Chapter Malay Basin ‘Mazian B. Hj. Madon, Peter Abolins, ‘Mohammad Jamaal 8. Hoesni and Mansor B. AhmadINTRODUCTION eBay tain ett nthe Souter I pert ofthe Gulf of Thasland, beween Yiewam and Peninsular Malaysia Gig 8.14). The Basin coves an aea of about 80,000 kn, ands filled wih up to 14 km of “ona ay nl isin Feed Wer eo: ed na ows Fg sediment (Abd Rahim Md Ass etal. 1999) The basin continues northwestwards to merge with Thailand's Pattant Trough and utheserwarde withthe Indes’ Wess Nato Basin, My northeastern flank lies partly inMalay Basin etsamese wero Peleum exploration im he Malay Bsn ‘gan in 1968 and now in vlately mature Sage Many ol ae gus acamulaons have Ben Giscovered and 1 of these sre currently producing (Fig 6.18) aly exploration acees {pre-1980) in the basin were reviewed by “Aruage 1980), Ama Sd (1982), sna Ch and Wong (1997). Data collected by the Petroleum sndasry over the Yeats have rested [numerous studies that have helped improve fur anderaanding of the petrol systems fm the baat. These sts ave dealt ith 2 aety ‘tropes, from tectonics, structure, regional ‘ology, satrap, and pesca geology and Exploration to fek-acal studies of reservoie Sn the sedimentlogalcarctenstis ‘aliiough the basin has ben explored for over 3 desde, mos of the sudies arsed out by ‘companies are snpulohed. Before the id 1980 mos publicatons dealt with reservoir Engineering specs of the moro ld These {nelade studies on the Taps (Goh etal, 1582, 1963), Pula Fores and alm, 1982), Semanghok (handbla etal, 1984), Tagg (eam eal, 1984), Jereh Ceara eal, 1988), and the Guntong and Tabu fllds (Hu and Pilla 1908; Arran Nong ci eta, 1996, Only bit fesount of the goog ofthe basin can be ound in Hamilton (1979), Armitage (1980), and ASCOPE (1981), Recently, more detaed tetone fd sroctrel statis hae been published. These inciade mang thes, Kall Nga ea (1996), ttho described the pe-Tertary basement Lal {in ther contol on the development of the tla, and Tha (1994, 1994) who dase the "hg 810) Ol lp Batman yc eT rs Drips es CAA FAS Coe ‘ett asTE bc ge sor fault zones, basin inversion, and tectonic ‘rgin ofthe asin. Masten Madon and Wate (199) alscussed the implications of gravity Ssnommlis onthe tectonic evotution a the ase ‘A number of papers on petroleum agology have also been published, including those‘on the hydrocarbon tap styles by NE User) and Mohd Tair [small and Rudolph (0900). Creaney eal. (994) and Mecafrey ea. (198) deserted the geochemical chasers the oil families ta the basin, Waples and aha Rap (1995) dincused the geochemical tharacteristics of gases In the basin ‘Camprchensive studies onthe petroleum geology ft he basin have been carried owt by ofl ompanies, and these are presented im major ‘eports by Esso (1989), PETRONAS Carga leslie et al, 2904), and the joint Esto PETRONAS Integrated Study (EPIC, 1994). EXPLORATION HISTORY Before 1976 ol companies operated in Malaysia tinder various exploration Inenses. In 1958 the frat concession inthe offshore area east of Peninsular Malaysia were awarded co Esso Production Malaysia Ine. EPMD and Conoco. [seo operated in the area north of the 5" N Inde we Conoco wa gen the aes tothe South, which includes the Penyu Basin. Alter PETRONAS was incorporated on 17 August 1974, exploration areas were awarded to oil Companies under producson-sharing contac {PSCa) with PETRONAS, Figure 8.2 shows the Dock casicstion dering the 1985 PSC round sna the caren (1998) leks. tn aly 1969 Esso dred ts fest well “opie inthe soe pa ofthe an Tap a Tange E-W-trending anticline ext by N-S hormal faults. The Tapi-t well found basin Group J and K sandstones. Tapis2, aelied in 1074, discovered il inthe J sandstones. The Aiacovery of Taps wa fllowed bythe dling of two well om the Jemeh stuctre Inthe cert pnt ofthe basin i 1970 Eso dried the Jere, Fong. Spat Bintang, and Selamat sretures Cnnuo exploration elo rele in the fist Stgnlican ol ocovenis ot Seg and Bekele 1971. The firs ofl production tame fom the Puli and Tap lds im 1978. The Taps Feld fame om statin Mateh 1978, The largest eld une basin Seg, wih over 350 MOST ntmated alimate recovery (EUR). Farther ‘rling tested im the dicovery ofthe AngS Besar, Palas, Guntong, trong, Irong Barat Semangkok, Ting. and Dulang Belde Most of thos ld ae curently on podction, The intoduton of PSCs a the end of 1976 mare the beghning of highly rcs ‘exploration campaign by Een inthe May Bain (mad Sid 198), Daring the Gest hee years, there were 10 oil dacovertes (Plas, THong, (Gntong, Liang, rong. Op, tong Batt Tab, Serok, and Kepong) and 9 ges discoveriesMalay Ban (Cedang, Lawit, Tujoh, Damar, Ins, Bedong, Jeltong, and Deh structures were alo dled NNoring,Telol/Telok Bart, nd Beran). Foot by Conga but wihout success. tmore ol and 3 more gr dcovenes were made In 1983 PETRONAS ntaduced new PSC. Ahringthe nest wo years terms and subdivided slfshore Peninsular Tn 1970. Conoco spudded te fvst Malpas ino several blocks (Fig 62). The exploration well Duyong-l, abd dscovered gas. JapexcTalyo. Operating. Company TOC) 1n'1973 more oft and gi were covered inthe acquired the exploration terest in Block PMIO Soiong and Anding. structures. inthe im july 1987, bur velinulsed i in July 1993, routhwestem part of he basin The Anding and aller finding sub-commercial olf and gas Sotong structures were apprazed in 1974, and accumulations at Jab and Tembilan. Esso fe being developed. The Fee] widest well, sequted the exploration inferee sm blocks PMS Ariled during tha year, didnot find say and PM in 1998, and fs the curren (1999) Hydrocarbons. In 1978 Conoco ringuished te opersor in these blocks Dalla ested more fcreage and withdrew Irom exploration im discoveries including Mer, Lart, East Lat Mayete: PETRONAS Carigal hen assumed South Riya, East Ros, Labs Bars, Nom Lar fopersiorship of Conoco’ relinquished ares. Bund, North Lokut. Abo, Lawang, Abu Kecl (gal dled the Duyong 34-21 and Duyong Chertingt, Serudon, Bubs, Level Penar, Pe, {61032.1 wes in 1980 and continued to ril_ Ines, Pat Yong, and Paste Wester Maing fsppracl and saldcat welshetween 1982 and Company (WMC) epetted In Block PMT fom bes. Dayong wes put on stream in 1984. May 1989 to May 1994, and elingulshed the Farher oll and gar disoverice were made ni block ater taking a minor discovery (nthe Dalang, Malone, Beranang, Resk, and Mean Ketmbar suc Malong isthe only dicovery on the Tenggol ome Oil of Canada signed a PSC for ‘tc, ahd wis appraised succes by a second Block PM in Aagext 2988, but Lasmo Ol ater ‘well The Anding Bore, Keladang, Kempas, bought Home Oil's asses, and made two a fore we we (aoa a Or Scien ready ten aes neta arin ea ‘itashown Fg 84 fs Ato Dandy 83 heMalay Basin lscoveris (Ur and ajo) nese dhe JDA ate, Desple the encouraging resus, Lasto withdrew from the block shor ater ding Uae in S01, In 1991 Esso tock ore the operator af Dlocle PAA from Lasmo. In 1989's conaortion, Ted by International Perle Corporation (IPC) Malaysia Lg (now known as Luncn Malaysia La) Won the righs to operate in the adjacent Block PM3. IPC farmed out am interest 10 amon Oi hor ater acquiring th Hock Hamilon Oil decovered the Banga Ray, Bung Orkid and Bunga Pakona oll and gas Nelds Shorly aller these discoveries, Hamilton/BHP pulled bat and [PC took over opersorhip. The {iscovered flelds fall under 2 desigaated {Commercial Arzngement Aes between Maya ‘nd Vietnam. Bunge Keka, discovered sn 1994 by IFC, is carry-on production. Recent. there ave ben man gus lsoveris north of he {Gajah and Ur stucires in the Malay That Joint Development Area ODA, Fig. 8.2), particulary in Block A-18 which ts being, pert by CargaTaton Operating Company (Goo. By the end of 1997 some 330 exploration swells were dled and 410,000 linen of 20 Spd 3D seismic were aque in the Malay Basin. ‘The exploration ello to date has rere i the Slscovery of some. 30 oil and 30" g35 Sccurulatons (Fig. 818). 8 1990 PETRONAS Ferblocked the relngushed areas and signed other round of PSes with multinational a onipanies to explore for hydrocarbons i the basin. Figure 8.2 shows the current (1989) operon. ‘TECTONIC FRAMEWORK Structure ‘The Malay Basin is lated atthe centre of, Sundaland, the erton coe of Southeast Asta. I 1S one of the deepest continental extensional basins tn the feglon, and is believed to have Formed during ery, Tomar ies, The Tenggol Arch separates the Malay Basin from the Pes Basin. while the Narahtwat High separates the Nalay Easin Grom Thailand's Patan! Basin: The "Nalay Basins an elongate NW-SE trending bn, out 500 kn long and 250 hm wide (Fig. 8.34, Sinderlain by pre-Teetary basement of ‘netamorphic, igneous, and sedimentary rocks ‘These ae thought tobe the ofshore contention of the geology of easter Peninsular Malaysia, Some ofthe basement hologies encountered are 1.00, low levels of yee trpanen moderate quanti of Gisterinen, and a sterane dstnbution that {pray skewed towards Cx, Sich feture re ‘Spal of ll reefing siguficaebigher pant inpat, The low Tmy/Ts raio and moderate ‘quanties of dnsteranes probably indicate tat {Sol wae nota msjoreortnbutor 1 the Eas. As tone othe Group Els ave the ory agnosie Fngespnt ofthe Pret als fig, 827, come Saal migstion from below Group 1 doesnot tse ae an fete gation pty Lateral ‘nigton fe probably te dominant mechanism ig 818) mr eip Ar 038 Gans FE a ene Sees ta Tertigenous: Lacustrine BB ecasnanos WE sa) O'eanano Malay Basin End Member Oil Types. (ther higher plant markersMalay Basin Group 1 Oils Group 1 lls ae carmen sn the soutern bal of the Malay Basin They ae found over mich of the teed of the basin (except on the undid ‘western flank). such as in Tembikal-1 and Meranti-l in the west, the compressional ractores such a5 Guntong and Tabu tn the ental rion, and atabu and Serudon ithe a nthe deer northern part ofthe Ba, os {Group fare ested to the ser am, sch 2 inthe Bangs Keo el, ‘Gro | ol show varblecompostions st both bl ad molecular level. They range irom being higheAPI condensates to moderate APL wan ci Such 3 variation may ocean the Same wel, sands only afew 108 of metres Spar. The Plat well ean example where ‘ompostionlvriatons at the molec levels ‘Seay intend in the bimarker dsbations Consdenng the degree of variation obsored it the Group t source rocks alscussed eae these variations in i compostion are expected, provided that all the source rocks have been cv The is ange om very wegenous demonstrated by lage quanios of ger pla ‘nares sich au oleananes and bleainanes (ep Pa), o the move lacustnesinaenced, such {:Fenara, which ave low higherplant npat and Tetvelyinrger mounts of eras "The close spatial and. temporal relish berween diferent source rock facies thring Group Tues hae ese he ming ‘tthe oll they generated (Fig, 8.28). Thus, tough there are many sears becween the fouree rock and oll biomarker distebutions, relating any 1 parca soure rook may ‘ove pose, Over much fhe bat, wit he ‘rete of some fa res thee i maent fvidence to suppom Esso conclusion (EPIC, 1904) that all Group Ts were sourced frm Group I source rocks. However, on the basi Tank, pantculay the nothester fal Geos Pgs were. ptobably sourced from “snlgsphally deeper levels, sich athe Pre Tacustne sequences sources toile ‘| . | | Group Correlations a Greate eee eee 208olay Bain Pre-Group 1 Oils Pret oie ecu sn Groups J, Kand L. Thee ate fo known occurrences im Groop M. Wilh only few exceptions, the Pre os re reatied tothe southern end of the Basin primarily on the astern side. This distabutton is a deect oneequence ofthe matury ofthe pret source ocks. The marginal areas, being relatively Sallow, are the only parte of the basin where pretsnis rocks are aot overmatare re ls Ie also known to near onthe ester Man, fch ag at Ress and Beranang, but the currence spare: Whether this sary ea, tridue tothe low number of wells dled femaine to be seen. Amerada Hese recently equ Blok PADS, which has a numberof flank leads that need to be worked up and which ‘may provide some answers. The ortheatern Tank ofthe basin, seh a6 Bangs Kel, 0 contains some Pe al. ‘Ares fete of Pret ll at, despite a wide range of balk properties, thelr fohemical characterises vary oll. The bie vary fom very waxy erbds, suc a6 Bung ekoa to ig condensates, sich oat Temi ‘This variation is considered to be due tos combination of difring maturity of the ol and ST post-accumlation. processes such as Sraporstive Mactnation. Source facies Is not onseeed to have bee fon st most of he fils appeae to have heen derived from similar force voc, ss suggested by the staaries in bhomarterdstbutions of the ory of Pre tila discos blow common feature of the Pret st Imoderaely low PPh rato (generally beween PO and 3.0) and 4 low Pac, (generally ‘eaween 03 and 05) Sich fntares ae typi of rilly oxdsing or non-oxdising depestional Conditions. Biomarker_distibutions are ‘harctere by Low TaVTS and high quansiies hots and dlahopane. Higher pla marker Such as bsadinanes and oleananes pial of frany southeast Asian oie (uch as those tn Group Dare rave or absent. Regular sterane ‘deer tends to be evenly belanced Between (Coand Cr seraes wile Cothy aeaner ae Common although. generally not im” Bigh Shundanes. Tricylicterpanes are generally Shane or in ow abundance ab gummacerane ‘Such features re characters of any seateas ‘Asta oll seed fom freshwater lacustrine savencee eo » Pre | Group Correlations "8p Bsn mela Gan Kes Ase dat, hyo Feats al vcs a ey“The geochemical characte outlined shove are seen i the Group] and Group K as Suggesting that they were dete fom the same Source. sich biomarker detnbutions corelste ‘ory well wth howe descbed car or the K hale Thissiulary sx demonstrated in the Terpetve Hover datsbuion shown in Pi B50, eis therefore believed thatthe K shale Tacstrne sequence hasbeen an efletve source over a lagge ea of the basin, and has bees Fesponsible for charging the J and K reservoir ‘snc NATURAL GASES, ‘The Malay Basin i not purely an ol province but ako conti several ge gs accuntulatons In fat, natal gas ts estimated to represent smote than half ofthe hydrocarbon reserves of the basin. The total (associated and non ‘ssocited) gas reserse in place i estimated to faced 60 TSCE-A large proportion af this ithe Jemeb, Lait, Duyong, and Selig elds The Taegest gas accumulations occur walnly in the reservoits of Groupe D, E, Land J Salle accumulations have been found i the recerois of groupe By HF, Kv and Li the owthwesteen pat of the bas, ga found in Strauigraphiclly younger reservolne. Gas ccumulations ocear tn. statgrephically eepeflderreservots towards the south. The Possible tessons for this distribution were fiscseed eater This obsered gus dinribaon, however, may not represent a complete fcr beemae of ae ck of wel penetrations of the alder unite in the nowhere parte of the tt, Geochemical data suggest that the natural hydrocarbon gases (methane, etme, propane, fe) inthe Malay Basin wee dived {fom either a biogenic or 2 thermogenic source (Gorey, 1992; EPIC, 1994: Waples and Maat amy, 1095, McCalfey eal, 1998). Because of the hgh mobility of gases in the subsurtace, ming of pst tends fo be common. Mixing is ‘often recognised Irom the geochemical “ompostion of the se. Biogenic gaz, consteting mainly of methane, forms at shallow depths snd low temperaties ess han 79°). eas generated by Fermenttion and rton reacuons caused by Intel eration of orpaie mater. Biogenic fas hae distinctive able carbon isotope Empat, beng wotopcaly very ght (°C < “SS5%e). In the Malay Basin, biogente gas feecurences are mln confined tothe eastern ‘Bank, within Group H and older units. These ‘occurences, however, ae probably mt purely Biogenic, as some degree of mixing with ‘hemmogenie ga sky. Geer, bioger Bs dee not contribute sguieanly the tol gs sere ofthe Maly Bes Pherae iy nun to) Comp for pee ‘shepencdinfeest 28Maly Bein ‘Thermogenic gas forms at higher and ethane all gases in this grouping can be temperatures than biogenic gas. Ie tay be cased ae dry thermogenic gus (Fig. S31). feneraed disecly by Ketogen decomposition These nies ae common asocated with high Grederived from the cracking ofols Stable levels of inorganic COs, which probably bon Getope compostions (°C) of methane, onginaed kom cafbonaes Se meazediment a thane, and propane indicate shat the the basement at depth. The much heavier thermogenic gives n the Malay Basin were methane ad ethane wotope vats ls nda frnerated Irom source rocks with maturities a coly pereurior is therefore Ukely that the Fanging ten 7% to mote than 2.0% sine Group and younger gts were derived from ‘elects, {he thermal breakdown of kerogencals 3 ery “The Malay Basin gates may Be claiied igh thermal mati taco three srigraphic groupie based on the ‘observed compositional and isotopic tends. “These grouping ste described bel Groups H and I Gases ‘Gases in groups Hand 1 are generally found Groups E and Younger Gases Towards the basin flanks (Fg. 8.30. They are teoopialy and compositionally sia to the Gases inthe Group E and younger units axe satigraphicaly deeper gues in the pre group. foaily Gonined to the ane of the asin (Pig. This expel Wue for those in Group 1 Gases 13.30), They are clealy lstingutshable from fom Group H show less spread in thet ethane fuses of the other two grovpings by their stable carbon Isotope values, and are Faver methane and etune soopc wales (Fig geochemlcaly confined beeween the Group E and 851), The bop vives inden hig-matuy Jounger gists and the pre-Greup I gases. This tases, probably deed vin vertical gration suggests 8 lewer degree of ets between the From tepy bused, mature sources. Bsed on Group Hand elder ase, probably due to the ‘weinese and the lope difference of methane Fremnce ofa good sed. oaee renee oe . me “| arene q ce “1 % wy | le if - a “ a we Sige ao} a sof * sno} - ano] a San Te SOLO rae dc me ac OU a gh CR a ae as Si eg i er ge cymes rs hed Sept a6ay Base ‘The Group 1 pases show a Ire spread tn oop compotion, which indies mixing tf ges om diferent source laces and atiy ‘These consist of mistuces of Blogente, wet thertnogeni, and dry thermogenic pacers ‘arying propersion (Fig. 8.31). The wet Componente are those tha have been generated fiom srthin Group 1 wast the dy component probaly onighated fos the wndeiing, mare, [eusineslesol Group jan lt. rstanty end th depth The CO: content also increases wi depth ‘Non-Hydrocarbon Gases In the Malay Bain, casbondiold (CO) eects in sigan quanties ig 832)- Although CO: fn seach sgufiant conceniratons im Malay ‘Bein gous, ety high CO. levels tend to Be the Pre-Group I Gases, Figure 830 (bute) shows the distribution of peGroup 1 gues, which cons of meus of [Bbgenic and wet andlor dry thermogente pee Gig. 831. Examples of biogente, wet thermogenic, and dry thermogenic gases are ste, Fenar, and Banga Reka, respectively (het cations are shown in Fig, 830). The Inet thermogenic gases are believed to have been generated from oll-prone lacustrine Shales and have migrated laterally, abet over felatvely shor citances. The dy component tes dere rm the more mare Source ToCKS town dip The pre gases show a consistent a ‘exception rather than the rule. COs foncentations range between 5 and 40 mot HighecO, cccurrnces ate aso geographically festited to certain locations, particule the mortem pat ofthe barn Fp, 832) and. ecastonally. nthe central region, such asin the Delang Field. CO: inthe Malay Basin fngnats tron two possible sources organ, tvhich invelves prinaily the breskdown of Kevogen in coals, and snorganic, which te {severally the thermal breakdown of crbonstes, Dresumably inthe baement Bost occurrences OF COsin the basin show a mixture of eth ‘rpc and inorganic ong. th some instanees, however, where no mixing has occurred, theete ata Peniaat es 08 (mole %) Inorganic "ig ADA. Sik SOCNE co ano Dy a two sources can be clearly distinguished ‘otopiealy. Figuce 8.33 shows plos of both CO: content and CO: uote compost for gases In the basin. High concentrations of CO> aways have compositions indicative of inorgante desivation from the thermal metamorphism of ‘Srbonats in the pre‘Terny erent In these tes stop values ange rom O10 So. Sich {ases are found in wells Located in te basin ene and ate assciated wih Inge petolesm lps accumulations (Fg. 633). These gases ate ought ta have migted upwards along fault systems, and were subsequently mixed with fhallower thermally generated ger. Organic terse CO: hs tape values aging Foe 15 to 25%, but rarely constitutes move than 3 ‘mol ofthe wil gas compeston Although the geographic dsinbuion of co, sn the Malay asin tg probably well tunersond, he satiric dion of CO: Sl poses many questions A yet, no predictive technique’ i aallable 10" estimate CO: ‘Scenfatons ons reer bas oll bu the ‘redest Teves. Cea farther work is requted con ths peeolay Basie OVERPRESSURE ‘he deeper srt in the Malay Hsin ae usualy bverpresied tis exited that more than 80% Stowell drilled during the earlier phase af fxploration were terminated because of brerpressre (Mohd Shan Kader, 1994). The Snset_of abnormal pressures” occurs Dropesivey older sedimentary uns om NW (o SE, and from the cenee to the Ms (Singh tnd Fond, 1983; Mohd Sharif Keder, 1094) In the basin ene, the onset of express occ Instalgapiesily younger (Groupe Eand F)and shallower about 1200-2000 m=) frmatlons (rig, 1833) Towards the basin Nanks, the onset of ‘verpesureocumr in sratigrpially olde and vertically deeper horizons because of the Tncesing sd petentage stay from the cenee (fig. B36). The top of overpressure usally nines th the Top ofthe al window, which Sigg tha there = Ink between byaroctbon fetes and the ooset of overpressure ‘Overpesute tn te bain i hovght to be the eel of ane oe tore fctrs. Singh and Ford (1982) stinibuted. the widespread fccurrence of nverpressures 10 mately 4 Sombination of rapid burial of certain Saugpbic units apes Groupe DoH and Uplift of tially normally-preseured strata {Groups jo 0. Deut compaction due to high sedimentation and ural te thought to be the mox contin cate of overpressure It the asin (Wan frail Wa Yes 1993) In the Malay Basin, very thick (13-14 fm) largely shal, sedimentary sucesston accumulated ovet ‘relauvly show tne span (probably less than 3SMa). The semen rat for sme seismic fants eg Groupe and F, may be a8 igh 35 1000 Mx’ in the basin cene (Leste et a 1904) Sock high sates resulted in an effective Dpresre sal hat ttn the ees presse The Tike underonpace shale sequence of Groups EF, and K provide such a seal In the EPIC (1994) repon was argued, based on Bower's soni velo versus efletve Sess snaps tha competion dieqiams Alone could not explain the high overpressre ix the basin. Therefore, her contribtory factors ‘mast ave played roe nthe southeastern pat tthe basin tectonic compression and upht ‘uring the Mile Miocene may have been the use of overpresure in Group J and K reserve (Gingh and Ford, 1082), Orher factors that Contribute €o overpressure in many basins Srondwide, sich as Hyroesrbom generation, cay eswavering, and aquathermal_ pressuring (Spencer, 1987: Bubrig, 1989, Osborne and Sark, 1997), coud iso have contributed to the overpressue. in. the’ Malay. Basin Frnthermote he high seetherral gradients tn the central snd northern prs of the bass could have ely cased the cracking of ol to gs. Ths ‘would res the ncese i Mud elute and once, presrere (Hut ea, 194), ‘Orerpeaute exer srg contra on Inywcarbon genercon snd migeton pathways In overpressured sone, resiited Tuld ovement prevents ofl explsion, The feained ‘tl may subsequently be cracked t0 ie a8 the Ihsin sbi. The hgh-natury. wet gases the Maly Basin say have fered hi way. he honbicetral pas of the bain, pore pressures de dose to, or exceed, the formation facture presure (70-90% of likes presse). Ar 8 est the hydroeaebons, cud hgh-matuiy fuses, migrsted vealy and were Wapped 20Lo aa "88 Sd dk Sas ily om Groep 8G Fn ita) shallower reservoirs. Below the top of frerresute hydrocarbon saturations decrease fs temperanive and pressure increase On the basta Maks, lara migration of Iydrocarbons From she bain dep eden by high formation pressure gratents There greater chance of Finding hydrocarbons below the onset of overpressure because of beer seal egy. AS ficure exploration effor ts towards deep reservot, more dacoveres ate expected within overpressied zones MIGRATION AND ENTRAPMENT “The eales sections dlucused how the source rocks of the Malay Basin can be eaegoied a5 Iucustine and fod, and that hese aie ‘occur (broadly) im the Pe-l and T groups respectively. Group E also has excellent source rock potential but i generally immature over tach ofthe basin, the only excepion beg i Scsazoal deep oyeline inthe bai ene 3h ie froth of the as The Malay Bisin Isa relatively young Terry asin, probably less than 40 Ma old, ich explain the sgicaly hig presen race heat ows expecially i te meters and ntl parts of the Bech Getheral gradients ‘ary om about 32 “Clem on the Mank wo 33 Ch the basin cenie (Pg. 8.37). High eat flows of atound 103 mWen ae recorded inthe ‘nl region, decreasing towards the basin aks ‘Wan Iomall Wan Yura! (1003) suggested that 70 some high heat flow areas ae associated with Ssberfcelmovements. Othe ares, sch Sroond Heimat ae sll experiencing low hea ‘Large database exists for vitrinite relectanee, pore elour, and Trax measurements tn the Malay Basin. On the whole, the daa ate elabe format texpetaion. in some well however vine reflectance values ae lower than theve pedicied from maturity modeling, (QWaples etal, 1994). Tha inconsistent wth the high present-day geothermal gradients and ubsutace teniperatres, Suppressed vitrinite fellate is seo common obrereed nhc SE Aslan Tersary Baine (Oka et a 1997 itts, 1997). To explain this phenomenon Waples eal. (954 steed that a eat pulse during Pleistocene times may have been ‘esponsible forthe present high heat flow, and thatthe est How may have Been lower inthe [st However, mos ofthe low selestane alee Sree obtained rom leropen tales instead of Irom cons which would gve more aceptble sales (EPIC, 1094), Waples et al (199) applied the Flouresencealeraion of Maple Macerats {aN technique to obtin eqavlen vite reflectance mearoremente that canbe weed for ‘maturity modeling, Using FAM dt, the heat Mowe history may be explained by a model in ‘which the trastl hea flow as constant or Secaying exponentially, without Invoking & Peniocene hes ple, Using the sime da Mazlan Madon (19976) has alo shown thatthe "vbsdence and thermal story ofthe bas sre ensient wth todel in which ing occrted 3135 Ma fora perio of 10, ‘hydrocarbon genetaon/ccumulationMaly Basin 1g 37 sf it ow a) er prt in don’ 1607 fe Now cnet om 0105 am" ‘Sea gun nt 9S be model forthe Maly Basin generally involves the Kha soute rocks carping the J and K ands, and the I seurce rocks charging the Usa, fa these to hydrocarbon systems, the main ‘lgrsson mechani fe up-dp atenl migaton. ‘Crouattta migiation sppeats to have been trogrfcant sn most instances. The Ytume of Ijdrecatbon clue Ino same siractres soften fester than the capo ofthe fist encountred tea. 30 thatthe fillandpil process Gerry gration) takes pace Ths umole resev0ie tangled with Hydrocrbors tothe spl pon, efor beng spied out o mgt no the ne Updip sructute According te EPIC (1998), the {ane-spl process was probably responsible for the chan of elds fom Tabs to Pans ae ig 8.10), whose oils have similar geochemical charsceristies Te map the lateral migration ‘vay, rural recnstone ae equted for the relevant formations atthe time of txpulsion/migrstion. Ar migration stances Increse,diinct shadow zones develop. These ‘Shadow zones are arene around which laterally migrating fluids ae diverted because of the Alominantsiacurl style. Such shadow 2ones, however, cold sal be ied if vec eranage canbe eficcve ‘The main exception to the lateral snigrion and filing of sactre are the Group FE revervrs. Because the Group E sue rocks sve generally immature, the alls inthe Group E ‘esevots must have come from 2 deeper, rere fare, sobre. Crosesatal migation har to be the min migration mechani forthe Group E tls The geochemical slant between some (Group Eos (uch as at Dulang) and seme Group Toll (Such a5 at Guntong) supports this interpretation, The presence of Seep tate stsocated withthe Group & structures also limps that vera! migration isan sport migration process, The deep faults may have Scted as conduits for migrating {Iside Furthermore, the high concentration of Inorganialy-derived CO: (probably rom the Ibsen in many Group E reserve also 3 song evidence fr vertical migration. Ths i probably the moat important. migration frechanigm tn dhe heavily faulted northern! ‘ceed parts f the Maly Basin 8.18. teal migaton of veri migration ae probably never matually exclusive. There ate probably many istances where oth elements re present An examples Leek, whet costal Figaion has alse oceated (EPIC, 1001). Other tsamples also exist around che flanks ofthe basin. The broad vertical distribation of seochemily dint ol ype atratigrapically Seep lacustrine versus stsigraplcally shallow Aveta) nuggets that eres migration fs limited to ares affected by heavy fling, where leaked hydrocarbons have charged the Sagaphicly shallower Group E ese CONCLUSION “The Malay Basin is in a mature phase of xplortion, woth core 191000 exporston and evelopment welle died, apd over 150 and fs sccumlations discovered since the 19605 “here ae to ma hydrocafbon systems onthe ‘ass of soure rock geochemistry: lacustrine and fuvioetste The basin underwent an extensional (Gonstve) phase during the Opocene daring, whlch laurie sours rocks were deposed ‘The Miocene was 2 tine of Tuvodelii source snd reservoir depostlon.& compressional phase fn Lite Miocene times resulted in sractsal terion and the formation of any’ ofthe major hydrocarbon traps in the basin. RapidMaly Basin sedimentation, and high heating ates sulted in Sidexpead overpresure development ad lage {ccumullations of thermally generated gas, Dprseary inthe eeteorthern parts ofthe ‘isin Hydrocarbon migrations dominantly leer pip slong taigrapie carer beds we in tome ass, parser ia the Group E ese vera pation Vi deep-scated ak Condit seems to be predominant "Hydrocarbon dstbton ithe bain dependent om wo nan factor source quality thd maturity, and 2. the relative Ung of ehesatn/mightion and sreturation The most Prolific structural tap ste fe the inversion Snticline. The J sandstones ae by far he most productive rezetvote tn the basin. Reservoir Povosis ae general depeh-dependent Besides sal depth, depoesonal exzonment (tes) the man facorconraling reseror propenies. Diagenesis plays telatively minor role in Aletmining eect qualty. Hence, ressonable porosity values (910%) cam sill be found at ‘epths down o about 3000 “There wre at east 3 sor hydrocarbon systems inthe sn linking source Fock tothe Teservoir rocks, These gomespod fo the three train all ses Group Ele, Group ls and the pe-Group Lal, Natal hyerocarbon pases Mo allio these general etegories on the bass ff their geochemical characteristics, The Idan systems ar fe by wo ma source fuk systems’ lacustrine shales of Oigocene- Lower Miocene ge i Groups KL, Mand pres (Gynnt)y and fviodelate shales (and otten ou), mainly tn Group 1 The Lease source socks charge the Groop J, and Lol serous, [Snlave generally scaled olf bythe eporal Group P'ohate irom the younger reservoir The Tamodela sous rocks charge the Group Yard younger oi reso, In aediton, the lassie ourve rocks also charge the gas reservoles throughoon the satiric colar om Lup to 8B. Generally, source rocks in Group E and Younger rocks sre thermally imate. Deep ed nls psy an nnporane len proving ‘migtion rates or many gs asumalations I ‘eas Wlthowgh the basi isin a relatively imatre sage of exploration, off companies See Continsously looking for, and testing, mew Ipdimatbon play concept An example of 2 pay foncep that has emerged oot of these elfots the deep reservoir inthe norher part ofthe ttn The Berading Dep-1 well was eed by PETRONAS i late 1999 co test ths iden The tre was tile io the overprearired zone (8 Group F before encountering a sweet spot In ‘Group H. The success of Bergading Deep) as ‘Spent new playin hs mature a,lay Basie REFERENCES ‘Abd Rahim 944 Arshad, Dasha ‘ia, HAD, 1095. dp semi seton ces tepration, Abaco he Geol Seay ‘Mansa Peoeum Gealogy Conference 1993. Wart Coop 2,412 Akad Said, 1082. Oven af explotion fr Petroleum in Malaysia under the Production Amram Nong Chi, Samedi Selamat, Mab Robart Ess, White JP and Wabataka ST 1996. Gunhong Fels" development and Imanagement of « multipe-eersieesore Seeerflod. 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