of bott & plate 4-Q0P) = 8mm Kb, % +(cp) =646512r = 25 x 1b X PX 400 XO-55 6:32 KN Baign terse. Heng Top = An =(B—No)+ = (p-ndo)* = (45 — Ing) g = 216 mont 125 plate por pitch (Tap): Ora An fu Foon Pon pitdn lerogth + Bep n=Tap =0-4x216 x 4 1 Vdc pon pith = 56-32 kN. Timp = design ae ae of main plote = 09h on _Agh Ya Y¥mo = O-9xX4Sx®X4 10 2 10:27 KN 125 = = SbB_x100 = 53/0 t 106.27 * 2 bots por pitch eng 2. Vacb = By (pe Anb +6 ach ) = ae (2xaxoutexp awe) =1158e ky ap = > no of bos Fitch length. = BSXILXEX400 XO.55 yo = 112,64 KN Tae al Tap = 0.4 An fu 3 An =(@—ndo)t j ny no- of bobke P oe n= olen tn ‘pitone cookie = 004 (45-1x18) @ X410_ = G37 kN nt Re 0 ® Vde 637 kN TT = roo | . = | Y= 837 L199 — 54:99 % Th b i! 106.27 aa ioe | Tap=63:7 kn {+ Ni Ap HK Tap < Vaby ee ee dative wotei, T= (&p*) x100 . * 0-0 por pitch length: Bap & n=l (4% ory mo of, bo tes) =(p-d ae u (=) fo (« =“) 00 = ¢Oo Oo oO ° Oo oO oO ° °o oO oO Oo O a Comnes halen aioe Son. rip bolts d=lomm, In gre 46 bolt, 4 & fub = 400 MPa, Sb = 240 MPa 1 elet Ash 2 b Asb 4 Tab = fyb Ash. x Tmb Emo Tab = fyb. As. Yeo Tab = 0-9 Anb: fib gs Ah Lub ae ro = 069 (0078 XIE x 1G x 400 IW 12x 2 ( oo $22) 5d (sx12 )= 60mr 3atly teieztpme 928d => incrsove ad.(a 3xi2+ 70 Vash = fab * IE nb (re nb + Peach) «Ply ash Aedwerk bye 944 th ( L-669056 5 0 )COCGDOR COC co ( 3. WELDED CONNECTIONS” Electrode Uolden Electrode Goelaing rod) Caine ores 45 apo0%e) a Panert nem 7 anor ban, continuous —>! cunnent: oP of steel = 145° > Welding Classification + a) Fusion Procors — lecrie onc welling. on Metal anc wveleiong. — Gos welding. by Prcmune Proce — Electric nesutana welding, — Jonge woelalings, @duac wating controls the rrefting of electrode » By odeli tome olemerita to the flur, raechamical properties of “the o gene cam “be — erhamesd. . > Advantages ¢ Gp Weld oor ore mone efficiert: amd gtaongen, Marc , elideney of Lolted enneckion (2% 85%. Buk min. eben yg) valded umncdion T= (Capss) roo. ast, «Pott hoes mduas 1, ‘Gb) Momerta amd deflections are Le due to rigid nature oh woeletod que wh wt _ aT wo-w =F Se awe e a gam 7 ceil waza (Ne Ls 4ee 142 1 ee Loren a oment, lear clepth of qe cam be ured ath Sept, Tuvaspay > Types of Welds cy Gebeb Welds or Lop welds Wy Bute om Gnoove wells Gity Zlot welds w Plug welds ete ee y f} aa | fp Goirts two [* planes. Burt weld. (goints two II planes) I A ra I Ma. some T Fillet weld. Slot weld. mt? hen the vmaupporcted length ay ble files welcls -0n ttt ont mo Plug weld. momenta rays trduced So be Blot weld % plug weld ore anoid that “alot waldo or Plog wells ane asaks tha supponting rolls vodow) Bueovoe Vee Ooo > Design of Filleb or Lap Weld 7 @® fy 1 ovelap. ——>} - Pp ¥ pe tf 7 FP ee thicknam of Hiner connected , membor- A). | overlap mored as pr IS 800: 2007, £ 4b or 40n Fillet velel Byrabol : , Foxe of Dphordand efs fillet weld — filet weld. 1 engle “triangle, os of fee Rae omg a wells @ #hamdancl angle of fiUet weld, — 45! rook “of fillet veld. S= minimum of 5) & Se 4 - eo Jor 48 stomdand $Ueb, 5-5) <5 OS s 5 Thaarsong area, of fille weld = Sxly, Fo reniwiernsm of $1 852 le felackedl to dlosign thean abnong on Bahr tide. x Sige of Fillet Weld. (3) —Distama blo corner of flat to the toe of filet we K Min. tye of Fillek wold (Smin) — Depends on thicken of cbhicken tonnecbed mamboThickrons of, thicker connected. member (om) upto & inclustings } 10 10 oo 20 32 32 50 % Marcimurm Ie of Fillet of weld (Smax) — Jon squane edge (like plates or [lat teckions) Syke esr Conreckeal membor — Fo round dyer (Uke large of an angle ot forge of charmel ox leg of on omgle. ee) to Hidinens of round edge at toe te > thicknen of road: Resultant shean act alo: throat $0 critical wmlination of loos acl. te 120, code does ‘nob Recommencl fet les when x>128 and i veh wd. tp wil be ve, dikGicule ko connect Value of K (&=90; k= +e) thicknune of fUet celd shown ins (Gate 20n) flee weld to He te X38 mm whan k - wretant udhich depends on conte ble welds fee well, when “ Effective Length of Fillet weld (Lw) be length of tick. es weld, panaltel, to dinection of lead» = olf length of yer wed = 2-\y HK exsize of filet well (2s) y— $b & actual leygtr of flat weld droum on drawn, = End nreburns ane. provicleal to minimise the trey conumniakron due to mon uni fore oaformotion, atoms the Length of wolsl awoken Ys Design shear strength of Fille weld (Paw) elective sectional anraa, x olesign shear capacity ob UH well (Fad) Lot = Nominal shear capacity of fuck (Fon) Partial safety fockon. Paw = Fuw faa = fon. Seow Fa a Fon = fa y fur = min of Jfu ‘3 Fran og = fa — rs 7 NZ Vraw Paw = Lw. te. fr mw =125 (workshop welalin, NE row ee : =15 (aibe or field Paw = Lw. ks. fy welding)ooO¢ ooooooocoocog0o0o000o 05 o oO oO oO O O O O oO O o O O O O O S ee = Gen aahela, ibenia: Besign acon (P) < Design sheon Frrength of Filles weld (Paw) > Reduction facton fon ong Goose (Piw) {when y >isote } Bue ={b2 — o2 Ke il Iso te a > Design of Butt or Groove Welds — Types of Butt Welds Reinforce ment (eas. mm=3 mm) ft. Pasa Ue Penetrated or wwelole Borge ~ bate Gy: Single V" Batt welde Borge ‘ur Butt wselde ce . F Bongo. ‘gy’ Bute welds 2. Duly Pereknested or Double Bate welds CS aed a Retmjorcament i provieted GF Double 'v’ Bulk welds by the weld ak the athe Double ‘v? Butk welols $e's mot parr of the design Doulte ‘J? Putt welds Type of Bute weld Borbotic Reprosentation Bymbol. te wamgle V boot welk Ft single U butt weid, iv u s+ = double v but end, py SE : - - a a doulte vou weAxial Foremgeth of Butt Weld (Taw) Tay = Ebpective geckconol anes x dleaign. aocial Bhnak Taw = bw te. £n Ymw throat Uickness of bud weld cn a+ (for ding le buke uoelely ) t (fer double butt welds) to Uicknes of thinned connected member Lw: efleckive. length of batt weld. ene ae ac a th Sept, anmoyy > Slot & Plug Welds Pp a Pp b> esiatth of aloe > diameker of, slot AL txthickna A, a A = ke t -§ - At oy member \-@—- S hominy alot = bls £> clear Spacing: blo alottedL “holes a] . Tol. ol J Section A-A (slo& welds) Section A-A (Plug welds) Width of slot or Diamoter of alot 3 3b & 25mm @ Clean spacing. bho alse > ot & © 25mm @ Corman radia of slotted hole, RD LSE R 25mmPog. 6 0 a1. Beign shear capacity = Lud = fon = fe ° oO Yrow V5: Senws 0 . = BNO = 129.97 Nir? oO Va25 ” Oo o oe2 ge of weld, S= omm, O Jer gers Fe 410, Ly =250 MPa, f= 410 OPQ ° Jo, workshop wetol » Tw = 625 ° 5 fined weld. oO Oo tear G o kam oO Design hoop ser) A, = Pa © ° Te 0 Datgr “hoop ee ele eae = 7 pa Uxt- = Pat ° = xx a ° oO whine P> asian inbaornol fluid promure 5 Bee inberrnal fluid promuna o as (Mek weld 5 Paw = (ae fe i) ° Design doom abrength ob 1 d Gin 9° Fr= Paw ° oO Pa = te. fe ye. ° a Ya teow o Pxigoo = OTXEX MO yo a z SB xn25 oO LY = 355 NimntBake wternol fuid pres uns (oonking intemal {Lita preneur = 355 = 3.55 2.96 Nirrt te iy = femreen ceeee O one Gin sonata @eel tater gre Sor womkshop wdaling > Vm = 125} Bige ob fUee weld $= Emm , Cf thnoak Uickrens, te = ks 09x 6 4.2 mm loa dh Design shear skrergth of fillet, Paw = Lw. tt. fy VB Sem MUUtimeste ean moment nasisbane , Tr = Paid 2 = lwite. fe ig Btw 2 = TXIBD XH2xX410_ y 6D, Bue = = 28-1 RN = 5+. a Penge bith weld, te = B “as row Deorign shrength of butt weld »Taw = Lwte). = lLwx7sx 250 125 = 330 kneoogoooooo oC O00 Oo eocoooococmcmmcmOocmUcOCUCcOCUCOCUcUOUCOUL Efpective oo 5 Sor Fe 410 grade steel, fa = 410 MPa, Fy =250 MPa, Tw = bs Bertgn oad 0% Jockonih loak = t x Sowier blood = FLX working load = XL x chanokerukte bad: Bze of weld = 2 mms Uroak icknesd pte = Kis = O7 x3 Falmm £3 mn Darign load (2) = Design anergy th Of filer welds (Paw) . = bw tee fu — = 3 xbox xX410° NS Veena Gx Wes" = 255 kn Bormica load = RP = 288 = Hots kN vt ir aS Py = 250 Pa, TS Taw Derign loads P = Design arcial alnera eth of bute well (Td) Taw =texlw x & raw =Txlwxf Tw = 10X 300 x 280__. G00 kN 125 = P= 600 =400 kw Bake ood Moweds R= P= S00 6Srain. 0-10 mm gmm 10-20 mm 6 Simm 1. Win. sige of wetoly Smin = Som. te = OKT = 3S mm >3mm, By equating, = P= Paw Lwtt «fe SF Traw Lw = 800 109 AE KV25 452,62 mm 108x300 = 35x 410 Juve plexes ane cormacked. e qe wold of, Be TO mm ond sue fe tension as shoun in the a Ghickerans of, ead pote is Yeas fy a Fa ob Hoek me 20 TR 2270 haw ato toPa, MBI The weld & ame in conkshop mw = h 25) As por Lame grote mcthod of IS B00! 2007, the renin Lasnath (noumded off to weanatt “highan mabiple of Smm), thamsmt a load of P= 270 kn oh adh — wok + 3 =10 men = Pdw 270xi6 = Lu tee fe 13 benw = 2xljx o7xIo x Alb VB xX N25 AS = 108 mm 105 mm hee tong joint, Wy >isote. So Pw = (2 ~ 082 stu / = = (2 2x200t8) « og | Ot,Denign shaan copasity reduced 4 Ww & oO oO OBS Paw 9 jj = 600 O Paw = Lwe te fe x Bw e Yew IBOy, = ISOX 26 = 525 [e) : : = 1200X 25x Gio Y> 150e5, 3 a x Pw O Er Gms w= b2— 0-2 150 ° = kn hia = 12-0.2x600_ = 0.471 o 525 — fe) u o AANA 1 o \ 2. P= Paw goo | 2°? oO oO 600 1108 = Lwx Ke Smo fu u |_______] oO NE Vow oO A oO Mane rige of (et weld » = @5 mm, Oo Smox = 10-15 ° web @5x 4 = we OTXES & 410 ) ae xis O O Lw = 532.502 mm oY Lw = 2x200 +20 o . oO Y= 66.25 & TOmm > 40mm (min. ovenlap) Or sent, Ouony O19 Fe Ho grade. Teel : f= 410 MPa , = 250 mm O Fon athe welding» Sw =h5 OoMore age of fee weld or nownd e528, Smax = ~Bxt= Grom Effective throak thickners, te dontone te aks. pal ® Gusset Plate 7 =O.7X6= 4.2 mam P= Paw 800x108? = Lw, tee fe B brews = lw 42, Ato WB xuso Lw = 4526 mm ek Lan & Lue one engthe of top weld amol bottom wetdl, rasperkty ely. Lewy + Lwe = 452-6 mr —@ Consider moments ob atrergth of cael amd loods on top edge of om angle. Pa xD + Px —300 X25 = O- twa te Re xg0 +0 — 200x109 x 25.1 = 3 tmw Lwe = 126,23 mm 2 Lat = 326.37 mm 4, Lut Lwe +40 = 452-66 Lui tlwe = 3626 —Q@ Paxdo + Pex92.+ Rxo = 300% 10 xe5n. Lua. 42x M12 4 doxwex io y 0 49 Bs iene 3 300%i0 X25.1= M2 mm Lwe $62.6— 812 = 28L4 mm bw oooc cocooo oO” ooo0oo0o0o0o00qoq0 0000TE Sept, SUNDAY 4. ECCENTRIC CONNECTIONS > Eccentric Bowten Connections 1. Bracket Type Connection ~I - When load or moment uw Ying in the plane of bearing ype bolt Groen: —~a1— 1 a Pp Bracket Plate , A ea a ° . 3 2 °o ° : ° 1 I pb ea 74 R_ Steel Column. i p> Tackered load a Barign ove a> ccartnidy of Ue Load. (Butane from 66 of Tots [rte grep applied look lime) = Bole group uw sulgteeat > + Drreck conaniric lwo (P) ¢ Ge Sasideng, vmarerte (rome) Cincplame moment} gn eodk bolt due to Pte fa _ Vertical SF Fa =P (n= no. of bolts wm bolt group wTO egocoo0o° O Cc O O 0 Fn i fence amy YotE due to busisting women 2” 29) Fre or Fm= kr (k = Elastic Constant ) UMoment of resistorra enpacity ob each botk, Mp = Por = Kh Toval moment of nesistomce capacity, Mg = Zk =k ZF Fry Fo Fone 1 ©, =03 Eo Message Mp, = kK =F k 0. — Resuttant force blow Fa. 8 Fm be Fe Fr = (Re +. Fre + 2 Fa. Fm C0S0 ay v oS / % Conditions for Mane. Resuttomt Tore on Critical bo ¥—> mordmum (1 3, 4.6) Bott Which w o> mmimum.(1, 3) lesen to nesuttant : loading — ovitical bolt % Fon saleky of Bracket Connection - G83) (Fr) max < ab ren Vasb Nab = darign atruxggth of one bolt = Winimmum of Nigh Fr mane, fr cnitical bolt Tel GF exise)% Critical Bolt Critical bot we one ot Which the rnultant gp ie mmancimum, which tw fortheot hom Ce of balk group amd hich rong be dese 40 the applied load line. 9, Bracket Type Connection - IT Mohan lood on moment iu nob wing, im the plone .oh bearing ‘ype ott group. Bolt group w subjected “to: W) Deck Conantnic oad (P) (shear) @ Borcling. moment (i =Pe) ah P h (Aensile) > depth of bracke eooa e000 i ® Tobvacket steel column -Nentical SF Ww each bolt due to Pw Vb Ve = PL (n= mo of bolts present ) n iokaerecee 1 y f= 9 7 3 Th= fa = By. b A Sys They Th terse Jonic m ‘each ‘bolt due to Bm Th = Ky, : Ce = elastic tonsbanit )€ GOW O9 cooogoooooco oo 8 oo 0 SCOooodoco0oo0c oo Oe Mp of tH bot = Thi xy; = Rey ya = Ky? Total NOR ob abt bolt wm tension gone, Mpa Ek yy Mp = This yi vi Armume oot» of robotion ie rom top edge of ote ral = fp » Ferrie {ore Ww exkrsme bot due to 1 wh, T= PYn (Tension) Eye Bhoan how each bolt due to Pu My Ve = PL (sHEaAR) w TS vey Nae =k Sy T bracket Nofe

Aarign sheor caparity of bott Tab Pdlarign tensile capacity of battP- 33, Ymox (1.2)8)4) Omin Clo 23,4). P Fo= Po. og : wT Oe 300 P ; Frm = for Zr Poop. = G0OPy (50 , 4x is =P (Faderae = Fes ° . Fao = {rae Fro 26Zen cose 2 ee + (BY che ee Tab po1t\*, (se, Ly €-») +4 Fa lon = Pe = 1000-9 FewBEYEVOeVEeEVoeoUOooed anne \ 7 Vertical SF im catch botk duo to P=10 kN. a re we fa= Po = 1-25 kN x + SFooim amy bote due to ™ (tooo kNem) wb Fm, = 0 30" +40" = 50 Fe = Pri 1000 x50 ~ =5_kn =e ixeo? BN ¥, (Fe)max = Far = Fro = NFo? + Fee + 2 Far Fm. cos® = eter ascnop =e les Gomm Jor grede Fe wo étecl, fa = 40 mPa For Bott» m6 grede. 5 fib = 400 TF. A= 24 mam P=40 kw Crdtcal bolt & bolt mor 4. P= 40 kn Mw) = Pe e= poo +220. = 810 mim. 1 ? hm = 40x31I0 = 12400 kNew ) re eee Fa SF = a0 = 10 kw oh sane asm Fn = Poh = 12400 x 220. = 4om kn , ‘\ 2 Mane, ravudkartt tere =(R)max = Fee = Fath = 10 +40-11= 50.Jor rahety of connection, (FR) max S Vo Nab = Lenser of Vadsb ot Vapb. Nuch = Geb Ma Anb + Vs A, ae we ( « Ask) = HOO (1x1 x 0078 x 2h? +0) = 651s kN ert poat'n +0) = sau Ndgh = 2Sae fab. Kb Ky Verb + 7 = 25x 24xex 400X026 ooo as P_ — o25 =o.51-o125 = 38 3do =0:26 7 fib 499. =0.9% fa MIO Ndb = 3¢ kN oe eckton. unsahe Ea)max > Nab = heme wn > Eccentric Wetped Connections 1. Filles Welds @) Brackets Type Connection - I When look or moment & wing in the plane Met wel . as oe eer Bracket Plocte - ae a sf po’ b k— e—— q P—> factored load. Steel Colum na © > eceart ricity Of the load A> cepth of racket plate— Vertical sheorn ghren tm wold due to Pi qy, al 63 4 =P Exfective teckional area. a= _P bw. te Lw = effectne length of feck wold =(A+2b) ty = Elffpctive trot thickness = ks. = Be of Flee weld — Shaan shres im weld due to twisting moment (my) iw 4, G2 = Mian Ip % =Pe Tp polor ror of filet wold = Lez thy of fet weld, F = nadiol distame drom 6 welsh group 4o point on eld lem 4 7 oe @ Wn % Resultant sheon shrew blur wh ey) % & ae © ap me Ve 4a = Jai 424,24, 9, coo 3} PG, — comdition for @p)mac: ¥—> moncimumn O-> taionimum for sahely ob pllek uvekd : Cadman S fod =dlecign shan capacdy of {iter coh oa = Be aid Bracket Type Connection - IL When load or moment ie not Wing in the plome of Het weld group e ? y we | y we A . | T-bvacket. ~ steel sluren’ “Nendical thean tars im woh duc to Ps a,, q= Pk iP fh sedional ana Lu. ¥t Lu -> Effective length of filler wold = 2d ee > Effective throak thicknam = KS 6 > sige of fet veld ee ee ee costo ge m=PRe T= DOr of ler wed aloe bencting ance: = tt Byo2 = wo 12 é rsa heceuuee eo) ne ees Weta eta a= (aa ss wren (4) Bore saiec) ip Uencli nam eee nerso oO o o o 3 o oO O O een P a Bracket — ~ Placa. atic Burt weld we aulgedced t ) Dineck comertnic blood (P) a Berding. rmoment (tm =Pe) __Nerkicah theon Stree im butt weil eat = fe ee ee Exh: Teckeon ol. anza, Lute. aAxt Low = ebty Length oh bute wel =A te =elf throat thickness =t — Berding sires Mm weld due to mM we Feal fel = bo, cal ey m= Pe yee 2 T=™mr of but wed = tad e = Equivelent strom om wold, es (q.024 Real * — For saber; of beet wold : CR)enoe < FX. Caasign equivalent strom )Mek sage of eek ueld 5. Jer Fe 410 grode steel, fie= 410 Pa Nondical Theor snow fr wooidl due to P&B gy = P= 758x103 = wo 2 Cote” acon be Siro mn weld due to To we q, = lo Yaa Boy M = 75x x38 = = A = BS = 625 mm Iu = (lee + ay?) 2. Por of et weld avout bending ascis , oA Gxt +e)! Negucting, BS" anc GE “vores T= 500 ty X 62+ 5 mm?’ ‘ 3 4. = ISKIOX 38 = 6A MN en BOO by x62 F te combine stro blo 4,84, Gime = laztge Sree dea sake of {Wek weld , fu < fa = Ox) more oe s7554 A410 —_ seh = AO = l@ mms sate “te Gua 7% mee Sor Meare . ® GR) moor 9 N/ toesab ® 5. TENSION MEMBERS Xx bracing Tie Principal THE BRAcED fy ANOE Roor Tass Crain Tie) S- Main Cable. Vea & Suspends, TRUSS BRIDGE Lacing Member € Ce) SUSPENSION BRUNGE B| aur ve CoLvIoN wiTH ST LACING SYSTEND. ~> Types of Failures im a “Tension Member; = Grow socktore ge feilune, (Tag) — Wet tection nugtune (on) Tnackune failure, (Tan) — Block shear jfailune. (Tab) Gusset P : Flat tie. J 4 «| Es PF a m Member A-AIn olden umstruckidng, flat membors were sel ag -ersion membou. Atthough flat membons one. Hmong in terwion one weak In Wmpwston due $0 small v Gh radia of ee addins 6 otzon. (Per = TER . aa (Per Tar: fo, angle tecktoms now replace flack members ag HeMsion. members. Tmin = bt q t 2 I [I 15a 100x100 x10, Yin = [Lenin tara 200 mr| A Yin = Vy =/ be Lt = Tae 1 19.1 vow we 210 rere = 10 =2.9¢ mm +210 a Ga the above 9g, aoaglt section with ds anea as that of a flak member Thon YNONe dn flak membons, loack reversals ard bolt holes oe th ob pailares, Put iw oomgle sections, ohory with thee nadinr of Sarre: fockons ton hackers » eccartnialy of loodlingy (comaing moment) must ato ve taken ime tonsielLanattun > Design Tensile Strength of a Tension Member (Ta) Ta we iniwum of Tag ot Ton or Tab x Based on ‘Gross Section Vielding. Jailune ,( Tag ) Ag—> gross sectional anea o a member Yong Ly yield trumgth ob % mackerel. Leo > partiah tabely bacon og ainel geld strve (1.10) Tag = Ag. j% Bosed on Wet Sartion Rahune (on) Tnactune Saibur dy Fon Plates amd late. (ag) Tan “= 04% An fu tm An —> net sectional onea = grow zeckromal arca. — Area of bol “hole. = Jar chain patkorn of baiting + An = Ag - anca of bolt ‘holes. a. Along, secon, a-b-c-d—e: Q> = BE -—ndot: A A do Oe Qe An = (B- ndo)+: le = For Beoggered (>)? BASF patton of botting Alo Mi b dh Mot tection a—b~c-d-e, es) oe 6 To An =@-ndo)+ + Prt 4 prt ' 49) 49. Sal oo & ek pitdhas eT Pi BR —> Haggered pi a 892 Qrge dutanes. gp Jo nm inclination, n numbe of wun commackions. Gi For Angle Chanel & Otho Yypes Ff Rolled Bheel sections utente done Ane = Wet tecktonal onaa ob Commecked Varna yg a St-thicknes © Nat ‘oukstam Ago = gro» sectional anea ob ordetbandling, Heian 8 Sconnacted ly TK Gusset Plate,ee rr sit ball Yano ee > refi er ceantey} 3 § 0.7 < 5 (& Feng bs > thean ley distance Tas Le > length ob ond cmmection wo > outsbandi pete 4 > thicknere of outatomd. | a Gt is bebe to Use unequal SH ~~ ange section Yor bur tentle Boo Oa ay ot on strength. Loge lay 4 Frees) ted conmudsed to ger plote Chighon Ane) cand cwrnrectcom fpckor (B) nohuwd. x Based on Block Shear Joilune (Tab) a “te Flat tie (Ava) Shear Plane [-—~ avn) ie Z a FR-a 8 3 Bi p Vt | lees? Shean yielding & “lane wee Plane nugtune (Tap) (Arg, = A ab S33 F009 At Fu B Fm 5 Tab :t Shean nuptune & Tersion Yield (Tube) ap sien ob Teby & Take Taba = 09 Avn fe 4 Ag. BB tm Yo Avg & Ayn > min grow omd netranea of shear plane, naplly Arg & Ain > min grow and nok anea of tention plone naptayoooo0g a0 0 oco0o0o0000 ooo°o coooooo$o co (e iC a Begn neqrement for Yager of Jersion member @ Tete io win of Jl Tan. Tab © A oh member < Arince Mirut > Vandtingy clndanes natito of tercion member os par 1S G00 + 200% of @£* wen, PT Gee ee -e&eeOoe ad © > Design of Axially Loaded Tension Member ® Blendenness rvatlo of a Tension Member = unaupporcbed length = 1 Mims nadine ob gyration Vrin x Lomiting Blenclarness Patio Carmnit) (hy A tension member tuljeckeak to load (@) ones pevensala Aue to loasls obher than wind (on) canthquake load! — 180 G) A member useol ag te MW nook tru (mm) mn a nag tystern sulyected to Wad rwersale due +0 loads nasuhiogg om oink (@) eonthgualke loads — 350 GD Jor any otha tension trembor Se (other “than pratensioned members) * Tension Splice Tension splice a JOE 4% tension member Amore used — {or eae length Ob & tension mem bo (where “the sige avnilable rom Sroion Rolling Mle one mite) ancl atao ured on jor hug diferent sget oh sbension. mambers r mt Fe S i “ Jonni Li 7 Jension Yplia. bw trvo angle members a ca ya be tension member* Lug Argle ug angle te a Short laygth of an angle unedl ot a nt laeion to yon oukthandiny lg of om ane tthe gurret plod (omeh aheo to yoos ucts kam cLingy forge of a channel to the gusset plete.) to thet Lema th ok connection ® joint can be Med oced « Lug Angle: Gusset Plate. 1. B= 300mm, 4=10 mm , d= IF mm. Wet sectional once of place with one bott Ihde , An = (B~ neo} = Goo—1x20).10 = 2800. mnk Globe diame , do = 25 mam - Jedlune sections ore: «9 i-2-3-4 100 b 4-5-6 50 9 1-2- 5-6 4) )=2-5-3-4 “An olny. 1-2-3-4 1 (chain pattom), An Goo 2 x26)10 " = 2500 mmad OUOoYV+ g Along [-2-8-6% eyK An = @=nedo)t + & Goo — 2x28) 10 + So x08 tt 4x100 A "3, 1-2-5 -3— An = @o0~ ax25)iot s8x10 4 5d yup #x100 “axia0 = 2375 mnt Expeckive teckionol area = 2376 vee Tan = O-4An fu Troy An = Qoo- 3x @) x12 = 1752 mone Tan = OG xi7S2x410 _ 125 A =1374 met, fy 2250 Tay = Ag fy L379 x250 313.4 kN i acne ae La= 40 Pa 3 fy = 250 MPa sdo =18 mm Tae ~e min Of Tag (Y Tan (0) Tay do = 18mm Min end abso, Omin = 15 do = 27 mm ; (no block thean failure) Cpnovidel > Orrin, Tag = Agf _ [20x10x250 = 27.7 ky mmo vl — Tan = 0-4 An fa 9 oq (120-218) 10 x HID 2819 ku Fray el 419 |Atg = 50X10 =500 mo 50mm Shean plan Ain = Go~ 20. ~ 28.) = G0 -18)10 = 320 rank wonsl | Ay = (50+95)x10 x2 = 1700 mre Dyn = (+5) 1-1) x10 x2 = 16D mae Dheon gil & Tension rupture (Tabt) + Tabi = © Ay & 4 o@ Ay fu NZ Tmo Tron = Ox 260 _ 4 O-Axs20xmH0 NBX N25 Shean ruptare & Tension get (Tab2) : Tabo =09Ayn fe + Ag fy V5 Veni aed Smo HOAX NGOX AND 4 SoDx250 Gxves ao = 811 kN Tdb = min of Tabi & Tab. = 3 kn Ta = 247 kN rm OF — Ay = 410 Pa, fy =250 Pe wel! mo, i ely i 1 : Tdg = Ag fy Imo 150 fea = (Geos ns A)xe] x 250. < wer ko ii eh! LJ Ave = (i5-8.) £. oe Tan = O14 Ane a + BAg #& ewe von Teno )& Fa. = W4-0.07%x US x 250, ge a0 Feoha-o a6 (&: Ago = (-£)e = 88¢ mnt y Tan = 5163 knw > oF. DAS DLemte- eS Minit wd ~! 2 > Amer < 350 (Yin = 20 mm) y 20 . i) max < 850x20 y $7000 mm 5 S70 ms New VY YM we Ww YE we ~~IS Sopt, FRIDAY 6. COMPRESSION MEMBERS @Principale Raktor — ieaptinsce monmally used In roof truss as a Main © Strut — a gry, usad wn 2004 a sure () & (rasing, tysterm. * RooF TRUSS A fh Principals Rafter @ Coluron (ony Post ry Frametion = Cronin, struct) ured wm industrrol building oe (continuous struct loon gindens. + ie fogr aippone floor © 3 ~osg © Boom = Prin ple cormpnarsione membar in ls Post a ane aystern > Types of Failures im a Compression Member D Zhont Coluron or short Fact — Nonrnollg rh by yielding or omdhicng of a matenial. Gy Greermediate Column on Intownediate srt — onal oil by onelastic. buckling. «iy Long. Colunn Long ghnws — gered fo by elastic buckling. - e v \ a ' \ \ 1 1 ee fi ‘ Fea, se fy ees ; < Fp (proportionality limit) PR / Cyielding Failure in Short. Colum) (elastic buckling Failune im long colafn)oO oO QO O o O O O - = Comngpnursive —trongth of 0 cslumn ot abnar BY ay inronced ty: Gy Grital ixmporfpctton ve the member Cue to hamdling, -tnomsportatton & orechton) | Gy Peridunal shras in the els (deneloprd due +o ccdling tron nigh terep le moulding to ambient temp.) Giy Eegentricidy of loading (ouahing edition ad mo marta) > Design Compression Strength of a Member (Pa) Pa = fea. Ae Fed > design stree in arcial compronton De —> elhfpetive tectroral onca. © IS 800:200% proposes multiple auwes abso BA based on PERRY ROBERTSON’S Approach: a mon—dimentional eftective oa alendennum nokro. aa Bey ; a = elostic Cea Bhs ey : @ Az pr 18 goo: 1984, Fee Pa = Tacs Ae Tac = 06-4 Fe ee 8 fee < 066 Ay (mencHert RANK! (Gy +n) Forrovta)(eubuhor gecktons) member “have mone comprentix @ Clam & seneng th wormpaned to class C (iolid carnaton fecttow). Both claw a & ec members one bth ally straight amd fuse form eccentnie \oadivg,, Buk residual shreges will be mone in clas G compared tp clo A as umihorm cooling takes place irveenion omal eackorion' of +whulon tecktory be the WWE pr bending > wilh be mow, along fed vale fromm the uwe, Yry asia. Aighen A means Lowen 2 Calon > Cady-y, Eernorric iacktore Lost gcttors ore thore wm which CAax = (Pauy. (tubudan ota ) x Perry Robertson's Equation fea = fy tmo . fu b+ (p>) °° Xmo ) > non dimensional effective slender ratio = |% ueI sackion will be ee ase to eccarrtnic, loading, wrote Y anc Qoowen Yor I jection, dooding, will be ce of action. y Y | —— \ | z ' z Zz -4 | = | = Zz | = | 7 | @ —| : @ Y yee >> rug. vex ™¥ yy Fon sarne area of section, Tt gedton will be mone ecormmical ond, eflgaent than TS> section, Jor struda, tacki bobts, or tacking welds or tacking mvt one used 40 connect different Rations. ” © For columme, lbmacings or lacing, agtems one used. % Conmeckion rte ‘ ¥ % ms fon Bure up Glurms are; _ asin Syatann (preferred AR eCeeMENUE Loecladl column — Paster. tystem (goroadly tsed Jor octal yy loaded. columns * Lacing 8 stom = Tle, angles, Charmole a fst lacie ctube feckioma one roootly used mem os — rockon Yr Lacing, membar, © > argle of indimactton of, lacingy colth longibudinal ania, Ls paclrn, of, lacing member Ys b—> width of {lat beeing Re Ley length of lacigy member,O oc cogoo0o 8 Step 3: Felect a trial gection with oppnoccimate 2 aren equal to area required coith ygheox minimum nadius ob gyration Step 41 Based on end wndition, KL andl effective alumdanrers natto (KL/r) amd fed of a trial teckoon may be cokeulaked Step 5: (Pa) = Cali x Ae Sh P< (Palirial ; section We tale, Otdrwue same procedure i repanted with Who cle area x Lemiting Slenderness Ratio Limiting > © A compnation member subjected < 180 +o comnpnantive Loads rosultin. om DL + LL combination. ” © A membr aulgecked 40 compnontive, < 250 loads assullin pom wind load or Gittakes loots » we /EQL : 7 € 300 9 Jou comprasion flarye ob earn —> Built up Sections (Quilt up Colounns) “IN a ® @ S Out of ter sections, am one & mor “eftedent: an tore onan, thrown moons pom, buckling. arcs amd “hen mre ¥QO eooceceso eco Coco v @ KL _s effective slendomes redto , : co manent KL —> eftedive Wngth of an, wremben’ K—> effective length constant L—> untupported. lary th @ = 05 (14% Q-oa) +94) <> impartection fpckor Backing Since a b c a « 0.21 36 | 0.49 | 0-76 ge corsidans — a) Eec3ambricity of a ood. b Qritiad Phnaig rene ) Residuck ska present Ym c/s > Effective Length of a Corrpression Member + C KL) KL depends upon :— ie > Awpe. oh end umdldion 4 Co Go WYO: of ~membeno meeting at @ Joint location ku Gin. WVo: of niverts on bolt wed ab a gout x CfFectie Keyyth of a Column (iL) Fype of End Gondition —_Exfective Kergth — Elfeative length. Ckt) confbant (k) Fisced — Fixed. b eae ee O:80L o- 80 4) j Premed —Pinned ad LOL ho Ging al — Hinged) Fored — Jroe a Srocad — Moment x My hou uxDinned—momait noller 2.0L sth Sent, en Design of Axially Loaded Compression Members * Design Requivement for Safety of Compression. Members , — Design Compnenive lood (P) < Daign Compnenmion Fercan 2b & member, = (&) Ob section < Komniting. flendarnen Ratio (to take cane Of erection loans) © Design of comprantion member ls an indirection method °%4 long. as the foilune stnow, fos, aapends on lot of factors. a = 6h 89) © Tor a tension member, section ts dapmdent on Ay. Jor a comprosion membor, tection U dapencdemt on Ae a + dor a beam, teckion %& dapendent on moment of inertia Stopr: Assume darign sbrank ww amial Comprenion Chea y Fed = 90 mPa (for angle straits) 185 MPa: (fon Insection columna) = 200 MPa. Cor Tneanily loaded. calummé ) Step a: Sfhedive sectional area raquined Yor factored. comprertive Load, P & ! (Ae)veg = PAFet)asrumdO QO “neklec Tmonon Wmoge coogoooc 8 — Poslune of lading aystern Bee e a @ @ -pbucklg of hele, temponens @ ~ Weal duckling oh cabewn component B ~p ocak buckling of Lacing, member — Genoal fpecifications: © The nadine of, Qyrtion monmak to the plane of acing, mot law than parallel to ‘the plane of lacing we by # bez To rane exorony, days condition runt be yy = tee => Ty = ke 4 y, a | 21g = 2 (Ty + Agr) Z 4% et z i S|” Gr ee Cuy)*) ! x iy @ dor singe lacing tyes lacing, om ona plane showtol to the othe plane JE SEhere Bhowld, nob be notion in Laci og o ae amie varsadzon im lacing system IE} m= AF xh ) — Design Specifications : (reportant) @ 40 effective loyth ob \aciag mearnbd (etXe Jor plot lacing (8x+) @& =}: B oO 9 0 Twin = BA 12 G e Yorn = fe eaeeeeee see - + 0 A (2. BE Wie 0 O Sitka oe 145 o + ° Mir with of flat lacing member, Bmin = 3.x shank diarnoter ° of bolt, . Shank diametor 9. ct ad 16 Dig Meo | Ma oO B foi | 50 | SS | 60 | 65 morn) o @ Min thicknens of lacing memben ° tin ft 4 3 Apr single lacing typkomn o #i, me : 5 So hem le Lasts member oO oO ® L < 50 Vmin oO SOT % effective ilendomnars ratio of 2 whole built up cumin (te 3 Fp fe) Whichever U lers. o Ynin oo trans noclias off indimiclual eolumn, componert oO 2) The above comoltion va revired “to ciminate local buckti 0 a oh rdeicual column component blo locinge Losing membors Sos be designed YA a tnamcvoue thor of 25% packoud column load.Tnameverse shear, V = 2.5 % factored colimn Load V= 25 p too ~U- Fsino =0 N vo —» Fo = V sme Nw N @ Design oxial fonea jn lecinng memben (F) Fe v Nsing eee . : FE (Aor Fogle lacing. 4 N=2 ae or dowble lacing rystern sino Os an oe @ Cfhective slemdormen — rackeo of La Be chem shoul be Bt In orden ty take cane thean dlahormnations due to umbolomad “horgortal forcast Loseng. memburs (rorwasecdPsa ceo, Effective slenclarnens nad flony | ato, Ke = 200 oO +- 9 O . KL = 1.0L (Encle ane heogect ) 0 ‘AL = 200 O ; ele = = 200 Y= Oo JE = [sti a oO Wh, a + o L . +. =200 3S 1 =s0 — o 2 nromaverwe sheon,V= 2:5P a ° 100 5 p> Tackorel loa. 5 Pe ptervice load. oO P= Wx Pe oO = 5x 1000 = 1500 KN oO : = 2 5 NY B8A1800 - 5115 kn O 5. Asial {re m lacing » F = v oO Nsin® Oe e=48 5 N=2 oO y ° F< 875 = 96.52 kn a Isa looxio0x oO 28in4s — | a eens ° z z oO & A= Hoa mot Tee oO Lee = Tyy = 177x15 root ys oO in rodisas oh gyration, Yin = J Tmin He sn shack oO A gussek plate Y Teta = min of Ty, a ax.I2z = 2(Ica + Ay) = 2a(1gt Ao) = 2122 Gumek lakes ane provided’ ovly at poista, of gunctzons. » IT 2A 4 gunk pladns are mob tndladled, = 2( ty + a(t Gzz)?) Ty > Tez < by w. Twn = Izz. Yeain = | 2 Tee = 2A Z set plate. Lean ha = Zp. fy = 12% fy ; Yino Yo 8) C—> cantilever projection bajond the. noot of Geese 9 aggle (for bolted connection) = Thicleman of bose plate (4) : ooo oo 98 8 Ve eM ¢ l o : li bla « 7 | Hp = + — thiclnew of guwet angle (For bolted connection) O O - = — (for welded connection) O Ji P G-5? Vy i ov , P 2 | = y _ \ O \ ~ she ! O i ' oO ———— oO ue P19 m1) — Roe Btn due to * ee dineck axiol lod = P, _ PL i es 7 E fg (compunion) O ines due to BD = tw y _ Che O zd BL ° Combined atros due to Pam =a= L=P ~ 500-300 : aie a z = 100 mm -be — 450-250 2 aml SDagoo mh L=500 mm > " ios = 100 mm: Shickrwms Of bose plate, ty = |2,5v9 (aonb?) Yno g ————— =}245 x4 (ipd- 0:3x108) x10 250 = 263 mm (>te = 116mm) , So abl the + opttore givon, anea ts dame. . w= PL w& aleo game. a no tec. a a) C= 600-140-230 mm a ——s —! bc = $00=400 = 100 mm ©) C= 500-140 = Ig0 mm. 2 A) G= 720 = 400 216 mm ~~? Combined Shwe = 20. LB3 NN NaN NN et Nat at dN See StReS ree Ete eeeSERESTeeSECEESECOEOOE ee Jor Fe 410 grede steel, FA = 40 MPa, fy = 250 Py, For 25 grade conouke, Ak = 25 Pa. D = 350mm, be = 250mm, t= Ing mm P= 2000 kit Ansa of beste plote (glob bare) = _P O45 RK b = 2000 x 10% O- 4sx 25 aso = NTT 8x1S? mm a A =Lxe = (+20) (be + 2b) : _ = (Se0+2a) (250+2b) (a=b) . J wa977 = GPA 20) (280 420), . => oa =b = 622q mm & 65mm Levgth of bore platel= p+20, = 350 + 2x65 = 480mm Width of, bare plate,B—= be +eb. : _ = 2504+2x65 =3e0 mm pro and Promo, wo = Po = 2000 x1 widasl area 480 x eee plate + ol i] 10-96 NfSFhicknes of bose plore, ts = 2.5 w (t= 0.38) tno g = 25 x14 (65-08 es) x01 250 tl ieee = 20mm (Sten =o CoLtown Sprice Floor givders Pir Pas s+ Pras Pm fack-onad Glumn Loads im various columme We, PL > Pe > Pe ++) > Pai >Pr. r ‘Steel, ecolurnns, 1548 400 Y Pe sue ae ‘So Steel Frame for mulbi-storey< building Column alice te a Joint Yr steel column. to be provided for oekending lowith of column tection (langth availabe fom Sholian Rolling ml Lest) om also provoked. when tv00 differnet zee of columns oe. +o be goed Govern splice ahold be — cheaigned as a short color amd recommended to locate jure above {loon level .Se ; “y | ete se com ; 4 pie 3 o v e— splice plate, a 0 ° “| ig f 1 A Column splice, bls two coluran a ‘y : A Sections ° Hh end of a columm Le machined ot meted, theo ratic O no cormactiong- taste te neqineds Bak We PRacktive , splica wast ; be designed tee 5D% prckoret column load O O QO O O O QO O O O oO O oO O ‘s] O O O O Cc3 Oct, FRIDAY 10. GANTRY GIRDERS Cel Trolley Or) Crome Crab. al an i i 2 : | Rail . NN ane irder , Sos x Li & Gantry so Girder G o° : as o°8 20 \ Bracket LL] tr Plate Il NP |e —~ Steel column, Ny EOT Gromer i+ Electrically Operated Overheocl Shawna Cranes hoot ot HOT Crames :- Manu @) Yond Operated Ovorhend Tnosseing Chavras, > Design loads on Gomtry Girder ; — Nenticol loads (Gnowity Xoodle ) — Lateral loads (Surge Loads) — Loygitudinal loade (Dnog Loads) — Impact ‘loads (Sudden Actions) —> Adedlitional loads on Girder due +o Impact effect t) Vevticat Loads Additional loads —EOT cons 25%, ran. shatic wheel brad. — or roma 10% mas, Phakic wheel loadsSe) 9 Wy hetenak Loads Additional “oad a — EOT mane 10% Cust: of crab + wt. Ute o = MOT cranes 5 Ged 0 5h (ut of crab + ast. ligted cname O Gib on a tn Loade SY. mane. static wheel load, Oo 9 > Types of Sections ° — Iswep : to rst mone lateral Loads. : Cweug > & 0 MS iswe 7 a sfisve O 1s™0B/ Ise 0 ; Lh. 5 — Reimjerad with channel section O O O O O O O — Box Ginder 2 4 rrone torsional rssistonce O — O O O : O 2 Limiting Deflections (15 goo: 2007) oO” 3 : Ait ° — Jer root @y HOT cramas ‘7500 L-> span of O ~ Fer COT cromss with erane copacity Ure daring gids O upto 50+ or 500 kN O — EOT comes cotth mane capac L O mene than 50+ ©r) 500 kN A000 O = For othr moving equipmots U6o0 Uke charging cana oe&® sept, SRTURORY 11 ROOF TRUSSES > Selection criteria for Roof truss + — Span of the -bruns — Pitdr of the trims. : Dior oh the truns opendla on: Fink Truss cb Type of rool covering. maskenial to be sod 4 trary (like Ac thectaex shesta, plastic shoots) a Kightening, & ventilation requnement Pitch = Ree _ bh Span L = Roe = h Loh lp Lt cz Blope = tan Moly spam (for agrrmetnic trun) toh Slope. 2 % North ght Roof TInuss 10 ww — Spams upto — Dry light ie main oviteria. for felecktom VYorth light 4 a a a tress a@ North light Roof Truss Piech —- - two > [Rag PlopeFes ernnres reper reece ee ance es are treninnt Sone eee een ad Oo OO O COCOOSSCCT OS > Elements of Roof truss eFJop Chord bracmge ans nab rapinel when ratory, wells ane provided. H Nez = YL (H+Weose) |? 10 L Myy = Yi (wsine) > 10 wre growty Wood due to DLR LL (N/m & ' N/m) we H— load due to wind presure (Nira or Nore, wand YW Xs look facton, ahs @ Punlin membor my be anigrest os Fernpg Aapporceed beam On comtilawen beam or continuous beam. IS g00: 200% recommends to dantgn ar csrtimnous beam why to Liaacial bemding mo nee tw reese) Nouy = WL wsino (Ye)* 10 a YL wsina ? “ a0) ction © Faq nod will mininkee as end “Bro tm Pantin member abouk minon principal aneix—? kcomommicat, eA OF L | }-+-—~ Ridge. [-4~ truss Je Partin [sn ———aI1 Stet ste Ss $ Mew os pag lo ° PeemGcge seca truss (> or Uy iene Toga Par unit area Po? cost of punlin por unis area, > cast oh rool theabing. PR unit ona. se —> total (VY everalh cor 44 noob building por uit ana = Ete ar 2 C =t S= o As Bpacing oearr, mo: of jointa bur roof in reaser amd ah a Ruubk caste of b=os = sheots increases =F. Ss we = ++ ptr = 8 Late as Tp rave winimum cost of roof buiteting, ae =o ds a(S Cod 4. as) =o. “Sp +acestcg =o Gr mas +6,®) 5 3 > 2 Nett Net Vv “== = ~Se eee SEM OO OR 6 Fe 2x cose of punlin par unit onea ose of truss por unit ana = + cox of Avo}, cov unck ane ons > Design Loads on Roof truss — design dead loos, ps design, Wwo @) imposed loaols - ohasign. wind Lloadl. ; - clesigne Bnow loads % Design Dead Loads (is gas: 198% Part 1) © Bel weight of punlins G Beth wright of bracinge ® Bly weight of roog theching. © Bly weight of trum Balh weigire of tree = 100 Nm 40 150 N/me Plan ane = (G+s)eo wit ton oven (L= pan of truss) % Design Xive (or) Imposed loads (s #95:1969 Pare u) — Blope of rook, © ¢ 10 LL = 1500 N/nt (4 accom i» provicled -fon ‘Rep aln & maintem ance) = 7150 Ni/w® (ih accom te mot provided for nepain A maintenance)— Blope of roof, @ >10° — (150 - 20 (0-10)) Nit 400 N/ne x Design Fnovw Load, (18 295: 1983 Part iv) SL = 25 Nit por eens ‘om’ clepth of. nou = 25 Nit pr voy Sram? depth of snow ©>5d ; Brow load need nob 40 be conticned Bt septs SUNDAY % Design Wind. Load. C'S 845: 199% Pare mL) Vb = Basic wind epeed in ms ot a Raye of tom orn host Vz= Borin wind speed in mis at a aja ze che ky > Probalrty (oy nick factor: Ke > ige, thape amd ehructane foekron. kg > fopggnop ley dacton. Pe = Dajgn ond prosane at a hight z of a stauching Pes ke vg “6 ve [ (k =0-6) Design wind load = Cpe - Cpt) Pe. Ac. hone Ae —> expoted area, : Spe > external wind prmune coolfpciert (depend on elope of Roof, ) Cri —> internal wind prortare coeffecienb (depends on dagace of pormeability or) no of openings im etauckure)Oo oO oO oO Oo oO Qo 2) O O O O 6) >Design of Purlin ea — 3 ve Ss P= Gronidty load due to os we sheeting. and line blood Jheting Gin kN/m) 7 . Main strut hy = lod. due ty wind presune < (Top chord im KN/m: tember) 1 = Span of puain (spacing bles two aoc trun), © = slope of roof. IS $00: 200? recommends to dasign a pelin os a continus Ye beam, eee to biaxial. (unsymmetrical ) fon Rood along. minor axis (YY axis) P= BL (H+ Proose) —> Mee ood alam majon axis (zz ois) H = VL (Pisime). > royy Bedi: smomartt sbouk Majon oxds, Mzz = po o a a Br about minor ade, Myy = He Io % Deflection @) Gowreeability — Umnita : (18 800: 2007) W Brdele cladding (ov sheet) = L . 1 18 Gr AC ooking sheet o Gin Clase clada = & L OI Plutke rooting sheet 19_ Design bending. Hoangth about mrgjon axks (Maz) tax = Ze. Fy Fmd. — Duiign banding strength aba minor ands (ray). May = Zry. Yrno Zpe & Zpy Plastic. seckton mo dulus of purter about mye R wim anode noptly, — der tatety of purlin., dntenactton Equation ax pr wus be satizfied: Is €00 : 2007 o MZ 4 My eto Max > xz Maz tow ‘go Mdy > My. Qo a am : imk cal S Ati 5 De = limiling. deflection der w, Mx. = 0 Jor Wc0830, Max = Mos a0 = em % - A e Maz = Ze fy T Yrno May= 2 fy Smo. Backcon modulus (Zpz + & Zpy). is imndapencent of orientation of secktons04 As por 18 B00: 1984, amg Wor purnlins wow ured i) oy x» A rtumptions 0 lope, © 30 Compared one for wind, Joe. gon a serosal) Oo sly Bending, moments obout memoranda naglecked, go LL = 750 Ane ry 08 Slope =1 tome =1 >e 2 ) 2 ) we Yee ee Ye feth sept, ;UN DAY O9. PLATE GIRDERS Beans ane clesig red 4 berating mmomencts (1) and fomebiras = Zhe. fore Cy). Dake. grea ane the maser beams in g rbnucbune. Jor reoryy lode amd Tange Spams, will be vos lange Yo to meek the aarign — requinement oh M 1) @ Jwo I- vecktors plocel tide bya ade, Plate — Girnder (. Spams won oy Gio Thums Gindar (— spare > 100), > Plate Girders Ae fae Unequal angle ane Provided +o: Ave neq en G@ inowore moment of inarten weld Angle.| | ong Dwelded PG a Bolted, Po @ Weidhe of bobbel[rivebel plete gindan = We kN/m 00 © Weight of welded plate girder =x knfm w-> Buporimp osed load, in KN= For plore grass b notin will be voys igh , leoding, to locad buckling failunce before. Gelding foilanes G) Phearn buckling, Jailune Also colled Diagonal comp nasion. buckling, oiluna 7 rT aso1f#+2fU©?fFfU)fe LL) PBK. a (I Diggonal a = / eames vat Digan @ No aheon buckling ailane in web when a £6763 E= 250 tw y @ Skeor buckhing. cam oto be winindead by qrowiding, vertical stiffrens 70 thet one component of diagonal REET halen core of by vertical thffmens ond another component by- flange plates. Gp Hongontal Cy Xorytbudinal buckling failure, hone Due comp reneive benatinng Hrwrses, web plate cmapy change to buckle. (Tez >>> Ty), about minon ais: Y to avoid thin ‘horgorttal stefhrew ono F iy Vertical (@Y bearing buckling failure of, web plate, Braybrors ore t0 be provided bt comamtnatal loools 9 supports. Buch sttfgrere ore colleh Koad bearing feP-68 19. Gon unstthbencl wels plate, no Btihhorar So Fe 450 jrode steel, fy = 250 a tw ecco) giclee 200 € tw > 2900 19 rm 200x1 We required.Hy ob Elements of a Plate Girder CEspay — Web place. — Flam, late wi Fe ge Fists wlth flomye angler for bo Yat /nnwrted Blonge plata only fp weldad pote girder % CtiFhoners : Gh Intermediate SH Meners a) Vertical or Boab Woy Or Shomer onse, : #ikGonony, b) Ghongomtal or lovgitudinal steKomong oe @ Bearing Sti fFeners, @ Kocd bearing. Phtfemers. (undlon cones Loools 5) by Ed bearing Bifano Cot — * Splices: © Wed Splice. G@ Tlomge Price PE horizontal skFfener Clongitudinal) Flange plate. , Flange oI mks (ona) LLP irene skEFene, ose i NAT i 0 N " KZ 5 — G Ale Choad. ge. 7 0 plate yY pier smelt vende () bearing, stiffener Support L_—_L oy transverse stiffeners end post. web plate CCoOCOOoOGCoOCeCOOoOCoOe Soe O98 88S 888VeeEeV VV Vw cLength of plate owailable prom Snelien FAN Ling Mi, vw only BS m. Buk plate gindow one buillir to a length oh 20m. So web splice ie used to Goin uxb flacter ard flomge Splice iW used to commect flonge plootez. Aweb plater ane. provided tm support sh % web splicag ane, Nob provided at points of man. SE Like upporch Uundon cone loos ate, Smilanly , plonge plete ane aasigneck, to tupponk the momen. % forge splices ane not provided eck mone. BIO locakeornd Like under cone. loool, Gpliaa of these critical loesbims Inocase the cast amd mor of bolle amd rived, —> Web Plate. Economical dapth of uveb plate (18 concept bored on rinimum ance of seal (min wt) -to be proviclad Woz = design bending mower fy = yield strength of material. x Min. thickness of Web Plate (should meet: | Service ability ovtteria. & compression Flange buckling. Foquirernent) : — min thickness’ of web plate (based on. Service abi ty criteria) ay Wo vertical (Sromeverte) stifgen ou required Ah < 200 € (web connected, 0 flomge at tw both longitudinal edgar)O COCOSOSCOUO OCS S ee Heo = + < 90€ (web comneck ed flemge along. one longitudinal edge only ) by When vertical atifemos are to be pnoviclad. - &£ ¢ 20 eG (Yor 84> 3d) bw < 200 Ew (034d gcca) Ao Gora dn cee alaso — When C>3d, plote Grd +o be treated as unstifened r= ele c= pacing bls vertical sbthen ens a) When vertical atigbenons + 1% hoagortal atibbenen op and honizontal aiiflenen at NA. ee ae > Stiffeners — Vertical Or) Tromsvewe (or) Pealility Ptibbonens. ical bq —> outwtand of #ibbener . Y ihttonar cm spacing, blo vertical stifbenow NOTE: Mextical sikbomars ane to be prowiclad to eliminate, sheor buckling fails We web plate, She shape of He stiffen mast be angle section fer bolbed plate gindtn and Flat sectioner welded plore, Guam = minimum por requared (15) Ts = 075 dtw3 (when -$ 38) Ty = 15a@tw? — (uthen &. ctw? — ot honigortal shiflener at NA. Is > dotw? where de = 2% distana from comprantion flange to NA (=a) NoTes The connection blo vertical sikhencr to the web plate, honigortal abtybener to the weld plote should be doxigned mm: then not Ws then tw? Shs Minimum shear = ts" (kin/amm) 5bs bw —> thideress of web plate be > outstand of siflenr | q=Ml Ekle. ro “ies splice plate.ooooooooo9gc900 08 9° co COO ECE OOO CO, O20 70) %% — it Bb rscommendad to locate ‘web splice ok point away pom ee shear, = wae splice mas be dowigned for than ance & Bm aot Splicad Locations — woo spice a foink fn web plate +o be used for coclemdirg, length of web plate > Web Splice —> Flange Spioe. = fe tw joined YR flomge plata fer weckemding. length. oh feng: pote — flomge splice. ahowld not be located ot apoirt of reese BMD. = florga splice thowlol be darignad for “honigorttol shear Cosial load’ to the flare plete) due to -tromvense loadsa Oct, SUN DAP BE AMS B Boam B8-B Beam A-A. (FLooR BEANO), (Joist) A, a }— Lintel ee Ze Omning @ Lintel. a Parting Purlins x Givder — majpr bean G: loon boar i an industrial, buildivy. Floor va i @ Stringer a Spandrel, stringerO 9 O 7 OO 9 O08 O 5 O O CEU OYeE Ve “Veuve C1 ry —o 8 Grit in % Header — -bromarnse Loaded ttnuckure pnovidarl well openings of stains - Pending, moment ts a function of 4 and Spam , to= FO) = FOr?) Bae tramwormse Loodad. ruckunes Uke. gt punlin, lentel, abe are ketond. beams with short epars, % the design Bro wil be Lee for Shem they one aanigme with channel geckiore aUthous h Totes ane o,. best bear Bion; os A-secktorg becorus uneconomical a CY TY Gout der chanel rektons, load (be) { must pant through the St +o produce ginger bem cling. omy at - a il St ZZ ands Hy ey nk oe 2 Aibprent pork Be will coure tending, moment (Tr) ' Gund, BO abouk ZZ once (Mo2z) | Y > Behaviour of Bearn in Flexure - A clastic region Gdaatned shrew train cuwe tp Ge past reion yp of meta steel uu alto kroum as shes 3, 3, elasto-plastic ainain cwwe, & 1 ans T J =fluofZ " ¥yBending Stress Distributions Corresponding to Various” points on Stress Strain Curvei~ plastic Achy fon fy Psay 2) funky entirely — _~_ plastic aaa , elastic 12. =P) vegion Pee ree Se) a Ny Classificections of Sections : Based on yield moment (My), plostic mromerst (top) 5 A nokto of flange A web, the four clamor 6 reckions anes GyPlastic section. dy Compact Section. WibSeri compact Section (Non Uy Slender Section. compact] Nooment: Torecktoma ama Chommel, on , ee ee ae |e 4 rorishomes whereas plabe gindens do rob davelop plastic rromert of : Rotation (9) —> resistance, —> Lateral Stability of Beams. , 2 i compression Flarge ke } | i ae — z__|i z SS STE [Bending axis. Ee >>> |i a — ys} Tension flange "yOo 9290 9 OO 9 8 Ce oCeeoecoeceoce 64 a Keckonallyy Restrained Beams (Or) Aotanaly Sopporked. ® Beams Dore womprantion flomge of beam te not affected by Lokenal or latenct tovional buckling, shear connector iy Sector Phability of Bane. Go. Lectorally urvustroined er) laterally uenaupponcted bearmnds Carprewion flomge of bean section Lb abfected by- \ (or) latenol torwional baling ~— Floor slab. > Design Criteria of Boam: = Flesunat Fhrerngth Grrteria. (Design org (on) ), — Shean Blnegth Criteria, (Design 4% SF (v)) — Deflector. Cnitenia. ( Serrcoabity Cnitorva) ~ Check fr fecomdany, effects Uke web buckling. & web onigilingy failures - # Design, Flexural (or) Bending. Strength. (Noa) a) Hecker ally Reet-raimed. Beam (No lateral or lateral tomional buck Ling ) by Vhen a < 67 (NO ther buckling of web) c), Loo shear care (wher V< 0-6 va)Vo dunign aheon force. Na—> cleaign aheor abnen ath ob a beam. see 0.542 fy = 06 fy V3 V>o6 va (Agr Bhan Gore) Ma, Bo Zp Ay < 12z fy mo Fo Clr simply supported, beams) P= 10 (for plastic & compact socktong) = (for terrimcormpact rectron) 19 < Ma Noa = Zef? Fea reduced Lenaingy shares) Gr slender section) Tor semi cornpack sacktors, Nod. rm BL 2e. (S%-%) Fon locker ay Urnestnaind beams, Ma = By Zp. fea . fia, —> compnonive ttrepgth of flange of a beam which, uu coluslaked Yor Pony Roberton equation. Fol dopemds on skerolearee ratio, Plendarnss rakio or comp nenion J lange of a beam ty limited to 300 4x Design Shoor Strength of the bearn (va) a) Xokwial restrained (or), Lupporctet beams b when A 67e (Wo ahean buckling of seb), whine € = [250ooooocoofg0go o00¢ O° oO oOo oO OS A Nt A NN SD) 2) Va = Nn = Vp Ymo mo. Vp = Plastic shan strength of the seckton, = Pheorn onea x fy Vs” ees = Sheon arceax Y | Ys. tro tw a th Jor ried T-tacttor : BSheon oa = h. tw (about mae | or volded T= meckiom : = Sheon anea = ditw (about oon aads) | % Letting. DVeflections: (As pa — For serpy supported beam Ss G00: 2007 ) Arimit = Spee (gtadic claddliny 240 & i — Jor cantilever beam Ahan (Brite dedaing.) = 2x aierply capporvbed, beany Alimit = Bem (Clamic dloddingy) = Spe : a (Brvthe cloddivgr) Dcal < Dtimat ua = Shean oner x fy = 500x102 250 _ _ 664,20 ky VB + Fmo AB xt be