D 5268 - 92 (Reapproved 1991 é i di) Designatior Standard Specification for Topsoil Used for Landscaping ‘This sndard sed under the Hie deination D 5268: tne orapoal adoption or in the case of revision, the cart lasfevimon, A sumber a pareaenesialeatee be soe 16) Purposes! number immediatly lowing the sesignation suersriptepilon(e)iaciates am stoma change since tbe as vevison of appro Lo. Scope 1.1 This specification covers a physical evaluation of an inorganic soil containing a limited amount of organic “material, relative to its use as a topsoil for horticultural urposes in construction, For classification. a full agricul tural textural classification may be used 1.2 The presence in the soil of the correct nutrients and “pH status is necessary for healthy plant growth. This Specification does nor, However, cover a determination of the aulsients, nor their availability? , NOTE 1—The autsent content of topsoil is imporant and the temicals usually evaluated are itrogen, phosphate, and potassium desirability, The aiity or allalinity the sal sao important. Exces acidity may be conerted by the “pplication of lime dus. Excess alkalinity may be comecied By the soliton of sutfur or other suitable acing cmspounds, The later ‘tm, in addon ‘o lowering pH, aso could be considered as an __sgremate when considering the particle size aistibutioa, 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the ‘andard, La This standard does not purport to address all of the “safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It ts the ‘esponsibility ofthe user of this standard to establish appro. riate safety and health practices and determine the applica. lity of regulatory limitations prior 10 use 1, Referenced Documents 2. ASTM Standards: © D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids! 1140 Test Method for Amount of Material in Soils Finer than No. 200 (75 um) Sieve? 12974 Test Methods for Moisture, Ash, and Organic Matter of Peat and Other Organic Materials! 1D 4972 Test Method for pH of Soils? E11 Specification for Wire-Cloth Sieves for Testing Purposes* Terminology “3.1 Definitions: This sponiication i under the jurisdiction of ASTM Commie Deion Sol 1 Rock and isthe dice espoasiblity of Subeommitee D18.18 on Prats and ‘Maura sed tment tion approved July (5, 1992, Published September 1902. | Nowieotteing procedures are fOund in: the sate Agreulurd Experaiect “pina ssommeodatons fom ibe sate within which the lands oie, ‘ethods of Sou Anais” Edtorin-ChieC. A. Black, deronomy 9, Vol 2 vevean Sore af Agron toot meh Ano B00k of ASTM Stanaars, Vo 04.08. "Annual Bok of ASTM Standards, Vol 1602. {1 For definitions of other terms used in this specifica: sion, refer co Terminology D 653, 3:2 Description of Term Specific to This Standard: 3.2.1 copsoil—usually the original surface layer of grass Jand or cultivated land. It does not generally include soil from peatlands or other special areas, such as land disturbed by industrial activity, Topsoil is usually a darker shade of brown, grey, or red than the subsoil that lis immediately eneath it, because it contains organic matter intimately ‘nixed with the mineral matter. Topsoil tends to be more friable and pervious than inorganic soils, 4. Significance and Use 4.1 When physically evaluating a soil, relative 10 its suitability to support plant growth (primarily grasses), tess ‘must be made to determine the presence and the amouat of organic matter, inorganic matter (sand, silt and clay), and deleterious materials. 4.2 Typical general ranges of soil content are presented in Table 1. Soils falling withia these ranges will generally form a suitable topsoil. It must, however, be recognized that in some ‘geographic regions, concurrence with the values of Table | would be most difficult. In such cases, locally acceptable specifications would need to be developed. 5. Apparatus 5.1 Sieves and Containers, in accordance with Test Method D 1140, 5.2 Muffle Furnace, capable of producing the required ashing temperature in accordance with Test Methods D2974. 6. Procedure 6.1 Select a representative sample of the topsoil as indi- cated in Test Method D {140, 6.2 Oven-dry the sample at 105 + 5*C and determine its mass, 6.3 Screen the sample over a No, 4 (4.75 mm) sieve and ‘identify this deleterious material fraction as rock, gravel, sag, TABLE 1 Specification fot Topsoit (Garpoecrar cagy Parcantage 7 Mass =e dos Tol Sanpe Deitorous meters 5 max (rk, grave, ig, cinder, "oot, S00). Matera passing he No.4 (4.75 mn) seve ‘Orsane maven! son Sit ey ean 351070 qo ste x et See' h p5269 aquifer, raialy from the control well 3.2.4 K,-—hydraulie conductivity in the vertical direction. 3.25 [n—natural logarithm. 3.2.6 log,,—logarithm to the base 10. 3.27 Q{L°T-'| discharge. 3.2.8 + [L}-radial distance from control well. 3.29 +, {L}—equivalent inside radius of control weil 3.2.10 ‘S{nd}—storage coefficient. 32111 5 fL]—drawdown, 32:12 5, [L]—drawdown corrected for the effects of reduction im saturated thickness. 3.2.13 S,{nd]—specifc yield. 32.14 ¥ [Lj—residual drawdown. 3.215 as (L}-change in residual drawdown over one 3.216 TEL 32.17 ¢fT}—time since pumping or injection began. 3.2.18 ¢ [T]—time since pumping or injection 32.19 u—dimensionless parameter, equal to F'S/4T". 3.2.20 w—dimensionless parameter, equal to 75/47¢'. 4, Summary of Test Method 4.1 This test method describes an analytical procedure for determining transmissivity using data collected during the recovery phase of a withdrawal or injection well test. The field test (see Test Method D 4050) requires pumping or injecting a control well that is open to the entire thickness a confined aquifer at a constant rate for a specified period. ‘The waterfevels in the control well, observation wells, or piezometers are measured after pumping is stopped and used {to calculate the transmissivity of the aquifer using the in this test method. Alternatively, this test ‘method can be performed by injecting water into the control ‘well at a constant rate. With some modification, this test ‘method cam also be used to analyze the residual drawdown, following a step test. This test method is used by plotting residual drawdown against either a function of time or a function of time and discharge and determining the slope of a straight line fitted to the points. ‘4.2 Solution—The solution given by Theis (1)? can be expressed as follows: gol, Re ny eT a gues, am a 43 Atacontrol well, observation well, or piezometer, for large values of time, f, and small values of radius, r, the Theis ‘equation reduces, as shown by Cooper and Jacob (2) and Jacob (3) to the following: a vq) eo where: {= the time after pumping began and 2 The tlle numbers ven in parentheses refer 1 Tit of referenes at the ad ofthe ex (=the time after pumping ceases. From which it can be shown that: 23 Thar ® where: ‘Av’= the measured or projected residual drawdown over one logo cycle of 1. 4.4 A similar analysis (see 4.3) may also be used for a step-drawdown test in waich a weil is pumped at a constant rate fot an initial period, and then the pumping rate is increased through several new constant rates in a series of sees. Sarnill (4 shows that: 4p BI Hy, 25808 fg) 9 EP (one) ear (7) 238Q, ft ser (2807) © where: ee = the elapsed times since either pumping ‘was begun or the discharge rate was increased, 5 Qp, On... Oy = the well discharge rates, and. ., AQ, ... AQ, = the incremental increases in discharge. Equation 5 can be rewritten as follows: 2.30, eee o T= lopiat, 2) ‘where: Ove p300/O. glOe neq) seg o and: 230, Feat ® where: ‘As’, =the residual drawdown over one log cycle of the expression /{¢, Q) in Eq 6. Equation 8 can also be used to analyze the residual drawdown following 2 test in which discharge varies signifi- ‘cantly, so long as the discharge can be generalized as a series 5. Significance and Use S.1 Assumptions: 5.1.1 The well discharges at a constant rate, Q, oF at steps of constant rate Qj, Q2--. Qe 5.1.2 Well is of infinitesimal diameter and is open ‘through the full thickness of the aquifer. ‘5.13 The nooleaky aquifer is homogeneous, isotropic, and areally extensive. ‘51-4 Discharge from the well is derived exclusively from storage in the aquifer. ‘5.15 The geometry of the assumed aqyifer and weil are shown in Fig. 1. 5.2 Implications of Assumptions: 3.21 implicit in the assumpions are + tions of radial Dow. Vertical ow components are induced by 1071