Chemistry Project Extraction of Nicot Sharun Joshi Class: XII-A Roll Number (CBSE): Stele Sai}CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Sharun Joshi of Class XII-A of Salwan Public School, Mayur Vihar has completed this project under by guidance and surveillance. He has expressed deep interest and has shown utmost sincerity in the completion of this project. His endeavours from conceptualising to, completing this project titles “Extraction of Nicotine Sulphate from sample of | Cigarettes” up to my satisfaction have been successful. Teacher's Signature (Ms. Deepti Srivastava)ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my chemistry teacher Ms. Deepti Srivastava who provided me with her constant & invaluable support, guidance and moral & technical assistance during the course of completion of this project. I would also like to express my heartfelt gratitude to our lab assistant for her extensive support while working on this project, especially \ with regards to troubleshooting. My. sincere thankfulness to. my classmates for their extended cooperation and assistance. SHARUN JOSHI, XIL-AContents TOBACCO - NICOTINE MANUFACTURING OF TOBACCO ... ADDICTIVE NATURE OF TOBACCO .. ADDICTIVE NATURE OF NICOTINE . PHYSICAL ADDICTION PSYCHOLOGICAL ADDICTION . HEALTH EFFECTS APPARATUS REQUIRED. CHEMICALS AND OTHER MATERIALS REQUIRED PROCEDURE OBSERVATIONS RESULT CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY. 2012-13APPARATUS REQUIRED ¢ 250 ml Beaker © Filter Paper = . Separating funnel” = \ © China Dish | * Physical Balance’ / | . Glass Rod ~~ I |(CHEMICALS AND OTHER MATERIALS REQUIRED © Calcium Hydroxide fexlorn © Kerosene as solvent ~ > \ \ * Concentrated: Sulphuric Acid — * Cigarettes | (/ / J2012-13 PROCEDURE > Collect cifferent samples of cigaretes. > Remove the covers and collect the contents of the cigarettes on separate pieces of papers. Weigh | gram of each sample using a physical balance and label them. Place them in a dry place. solve each sample ia Calcium Hydroxide sohition taken in 100m beakers. Stir them with the help of glass rod > Filter the different solutions afier the Nicotine has full) dissalved, Collect them separately in separating funnels, > Adu ra tes tubes of Keratene Oi each separating funner, Before pouring, ensure thatthe valve is closed. > After Pouring shake theimicture vigdeously in Oner ta mix the twa liquids and leave it for (wo days without disturbing. Two layers—one heavy layer in the boom and the Second lighter Tayer in the top separates at. | > Open the valve ofthe funnel and lt the heavy layer out through the open valve. The lighter layer remains inthe separating funnel. ¥ Addhalf atest tbe of concenteaed Sulphuric Aci tocach separating funnel. Again shake i vigorously inorder to mix them and leave i for sometime. Two layers are formed — one heavy (dark drown) layer atthe bottom and another Lighter (almost wansparent layer nthe Yop. Open the Valve ofthe separating funnel and collet the heavier layer in. test tube Now transfer the contents ina a china dich. Repeat the same procedure for the Hea the crystals in Liquid form and uhimarely subject them to cold water and leave them Fora day ortwo. > Weigh the crystals hence obisined with the belp ofa physical balanceOBSERVATIONS Sno Cigarette Sample Quantity of Nicotine Supaate L Country Cigarette (Bedi) | 017 gram 2 Sampled (|) | 08 gam 3 SampleBo || \ 0.05 gram. Paee‘The analysis showed relatively higher levels of nicotine in tobacco from beedis. (0.17g) as compared to cigarettes (0.05g in Sample B and aa Sample A).CONCLUSION | This study concludes that the nicotine content in tobacco contained in country cigarettes (bedi) is higher compared to the content in company manufactured branded cigarettes. (/2012-13 Topacco ‘Tobacco is an agricultmral product processed from the leaves of plants inthe genus Nicotiana, It can be consumed, used as a pesticide and, in the form of nicotine tarate, used in some medicines. It is most commonly used as a drug, and is 2 valuable eash erop foe countries such as Cubo,{ndia, China, and the United States, Tobacco is a name for any plant of the genus Nicotiana of the Solanaceae family (nightshade family) and for the product manufactured from the leaf and used in cigars and cigarettes, snuff, and pipe and chewing tohaceo. Tolnacea plants are also used in plant bioengineering, and some of the 60 species are grown as Comamentals. The chief commercial species, N. tabacum, is believed native 10 tropical ‘America, like most nicotiana plants, bur has been so tong cultivated tha it fs no longer known in the wild, NRRrustica, a miliflavored, fasbuming species, was the tobacco originally raised in Virginia, but it now grown chiefly in Turkey, India, and Russia. The alkaloid nicotine is the most characteristic constitent of tobacea and is responsible for its addictive nature, The harmful effects of tobacco derive from the thousands of different compounds generued in the smoke, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (such as benzpyrene, formallehyde, cadmium, nickel, arsenic) fadionctive poloniam-210, tobacco-specifie nitrosamines CTSNAS), phenols, and many oihers Tobacco is cultivated similarly tO-olner ogricultural products. Seeds are sown in cold frames or hotbeds fo prevent stacks from insects, and then transplanted into the fields. ‘Tobacco is an annual erop, which is usually harvested mechanically or by hand. After harvest, tobacco is stored for curing, which allows for the slow oxidation and degradation of carotenoids. This allows for the agricultural produet to take on properties that are usually altributed to the "smoothness" of the smoke. Following this, tobacco is packed into its various forms of consumption, which inelude smoking, chewing, seuffing, and so on. Most cigarettes incorporate flue-cured tobacco, which produces a milder, more inhalable smoke. Use of low- pH, inhalable,flue-cured tobacco is one of the principal reasons smoking causes hung cancer and other diseases association with smoke inhalation.NICOTINE Nicotine is an alkaloid found in the nightshade family of plants (Solanaceae) that acts as nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist. The biosypthesistakes place in the roess and accumulation occurs in the leaves of the Solanavene. 1 constitutes approximately 06-30% ff the dry weight of tobacco and is present in the range of 2-7 pg/kg of various edible plants. functions as an antiherbivere chemical; therefore, nicotine was widely used as an insecticide inthe past snd nicotine analogs such as imdacloprid are eurretly widely used. In ow doses (an average tigate yels bout 1m of absorbed coin), the substance acts os asimulant in mammals, il hig amounts (30-60 mg) can be fll. This stimulant effect ie te main factor esponsble for the dopendence-feming properties ef tobacco smoking. Accrding tothe American Hear Associaton, sicoieadtiton bas historically been ont of the hardest addictions to break, while the phamacologiesl and behavioral characteristics tha! detemine tahaeco addiction are silat those detemining addition toteroin and cocaine The sleoine Snict of Opi ATserican-beand cgarets has sony increased ove the yarsand one ey found thal there was an average Inereate of 1.6% pet ear between the years of 1998 and 2008 "Tis was fund for all major markt categorie of cigureues2012-13 TOBA' Filter Paper made up of 98% Cellulose Acetate . Tipping paper to cover the filter Rolling paper ta cover the Taacon | Tobacco blend Modern commercially manufacture cigarettes are seemingly simple objects consisting mainly of a tobacco blend, paper, PVA glue to bond the outer layer of paper together, and often alsoa cellulose acetaie—based filter. While the assembly of cigarettes is straightforward, much focus is given tothe creation of cach ofthe components, in particular the tbaccn blend. A key ingredient that makes cigarettes more acklictive is the inchision of reconstituted tobacco, wh hhas additives to make nicotine more volatile as the cigarette burns2012-13 ADDICTIVE NATURE OF TOBACCO Addictive Nature of Nicotine Nicotine is very addictive. I increases the release of brain chemicals called neurotranemitters, Which help regulate mood! and hehavior. One of these neurotrancmitters is dopamine, which makes one feel good. Getting that dopamine boost is part of the addiction process, Nicotine dependence, zlso referred to as tabaceo dependence, involves behavioural as well as physical factors. Physical Addiction Over 15 million smokers ty to quit each year, yet less than 5% of those who attempt to quit lunaided are cigarette-free after 6-12 months. For one simple reason: @ nicotine addi harder to beat than most people realize. Nicotine from smoking changes the struetine and function of your brain. When the brain stops getting the nicotine i's used to, you begin on is feeling strong withdlresal eravings. You think you want a cigarette when, actually. your brain | Lets take a look at how nicotine addiction works. Fach puff on a eigarete sends nicotine 10 the brain hia 10 seconds. Immediately, we feel more alert and calm. It feels good, so we have another puff. And another, Soon the brain's chemical structure acwilly changes. 1 becomes hooked into Wanting more arid mare nicotine ta make the effects last. Physical dependence on nicotine is defined by the appearance of characteristic withdrawal symptoms when the substance is suddenly discontinued. So, while physical dependency can bbe a major factor in the psychology of addiction and most often becomes a primary motivator in the continuation of an adiiction, the intial primary attibution of an addictive substance is usually its ability to induce pleasure, although with continued use the goal is not so much to induce pleasure as it is (0 relieve the anxiety eaused by the absence of a given addictive substance, causing —-sit’—==t_—— become used © compulsively, ‘The speed with which a given individual becomes addicted to nicotine varies with the substance, the frequency of use, the means of ingestion, the intensity of pleasure or euphoria, and the individual's genetic and psychological susceptibility. Some people may exhibit2012-13 addictice tendencies from the moment of first intoxication, while most people can smoke socially without ever becoming addicted. Opioid dependent individuals have different responses fo even low doses of opioids than the majority of people, although this may be due to a variety of other faciors, as opioid use heavily stimulates pleasure-indueing neurotransmitters in the brain. Nonetheless, because of these variations, in addition to the adoption and rwin studies that have been well replicated, much of the medical community is satisfied that addiction is in part genetically moderated. ‘That is, one's genetic makeup may regulate how susceptible one is to a substance and how easily one may become psychologically atached to a pleasurable routine Psychosocial Addiction Psychological dependency is a dependency of the mind, and leads to psychological withdrawal symptoms (such as ravi ‘Addiction can in theory be derived {rom any rewarding behaviour, and is believed to be strongly associated with the dopaminergic system of the brain's reward system (asin the case 3, lertability, insomnia, depression, anorexia, tc). of cocaine and amphetamines). Some claim that it is a habitual means to avoid undesired activity, but typically it is only so to a’ clinical level in individuals wino hove emotional, social, oF psychological dysfunctions (psychological addiction is defined as such), replacing ‘normal positive stimuli not otherwise attained A person who is physically dependent, but not psychologically dependent can have their dose slowly dropped until they are no longer dependent. However, if that person is psychologically dependent, they are still at serious risk for relapse into abuse and subsequent playsical dependence, Paychological dependence does not have to be limited only to substances: even activities and behavioural patems can be considéfed aldictions, if they become uncontrollable.2012-13 Heattu Errecrs ‘ota th sige ject ne prevented spb. Tohaces ute Bade eon commony te dseases affecting he bea, ver and ngs, wilh smoking being a mje ike faci for heart attacks, srokes,chvone obstueive pulmonary disease (COPD) Cochin empayeonn andcrosie troche), and cancer paricualy lang cane, ences of the leynx sed meuth, and pancreatic cane) aio cases peripheral vascular disease and hypenenion The effeas depend on the numer of years thar a person smokes and oo how much the perio smokes. Staring snaing ener In ie and smoking cigarees higher intarineeases te sk ofthese diseases. Also, pVroamena ohoco smoke, o secondhand smoke, tas been . - ssw © ese! Risks from Smoking adverse health effects Smeking ean covery part ofthe body Cancers Chronic Diseases Soke in people of all ages. Cigarettes sold in underdeveloped countries tend to have — = Gum infection tone estonia «— higher tar coment, ann ae less kely o J] Somaeh= ales» Harring te arin ‘he Stesed, potentially: |» crore ne dcoase ince onan a + Rede ry + orcs tobacco Giese In fine reeions ‘The World Health Organizaion (WHO) estimates that tobacco caused 5.4 million deaths in 200+ and 100 milion deaths over the course of dhe 20h century. Similarly, the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention describes tobacco use a6 “the single most important preventable risk to human health in developed counties and ax important cause of Premature desth worldwide.” Several counuies have taken measures to control the consumption of tobacco with wage and sales restritins ab well as warning mescages printed on packaging.2012-13 Smoke contains several carcinogenic pyrolytic products that bind to DNA and cause many genetic mutations. There are 4S known or suspected chemical carcinogens in cigarette smoke. Tobacco also contains nicotine, which isa highly addictive psychooctive drug. When tobacco is smoked, nicotine causes physical and psychological dependency. Tobacco use is a significant factor in miscarriages among pregnaat smokers, i contributes to a numberof other threats tothe health of the femms such 26 premature bins and low birth weight and increases by 14 to 3 times the chance forSudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) The result of scientific smdies done in neonatal rats seems to indicate that exposure to cigaretie smoke in the womb may reduce the fetal brain's ability 10 recognize hypoxic conditions, thus increasing the chance of accidental asphytiation. Incidence ofimpotence is approximately 8 percent higher in male smakers compared to non-smokers, and is a key factor causing erectile dysfunction (ED)0° ° ° ° ° ° ° BIBLIOGRAPHY www.en.wikipedia.com; http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/287555. overview; www.righthealth.com; www.netdoctor.co.uk; www.nicorette.com; \ “World Health Survey” by the World Health Organisation (WHO); “Practical Chemistry for Class Xi" by Ratna Sagar Publications; “Science Reporter” July, 2010 edition;