@) veviseo & entanceo 5 SAFDAR MAHMOOD’S — INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS faa) .REVISED & ENLARGED EDITION INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS Dr. Safdar MahmoodCONTENTS Chapter 1 FOUNDATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM 1 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS BETWEEN Tite Two Wort Wars Intemational Relations Between Two World Wars Rise ofthe Loft in Europe Chapter 2 ‘TOWARDS INTERNATIONALISM: ‘Tae UNITED NATIONS 2 Introduction, The Main Organs: ‘The Security Council, Responsibility to Protect, Elections 2018, The General Assembly, UNGASS 2016, Elections 2016, Seventy-Second Session ofthe United Nations General Assembly, The Economic and Social Counci, The Trusteeship Council, The Intemational Court of Justice, Jurisdiction of the Court, Procedure of the Court, The Secretariat. The Specialized Agencies: IMF, IBRD, ILO, IAEA, ICAQ, IFAD, IMO, ITU, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WEP, WIPO, WMO, UNESCO, WHO, FAO, UNODC, UNCTAD, UNEP, UNRWA, UN Women, UN-Habitat, UNAIDS, UNISDR, UNOPS, OM, United Nations and International Security, United Nation in the Post-Cold War Era, Way the UN Fails? Fature ofthe United Nations, Suggestions to Improve The United Nations, UN and Challenges of a New Disorderly World, New Challenge io the UN Credibility, Restructuring of UN Security Council Reforms, Reforms under Ban-Ki Moon, Moving Forward on Developmental Challenges, Strengthening UN Effortsfo Maintain Peace and Security, Reforming Management and (Operations Practices, Five New Non-Permanent Security Council ‘Members for 2014 2015, Major Improvements, Sustainable Development Agenda, UN. Climate Change Conference 2015. New Secretary General. Chapter 3 ‘Tae CoMMONWEALTH OF NATIONS Evolution, Structure, Economic Functions, Commonvwealth in World Affairs, Commonwealth's Manipulation by India and Pakistan’s Suspension, CHOGM 2013 Communiqué, Commonvseaith Youth Games. Chapter 4 ‘Tue COLD WAR DEFENCE TREATIES, NATO, Structure and Organization, NATO Expansion and its [New Strategies, Dealing with Russia, NATO'S Future, NATO. ‘Wales Summit, Article Five of NATO, NATO in 2015 — 2016, Present Status of NATO and Russia, Eastem Europe and NATO, Warsaw Summit, Outcomes of Warsaw Summit, Brussels Summit, Eastern Europe and NATO, Warsaw Pact, SEATO, CENTO. Chapter 5 ‘Tue European Community ‘Background, The European Common Market, European Atomic, Energy Community (EURATOM), The Maastricht Treaty, The EMU, The EPU, The European Commission, Towards European Integration, Advent of Euro Currency, Debate on EU. Constitution, The European Community, EU Enlargement, European Union in 2017: Brexit, Migration and Refugees, European Economy, Digital Europe, EU Future Strategy, EU in 2013, The UK’s FU Referendum, Presidents of EU, State of Union 2017 Tz 0 Chapter 6 RISE OF NATIONALISM: ASIA AND THE West Introduction, China, Japan, Ascendancy of Japan, Pakistan and India, Indonesia, Struggle for Independence, Rise of Sockemo, ‘The Coup and its Aftermath, Crisis and Turmoil in Indonesia, Independence of East Timor, Continuous Uprising in Indonesia, a 70 usvi Indonesia and the Aceh Problem, Indonesia Summit 2016, Natural Disaster in Indonesia, The Federation of Malaysia, Indonesia and Philippines opposed the Federation, Mahatir's Election Triumph, The Anwer Episode A shock to Mahatir’s Supermacy, Malaysia in 2017, Malaysian Elections 2018, ‘2 (Myanmar), Rohingya Problem, Human Rights Violations in Burma, Basmachi Movement, National Bolshevism, Kurd Movement. Zionism, Hazara Community, Pan-Mangolism, 969 Movement, Korean Reunification, Chapter 7 EMERGENCE OF AFRICA 135 Historical Background, Rise of AVtica, Problem of Unit Nationalist Movements, African Year of Human Rights, Functional Cooperation and its Limitations, Crisis. at the Continental Level, Crisis in Nigeria, Nigerian Presidential Election, Terrorism in Nigeria, Algeria’s Never Ending Ordeal, Crisis in Sudan, Africa: An Economically Downtrodden Region, Zimbabwe and China, Ethnic Crisis in Africa, Aftiea in the Twenty-First Century, Humanitarian Crisis in Darfur, Ebola Virus Outbreak, Outside Africa, Chapter 8 ‘THE Mippte East 193 Importance of the Region, History of the Midle Easter Region, ‘The Creation of Israel, The Suez Crisis, The June 1967 War, The 1973 Arab Israel War, The Sinai Agreement, Weapon of Oil, Camp David Accord, Peace Treaty, Egypt after Saadat, Egypt: Revolution, The Intefadah, The Middle East Peace Process, The Oslo Accord, Peace with Jordan, Wye River Peace Accord, Sharam-el-Sheikh Accord, Major Points of the Accord, Road Map for Middle East Peace, Geneva Peace Plan, Arab ~ Israeli Conflict 2015 ~ 2016, Jerusalem as Capital of Israel, Syria, 2011 Syrian Uprising, Syrian Civil War, Khan Shaykhun Chemical Attack, Elections in Saudi Arabia, Corruption in Saudi Arabia, Purge in Saudi Arabia, Middle East Crisis and United States, ‘Trump and Middle East, Persian Gulf: End of American Holiday, The Middle East Quagmire, Tunisian Revolution, Uprising of Bahrain, Yemen Revolution, Civil War in Yemen. Operation Protective Edge, Riyadh Summit, United States-Saudi Arabia Arms Deal, Qatar Diplomatic Crisis, Arab Cold War, Islamic Military Alliance.Chapter 9 ‘THE AMERICAN CONTINENTS 258 North America, The Birth of a Nation, The American System of Government, Post War Politics from Truman to Nixon: A Brief Review, Watergate Scandal and Impeachment of Nixon, The Reagan’ Era, Presidency under George Bush, The Clinton ‘Administration, Rejection of CTBT by US Senate, US, China and Japan’s Role in Asia, September 11, US no More Invincible, US Unilateralism under George W. Bush, 2008-US Presidential Elections, Obama's Second Term, Election 2016, Trump and NSS, Latin America, Donald Trump as President, Latin ‘America, Major Issues in Latin American Politics, Cuba, US Cuba. Relations, Trump and US-Cuba Relations, Crisis in 1962,US - Russia Competition. Trump Doetrine. Chapter 10 Tran 293 Leanian Revolution 1979, Formation of Islamic Government, The Hostage Crisis, Tussle for Power, The New Form of Government, ‘The Method of Government: Islamic Interpretation, Leadership Of Justice Seeking Theologians, Economy as a Means not as Objective, The Army of Ideology, The Judiciary in the Constitution, The Executive, The Constitution, The Economy, Iran after Khomeini's Death, 2013 Eleotions, Bletions in 2016, Iranian Presidential Elections 2017, US- Iran Interim Deal, Iran and its Growing Global Importance, JCOPA, Iran and Trump ‘Administration, Trump and Iran Vise Policy, New Turn in Diplomatic Relations, Iran's Nuclear Programme and the World CConcem, Iran Missile Tests Issue, Chapter 11 DISINTEGRATION OF THE USSR AND RE-EMERGENCE OF RUSSIA 314 Historical Background: From Russia to Soviet Union, Post WWI Foreign Policy, Soviet Foreign Policy in 1970s and 1980s, Intemal Developments (Rise of | Gorbachev), Gorbachev's Reform Policies, Soviet Elections, Disintegration ‘of Soviet Union and its Implications, Causes, Implications of Disintegration, Issue of Chechnya, Dmitry Medvedev's Entry, Second Term of Putin, Third Presidential Term, Presidentiallections 2018, Orange Revolution in Ukraine, Rose Revolution in Georgia, Russia & the Evolving NATO Situation, ZAPAD Exercise, Cold War Il, US-Russia Relations: End of Cold War, NATO Enlargement, Missile Defense, New US-Russia Détente, US ~ Russia on Ukraine Issue. UN Resolution 68/162, Russia d Syria. Protests in Russia, FIFA Confederation Cup, Belarussian Protests, Chapter 12 Cuuna 353 Emergence of Communist China, Admission of China to The United Nations, Attitude of the United States, One-China Policy, The Sino-Soviet Rivalry, Sino-Soviet ‘Thaw, The Cultural Revolution, Admission into UN, Post Mao Setup, Rise of Deng and his Policies, Pro-Demoeracy Demonstration and After, Post-Deng Era, China: Super Power of the 21* Century? China as Emerging Economic Giant, China's WTO Entry and the West, China's Nuclear Agenda and US. Worries, China's ‘Warheads and US Worries, China and South China Sea, China and South Asia, One Belt, One Route or Belt & Road Initiative, PEC, Chapter 13 ‘CONTEMPORARY INTERNATIONAL ISSUES 386 ‘Arab Spring, Wave of Revolutions, Civil War in Yemen, Syrian Civil War, European Migrants Crisis, Ukrainian Crisis, Russian Financial Crisis, The Kashmir Dispute, Cyprus “Dispute, Situation in Lebanon, Cedar Revolution, War in Lebanon, Shia Crescent, Afghanistan, Geneva Talks for Soviet Withdrawal, The Geneva Accord, Symmetry, Geneva Accord: Main Points, ‘The Peshawar Accord, The Islamabad Accord, Rise of Taliban and Subsequent Developments, Taliban's Destruction of Buddha Statues, Winds of Change in Afghanistan, 09/11: Consequences for Afghanistan, The Bona Accord, Prospects For Peace in Afghanistan, Transitional Government - in Afghanistan, ‘The New Constitution and Democratic Government in Afghanistan, NATO - US Withdrawal, The Gulf Crisis After 9/11: The Second Gulf War 2003, Post-War Challenges in Iraq, Mosul Airstrike, Battle of Kirkuk, Evolving Sino-US Relations, Sino ~ US Relations After 9/11, Recent Developments, Bosnia Herzegovina, Independence and War, Efforts Towards Peace, The Dayton Peace Agreement, Anti — Government Riots, Sino-India Détente: The Present Situation, China-India: Doklam Clash, Kyoto Protocol, United NationsClimate Change Conference, New Phase of Sino-Russian Entente, WTO Summit in Hong Kong, WTO Summit in Hong Kong, WTO Summit in Geneva, Post Sep. 1! Global Dynamics, AnticAmericanism in Muslim World, Muslim Resentment, Muslim Resentment : Post Maturation, Muslim Resentment Post-Maturation, ‘The Way Forward: The Embrace of Civilizations, The Way Forward: Re-Definition of Islam, Role of OIC in Coping with the Challenges Facing the Muslim World, Pearl Uprising, Syria Chemical Weapons and International Worries, North Korea Nuclear Test, North Korean Missile Test, US- South Korea Military Exercise, United States- North Korea Tension, Winter Olympics, North Korean Hydrogen Bomb, FIFA Politics, Cyber Security Threats, Epidemic Diseases (Zika and Ebola), Understanding ISIS, Historical Background, Expansion of Network, Worldwide Operations of ISIS, Weapons of ISIS, Problem of ISIS, Wayforward, Bako Haram, Rohingya Uprising, Sri Lankan Civil War, Naxalite ~ Maoist Conflict, Khalistan Movement, National Action Plan (Pakistan), Bajwa Doctrine, G20 Hamburg Summit, Nangarhar Airstrike, Trump. Withdraw fom Paris, ‘Agrecment, Independence of Catalan, Chapter 14 ‘THE END OF COLD Wak AND EMERGENCE OF THE NEW WORLD ORDER 507 Cold War Politics: A Review, The End of Cold War, Implication of the End of Cold War, New World Order, New World Onder and Third World, New World Disorder, Globalization and Anti ~ Globalization, New Cold War: Trump VS. Putin Chapter 15 DISARMAMENT AND DISARMAMENT 526 Talks on Conventional Weapons, Nuclear Non-Proliferation, Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), NPT Review Conferences, Criticism on NPT, Nuclear Technology, NPT and Pakistan, Nuclear Weapon Ban Treaty, CTBT, CTBT and South Asia, SALT 1, SALT Il, The Reykjavik Summit, Towards START Treaties, START, The Future of Nuclear Non- Proliferation in South Asia, CTBT- to Sign or Not fo Sign is Pakistan's Dilemma, Nuclear Weapons-Deterrence Stability, Nuclear Security Summit, Gift Basket, Nuclear Israel, Offical Ambiguous Behavior, NPT and Middle East, Dair Alzour: A. Critical Question for Syria, Israeli Raid on Syria, NuclearWeapon Free Zone (NWFZ), Historical Background, Five Regions as a NWFZ, Other Disarmament Inititives, “World Free From Nuclear Weapons, Nonproliferation Dilemma, What, is Global Zero, Global Zero and Total Disarmament, Action Plen of Global Zero, Nuclear Nonproliferation and Nuclear Club, The Future of Global Zero, New START, FMCT, Nuclear Ban Treaty, Export Control Regimes, India and NSG, Pakistan And NSG, Chemical Weapons Convention, Biological Weapons Convention, Major Nuclear Accidents, Current Position of ‘Nuclear Weapons. Chapter 16 FOREIGN POLICY OF PAKISTAN S81 Foreign Policy in 1950s and 1960s, Foreign Policy in 1970s, Foreign Policy in 1980, Panamagate Case, Muslim World, Pak- US Relations: Convergence of Interests, Pak-Soviet Uneasy Relations, Pak-Afghan Relations, Pak China Relations, Indo- Pak Relations, Launching of the SAARC, Foreign Policy in 1990s, Pakistan-US-India Relations in 1990s: A Bumpy Ride, Kulbhushan Yadav Case, Pakistan and Persian Gulf, The Growing Importance of South-East Asia and ASEAN, Pakistan's Foreign Policy in the New Millennium and Indo-Pak Reconciliation, MFN Status to India, Pakistan and the World, and the War on terror, Pakistan and Zarb e Azb, Operation Rad ul Fasaad, Operation Zarb-e- Qalam, Pak-US Relations Aster 911, Drone Attacks in Pakistan, Death of Osama Bin Laden, US Interests in South Asia, Pakistan — US Disturbed Relations, India — Pakistan ~ ‘China, India — Pakistan — US, Pak-ndia Détente, Pakistan’ and Modi, Indian Strategic ‘Thinking, Pakistan’s Foreign Policy: New Challenges, Whether Pakistan Should Recognize Israel or Not? Positive Side, ‘Negative Side, Azadi March: An Internal Challenge, Islamabad Sitsin, Nontraditional Security Threats in Pakistan, Sectarianism in Pakistan, Peace in South Asia Chapter 17 NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION IN SOUTH ASIA. 634 India Nuclear Explosion and its Implications, Indian Nuclear City, Indian Nuclear Islands, Nuclear Triad and India, Joint Armed Forces Doctrine of India, Malabar Naval Exercise, India-Japan Civil Nuclear Deal, India-Russia Civil Nuclear Deal, The Inception of Pakistan's Nuclear Program, Factors, Behind Pakistan's Nuclear Program, The US Response and Subsequent Policy, Respective Positions of India and Pakistan,xii India and Pakistan Nuclear Tests 1998, International Reaction to Tests, Regional Effects, FMCT Negotiations, CTBT and Pakistan, Pakistan and NPT, A. Q. Khan Issue, Nuclear Terrorism, South Asia’s Future, CTBT: Western Move to Blunt Third World Initiative, Indian Nuclear Doctrine, Pakistan’s Nuclear Posture, CTBT ~ The Options, Nuclear Controversy in Pakistan, Indo-US Nuclear Deal: South Asia and Beyond, China Pakistan Nuclear Deal, India Signs Nuclear Deal with South Korea, Pakistan and The FMCT, What is FMCT, AMAN-17, Chapter 18 REGIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION 700 SAARC: Formation and Objectives, Achievements, Hurdles in the Way of SAARC, Analytical Survey of SAARC, SAARC Summit 2008, SAARC Summit 2010, SAARC Summit 2014, SAARCH 19" Summit, SAARC 20 Summit, SAARC Implication of Afghan Membership: New Prospects of SAARC, Economie Cooperation Organization (ECO), Background, The Emergence of ECO, The Future of ECO, Role of Pakistan, East African Community (EAC), Arab Maghreb Union (AMU), Trans — Pacific Partnership (TPP), Pacific Alliance.