VECTOR ALGEBRA Pawan ona) Veetor— A vector isa quantity having both magnitude and direction, such as displacement, velocity force and acceleration Bisa directed line segment. tis a vector AB and is direction is from Ato B ;—_____——>n Initial Points ‘The point A where from the vector AB, starts is known as intial point Terminal Point ~The point B, where itends is said tobe the terminal point Magnitude ~The distance between intial point and terminal point of vector isthe magnitude oe length ofthe vetor AB. It is denoted by | AB or AB Position Vector ~ Consider a point p(x, y,2) in space. ‘The vector OB with initial point, origin O and terminal point P, is called the position vector of P z x Typesof Vectors ‘Zero Vector Or Null Veetor— A vector whose i vector (G ). (i) Unit Veetor — A vector whose magnitude is unity is said to be unit vector. It is denoted as 4 sothat ij=1 (ii) Co-initial Veetors— Two or more vectors having the same initial point are called co-initialvectors Cv) Collinear Vectors —Iftwo or mote vectors ate parallel tothe same line, such vectors are known as collinear vectors and terminal points coincide is known as zer0 (9) Equal Veetors~ If two vectors and B have the same magnitude and direction regardless of the positions of ther initial points, such vectorsare suid to be equal fe, = B (vi) Negative of a vector — A vector whose magnitude is same as that of a given vector AB, but the direction is opposite to that ot, isknown a negative of vector AB 1, BA =~ AB Sum of Vectors ( Sumofveetors & and & letthe vectors @ and 8 be 0 positioned that intial point of one coincides ‘with terminal point of the other If i = AB, b = BC. Then the vector a + 6 is represented by the third side of 4 ABC. ie, AB + BC = ACThis is known as the triangle law of vector addition. Further AC =~ CA AB+BC=-CA =~ AB+BC+CA ‘when sides of triangle ABC are taken in order ie. initial and terminal points coincides. Then ‘AB+BC+CA=0 (i) Parallelogram tw of vector addition Ifthe two vectors and bare represented by thetwo adjacent sides OA and OB of a parallelogram OACB, then their sum’‘+ & is represented in magnitude ‘and direction by the diagonal OC of parallelogram through their common point 0 4, OA+OB = OC 8 c sz ol = In 5. Multiplication of Vector by a Sealar~ Let bethe given vector and 7. bea scalar, then product of and a=na (@ when 2. is+ve,then & and 2a are in the same direction Gi) when Ais—ve.then a and 2. are in the opposite direction. Also |. =| 6 Components of Vector —Let us take the points A (1, 0,0),B(0,1,0)and (0, 0,1) onthe coordinate axes OX, OV and OZ respectively Now, |OA| = 1, |OB] =! and |OC| = 1, Veetors OA, OB and OC each having magnitude 1s known as uit vector These are denoted by i,j and & £ACO0,0) Consider the vector OP , where Ps the point (x. y, 2). Now OQ. OR, OS are the projections of OP on coordinates axes 00=x,.0R=y,08=2 DW=xi, R=yj , Barkxi, + yp+ 2k , | OP}; peayive %,),Zare ealled the scalar components and xi, yj , 2k are ealled the vector components of vector OP: 7. Vector joining two points — Let P(x,,,,z,) and P,(x,, y,z,) be the two points. Then veetor joining the points P,and, is I, Join P,P, with ©. Now OPs = OF P20 ¥2 Phone) +P; (by triangle law) AP = OF: - OF = (aitys}tz8) (git y +28) = 05-4) 1+ 2 -y) 1+ G4) k Vos -¥1)? +092 “Wi #2 8. Section Formula PR_m (A line segment PQ is divided by a point Rin theratiom :n internally ce. RE =p rt Rey 0) If @ and 6 are the position vectors of P and Q then the position vector F of R is given by s_mb+na m+n HFRbe the mid-point of PQ then 7 = 25% (ii) when R divides PQexternally, ie, |a||-b) 4 o—__»+___» Pay a) RE)mb-na ‘Then = 9. Projection of veet Projection of Aon ¢ = [A cos irected i Joga =Letthe vector AB makesanangle 0 with directed tne ¢ ‘The vector is called the projection vectors magnitudes is, which is known as projection of vector 'AB. The angle 9 between AB and AC is given by coso =! ic [ABIIAC) * (8). «a ‘Thus, the projection of @ on 6 = @ pe (il Now projection AC a, then AC ab 10. Scalar Product of Two Vectors (Dot Product) - Scalar Product of two vectors & and 5 is defined as Gb = |b) cos 0 Where 9 istheanglebetween # and b (00) 11. Vector Product of two Vectors (Cross Product) ~The vector product of two non-zero vectors gj and b , denoted by ab is defined as xb =| ||] sin 0-8 , where 0 istheangle between & and 6, 0<0 +m +e Set of any there numbers, which are proportional to direction cosines are called direction ratio of the vvactor. Direction ratio are denoted by a, band ¢ The numbers (+ mr and nr, proportional tothe direction cosines, hene they are also direction ratios of vector OB Properties of Vector Addition — 1. For two vectors 4,5 the sum is commutative i.e, 4 +5=6 +a 2. For three vectors 4,6 and , the sum of vectors is associative i.e G+b)+e=a+(6+8) 4. Additive Inverse of Veetor a —Ifthere exists vector such that a-+(-8) =a then— @ is called the additur verse of 8 5. Some Propet = Let deayitay jeask and B= i+ by +bsk Oa aitarjeaie (iiss G,thr it @thy i+ athe (i) a-Bor (ais agjrask)=(i+bs}+,0 >a ba = bya (ay i+ ay j + ask) = (Aa)i + (Aay)) + (has) (iv) and b are parallel, fand only ifthere exists a non zero scalar } such that 6te, yi + by] +b K=A (ai +a, | +a;k) = (ay)i + Gay)j + Gayk oe by= day, b= 2a, by= Aas 6 Properties of sealar product of to vestors (Dot Pret) ©) eos 9 = 2b a\1b) seb} + bk ale ay) +aykand 6 Then, ib ayitas}+ ay) (i+ dy}+ bk). ab =a, tah tal 5 ___ ab tab ra, ae o-= Vor +b cos TRIB Gt val at +b +b jscommutainve Le, 3 fatal val, 16 Gi) &. (Gi) Mais scalar, then (aa)-b = a(@-b) (ab) 7. Properties of Vector Product of two Veetors (Cross Product) ~ @ (a) Ifa =0 or B =0, then ax 5=0 (b) If |] B, then xb =O (i) ax B isnot commutative ie axb (a) 1F& and b represent adjacent sides ofa parallelogram, then its area x 5 Jaxb) (is) 18a, b represen the adjacent sides ofa triangle, then its area= (¥) Distributive property ax(b+6)=axb+axé (@) ax bea scalar, then (xb) =(aa)xb= ax (ab) (a= a,i+a,)+ak, and b= bi bys byk [ei'+a;}a,L). Then dirction cosines oft ore 8. If, fy re the direction angles ofthe vector given as9. Scalar Product of Two Vectors (Dot Product) — Scalar Product oftwo vectors & and & is defined as &-b = [il [bl cos 0 where isthe angle between and [0.50 <2] () When 0=0, thena-6 = il |b. Also a. @ (i) When = bl cos = =0 cos