05 Limit and Continuity 10 si Limit of @ Function 105 ingle-valued function of z defined a re on S which includ nei . Le my ory a be eid, as anal opin alimit L € C as z— %, if given any arbitrary small real number e > 0, there es said to have 570, such that ssid have @)-L<& whenever 0<|2~ 2) <6 5 (10.26) see Lis finite. Ifsuch a number L can be obtained, then itis called the limi : an and we write led the limit of the function f(z) im f(@) = L. Ifno such number ZL € C exists, then we say that f(z) has no limit as z — zp. When the limit xs, then for every z in the 5-neighborhood of zp, the value of f(z) lies in the €-neighborhood of L (Fig. 10.9). Fig. 10.9. Limit of a funetion. Th "1 . . . ieorem 10.1 If im J(z) exists, then it is unique. %y Pro a . . “f Let the function /(z) have two different limits L, and Ly as 2 > Zor that is lim fz) = by and tim f(@) = Lay by # by inp zy ‘Mee, give : 5 % given an arbitrary real number € > 0, there exist real numbers 5, > 0 and 6, > 0, such that 7 Ve)~ 14 < 02, whenever 0 it \@)-L |< whenever 0 <|z~z9| < 5. Henoes : ! 9 fem 103 1t/(2) has a finite limit at zo, then /(@) is a bounded function in some neighborhood ‘Theat CE hoot Since tim fl2) exists, we have \f(@) = Ll < € whenever 0<|z~- 2) <5 Hence, for any z in the neighborhood of zo, we find that @l=V@-L+L|s\f@-L\ + |L| 0 such that + for any arbitrary smal rel numb meee Ona Wie)~ 1] <6, whenever I > 16, Ate by we substiuie = W. Since E> 0 a6 2+ m, we obtain Safe py Fe, Example 10.21 Using the definition of li n 2-1, ne 1) = 4, on We want to determine areal number 5 > 0 suel V@)~ 11 < 6 whenever 0-< |2 = OIE + <6, whenever 0 < je i) < 6, a8, 642) <0 or (64 choice oF 6, we get 14 1}< 6 whenever OK |< 6, Wi 12-2. whenever 0 <|24 1) < Mm teenage? wherprerge “lerne-1. elev eve a Sev illee nis vi]s 513+ fy Fora given & > 0, we ne determine 8 0, Functions of a Complex Variable:Analstic Functions \0.33 e+ By <0 o (6452) < 0454 @ 8< esa. swan this eee of 8, we get oz USE whenever O< <8 (2-a-i-1 heroes | geri? All <6, whenever 0< I -21< 5, or O 0 such that a given real number €> 0, we want Wis) - Li ‘Therefore, we have |b] <6 whenever beh Noon IVS «implies WE. Thus, we can take 6< Je. With this choice of 8, we find that IS) stew Fant tof] 0 MG, we wet WE) = BP. Since & for a given real umber e > Wig) - oy « F +, we need to determine 0, ve have < ible 6 1< de chovce of 6, we fd that whenever Now, Irigy ~ oy “We COM take § « veowi10.34 Engineering Mathematics |g] <6, whenever 0<|E| along two different paths, we obtain eS not exist,10.35 Functions of a Complex Variable:Analytic Functions Bela Jim — = lim | lim, 20 fz] snl the limit does not exist. ; — yy straight line path y = mx (for different values of m we get different paths). der am (i) Consi Hence, > on (Lami)? x? _ (I= my tim e920 (tm)? Ltn Since the limit depends on m and is not unique, the limit does not exist. Consider the path y > 0 followed by x —> 0. We get a aly ety jan Since the limit is not unique, the limit does not exist. jo, x>0, ll, x<0, We 1952 Continuity of a Funetion ‘et fle) bea single-valued function of z defi Pint 2 Then, f(2) is said to be conti (10.29) =) is continuous at 2 if the followin, 8 three conditions are satisfied: ©) F429) exists, Gi) tim Fe) exists, (iii) tim I) = f(z),oN 10.36 Engineering Mathematics IE both fleq) and Jim fle) = Lexist, but f(q) # L, then the point 2 is catteq discontinuity. In this case, we can redefine the function f() at z such ee ‘ function can be made continuous at Zo. ff he If the function f(z) = u(x, y) + iv y) is continuous at z= x9 + iyo, then the re and v(x, y) are also continuous at the point (Z, ya). Therefore, we can discuss Sting a. complex valued function by studying the continuity of its real and j imaginary © on) real functions u(x, y) and v(x, y). Pars € . If f(2) and g(2) are continuous at a point z, then the function f(z) + g(2), where g(zo) # 0 are also continuous at Z. . If f2) is continuous ina closed region S, then it in bounded is, that is Yay < 4 . The function f(z) is continuous at z =, if the function f(1/) is continuous at aa Zing, x » FO) 200) ang sy wa Composite Functions Let a function (2) be defined in the neighborhood of a point zy and let the im, neighborhood be contained in a region in which f(z) is defined. Then the composite defined for all z in the neighborhood of the point zo. We have the following result, lage if 9(; nt function ti, Theorem 10.5 Ifthe function g() is continuous at z= zp and the function (2) is continu then the composite function f(g(2)] is continuous at zp. Hs, Proof Let w = g(2) and wo = (). Since g(2) is continuous at zy then given areal number 2 can find a real number 5, > 0, such that a Ig@) -g@)l 0, we can find a real number &>0, such that YC) - Flee) < &, whenever Ig(2z) - g(z,)1 < 5, or Iw) - fwg)l < &, whenever Iw — wl < 6, that is, Ifo) ~flwo)l < ey whenever Iz ~'z91 < 85 for some real number 6, > 0, Hence £(8@) is continuous at z = 2. afb Example 10.28 If the function w = f(2) is continuous at z = zp, then show thatthe fanaa continuous at z = zy, Solution Since W=W5 = W ~ Wy, we have hy ~ wl T= WGI = Ii - Wale zy Therefore, fl} ~ FEM = f(z) ~ fle.)Functions of a Complex Variable:Analytic Functions 10.37 p= Sea) implies that lim T@ =F&)- the result. «10.26 Show that the functions ences psampl ae sg continuous ation We can write for = (iii) cos 2. for all z. =xtiy, Sol e =e cos y + ie* sin y= u + iv. sin z= sin x cosh y + i cos x sinh y = u + iv. cos z= cos x cosh y ~ i sin.x sinh y= u + iD. .d functions w and v of two real variables x and y are continuous for all x and y Since the real value¢ functions of a complex variable z are continuous for all 2. sreach case, the given 7 Show that the function /(2) is not continuous at z = 0, where Example 10.2 Im(z) Re(z*) 0 ' >. ara-| el? oo=| ee 77° 0 z=0. 0 220. Solution tim Im(z) y lim : ry el 90-00 Sy? ey? Consider the path y = mx. Then lim im —_- * toe Tye fren x Stem which depends on m. Hence, the limit does not & continuous at y mx m .xist at 2 = 0. Therefore, the function is not (ii) which depends on m, Hence, the limit does not exist at = = 0+ Therefore, the function is not Continuous at z= 0.10,38 Kaglneering, Mathematles Alternative Set z 7 el”, Now, z > 0 implies r > 0. We have con 2 50820. 60520 Which depends on 0, that is on the location of the point on the circle jz] = does not exist at z = 0, the function is not continuous at z = 0. imi, Example 10.28 From the first principles show, that the function /(z) = | in the finite complex plane for any positive integer k. Solution We have | A = ail © [e ~ 29 20) = 2h) | k k=l k k-2 9 k (‘tensa so+(S)e-sa tae +(E Jena Setting 2 ~ Z k k ! k 5 ~ i¢-l-|¢ “())e ‘o+(4) aa (4, Ik ke k | slr e|) lel eol+ IF? jzgl? ++ k-1 | it (ii leal+(, Jetta? +-+{ "irc S Uz] + [rll - leo < €. Therefore, (zl + [rit < e+ Lol, ! or leol + Ir] < Ce + [zol]!® or [rf < [e+ fzol*)" = |zoh. } If we choose 8 < [e + |z9\*]!* — |zo], we obtain [2-2] < e, whenever |z~ zo] < d Hence, the function f(z) = z* is continuous at zo, for any integer k, Since 2 is an arbitrary point (2) is continuous at all points in the finite complex plane. Example 10.29 Show that the function Ln z is not continuous on the negative real axis including the point x = 0, Solution Writing z = x + fy and Ln z= w+ iv, we get w+ = Laz = Ln (x+y) = In |2| +7 Arg). ‘Therefore, u = i Therefore, w= In |z| = In (x? + y) and v= Arg z= tan” (p/x), Consider now the points on the negative real axis, z = x Hf 0. If we approach the negative real axis from the positive side, that 5 y 0", we have Arg z = 20. If we approach the negative real axis form the negative side, th ®Fimetions ofa Ci ‘uctions of'a Complex Variables nalvtie Bunctions 10.89 2 Arg (2) = =m Hones, ; : we inet T aie the {iaunory part of Los hay different valuew as we appronel ye eal axis fo 19 ferent directions, tn tet, Arg (2) has a junip of 270 ay It crosses cal axis. Also, when z= 0, Ln 2 is not dofined, Hence the result, prema 5 (a) The Fane and negatives (uy The principal value of [/(2)} | where © is a complex constant, i not continuous at those points where Im (/(2)) » O-and Re (/(2)) $0. Arg (/(2)) is not continuous al those points where /(2) = 0 or where /(2) is real ancl negative, funetion Ln (/(2)] is not continuous at those points where /(2) * 0 or where /t2) is teal ell AD, © iog3 Uniform Continuity wien the continuity of @ function /(2) is considered in a reyion 8, then the choiee of 6 in Eg. (10.29) depends not only on & but also on the point zy GS. If for a given S, we can determine ad japendent of the point Zp and sutistying the requirements given in Eg, (10.29), then the funetion jig 8 sid to be uniformly continuous in the region 8, heretine, w funetion £2) i i vnfomly continuous in a region Sif for a given real number &> 0, here exists « rent number 5>0 depending only on € sueh that <6 (10.30) Ley) f(z) = & whenever 0-< |x) ~ are any two points in the region S, We note that (i) we do not discuss uniform formly continuous in a region S, then /(2) is continuous na region § but may not be uniformly continuous in where zy and a continuity at a point, and (ii) if /(2) is uni inS. However, a function may be continuous 5 Frample 10.30 Show that the function /(2) ° = Silution We need to show that for any given real number & > 0, we 40 sue that uniformly continuous in the region [z] < 1. ean determine a real number Jel 22] 0, there exists a real number 5> 0, such that yy feb2)~S(2)_ <é \ : e+ A2)— S12) _ (2) ce, whenever del <& | Az If we write w = f(z) and w + Aw = /(z + Az), then L(e+ Ae) | Aw, Agwa“ Se Functions ofa Complex Variable:Analytic Functions 10.43 cl wwe ca write from the identity Zo) +S Zo). = # 2, we obtain 0) + re] 3y) + lim fo). it) exists, then using Eq, (10.31), we get lim f(@) = f"G0) x 0 + fq) =f Eo) which shows that the function f(z) is continuous at Hence, if /() is differentiable at z = zp then it must be continuous at z = Zo. Remark 6 (a) A function which is not continyous at a poini Zp, is not differentiable at z = zo. (b) A function which is continuous at a point z = 2, may or may not be differentiable at z = Zo. (6) The rules of differentiation of a function of a real variable x hold also for a function of a complex variabl We have the following results for two differentiable functions. and g(z) are two differentiable functions at a point z, then the functions )} and [/(2)/g(e)] are also differentiable at z and = f(z) £82). 1 seit cic itete | igc) (2) ~Sle) 8°) SE) # 0. igor BOY10.44 Engineering Mathematics is differentiable at z and the funeti + Theorem 10.7 If the function g() is differentiable a function fy then the composite function w = /(g(z)) is differentiable at z and i item, ere vo) dz (ny, where S'(g@) = e and & = g(z), Proof Let & = g(z). Then, w= /(é). We have FO~ Jin FE OALO yy. lim BE + A2)~ 94, ay ge = tim, gta) = tim ME or LQ= ioe aE’ g@ ois Therefore, we can write Aw ="(6) AE + 6 AE and AS = ¥@) de + eA 8 and & 0 as AE —>0 and, Az > 0 respectively From the above two equations, we obtain where Aw = £1) (8G) Ae + & Az] + &; [e/(e) de + 6) Ae} or TESOLO+e where 5= as tag) + em Since € > 0 as AE + 0 and ‘Az > 0, we obtain Wid a ie Bea = S'S). 82) = 1g) ge). Example 10.32 Show that = baat differentiable at z = 0, the function f(z) = 2 is continuous at the point = Solution Let 2 x + ly, Then, 2 = x ~ ty and SO)" E=x— iy be= Ant idy, Te Av idy. Now, lim (2) = tim 9 & MH 0=/0). Fa eo Therefore, f(z) = Z is continuous at z = 0, Now, atz=0 fi = lim 5 2 im £42-f0) 9 ascit a0 Ag Ara Ag av-atuai-vd| Axor TAY Consider now the path »y = mx, We have Ay = mAx, -_ |Functions of a Complex Variable:Analytic Functions 10.45 pence, > 0 implies Ay + 0. Therefore Tim AZ = jig, Bem ime _1mim a0 Az aro AxtimAx 1+im set depends on™. Thus, the limit does not exist. Therefore, the function f(z) = 7 in not enentible at z= 0. pemark 7 (a) The function f(z) = 7 is not differentiable at any point in the complex plane. (b) Since 2 is not differentiable at any point, any function f(2) is also not differentiable at any point. grample 10.33 Show that the function f(2) =| [is differentiable only at z = 0 and no where else. solution We have f(z) = |z)? = 22. Therefore, n Set Os L02) = jing (z+ Az) (2+ e)—27 a he . Hence, the function f(z) = |z[? is differentiable at z = 0 and ”(0) = faz, lim [7 + Ze) =.2, but tim 4 does not exist (see Example 10.32). Hence, the ‘br90 ‘ 4:30 Az function f(z) = |z[ is not differentiable at z # 0. Fxemple 10.34 Show that the function f(z) = 2, where n is a positive integer is differentiable at ‘ery point in the finite complex plane. Sélution Let z be any point in the finite complex plane. Tn, LE + A2)~ f(z) _ (2+ 2)" - re sGte)n2 ge ea(Jee fre le (ere Gter lar Thing ti Ng limits on both sides as Az > 0, we obtain p, ete Se) dn, = nett Mhettore, e 7(2") = nz"“!, where z is any point in the finite complex plane,’ 10.46 Engineering Mathematics Remark 8 polynomial P,(2) in z is also differentiable at every point in From the above examples, we find that a complex valued Point (see Example 10.34), only at a fixed point (see Example 10.33) or at no p, ‘We now define the important concept of analyticity of a fu Analytic function A function /(2) of a complex variable z is said to be analytic at a point 29, if it ig different the point zy and also at each point in some neighborhood of th Zo means differentiability in some open disk about zp. A function f(z) is said to be analytic D, if it is analytic at every point in D. Note that analyticity implies differentiability but not vicé versa. For example, the function @ ©) differentiable at z = 0 but not analytic anywhere. Gi) FG Point of the finite complex plane. An analytic function is also called an holomorphic function. A ~ Point of the finite complex plane is called an entire function exists at every point, a polynomial of any degtee is an entire function, “A function f(2) is said to be analytic at z = ©, if the fu If the functions f(z) and g(z) are analytic in a domain D, are also analytic in D. Further, the function f(2)/e(z) is analytic at all points z € D for which The composition of two analytic functions is also analytic, We now derive the necessary and sufficient conditions for.a function to be analytic. 10.6.1 Cauchy-Riemann Equations Necessary conditions for a function to be analytic Theorem 10.8 Su neighborhood of the of u(x, y) and v(x, y) exist and satisfy the equations m=, and Hy =-% at the point z, 2", » positive integer, is differentiable at every point in the finit [ef is differentiable only at z = 0 and no where else, Therefore, = 2%, » positive integer, is differentiable at all points and therefore is analytic a cen Pose that the function f(z) = u(x, 5) + iv(x, y) is continuous in 5 Point z= x + iy and is differentiable at z, Then, the first order partial deivativs © comple ex plane, function may hay the finite compl * Plane, © detivativg : t int (see Remarged nection f(2) at a point or in g dom, no he point zo, Thus, analyticity at ¢ a int © in domain the function ig function /(2) which is analytic at evry - Since the derivative of a polynomial nction f(1/z) is analytic at z then the functions f(z) + g(z), lz)g(2) 0. (10.35)a ‘unctions of a Complex Variable:Analytic Functions 10.47 proof Since: f@) is differentiable at z, we have S£(z+2z)- f(2) az lim, = tim Le Ae yt Ay) + fo (e+ Ae, yt Ay) ~ fle y) +70 (2 ax 70.8740 ‘Ax-+iay (10.36) since the limit exists, it must have the same value independent of the path along which Az —> 0. We consider the following two paths: (i Let Ay — 0 first and then Av —> 0 (Fig. 10.12a). The limit in Eq. (10.36) becomes ye fin [eae ao), ,2ee asa) ql as ar = OH 8 me a (10.37) (x+Axy+dy) 4 ac (et Any+ ss ie : f y+59) ey) o) Fig. 10.12. (a) Path Ay 90, then Ax — 0. (b) Path Ax =» 0, then Ay — 0. @ Since /(2) is differentiable at z, the two limits given in Eqs. (10.37) and (10.38) must be equal. S(@) = lim lay + By) wl) |; | ayo aay a 1m, dv Be _ du | iy + yy (10.38) -—Tetfore, au , 28 ae Oe” By Compar; Paring the real and imaginary parts, we get Qu _ av z= a ox ae yy a»ey WAR Engineering Mathematics or in short notation u, =v, and uy == ye Tho equations given in Eq, (10.35) are called the Cauchy-Riemann equations and are conditions for differentiability and analyticity of the function f(z) at a given point, function /(2) does not satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann equations at a point, it is not diffe hence not analytic at that point, Further, the derivative f’(z) may not exist, even when i Cauehy-Riemann equations, the neces sa Thus, if Tentiable a I Saistes yo Example 10.35 Show that the function Pa +i 1s) Se)= xt : satisfies the Cauchy-Riemann equations at z = 0 but f’(0) does not exist. Solution Writing f(z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, »), we get x» & ¥) # (0, 0). Since 0) = 0, we have u(0, 0) = v(0, 0) = 0. Now, as 2 > 0 we obtain at the poin ug = Him M0)=W00.0) _ ae sm Uy) = u(0, 0) _ Py = fim 240) = 000.0) i x moO mor Therefore, at z= 0, u, =, and uy, ‘We now have ‘Uy. Thus, the Cauchy-Riemann equations are satisfied at Fin LOLO) jg PV Hi? 4), im LDF) 7 290 (7 + yx tip) 0 Vet) = tn ADC + P= iy (EDL? + EH) Tey + HRM iy) ea wy} Choosing the path y = mx, we get Fim LDC t= im) xt dag = LAU + VC —imy (lm?)Functions of a Complex Variable:Analytic Functions 10.49 ph dap 07 Therefore, the limit does not exist. Hence, f“(0) does not exist. sti : : ie now present the sufficient conditions for a function to be analytic. iniclent conditions for a function to be analytic si 10.9 Suppose that the real and imaginary parts u(x, y) and v(x, y) of the function y) + iv(x, y) are continuous and have continuous first order partial derivatives in a domain iu and v satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann equations at all points in D, then the function f(z) is Pant in D and ‘theore™ SO) = Uy + iD, prot Consider a S-neighborhood of z. Since the partial derivatives of u(x, ») and v(x, ») are continuous, We can WE Au= u(x + dx, y + dy) = us, y) =u, Ax + u, Ay + ede + Edy Av= u(x + Ar, y + Ay) — u(x, y) = 0, Ax + 0, Ay + Ex + Edy — iu, (10.39) here Ej, xy & 9 0 as Ax and Ay > 0. Now, Aw = fle + Az) - f(z) = du + idv = (ug + i0,) Ax + (ty + ivy) Ay + (E+ ies) Ax + (& + ie,) Ay. Using the Cauchy-Riemann equations, we obtain Aw = (uz + iv,) Av + (— vy + iu) Ay + (E) + ies) Ax + (& + Gey) AY = (uy + iv,)(Ax + iy) + (€, + ie) Ax + (& + ie) Ay. Hesce, we get [f(z + Az) - [ert L2 a, singe (+169) | < 1, we obtain Az Ar yf x +e, +ieo |. Since 4 <1 and Az | fin SE +49)- Se) = f'(e) = uy + id = Vy = it. ef) is differentiable at an arbitrary point z in D, that is /(z) is analytic in D, § "© that the first order partial derivatives are not continuous in Example (10.35), z "mple 10.36 Using the Cauchy-Riemann equations, show that fi : fe) = jz? is not analytic at any point. = F is not analytic at any point. = Vz, z # 0, is analytic at all points except at the point z = 0,ring Mathematics 10,50 Engi u(x, ») + i, Y)- Solution Let l=) Se 24 y. Therefore, ul y) = 27 +9" and v(x, ») = 0, @ fe) We obtain uy, = 29, 0 and %,=0. fal derivatives are continuous. Cauchy-Riemann equations i ‘The partial derivatives are continuous. Cauchy q ate satisfied hoy 0 and u,=-2, oF 2y=0, u= Dy OF that is, when x = 0 and y= 0. Thus, the function is differentiable only at the origin, 7} her the function is not analytic anywhere. fo, Gi) f@) == iy. Therefore, u(x, y) =x and vy, y) =i. We obtain u,= 1, 0, m= gives 1 = is not differentiable at any point and h, 1, which is not tee for any vate gp of NCE is op The Cauchy-Riemann equation x and y. Therefore, the function /(@) analytic at any point. (ii) /@) , #0. x y fore, u(x, y) = and v(x, y) =— Therefore, u(t, ») = ee = - ae ‘We obtain. ou oy av aS and ae. a (ayy ay +e ak Therefore, the Cauchy-Riemann equations are satisfied at all points except at partial derivatives are also continuous at all points except at z = 0. Since, the fin Alz) = Wz is not defined and hence not continuous at z = 0, it cannot be differentiable at Hence, the function is analytic at all points except at z = 0. Example 10.37 Show that the functions (@ sinz, (ii) cosz, Git) are analytic in the finite z-plane, Hence, obtain their derivatives. Solution Let z =x + iy, : (i) sin z= sin x cosh y + i cos x sinh y = u(x, y) + iv(x, »). Therefore, u(x, y)= sin x cosh y and v(x, y) = cos 3 hy. We get 4,= cosx cosh y =v, and u,~ sin x sinh y= - YeFunicil ‘unctions of a Complex Variable:Analytic Functions 10.51 ince. the Oe es equations are satisfied for all (x, y) and the first order partial ives of t(% )), 2 (% ») are continuous everywhere, the given function is analytic for he finite z-plane. We obtain Soin oe = cos x cosh y — i sin x sinh y = cos 2. A cos z= 0s x cosh y~ i sin x sinh y = u(x, y) +i (x9). therefore, mt y) = 08 x cosh y and v(x, y) = — sin x sinh y. We get u, =~ sin x cosh y =v, and uy = cos x sinh y since the Cauchy-Riemann equations are satisfied for all (x, y) and the first order partial derivatives of u(x, y), 0% y) are continuous everywhere, the given function is analytic for {irz in the finite 2-plane. We obtain a : : (60s 2) = yt fo, =~ sin x cosh y — i cos x sinh y = ~ sin 2. ii) = ert! = etel” = e'(cos y + i sin y) = u(x, ») + iC, »). Therefore, u(x, y) = et cosy and w(x, y) =e" sin y. We get uy = e* cosy and u,=—-e" sin y =~ Py Since the Cauchy-Riemann equations are satisfied for all (x, y) and the: first order partial derivatives of u(x, »), 0(%, y) are continuous everywhere, the given function is analytic for all in the finite z-plane. We obtain se =u, + iv, =e" cos y + ie* sin y = lz | Remark 9 Tiefncions tan + and see z are analytic everywhere except atthe points z = 2+ 1) 2/2, whereas ints z = na where 1 is any & finctions cot z and cosee 2 are analytic every where except at the p esive or negative integer or zero. Lumple 10.38 Show that the function Ln z is analytic for all z except when Re z $ 0. ple 10.29). Therefore, the function Ln Sak . ltlon Ln z is not continuous when x S 0 (see Exam l now write “(differentiable and hence not analytic when Re 2 $0, We Lnz= 2 ince ty) +f ton @) = ula, y) + OO Y)- 2 Thre . fore, u(x, y) = ; Ing? + y2) and ofr y) = tan We get vy, and ty52 Engineering Mathematics | Since, the Cauchy-Riemann equations are satisfied for all (x,y) except at (0,0) ang the fi pat deriatives of nx), 9) ar contimaous everywhere exept at (0,0) he ge fn is analytic everywhere except when Re = < 0. on Example 10.39 Show that the function Ln (= yehxrso. ~ 1/18 analytic everywhere except on the hale line Solution The function Ln (= ) = La [x + (y = 1] is not continuous, when Im [e+ (y= Di]=0 and Refv+(-1) i] <0 We get y= 1 and x < 0. Therefore, the function is single valued and contimu ous forall = = 14 ye > 0,— x< @< x, The point z = / is the branch point and the line = Tis the branch ew, ? =u tiv, Therefore, us : Inf +@-1)) and v= on'() We have = ; In? + -1)) +i tan! — x x We find that a agg 2 a aly yay ay The Cauchy-Riemann equations are satisfied. Since, Continuous, the given function is analytic everywhere the partial derivatives 1, 1, except on the half line y 6, such that the function Example 10.40 Find the constants, a, () fl) =x-2ay + (bx cy), is analytic. Express /(2) in terms of z, Solution Let f(z) = ux, ») + io(x, y). Since, the first order Partial derivatives of u(x, ») and o(%, 2 in the given problems are continuous everywhere, the functions will be analytic if the Cauchy Riemann equations are satisfied, where Gi) J@=-2 tay +y? + (a2 + by +g) (i) Wx, y) = x= 2ay and v(x, 9 Therefore, u, = 1, uy = - 2a, 0, = b and 4, © ty and u, =~», forall x, y, we get e analytic funetion is by ~ ey, ~ ¢. Using the Cauchy-Riemann equations Vand b= 2a, where a is arbitrary, The required ~ 2ay + i(bx ~ cy) = x ~ 2ay + iQax + y) = CF by) ob aie + iy) = (1+ 2ai)z. Gi) ule, y) = =? ay FP and v(x, y) = ax? + by + oy, Terlores Wyse y, ay x + 2y, Ym Dat by, and v= br + 2ey. Using the Cave" Riemann equations : My = By and ny =—v,, we obtainFunctions of a Complex Variable:Analytic Functions 10.53 -2e ty = bet 2cy and x +2y=—2ax - by. solving these equations, we get b= 2, ¢= 1/2 and a=~ 1/2. The required analytic function becomes fe) == 8 tay Pe Eta yh a == 51267 — 9 -y) iG? + Ay - YI] == E12? + 2iy -97) + 108 + 289-7) : = 7RP +e Fete. Example 10.41 Show that if f(z) is analytic and (i) Re f(z) = constant, or (ii) Im f(@) = constant, then f(e) is @ constant. Solution Since the function f(z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) is analytic, it satisfies the Cauchy-Riemann ) Re f(z) = constant. Therefore, u(x, y) = real constant = cy. We get i. = O and u, = 0. Using the Cauchy-Riemann equations, we obtain &, = 0 and v, = 0. Hence, v(x, y) = real constant = cy, Therefore, fle) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) = € + iy is a complex constant {i) imf(e) = constant. Therefore, v(x, ») = real constant = a, We get v, = 0 and vy = 0. Using the Cauchy-Riemann equations, we obtain u, = 0 and u, = 0 Hence, ux, ») = real constant = a, Therefore, f(z) = u(x, ») + Gx, ») = 0 + fap is a complex constant. Example 10.42 If f(z) is analytic in a domain D and | f(2)| is a non-zero constant in D, then show ‘tat (2) is constant in D. Solaon Let fla) = u(x, ») + f0Gx y). Then, Lf] onslant, Differentiating partially with respect to x and y, = constant gives u? + » Where cis a real we get Qu uy + 20 v= 0 and 2 uy + 2v v= 0. “ning the Cauchy. Riemann equations, we obtain (10.40) Qu, ~ 20 wy = 0 (10.41) ug Quy + 20 1, = 0. Mutintys Miplying Ea, (10,40) by u and Eq. (10.41) by v and adding, 2(u2 + vy = 2e Hy =O OF Me we get eu, + 2u,= 0 oF = 0, eines c= iy + Wu,10.54 Engineering Mathematics Hence, u(x, ») is independent of x: Multiplying Eq. (10.40) by v and Eq, (10.41) by « and subtracting, we get = 0, since ¢ # 0, 202 + v°)u,= 2eu,=0 or Hy Hence, u(x, ») is independent of y also. Therefore, u(x, y) = real constant = k,, Simitay writing the equations in terms oft, % and using the Cauchy-Riemann equation, yg fd u(x, y) = real constant = ky. Hence, we obtain f(z) = ky + i =a complex constant. Example 10.43 Show that the function () Se (ii) fle) = z is not analytic at z = c. +1) is analytic at Solution The function /z) is analytic at 2 = =, if the finetion (2) = (1/2) is analytic at: og Uz 1 l4lz 0 l+z° (i) For f(e os! zl Now, (2) is differentiable at z= 0 and at all points in its neighborhood. Therefore, the function g(2) is analytic at z = 0. Hence, the given function f(z) is analytic at z =o. (ii) For f(z) = z, gz) = f(/2) Since the function g(z) is not defined at 2 = 0, itis not continuous at 2 = 0. Therefore, ) is not differentiable and hence not analytic at z = 0. The given function is not analytic atz =<, Wz. Example 10.44 If /() = w + iv is an analytic function of z = x + iy and ut v=(e+y) (2-4ay +2 +), then, find u, v and the analytic function /(2) Solution We have UH DS (42 ~ day +38 + y%)= ae + Oy ayy ety Therefore, + 0,72 - by ~3y? 32 (102) and Hy + Wy= 2 ~ bry ~ 3x2 + ay? (10.43) Using the Cauchy-Riemann equations u, = y and u, =~, we obtain from Eq, (10.43) 0, 4 uy” 2 ~ bxy — 3x2 4+ 392, (1044) From Eqs. (10.42) and (10,44), we get fe (1048) M2 2-6sy= 0 and vy Integrating u, and v, partially with respect to x, By? = = ty we get respectively| Functions o | ofa Complex Variable:Analytic Functions 10.55 | a 3x4 u(x, y) = 2x - 3x'y + O(y) and vy, y) =8 — 3xy? + o(y) (10.46) (y) are arbitrary functions of y. Substituting in Eq, (10.45), we ‘ ce ; | (10.45), we get 3x7 + 910) — 3x? + 37, or 61) = 3. = Gry + 65 (9) = m= 2 Gay, oF 94()) =2. yo 0 and sng, we obtain ee oO)=y +e, and $0) =2y +e soceiand er arbitrary constants. Hence, we get u(x, y)= 2x -3xy +P + ey v[%, y) = 3° — 3xy? + 2y + a f@) = ulx, y) + ive, y) = 2x — 3xy + + oy + Hy — 397 +X° + 2) = Ax + iy) + IPP — 3m? = iG - 3x°y)] +c) + ier =AWwty) +t HP +e tinewtP+e ieee = ¢ + icy is a complex constant, ample 1043. If fle) = ¥ + iv is an analytic function of = = x + iy and u—v=e"[(@e—y) sin y — (& + y) cos y] a find u, 0 and the analytic function f(z). Slaton From u — v = €“[(x — y) sin y — (& + y) cos y], we get Uy — Ve = — E*[(x — y) sin y ~ (x + y) cos y] + e“(sin y — cos y) =e [1 -xty)siny+ @+y- 1) cos y] (10.47) uy — vy = e [x cos y - (sin y + y cos y) + x sin — (cos y —y’ sin »)] = ee + y= 1) sin y + @—y — 1) cos yh (10.48) Wig the Cauchy-Riemann’ equations, u, = dy and ty = — Pr We obtain from Eq. (10.48) u, + 0, = [x —y) siny + (=x +) cos y}. (10.49) Fim Eas, (10.47) and (10.49), we obtain : 4 ug @|(1 = 3) sin y #360891 P (10.50) b, = et[(1 — 2) c08 y 3 8in 3] == Me (10.51) ing uw, and v, partially with respect to x, we get respectively fg u(x, y) = e*[x sin y — ¥ 68 yl + 41) here» v(x, y) = ety sin y+ x 608 9] + $30) ‘dial $:0)) are arbitrary functions of y. Substituting in Eqs. (10.50) and (10.51), we obtain10.56 Engineering Mathematies | e*[( = x) sin y + y cos y] = e“fsin y + y cos y — x sin y] +930) and &[(I - x) cos y - y sin y] = - &“[x cos y — cos y + y sin y] + 9/0). Simplifying, we obtain 930)=0 and 9(0)=0 which give 9,(y) = cy and ¢2() = ¢, where c, and c are arbitrary constants. Hence, we have (x sin y—y cos y) +c, VOY, y) = EY sin py + x cos Dey = u(x, y) + ioe, y) = e%(e sin yy 008 y) +o, + EY sin y +x 0089) be] and = "(x + iy) sit y + iG + iy) cos y] + 0, + icy = ex + iy) (Cos y— i sin y) + ¢y + icy = ile t Ee" EY + cy Hic = ee ty) oO 6} + 10 where c = c, + ic, is a complex constant. * Polar form of the Cauchy-Riemann equations Let £2) = ur, 8) + iv(r, @), 2 = re”. We have x=rcos #,y=rsin @ r= y?, O= tan! (ix), Using the chain rule of differentiation, we get x = ee eee =(60s 934 in (10.52) x = ete ec rin) + (6080) 3" (10.53) | 2 = ee, +S = cos) + ind (10.54) 2 = ee Se (reosy _ (1038) Using the Cauchy-Riemann equations in cartesian coordinates, u, = vy, and ty we can write Eqs. (10.54) and (10,55) as av ou Sp 08 + GinFunct ions ofa Complex Variable:Analytic Functions 0.57 ll [ ar == 2] Crsine) 2 + (6 ‘I 1a # 0s@)— | =_ 1 Ou a ay 00 7 =(-rsin @) (-#) acco wo - os) ino] -, mu or fr, He Cauchy-Riemann equations in polar coordinates are ov 1 du av as = and a, lav _ au or r 00 90 op 7% 720 ar (10.56) ealo have Bo ae x x Or Ox” 0 Ox xy? | 26 au 1 a = (cos 6) +- (Csi oe Dia wT sin @) 36 a _ de, 290 _ Ox Or & DO ax Ol on = (cosa) 2” ++ (sina) 2% (c0s6)$2 +2 (-sing) 22. : Le) = iB » cos 0 (#+2) bi, ithe Cauchy-Riemann equations in polar coordinates, we get. Se) = cos 0 (+2) $0 (12 vind) = (cos Oi sin 0) 2 + (eos 0+ sin 6) ar ar = (cos 0 ~ i sin 0) (H+ +) ee (St iz) (10.57) iy mm : Wo wtite (2) = t e” (2- zt), (10.58)_ . a jtive integer, in polar form and verify ang Example 10.46 Write f(z) = 2”, any positive integer, it that th Cauchy-Riemann equations are satisfied. Hence, show that the function f(z) is 4ifferentiablg and f’(z) = nz""'. Solution Let z = re®, r # 0. We get re” = r"(cos nO + i sin n8) = u(r, 8) + iv(r, 6) 10.58 Engineering Mathematics Therefore, we have u(r, 8) =r" cos n@ and vr, 8) =r” sin nd. 1 ne We ve ua me! cos n8= — vg and uy =~ nr" sin nO =~ rp, Hence, the Cauchy-Riemann equations as given in Eq, (10.56) are satisfied. We also note thatthe fry order partial derivatives are continuous for all r, @ Therefore, the function f(z) is differentiahs for all z. We obtain S'@)= (u, + iv,) (cos 6 i sin 8) = (nr"" cos nO + inr™ sin n8) (cos 6 — i sin 8) = nr (cos nO +i sin n8) (cos 6 i sin 8) =O FO pth MANO = yyy where 1 is any positive integer. Exercise 10.5 Using the definition of derivatives, obtain /“(2), if it exists, for the following functions f(z). 1, Rez. weed 3 iz? 4 54,240 6 Ered = I=: Using the rules of differentiation, obtain /"(2) at the indicated Point, for the following functions f(z). Le -Pae=t, 8. ze" at 2 = mi, 9% (2 + IP (P+ 2) at 2=0. 1 10, Fares, We 2h pho oy ri FI atz 1-i, 12, +1 Determine all points (if any) at which the Cauchy-Ri i ‘ ints at : ; Riemann equat al points which the following funetions are differeniable ee 13, z(Im 2), 14, (Re 2), 15, org (2), 2 #0. 16, = (arg z), 2 #0, 17, 2, 18. i [=f z : 9. =, . eee Rez’**° 20, pre #0.Functions of ‘ons of a Complex Variable:Analytic Functions 10.59 peti exe 0 23. e'(sin » i cos y9, y bin@? ty) + For! rs), = x 0, uy «show tat the fanetion tz) 1 25. e* -"" [eos 2xy + i sin 2xy}. a satis: ‘ i Hes the Cauehy-Riemann equations only at the origin, 1, show that forthe function th fey = [2% 240 , 220 the Cauchy-Riemann equations are satisfed atthe origin. Does /"(0) exist?” sg, Show that for the function f(2) = |xyl!@ * Does £’(0) exist? 19, Show that if /(2) is differentiable at a point z, then + the Cauchy-Riemann equations are satisfied at the origin. 4, g)p a | Fr 30. Show that for the function w = f(z) = u + iv, if [= exists, then the partial derivatives a a, and 0, exist and u, 41. Show that for the function w = f(@) = u + io, if lim, [ima] exists, then the partial derivatives 9 z 4, 0, exist and uy = 3. Iff(e) = u(x, y) + ivf, y), where x = (z + Z)/2, y = (2 - 2)/(2i), is continuous as a function of two variables z and Z, then show that 0 is equivalent to the Cauchy-Riemann equations. dire = f(z) for all z, then show that f(z) = ke’, where k is an arbitrary constant, 4. Find /(@) winen f(z) = (7 ¢0s 20 + r cos 0) + i(r? sin 20+ r sin 0). Ws . ® Find (2) when fe) = (-+4) cos 0+ (--4) sin 0, 2 #0. ; %6. usi ads i . Using potar coordinates, show that the function /(2) = 2°? is differentiable at any point 2 + 0 df) = 2723,10.60 Engineering Mathematics lowing functions analytic? here (if anywhere) are the foll . Where (if any 38. (2 +39) +10? - 38). 39. is ~jop, 37. (x WF i 41 e 40. + De +O. “ 3. eM. 44, e7. 45, 2€ 1) 43. ' a «of the constants a, by ¢,d such that the following functions are anaiyig Find the value: ce . : 46, fl) = tay t by? + (ex? + day + y). 47 fle) = 008 x (cosh y +. sinh y) + / sin x (cash y + B sinh y) lentically 2er0 is constane 8. Show that an analytic function /(<) whose derivative In problems 49 and 50, determine the analytic function f(2) = + i, where 49. w+ 0 =e (cosy + sin y). 50. uo =e sin (x — 97) + OY cs (x? — y)- 51. Find an analytic function f(z) such that Ref /’(2)] = 3x” ~ 4y ~ 3y* and (1 + — » + iu be analytic functions for all 2. Let /(0) = 1 ang 1 +i, where f(z) = "(2) + e'@) + 2f(2) gts). ay 52. Let f(z) = u + iv and g(2) Obtain the value of (2) at 53. If the function w = f(z) = u(r, @) + iv(r, 6) is analytic, then show that * : I S4. It is given that a function f(z) and its conjugate F(2) are both analytic. Determine the fincson fa 55. It f(z) = u + iv is an analytic function of z and ¢ is a function of w and v, then show tht a9)? 2) [ay YP : (2) (2 “Nau) *lay} | ver 10.7 Harmonic Functions ain real valued function (x, y)- of two variables x and y that has continuous second ordet vatives in a domain D and satisfies the Laplace equation a9 i? 2 is said to be harmonic in D, We now j 5 . rove the harmonie property of the real and imaginary parts of an analytic fee orem 10.10 . i N/E) ws, ¥) + Gute, y) is analytic‘in a domain D, then the functi ctions u(x, y) and v(x, Y) satisfy the Laplace equation Mert My =O and dy +o, = 0 respectively in D, that is u(x, y) and vx, y) ” al re harmonic in D,10.61 Funct ; ‘unctony of a Complex Varlable:Analyte Functions hat u(x, y) and v(x, oH sume that u(x 3) (x,y) have continuous second order partial derivatives: #0 AS ‘ ‘of d Ug = Pq Since the functit : c bi ig and ty == Uy nce the function fe) is analyte, 1 se the Cauchy-Riemann wi Uy = Py 7 oi ing u, = v, with respect to x, and Hy == Us with respect ,, we Bet wh Uge 2 Yq a lee = Vyp aNd yy ions, we + = fl iff rf a two equations, We get ty + ty ~ 0. Similarly, differentiating vy = u, with respect 10 these ce uy with respect 10 x, We get Fly and Uy ul Py ating these two equations, we get Ux, + Uy = 0. 4) + io(x, ») is analytic in a domain D, then its real and imaginary pasts us » pus iff) = u(x, Y) + ) a Ta, 3) ate harmonic functions. The function v(x, y) is called the conugate harmonte function afu(s,y) i D- The conjugate harmonic function v(x, y) for a given u(x, y) can be obtained by using te Couehy-Riemann equations. ‘The conjugate harmonic function is unique except for an additive constant, remark 10 ‘That is, if u(x, y) and v(x, y) are any two harmonic 0.10 may not hold. te converse of Theorem | eed not be analytic in D. However, (uy - functions in D, then u + iv n For example, consider ux, yo Re Za -y and ver, v,) + ilu, + 2) i8 analytic in yelm? = xy -y. y) are harmonic functions, but u + iv is not analytic as it does ttcan be verified that u(x, y) and uC, it at the origin. a satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann equations excep! v, and Vou, + Now, Tet U= Wy - % Since U, = they — Pe Uy > thy ~ Po = Vig = Mag + Vay Vy May * Po We get Up = Vy 8 Uae * yy = 0, a Uy Ve 88. tae ton = 0. Tateore, U + iV is analytic. 2 _3x2y is harmonic. Find its conjugate u ‘ample 10.87 Show that the function W(x, y) = 28 * L nic function v(x, y) and the corresponding analytic function /(2). Sa Mon We have u(x, y) = 2x + y? — 3x’y. ay? = 3, ty * OY . = Since i ue 2 61, Mae Oy, My : + 6y = it i ic, From the Cauchy-Riemann ton + wy = — 6y + Gy =0, the function u(x, y) is harmonic. From the Cauchy-Rict Ye y* ly We get vam, 2 2 - OF \ | |SS 10.62 Exgineering Mathematics Integrating partially with respect to y, we obtain v= 2y- 37+ 6@) where 9(6) is an arbitrary fimetion of x. Using the Cauchy-Riemann equation », Hs, We got -3¥ +6 W=-Gr-37) or 6’) =3r. Integrating with respect to x, we obtain O(x)=x +c, where c is a constant. Hence, we obtain By tte and u(x, ») + Ce, ») =2x+y? + iQy -3y +8 +0) 2x + iy) +P ~ 3x°y + 10? — 3m) + ic 2 +) + if? — 3y? — 103 ~ 32) + ic = 2x + iy) + ile + ip) + ke Example 1048 Show that the function v(x, ») = e sin y is harmonic. Find its conjugate hamonie function u(x, y) and the corresponding analytic function /(2). 22+ id + ie. Solution We have v(x, y) = e* sin y. Therefore, v= e'siny, », eFsiny, v%=e% cosy, Dy =~ et siny, Since 0, + By 4, = 0,, We get . the given function v(x, y) is harmonic. From the Cauchy, iemann equation = e* cos y. Integrating partially with respect to x, get u(x, y) = e* cos ¥ + O() where $(y) is an arbitrary function of y. Using the Cauchy-Riemann equation u, = — v,, we get ~esiny+ $Q)=-e%siny, or $y) = 0. Integrating with respect to y, we obtain 90) = ¢, ¢ any arbitrary constant. Hence, we obtain u(x, ») = ef cos y + ¢ and S02) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) = e cos y + ie® sin y +e = eM(cos y bi sin y) bem eke” tom ett cnerteaa ‘nctions of a Complex Variable:Analytic Functions 10.63 imaginary parts of an analytic function, ample 1049 Show that the real and jon in polar form fe) u(r, 8) + iv(r, 8), satisfy the Laplace equ: 2, Fy tay 1 Fy ron 2 aah oe. (10.59) respectively: i ime that i solution ay S at a ee 2%(r, 8) have continuous second order partial derivatives so that tig Hor 20d Pra = Yer Since the function /(z) is analytic, it satisfies the Cauchy-Riemann equations =Y» and tg =—rv, 1 From u,= = OF Yg= My WE Bet, Ug, = t, + Mp I From ug=— 1B, OF UV, =~ — ile WE Bet, Yip = — le r Since Voy = 2,9» We obtain os o tut 0. Ir bp —— Neg OF ty tT — i,t => My YS i r ee similarly, differentiating u, with respect to 8, up with respect to r and equating the resulting equations, we obtain the second result. Example 10.50 Show that the function u(r, 6)'= r* cos 20 is harmonic, Find its conjugate hamonic function and the corresponding analytic function f(z). Solution We have z = ré® and u(r, 8) = 17 cos 20. — 27 sin 20, tugg = - 47° cos 28. Therefore, uu, = 2r cos 26, ty, = 2 COs 26, Ho Since 4 d+ A gy = 2 c0s 20 + 2 cos 20-4 cos 20= 0, pr the function u(r, 8) satisfies the Laplace equation in polar form and therefore is harmonic. From the Cauchy-Riemann equation Vg = rl, We Bet UY = ru, = 2? cos 28. Inlegrating partially with respect to 8, we obtain vr, 0) = 7 sin 20+ $7) nV, = — — My, We get Where 4(r) is an arbitrary function of r. Using the Cauchy-Riemann equatior ar sin 20 oF g(r) = 0- 2r sin 20+ @ (r) = (r) = ¢, where ¢ is an arbitra a at ‘Megrating with respect to r, we get > v(r, 0) = 7 sin 20 +c ry real constant. Hence, we obtainAO1 ngineering Mathomaties Thoretire, Ne) = ude O) st tv (re O) = 7 cos 20+ ifr? sin 20 +e} = 1? [cos 20+ f sin 20) + ie pall oe + te + ie. Kaumpte (0.81 1a is a harmonic finetion, then show that w = ay uw" is not a harmonic fines, Uunlows wiv constant, ction, Solution Since 1 is an harmonic finction, te -F thy = 0. Now, ne w=? will be a harmon i c func A agg EW yy 0. We have Kdlon Wy Qty Wy Betty aNd Wey 2 UE Qetiggy Woy = UF + 2utiy. ‘Theretiore, Wye H My BUT $a) + utige + ty) = 2(U2 + 12) Now, wy, ty =O, only when uj, = 0 and wy = 0 that is w is a constant function. Hence, w= wis not a harmonic tinetion unless wis a constant, Example 10,52 If /(2) is an analytic function of z, then show that VRE)! = pC = 1) (Re I" YOR, p> 1 where Vis oo. 7 <> is the Laplacian operator. aw ar Solution Since f(z) = w+ iv is analytic, we have uy = vy 4 and (2) = u, + fo, Now, Re[f(@)] = u. Lo ag * thy = 04 Yq + By = 0 Therefore, VaRe (eyy = Vu] = A (wry +B wry ‘ ax ay = 2 (pu? hy) + - (pu) = pl = 1) WP? (a)? + 0? ug) + p[@ — uP? (ay)? +0?" = ple = tw? (ub tug) + pu! (ug. + yy) = py ~ Vu? (u2 412) = pp ~ 1) (Re EP? Yeh P? Level curves j Let w = flz) > ule, ») + iv (% y) be an analytic function, Then, u(x, y) and v(x, y) are harmonic functions. The curves u(x, ») = p, v(x") = q, where p and q are real constants, are called /evel cues generated by the analytic function f(z). For example, if f(z) then u(x, y) =x and v(x y) =I The level curves are given by x = p and y = q which are straight lines parallel to the »> a” theFunes ivel i inctions of a Complex Variable:Analytic Functions 0.65 avis, respectively, The interesting Property of th £ they form an orthogonal family of curyes” eS evel curves u(x, y)=p and v(x, ») = gq is that . 4 From ur ») =P, We get u, + i herefor, m= Slope of the curve u(x, 3) = p ig fy Hy . dy m v(t, Y) = g, we get vy, + Frot Therefore, mz = slope of the curve v(x, y) = ; @ is ~ v/v, Using the Cauchy-Riemann equations, we have UV, mm, = —1, MyYy Hence, the level curves are orthogonal to each other, Exercise 10.6 1. If u(x, y) = Re(z”) = x? - y?-= and v(x, y) = Im (2) = 3x’y.— y° are harmonic functions in a domain D, show that the function (u, ~ v,) + i(u, + 2) is analytic in D. 2. If fle) is an analytic function, show that | /(2)| is not a harmonic function, 3. If fz) is an analytic function, show that log | /(2)] is a harmonic function. 4. If fz) is an analytic, function, then show that w ~ arg [ f(z)] is a harmonic function. 5. Show that u(x? — y’, 2xy) is harmonic, if and only if u(x, y) is a harmonic function. 6. If (2) is an analytic function of z, then show that V LLse Pl =P Aer? er where v= a + =. Show that the given function u(x, y) is harmonic. Find the corresponding conjugate harmonic function v(x, y) Construct the analytic function fiz) =" + iv. 1 yp -3xy, 8. In (x? +9), Re => 0, % M+ A), 2 #0. 10, ef cos y. ML. sinh x cos y. 12, ¢ [x cos y + y sin y). 13. eo? - y2) cos y — 2xy sin YJ. eg At the given function v(x, y) ia harmonic, Pind the corresponding conjugate harmonic function u(x, y) _ Smstruct the analytic function /(z) = u + i2 M4. y+ ary, 15 In@@+y)exty, 2 #0. 6 ars yh, 2H 0, 17. arg (<), 2 #0. 1B. ~ sin x sinh » 19, e(y cos y ~ x sin y).10.66 Engineering Mathematics Show that the given function is harmonic. Find the corresponding conjugate harmonic f the analytic function f(z) = u + iv. 21. u = (r + (1/) cos 8, r #0. 20. u=Inr. 22. u =r" cos nO. 23. v = 37° sin 26 — 2r sin 8 24. Consider the analytic function f(z) = z*. Find its level curves. Show that these cv orthogonal. these 25. Consider the analytic functi ; = ction f(z) = e, z # andi ves. Show that mutually orthogonal, 0. Find its level curves. 5h0 10.8 Ancwaors 2.3 reor VO 6 (eserre Ue Evervise 104 ae 3 fae 13: 2» : Wes, 4 tim [flea = tim: Jz} # Qo set = ; 0” zd 5 ai bk 72 S@= ims f= 8. 4i. 11. Multiply and divide by [ve=2 +i), set = VE, - i/2. 12. Choose two different paths and show that limit is not unique. Alternately, take y = ny limit depends on m. 18. lim fiz) > ~, therefore, limit does not exist. rt (ii) Set 2 = V/E, 0 ifm > mz does not exist if m 0, lim fle) = (0); continuous. Pa a GeV AT -a =H. 8 fe) 9 ERT 30. f(z) = fli) = 444i. 31. 224i, 32, Not continuous at points where Im(z? + 1) = 0 and Re (2 + 1) $0; x = 0 and Yl? Ly Functic inctions ofa Complex Variable:Analytic Functions 10.71 ¢ continuous at points where Im ( i sol = 0 and a(t 51) <0.e-0md-1e ys [fe] i not continuous at points where fi) = 0 or wi : ws le hen f(z) is real and negative; y = 0 col? C ja weir sin 27 (en i-= ). The principal value of =z? is not continuous at points where a2) om Re ( wee eh i= Oa > Lo tects ston nF, 1011 im (e+ i=?) =o and Re (e+ I-#) so (0.59) eed s not zero for any z, we get (iP =1-2, of z= (2-129. (10.60) ‘The first condition in Eq (10.59) gives Im(A) = 0, that is, A is real. Therefore, from Eq. (10.60), we | find that z is pure imaginary. Taking z = iy, we obtain Re (+ i-2) =-yt Jl+y? which is | positive for any real y. Thus, the second condition in-Eq, (10.59) is never satisfied. Hence, sin | continuous at all points except at points along the cut as shown in Fig. 10.11 | Eurise 105 Lal = lim [Ares in Problems 1 to 6, , 40 Az LL fim limit does not exist, not differentiable. SoBe + iby Lbs ji 7] = “(2) = 22. ‘ jim, [22 + Ae] = 22, /"@) = 22 dbs fim, Ge? + 3zae + (Ae)"] = siz, s'@) = 32. saat . 4b tim [Pee }: limit does not exist, not differentiable. aoal! de S b= tim sol 2(2 + Az) bee tn] 2 Ar (I= 2)(1= 2= Az) haa m4 ~o. . . Wy 12, 1. i. = 2.10.72. Engineering Mathematics ble only at origin, SO) = 0. sO) = 9 ot satisfied for any point; no where diferent, le. 13. Differential 14, Differentiable only at origin» 15, Cauchy-Riemann equations are ™ Not differentiable any where. 16. 2 17. Differentiable everywhere, S@) =X. 18, Differentiable only at origin, (0) = 0 19. Not differentiable, rerentiable everywhere, /“(2) = ~1/22, 2 #0 Uz, 2 #0, w4y t3yt2 gi = Fa | differentiabl ety tly? SLEW NEE exseol a 22. Not differentiable. 23. s) fferentiable for all z, /“ , 24, Not differentiable. e. Differentiable for all 2, f(z) = 2ze" - 25. f(2) 26. fl) = (PtP =utivs wa (et ¥), v = 0; Cauchy-Riem: origin. 2 ann equations are satisfied oly, aay? 27. fe) =u + iv; = yin arty u way | (x, y) # (0, 0); u(0, 0) = (0, 0) = 0; 1) 1, u4{0, 0) = tim 2O4Y)= WOO.) _ u,(0, 0) = lim aro jim, as 2(4%,0) = 0(0,0) | 2(0, Ay) -0(0,0) ay 240, 0)= fim, 0, ¥(0, 0) = lim an dr The Cauchy-Riemann equations are satisfied. Now lim L@=LO _ 5, Ua2)/A2]-0 Be noe Since the limit does not exist, (0) does not exist. 1 ass 0) 10,0) 9, 28, fle) =u + iv, 0 = sfixy) = viel, v= 0; ¥ = 05 W(0, 0) = 00, 0) = 0; u,(0, 0) = fim, - ' Similarly, we obtai in ws, 0) = 0, v,(0, 0) = 0 and v, (0, 0) = 0, The Cauelhy-Rieman" equi" satisfied gi oo = the origin, Show directly that SO) does not exist. a“ st. ke side, Me + Wy we get /"(2))? = a2 + v2 at ; Ww = au + Uppy = vy ~ dy whieh 8 He } Ket Aw = du + id and de = Ax + iy, N ty. Now tim} Re] 4 a5 RZ] = fim 7, where pe SUA + And ‘ dim, a AU Since te Limit exists, is" 7 (4x)? + (ay)? 4lim i . () Functions 8 ofa Complex Variable: ‘Analytic Functions \0.73 path along which 42 —> 0. We find that we fim} tim 7. and tim T= fi iin sol acon” ~ fity|tim 7] =v, Therefore, wand vy exist and uy" vy, | = lim 7, where T= Avv~ Auay me » where T= AOS Gidy oe if Ma] a0 (4x? (yz Since the limit exists, itis same irrespective of ihe pth along which A= 0. We find that tim 7 = tim| tim 7] = ee a0 bn], mind, jim 7 = lim] dim 7] =~, therefore, Y, and u, exist and v, = — 1, Fu (2, 9P Fu eu ee a @ a) “Reg Sm a? a OF OF Adding the last two equations, we obtain the result. i {av ax , av ay’ fi |(2 +m | You _ lau), 1fav_1av]_ tf au 2) ie x) =a[H tony Ne teeta Sie 2[ ar fay}"2' [a Fay) 2dr ay)” 2\ax a DF

Up, + uy, = 2(~ yyy + x0) My = 21 y ye + Ay, + Puy) + RVG ty = Quy + AGPUyy + uy) ~ 8 ueFunctions of a Complex Variable:Analytic Functions 0.15 Therefore, tee + ty M2 + yy 2? + 2) (gy + yy) = 0. Henee, the result, ferentiate two times and use 2 = Vu 4 a 2 6. PALME] = Woe + veer = (2 vip Be (i + or, ye the results 4, =v, 4, = — 9, u, < py S— Des es + Uy = 0, Oey + yy = 0 and | f(2)2 = ut + v2. 1. v= 2 - 32° + 6: fl) = + ic, ca real constant, 8 v= 2 tan! (pix) +c; f(z) = 2 Inz + ic, ea real constant, ~ We? + Y) + e; fz) = (112) + ie, ¢ a real constant. =e sin y + c; f(2) = & + ic, ¢ a real constant. = sin y cosh x + ¢; f(z) = sinh z + ic, c a real constant, 12. v= e* [y cos y— x sin y] + ¢; f(z) = ze* + ic, ¢ a real constant. 13, v= efx? ~ ¥*) sin y + Ary cos y}; fle) = Ae + ic, € a real constant. 14, w= P= Ix + x + 6; f(z) =2 + 24 0, ca real constant. 18. w=x-y-2 tan! (yx) +c; f(e) = i Inz + (1 +i) 2 +c, ca real constant. 16, w= (x + VG? + ¥) +c; fle) = (I + lz +c, ca real constant. 17, w= [In (2 + V2 + 6; f(z) = In z + ¢, ca real constant, (2) = cos z + ¢, ¢ a real constant. 18. w = cos x cosh y + 19. w= e (x cos y +y sin y) + ¢; f(z) = ze* + ¢, ¢ a real constant. 20, v= 8+ e; f(z) = In |z| + J arg z + ic, ¢ a real constant, UL. v= (r- (In) sin 0+ c; fz) =z + (Iz) + fe, ¢ a real constant. 22, v= sin nO + c; fle) = z" + ic, ¢ a real constant. 23, w= 37 cos 20 - 2r cos 0+ ¢; fiz) = 32" - 2z + ¢, € a real constant, 24. Level curves are u = x7 - y? =p and v = ay = g where p and q are constants. From the first curve, we get 2x ~ 2y (dyldx) = 0. Therefore, slope of the first curve is m = x/y. From the second curve, we get y + x (dyldx) = 0. Therefore, slope of the second curve is m, = ~ yix, Since, mymy =~ 1, the curves are mutually orthogonal. 25. The level curves are w= ¢ cosy =p and v= et sin y= q where p and q are constants. Slope of the first curve is m, = cot y and slope of the second curve is m * = tan y. Sinee, mymy = ~ 1, the curves ate mutually orthogonal,