Biology for general competitions by Neetu Singhented TA orice KO rT by Neetu Singh (Director) Paramount Coaching Centre Pvt. Ltd. Delhi Published by : Paramount Reader Publication 704, Dr. Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi-110009Preface Science is a subject where concept is Paramount and if a student understands whys and hows of Science, nothing on earth can interest him the more . In General Competitive Exams for Government Services, it becomes a bit difficult for the teachers to deal with the syllabus of Science as the syllabus is huge but the students are not ready to devote so much time on Science because in comparison to English and Mathematics, this subject carries fewer marks and hence lesser weightage. But in comparison to other subjects of General Studies, Science carries more weightage as the section of General Studies, especially of papers related to Staff Selection Commission carry around 20-25 questions out of 50 from exclusively Science section comprising Physics, Chemistry and Biology. Hence teaching Science to those students is walking a tight rope and so it becomes imperative for a teacher as well as an author to make certain facts concise, though self-explanotory, and explain all whys and hows ina sucha lucid manner that the student are able to visualize and imbibe them and the very essence of Science which comprises more of understanding and less of rote learning This is a humble effort from our end. In this attempt two of my sisters Dr. Maya Choudhary , M.Sc, Ph.D, (Cytogenetics) and Mrs. Chhaya Kaushik M.So, (Chemistry) were my guiding light. Iwelcome your constructive feedack and suggestions which have always remained and will remain our guiding light. I will be highly obliged if you message/ mail me your feedback or suggestion on 8860330003 or on paramount.noJ a gmail.com Neetu Singh November , 2014Contents S. Now Chapter Page. No. ® Classification of living organisms “3 2 The Cell i Tissues 6-14 + Plant Anatomy on 5: Absorption by Roots 18-20 6. Transpiration 21-22 oA Photosynthesis. 23-24 8 Respiration in Plants 25-27 % The Circulatory System 28-33 10. The Respiratory System. 34736 ml. Nutrition and Respiration 37-40 2. Excretion 4-44 B. ‘Nervous System and Sense Organs 45-47 4 ‘The Reproductive System 48-50 15. The Endocrine System I-52 16. Muscular System: 53754 7. Skeletal System 55-56 18. Human Diseases 57-61 19. Minerals & Vitamins 62-64 20. Population 65-65 2 Quick Revision Before Examination 66-72 25 Important Questions 75-84(1 Classification of Living Organisms $$ ess CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANISMS + The scientific practice of identifying,» ln ealled ¢ and aysernatics ning and grouping of living « + The branches of biology that deals h classification are calls + Taxonomy, as the name indicates, deals with describing and + Systematics deals with grouping and arranging the described taxa into a hierarchial el ADVANTAGES OF CLASSIFICATION It helps us to identify different organi Ic helps us to study the organisms more Ic highlights the relationship between differ The characteristics of all the members of group can be studied by studying the characteristics of a few membersonly. " “me! ‘ Classification also helps in studying the process of evolution from simple to complex organisms. SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION There are two systems of classification. 1. Artificial system. 2, Natural system Artificial System + The system of classification based on comparison of one or a few characteris artificial system of classification. It conveys little information. + of a group is called an Natural System + The system of classification based on comparison of many characteristics of a group is called a natural sy stern of classification. It conveys much information about the group. + One of the earliest scheme of natural system of classification was the two kingdom system proposed by Carolus Linnaeus in 1758. He is therefore known as the 'Father of Classification’. The Two Kingdom System Carolus Linnaeus divided all living organisms into two kingdoms: 1 Plantae - The kingdom of plants 2 Animalia - The kingdom of animals The Five Kingdom System Whittaker arranged all organisms into five kingdoms. The classification was based on three criteria 1 Gell structure of the organism 2 Body structure of the organism3) Mode of nutrition of the organism “The five kingdoms are: 1, Monera 2, Protista 3. Fungi 4. Plantae 5. Animalia Monera ‘Thiskingdom includesall prokaryotic organisms whose cells donot containa well-defined nucleus. The nuclear material (DNA) being enclosed in the nuclear membrane. is) in the cell without Eeeacatel 1d blue-green algae. Their features Common examples are bacteria an PRE Nar eens ce eee are: + Their cells are microscopic. + ‘They do not have cell organelles. + They have a rigid cell wall. Protista ‘This kingdom includes both unicellular plants (e.g: Chlamydomonas) and animals (e.g, Euglena, Amoebs ind Paramecium). They show the following characteristics: + They are unicellular microorganisms. + They are eukaryotic ie. they have a well-defined nucleus with a nuclear membrane. + They have all the cell organelles. Fungi ‘The common examples of this kingdom are moulds and mushrooms. Fungi have the following features: + They are mostly multicellular and eukaryotic organisms. + They are heterotrophs, hence cannot make their own food. + Most of them are made of thread-like hyphae rather than cells and contain many nuclei in the cytoplasm. Plantae Bes group includes red, brown and green algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms. Theit main features are: + They are multicellular and eukaryotic plants. + They have chlorophyll. + They are autotrophs, hence can make their own food, Animalia This kingdom includes all multicellular animals ineluding human beings. All vertebrates and invertebrate to this group. The distinguishing characteristics of members of this kingdom are: + Their cells are without cell wall and chlorophyll. + They are heterotrophs, hence cannot make their own food. ss belong Naming of Organisms + Naming an organism is an important aspect of classification. + It helps in identifying the organism and differentiating it from other individuals. + Carolus Linnaeus gave the current scientific system of naming. 4This system is called binomial nomenclature. Carolus Linnaeus is considered as the Father of Taxonomy. Binomial Nomenclature Naming an organism is called nomenclature. en pa es iad a snorpien composed of two words in Latin. The first word is ‘The second word refers to the name of the species and is called the specific name. ‘The first leter of the generic name is always written in capital letters whereas the first letter of the specific name is written in small letters. ‘The scientific names are italicized in printing and underlined while writing. The scientific names of a few plants and animals are as follows: + Wheat - Triticum aestivum «Rice - Oryza sativa + Pea - Pisum sativum + Mango - Mangifera indica| Melon - Cucumis melo + Banana - Musa paradisiaca : Cucumber - Cucumis sativus + Frog - Rana tigrina + Human - Homo sapiens + Tiger - Panthera tigris Dog - Canis familiaris QUICK REVIEW 1 2 BPeawoanw ® 3. In binomial nomenclature, Grouping of things on the basis of certain common characteristics is called classification. ‘There are two systems of classification - the artificial system and che natural system. us Linnaeus divided all organisms into two kingdoms - Carol Whittaker arranged all living organisms into five kingdoms - Moners, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia. Kingdom Monera includes microscopic, Protista includes unicellular and eukaryotic organisms. eukaryotic and heterotrophic (non-green) plants. Plantae and Animalia. unicellular and prokaryotic organisms. Kingdom Kingdom Fungi includes multicellular, Kingdom Plantae includes multicellular, evkaryoric and autotrophic (green) plants. Kingdom Animalia includes multicellular, eukaryotic and heterotrophic animals. Species is the smallest unit and kingdom is the largest unit of classification. ‘The chronological order of various units class-phylum-kingdom. an important aspect of classification. che name of an organism consists of two Latin words, the first w second word is the species name. the Father of Taxonomy. is species-genus-family-order- Naming an organism is ord is the name of the genus and the Carolus Linnaeus is considered ast!PRELUDE Cell:The structural and functional unit of life. Robert Hooke: Coined the term ‘Cell’. Cytology:Study of cell is called cytology. Largest Cell: Ostrich’s egg. Protoplasm: Protoplasm is the physical basis of life, Discovered by Purkinjey. Cell Organelles: The living structures present in the cell. Cell Inclusions: The non-living substances present in the cell ,formed as a result of biochemical actions. Nucleus: The controlling centre of the cell. Cell Wall: The outer covering of plant cell made up mainly of cellulose. eeyovteee 10. Cell Membrane: Present in both plant cell and animal cell. It is semi-permeable. 11, Mitochondria: Power house of the cell. 12, Ribosomes: These are either attached to the endoplasmic reticulum or freely scattered in the cytoplasm. I: helps in protein synthesis. 13. Golgi Bodies:Sac-like or vesicles present in a animal cell. In plant cell ,it is called dictyosomes. It helps in secret 4. Lysosomes: Suicidal bags of the cell which destroy the worn out cells by producing enzymes. 15. Centrosomes: Present only in an animal cell that help to initiate cell division in animal cell by providing spindle fibres. 6. Plas is:Present mainly in plant cell. Three types of plastids are: 1 Chloroplast - Contains chlorophyll. 2 Chromoplast - Contains coloured pigments other than green coloured pigment. 3 Leucoplast - Colourless plastid found in the storage organs of plants. 1. Chromosomes: Act as bearer of hereditary units. 18 Metabolism: The sum total of the chemical activities in a cell-contains two parts; anabolism and catabolis. a Life Activities:All cells perform some life activities like growth, reproduction, respiration, response © stimuli ete. 20. Anaboli It is a constructive process i.e. complex molecules are formed from simple molecules. 2. Catabolism: It is a destructive process i.e. complex molecules are broken down into simple molecules. Distinguish between the following pairs: 1, Plant Cell [___ Animal Geil @ Cell wallis present. @ Cell wallis absent. G)_Centrosome is absent. (i) Centrosome is present.2. Cell Wall ‘Cell Membrane Found only in plant celle ‘ound aan Found in both plant and animal cols j Trisdead * i lrisliving. Fotoplasma Tytopl pe : ‘oplaam j Present inside the celland @) Present in between plasma membrane | bounded by plasma membrane males membre. 7 @ Itcontains nucleus. : | ~ fn (@)_Iedoes not contain nucleus. Nucleus 7 leis present inside the cell Nucleolus @ Ie is present inside the nucleus. (@) Ie takes part in the formation of ribosomes. @ Itcontrols all cellular activities. By surface of nucleus. (@) Initiates cell division in animal cells. © Carry hereditary information from one generation to other generation. %. Chloroplast Chlorophyll | Ty Teisan organelle. Ty Tes green pigment presentin chlorophs.—_| (i) Living, (i) Norrliving. State one function each of the following: Mitochondria - Helps in cellular respiration. Ribosomes - Protein Synthesis Golgi bodies - Secretion of enzymes, formation of cell wall in plant cells. Chloroplast - Helps in photosynthesis by trapping solar enerEy- Lysosome - Intracellular digestion and destroy worn owt cell. Cal membrane -Icallows only certain substance to passthrough it Vacuole - To maintain turgidity in plant cell Cel wall- It protects the inner parts of the cell and provides a definite shape to the plant cell Chromosomes They carry genetic information from parents to offspring. Nucleus It controls al the cellular activities. Controsomes It initiates cel division in animal cells te. Lescoplast- Storage of food materials in planes Chromoplast - To provide colour other than green so flowers and fruits s0 as to enhance pollination and fruit sence & absence of well defined membrane bow Bemyanter er 4 On the basis of pre! nd structure, the cell is again classified in two types. > Prokaryotes Eg: Bacteria, Fungus, Provozot Algae. > Eukaryotes Eg Plant cell & Animal cell.3 Tissues PRELUDE Ina unicellular organism all life processes are carried out by the cell itself. a. Ina multicellular organisms these processes are carried out by similar cells called tissues, similar structure and functions. ue is a group of cells wi 3 Tissue: At 4 Histology: The study of tissue is called histology. 5 A group of similar tissues form an organ and a group of similar organs form an organ system Plant Tissue Meristematic tissue Permanent tissue Apical meristem Lateral meristem [Primary meristem] |S CT Complex Parenchyma Collenchyma —Sclerenchyma Xylem Phloem Plant ti (a) Meristematic tissue jes are of two types - Meristematic and Permanent. + It is formed of immature and actively dividing cells. + Cells are spherical or polygonal. + These are compactly packed without intercellular spaces. + They have a large nucleus. + Vacuoles is normally absent. + These cells help in the growth of the plant. * Meristematic tissues are of two types-apical meristematic tissue and lateral meristematic tissue- @ Apical meristematic tissue is present at the tip of root and stem thereby responsible for th increase in the height of the plant. (@ Lateral meristematic tissue is found in between xylem and phloem as cambium oF cork cambium. It helps in the secondary growth which increases the diameter of the stem.(b) Permanent tissues + The newly formed cells of the meristematic tissues tissues, get matured and are differentiated into permanent + The cells stop divis i ce cell ree sion and are responsible for different functions. * These are of two types-simple and complex permanent tissue: | @ Simple permanent tissues ae + They are composed of one type of cells. * These are classified into three types: parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma, 1 Pi renchyma cells They are oval or polygonal. ‘Their cell wall is thin and made up of cellulose. They are living and contain intercellular spaces. Helps in the storage of food. Parenchyma cells with chloroplasts are called chlorenchyma and helps in photosynthesis. 2 Collenchyma cells @ | 3 Sclerenchyma cells | + eis (ii) Complex permanent tiss formed of different kinds of cells. + ‘They may be living or dead. «These include vascular tissues xylem and phi 1 Xylem. It is composed of w (@) This tissue is formed from parenchyma. The cells are spherical, oval or polygonal. ‘The cells are living and are bounded by wall which is thickened at the corners. Intercellular space is absent. Vacuoles are present which provides mechanical support to the soft developing parts. They have thick wall and dead at maturity. ‘These cells provide mechanical support to the plants. ‘These are of two types, sclerenchymatous fibres and sclereids. Sclerenchyma fibres = The cell wall is ignified. = The cells do not have cytoplasm. = Ieprovides mechanical support. = Their fibres are used to make rope and textiles. js cells Sclerei = These are irregular and brittle. » These cells are present in seed coat, pulp of fruits etc. loem. hheids, xylem fibres and xylem parenchyms. easels, tracl Xylem vessels ‘They are a series of cells joined end to end forming * cylindrical structure. 9‘The cells are open at both ends. epheie walls have various types of thickenings. (c) Tracheids = ‘They are longer and narrower, The cells are dead. = Their end walls are not perforated. «These help in the upward conduction of water. (b) Xylem fibres ‘The cells are dead at maturity, + These provide strength to the plants. (4) Xylem parenchyma + These cells are living. - They help in the conduction (lateral) of water and also stores metabolites. 2 Phloem = It conducts (translocate) food from the leaves to other parts of the plant. - Phloem are of the following types: - Sieve tube, companion celis, phloem parenchyma, phloem fibres. (a) Sieve tube - It is formed of cylindrical cells. + They do not have a nucleus. ~The terminal wall of each sieve tube contains minute pores called as sieve plate, ~ Through these pores food material passes from cell to cell. (b) Companion cells + These are associated with the sieve tubes. These are specialised parenchyma cells. + They have nucleus and helps the sieve tube in conducting food materials. (c) Phloem parenchyma + Cells are thin walled, - They help in the storage of food materials. (4) Phloem fibres are sclerenchymatous and provide mechanical support. Animal tissues include epithelial tissues connective tissues, muscular tissues and nervous tissues. (a) Epithelial tissue * It covers the external surface as well as internal lining of the organs. * The cells ae closely packed without intercellular space. * The cells may be flat, cuboidal or column-like. « These are classified according to the shape of the cell. (i) Squamous epithelium ‘The cells are thin and the place where the nucleus is present is bulged.= Itlines the buccal cavity, oesophagous, blood vessels, etc Is functions include protection. Gi) Cuboidal epithelium + Cells are cube-like and have centrally placed nucleus. = It lines the kidney tubules, thyroid gland ete. Columnar epithelium Cells are pillar-like. = The cells have elongated nucleus and placed near the base, It is present in pharynx, intestine ex. (iv) Ci + Itis modified columnar epithelium. located in the trachea, oviduct funnel etc. ed epithelium - Is cells contain cilia, It (v) Glandular epithelium - The cells are modified to secrete some substances. - Te may be unicellular glands (Goblet cells) or multicellular glands (sweat glands). (vi) Sensory epithelium - Present in the sensory cells. ~The freeend of these cells contain sensitive hairs ec. s..g-auditary epithelium in the taste buds Stratified epithelium It is located in skin. (b) Connective tissue « The cells of this tissue are separated from each other. «The space between the cells contain matrix. he body, forms packing around organs, to protect and form «+ Ie joins and supports various parts of dl supporting framework ete. + Depending upon the structure and function, x. It connects the various parts. this tissue is classified into three types i.e. (a) Connective tissue prope (i) Areolar tissue: It is present under the skin and acts as packing material around the organ. tis elastic and joins the movable (ii) Yellow fibrous tinue: Ie is located in the ligaments, I bones. (iii) White fibrous tissue:l is located in tendons and connects muscles to bones: It is formed of white collagen fibres. Itis present under the skin. Te stores fat, The cells are large and circular. (iv) Adipose tissue. fe food. (ii) Acts as an insulator. Its functions are (i) Stores reservi (b) Skeletal tissue + This forms the endos! support. It is of two types skeleton of vertebrates. + Te provides et _——O—OOOOC(‘$R$C(‘(’’$NYNURNN’— —/—S—=7?/Gi) Bone © @ i) i) Cartilage os fa round substance (matrix) contain cartilage cll (chondriblass, The cells are arranged in group of two or fours. ‘The cells are enclosed in a fluid filled space called lacunae. | + This tissue is elastic. Itis present in the trachea, external ear. | It is covered by a membrane called perichondrium. Its matrix is hard due to the presence of calcium carbonate. ~The cells are arranged in concentric rings. - The cells are ina fluid filled space lacunae. ~The cells (osteocytes) are inter-connected by cytoplasmic projections called canslicul, + The outer membrane covering the bone is periosteum. ~The concentric rings of cells forms Haversian canals. - These canals contain blood vessels and provide nourishment to the bone cells, Fluid tissue: Blood and lymph are the fluid connective tissue which help in the transportation of ©, CO, nutrients and remove waste materials etc. Blood ~ _ Itcontains a liquid part called plasma and a solid part known as corpuscles, - Plasma contains water, salts, proteins ete. ~ ells include RBC (erythrocytes) which are biconcave dise without nucleus, mitochondria ete, ~ _ It contains haemoglobin, which transports oxygen O,, It is red in colour. - WBC are colourless, contain nucleus and are irregular, ~ WBC engulf bacteria by a process called phagocytosis. It is our body’s defense system. Platelets: (Thrombocytes) are spindle-shaped which contains nucleus and help in clotting of blood. Lymph - Ieis the colourless fluid without RBC. (c) Muscular tissue @ Ie contains contractile cells called muscle fibres. The cytoplasm of the muscle fibre is called sarcoplasm and is bounded by a membrane called sarcolemma. ‘The muscular tissue is responsible for the movement of body parts Muscles are of three types. Unstriped/Unstraited/Smooth muscles + These are involuntary, ~The muscles are spindle-shaped, + They are bound by a plasma membrane, ~ These can remain contracted for a long time. These are found in the wall of alimentary cans! uninary bladder ete. - These help in the opening and closing of cavities by forming sphincter. 12| | Gi) Striped muscles/Skeletal muscles - Theseare voluntary. + These occur in bundles. + Thearemulti-nucleate. + These contain alternate dark and light bands. - These get fatigued easily. - These are found in the limbs. Cardiac muscles + They are involuntary and striated. + The myofilaments are interconnected by intercalated discs. + Thesenever get fatigued. > These are found in the wall of heart. Differences between: [Smooth Muscles Striped Muscles Cardiac Muscles @ Involuntary. @ Voluntary. @ Involuntary. (@® Spindle-shaped. (Cylindrical and branched (i) Long and cylindrical. (@) Muscles contract slowly (i) Contract faster and (i) Contract quickly and and never fatigued. get fatigued soon. never get fatigued. (@)_Uninucleate. (jv) Multinucleate. ()_Uni-multi-nucleated. (d) Nervous tissue + Itconduets impulses and are composed of nerve cells. Dp cane cell (neuron) consists ofa cell Body (cyton) and long fibre arise from the cyton called axon. + Many shore fibres arise from the cyton and called as dendrons, dendrons branched into dendrites. «+The cyton contains neuroplasm and a nucleus. «The axon forms a nerve fibre and is terminated into branches. 1 -theaxon iscovered by sheath, medullary sheath and is covered by a membrane called neurilemma. «The medullary sheath is broken at interval ‘The junction between the axon of one neuron AT A GLANCE Le The tissue res ‘The tissue which | conducts food in plants. Phloem. 1s which performs a specific Function. Tissue. Is and forms constriction called Node of Ranvier. and the dendrites of another neuron iscalled synapse. ponsible of conduction of water and minerals in plants Xylem. A group of similar cel ‘The study of tissue. Histology: ‘The tissues present at the tip of ‘The epidermis cells surrounding ¢ ‘Two plant tissues which provide ylem. Tracheids, xylem. Xylem Parenchyma. companion cells, £ root and stems. Meristematic tissue/Apical Meristem. epidermis. Stroma. clerenchyma. xylem parenchyma. he guard cells in the lea support. Collenchyma and S ‘The components of = vessels, fibres and x ‘The only living component o| to. The components of phloem. Sieve tubes, 13 eeyavewe phloem parenchyma and fibres.th. A parenchyma cell which contains chloroplasts, Chlorenchyma, 12. The tissue responsible for secondary growth in plan 13. A tissue mainly responsible for storage of food in pla ‘The tissue which helps aquatic plants to float in water, Aerenchyma, 4 Cambium, Parenchyma, 15. The kind of cells which constitute the cortex in a root, Parenchyrna, 16. The tissue which lines the intestine and respiratory tract, Colurnnar epithelium, 1. The tissue found at the outer layer of s n. Epithelial tissue, 18, The tissues which joints bone to bone and bone to muscle, Ligament/tendon, 19. Two fluid connective tissues. Blood and lymph, 20. A connective tissue which stores fat. Adipose tissue. a1. A flexible supporting tissue in animals, Cartilage. zz. The cells of cartilage and bone. Cartilage - Chondriocytes-Bone -Osteocytes, 23, A muscular tissue responsible for the movement of internal organs. Smooth/unstriped muscl, 24. The tissue attached to the limbs. Striped/striated muscle. 25. The tissue found at the wall of heart. Cardiac muscle. 26. The tissue which conducts impulses. Nerve tissue 27. The cell body of the neuron. Cyton 28. The covering of axon. Medullary sheath 29. The cytoplasmic projections arise from the cyton. Dendrons. jo, A voluntary muscular tissue. Striped muscle. State the difference : Meristematic tissue @ The cells divide actively. (i) Cells are compactly arranged. (i) Helps in the growth of the plant. an Permanent tissue (The cells lost the power of division. (i) There are intercelluar spaces in between the cell (ii) __ It is helpful for different functions. (i) Ichelps in the storage of food. L ‘Parenchyma T Sclerenchyma @ Cellsare living. @ Cellsaredead at maturity. (Cells have thin walls. (@@ Cells have thick walls. @ It provides mechanical strength. Xylem Phloem. @ Sieve plate is absent in the cells. 3) Conducts water and minerals from the root of other parts of the plant. () Sieve plate is present in sieve tubes. Gi) Conducts prepared food from the leaves to other parts of the plant. Simple permanent tissue (@ Composed of one type of cel eg. Parenchyma, (ii) The cells are structurally and functionally similar. ‘Complex permanent tissue Composed of more than one type of cell. eg Xylem. (i) The cell are dissimilar. 14Tracheids @ Longer and spindle-shaped. (i) The cell wall have vatious thickenings. Vessels @ Shorter and broader. Wall thickenings are absent. Cells (O Itis the structural and functional unit of organisms, |G) Iecan perform all life process in unicellular organisms. fii) It is capable of cell division. _| di Tissue @ A group of similar cells performing a specific function. (_Inmulticellular organisms the cells are grouped together and show structural modification related to ion of labour or ta i)_It is not capable of cell division except meristematic, Bone Eo Cartilage () Ic is brittle. (ii) Cells are arranged in a concentric manner, (ii) Osteocytes occur singly. (iv) Canaliculae present. (Ie is elastic. (i) Cells are arranged in groups of two or four, (ii) Chondriocytes occur in groups of two or four. (iv) Canaliculae is absent. Blood () Red in colour, i) Haemoglobin is present. (ii), RBC is present. Striped muscle @ Voluntary (i) Multinucleate (ii) Te contracts quickly and get fatigued soon, _ Lymph | (i) Colourless, (ii) Haemoglobin is absent. Gil) RBC is absent. | Unstriped muscle _] @ Involuntary (i) Uninucleate Gii)_It contracts slowly and does not get favigued. RBC @ Biconcave dise-shape. (i) Nucleus is absent. (ii) Transport respiratory gases WBC (Irregular in shape. (ii) Nucleus is present. (ii). Destroy micro-organisms by engulfing [phagocytosis] Tendon Te attaches muscles to bones. @ (i) It is formed of white fibrous tissue. ’) Ie is present in the white matter of brain and spinal cord. System. Non-medullated nerve fibre Ligament TW Te connects bone to bone. (i) _ Ie is formed of yellow elastic fibre. (ii) It is present in the sympathetic nervous Medullated nerve fibre () Medullary sheath is present. (® Medullary sheath is absent. 15: Plant Anatomy, ———————— emma PRELUDE (I) Internal Structure of a dicot and monocot root ‘The cross-section of a dicot root shows the following = 1. Epiblema/Piliferous layer: It is a single outer most layer of thin walled cells. The outer walls ofthe, extents to form unicellular hairs. The epiblema has no cuticle. 2. Cortex:It has many layers of thin walled rounded cells with many inter-cellular spaces. These cells havelescp, to store starch grains. 3. Endodermis: It has a ring-like barrel-shaped layer which are closely packed without intercellular spaces}, radial wall of this layer is thickened. It is the inner most layer of the cortex and surrounds the stl, cylinder. 4 Pericycle: Inner to the endodermis is a single ring-like layer called pericycle. The cells have sbinés, protoplasm. 5 Conjunctive tissue: These are parenchyma cells lying between xylem and phloem bundles. 6. Pith: It occupies the centre of the root. 3 Vascular bundles: These are arranged in a ring. Xylem and phloem are of equal number of separate bunds and the arrangement is called radial. Its number varies from 2 to 6. Cambium is present. Xylem bundles consis of protoxylem towards the circumference abutting on the pericycle and metaxylem towards the centre. So, itis called an exarch. Xylem contains vessels and phloem consists of sieve tubes, companion cells and phoes parenchyma. The cross-section of a monocot root shows the following: 1 Epiblema: It is similar to that of dicot root. 2 Cortex: It is wider than dicot root. 3. Endodermis:Their radial walls are often thickened. Endodermis without thickenings are called passage “ls. 4 Pericycle: It lies internal to endodermis. The cells are small and thin. 5. Pith: It is well-developed and made up of parenchyma cells, 6 Vascular bundles: It consists of alternate radial bundles of xylem and phloem. These are numerous. Phloe= consists of sieve tube, companion cells and phloem parenchyma. Xylem consists of protoxylem, which ta abutting on the pericycle and metaxylem towards the centre (exarch). Protoxylem consists of spiral vs and metaxylem consists of reticulate vessels. % Conjunctive tissue. These are sclerenchyma cells. (Il) Internal structure of a dicot and monocot leaf The cross-section of a dicot leaf (dorsiventral leaf) shows the following: = + Epidermis: Both the surfaces are covered by epidermis. The cells are tightly packed and are parenchy™"" 2 Cuticle: Cuticle occurs on the outside over the lower epidermis. It is thin or less developed. It checks ex“ 16| | | | evaporation of water from the surface. The lower epidermis contains numerous stomata, which co cells. The guard cells contain chloroplasts, contraction closes the pore. ntain two rd Expansion of guard cells forms pore in between the two, while chess 3. Mesophyll: The ground tissue lying between the upper and lower epidermis is mesophyll. Itis differentiated into (a) palisade parenchyma (b) spongy parenchyma, @) Palisade parenchyma-Consists of one to three layers of elongated, cylindrical cells and are closely packed. The cells contain numerous chloroplasts. Their function is photosynthesis. () Spongy paenchyma-Cells are oval, rounded, irregular and are loosely arranged towards the lower epidermis with large inter-cellular spaces, The cells contain a few chloroplasts. These help in diffusion of gases. 4, Vascular bundles: Each vascular bundles is covered by a layer of parenchyma cells called bundle sheath. Xylem lies towards the upper side and phloem towards the lower side, Above the xylem few sclerenchyma occur. Vascular bundles are conjoint, collateral but closed. The cro ection of a monocot leaf (Isobilateral) shows the following: 1, Epidermis: Both the surfaces are covered by the layer of parenchyma cells. 2. Cuticle: Itis distributed equally on both the upper and lower epidermis. Stomata are equally distributed. 3. Mesophyll: It is not differentiated into palisade and spongy parenchyma, but contains spongy cells only. Chloroplasts are evenly distributed. 4 Vascular bundles: These are conjoint, collateral and closed. Xylem lies towards the upper side and phloem towards the lower side. The midrib contains vascular bundles embedded in sclerenchyma patches. State the difference jcot leak Monocot leaf @® Mesophyll tissue is differentiated (@ Mesophylll is not differentiated but into palisade and spongy cells. consists of spongy cells with chloroplasts. (i) Stomata are more numerous on the (i) Stomata are equally distributed. lower epidermis. - (il) Guard cells are kidney-shaped. (iil) Guard cells are dumb-bell shaped. Dicot root Monocot root @ Xylem bundles varies from 2 to 6. @ Xylem bundles are numerous, (i Pericycle gives rise to lateral roots, (i) Pericycle gives rise to lateral roots cambium and cork cambium. only. (ii) Cambium appears later. (ii) Cambium is absent. is small or abse: (iv) Pith is large and well-developed. @ Do not contain guard cells. Contain guard cells. (ji) Located in older stems. Located in younger stems. (iii) Always open. Open and closed. losed vascular bundles Open vascular bundles @ Cambium isabsent between xylem (@ Cambium is present between xylem Phloem. and phloem. 1710. 1) Manly present in stem. Wa) Protoxviem lies towards the centre wn)_Metaxylem hes towards the penphery Palisade cells \) Celisare elongated and eyindneal (@ They are closely packed and contain numerous chloroplasts They help in photosynthesis, «) Ithas distinct upper and lower surfaces. (@ Stomata are more on the lower epidermis. Bulliform cells are absent a) Xylem and phloem are located separately on d @ Xylem is exarch These are present in root, stfere: in) Exarch xylem ©) Mainly present in root. @_Protoxyler les towards the periphery. jecaxvlem lies towards the centre. Spongy cells () Cells are oval or rounded. (@ They are loosely packed and contain less chloroplasts. (@)_They help in diffusion of gases. Both the surfaces are uniform. (@ Stomata are more or less equal in number on both the epidermis. Bulliform cells are present. (Xylem and phloem are located on same radii, @ Xylem is endarch. Sieve plate is present. Xylem Phloem @ Itconducts water and minerals. @ It conducts food. @ leis dead. (@ leisliving Sieve plate is absent. (@)_Sieve plate is present. ‘Conjoint vascular bundles (® Iemay ormay not contains cambium. (@ Xylem and phloem are bound together in and the same bundle occurring side by side on the same radius. Concentric vascular bundles @ Cambium is absent. (@ Xylem completely surrounds the phloem or vice-versa.[Ls] Absorption by Roots Plants loose huge quantity of water throu, plants will wilt. In multicellular land. plants, ab: 2 gh transpiration. The excessive water loss has to be replaced or else the sorption of water occurs mainly through roots by diffusion, osmosis ete, ‘Water: Universal solvent needed for all the important life activiti Root Hairs: Multicellular land plants absorb water from the soil by of roots. Plants absorb water mainly by diffusion, It is the major source of protoplasm. root hairs. These are unicellular outgrowth ‘osmosis, imbibition etc. 3. Imbibition: The process by which hydrophilic substance absorbs water, %, Turgidity: The condition in which the cells are fully - Diffusion: The movement of molecules of as + Osmosis: The diffusion of water - Semi-permeable Membrane: A membrane which alloy substance from their higher concentration to their lower concentration. tional to their kinetic energy, size, the density of the medium, ete. (solvent) from their region of higher concentration to their lower concentration through a semi-permeable membrane. ‘The rate of diffusion of molecules is propo! ws the passage of molecules selectively e.g. plasma membrane, cellophane paper, egg membrane etc. Osmotic Pressure (O. P.): The pressure develo ped in a solution when itis separated from pure water by semi-permeable membrane. ‘Turgor Pressure (T.P): The pressure which develops in an osmotic system due to osmotic entry of water intoit. Wall Presssure (W.P. the pressure exerted by the cell wall over the protoplast of a fully curgid cell. distended due to osmotic entry of water into it and the cell is called turgid. Flaccidity: The condition in which a cell loses water from its cytoplasm and the cell is called flaccid, Plasmolysis: The shrinkage of protoplasm when a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. Deplasmolysis: The recovery of the protoplasm when a plasmolysed cell is placed in a hypotonic solution. When the turgor pressure becomes equal to osmotic pressure, the cell stops absorbing water. Tonocity: It is external osmotic environment of a cell. In this condition ,the solution outside the cell has lower solute concentration than the cell sap. Hypertonic: In this condition, the solution outside the cell has higher solute concentration than the cell sap. Tsotonic: Relative concentration of water molecules and the solute on either side of the cell membrane is equl ‘There are two types of water absorption- passive and active absorption. 1918, Passive Absorption: The mover 19. Active Absorption: The at of substances into FOO! peake of mineral ions 4824 cells by simple diffesion without wing. | inst the concentration gradient by using energy ne the ATP molecules. hich develops in the cortical cells of root pushes the water and mineral, ine | Root Pressure: The pressure wht * xylem vessels. \ irs: Distinguish between the following P2 Deplasmolysis \ 1 Plasmolysis TO Tecakes place when a cells placed in a } @ Ietakes place when a cell is kept ina hypertonic solution. (@ Shrinkage of protoplast. hypotonic solution. (@) Swelling of protoplast. (ai) _Cells become turgid. (@) Cells become flaccid. Osmotic Pressure @ Ir develops due to osmotic entry of water in a cell (@)_Irhelps in the absorption of water. —“Targor Pressure @ Iris che pressure exerted by the cell contents on the cell wall. | (i) Ichelps the plant in keeping itself erect. 3 Endosmosis TW Troceurs when a cellis placedina hypotonic solution. (@)_ Water moves into the cell. Exosmosis Ti) Teoccurs when cellis placed in a hypertonic solution. (w)_ Water moves out of the cell. co Diffusion (@ Movement of the molecules of solute or solvent. (Occurs with or without a semi- 5 Active Absorption (@ Ictakes place from lower concent- ration to higher concentration. (a) Cell energy from ATP required. Osmosis @ Movement of water or solvent. (i) Semi-perineable membrane is needed. permeable membran Passive Absorption (O Ietakes place from higher concentration to lower concentration. (i)_Cellenergy not required. 6. Flaccid Turgid \° Trisacondition when acellis W_ Iehappens when a cells placed in placed in a hypertonic solution. hypotonic solution. (i) Waters lost from the plant due to exosmosis. (Water enters into a cell due to endosmosis. 1 7 ~ Osmosis Tris the movement of water from its higher concentration to its lower concentration through a semi-permeable membrane. Plasmolysis ‘Tris the shrinkage of protoplasm when a cell is placed ina hypertonic solution. 208. Hypertonic solution Hypotonic solution (@ A solution whose concentration (@ A solution whose concentration is less than the is more than the cell sap. cell sap. Its osmotic pressure is mo: (i) Its osmotic pressure is le Xylem ise > (Helps in the conduction of water ‘WHelprin the wansport of prepared Tod, and minerals. (i) In is a dead tissue. (i) Ie is a living tissue.6 Transpiratio, [ Chloroplast Chlorophyll (@ Iv is an organelle of the cell. “| @ leis the green pigment in chloroplast. Gi) Ie is living. Gi)_It is non-living.| 8\| | Respiration in Plant, | _—___ CO PRELUDE All organisms needs energy for their life activities Ahinvolves the stepwi 4. This energy is obtained by a prove onidation af gheoose iva living call 1 Respiration is a catabolic process whic energy. 12. Respiration is of two types (i) Aerobic and (ii) Anaer Jo. This is represented by 3 Aerobic Respiration. Involves complete oxidation of plc C,H,O, + 6CO, -» 6CO, 16H,O + Energy & Anaerobic Respiration involves the incomplete breakdown of gl ©, C,H,,O, > 2C,H,OH + 2CO, + 2ATP The energy released in respiration is stored in ATP molecules. lucose, The products are ethyl alcohol gud ring po energy in steps which oan 5. ATP acts as a common intermediate between energy producing and energy F + The step-wise breakdown of organic food is important ax (i) there is minimum rise in Cemperaty be easily trapped (ii) no wastage of energy. (i 6 Respiratory Substrate: It can be catalysed to release energy. The most con spiratory substance is glucose. + Aerobic respiration takes place in two steps- + Glycolysis and Kreb’s cycle. 3 Glycolysis: Occurs in cytoplasm. The first stable product of glycolysi pyruvie acid. & Kreb’s Cycle: Occurs in mitochondria, Mitochondria is considered as the power house of the cll 9 Fermentation. I 8 a type of anaerobic respiration in which ethyl alcohol and CO, are for organisms or their enzymes. A by mice + The energy released in respiration is used in many life activities + Respiration is opposite of photosynthesis in many ways. The heat energy produced is used for opti temperature for proper functioning of the body. Distinguish between the following pairs 1 Fermentation Anaerobic respiration (@ Ik takes place in micro-organisms, ( TWeakes place in higher plants and animal tissues without oxygen. (ii) Ie is extra cellular. (i)_It is intracellular. 2 Respiration Combustion @ Te takes place in living cells. (Te takes plice in dead and non living. [G@_Ic is a slow process. 1 Gi)_Ieis a fast process. . 26Gy Breakdown of organic matter is @) ha a i is a chemical process. Enzymes are (jv) Less heat is produced. Gv) ooue —— iv) More heat is produced, : ic respiration a @ Te takes place in the presence of oxygen] (Ie takes place i ie eee () It involves the complete breakdown of | (i) It fe eee ney oe Ives the incomplete breakdown 8 of glucose. (ji) Te takes place in cytoplasm and (il) Te en r 7 place in cytoplasm, w) Its products are (jw) Its products are CO, and HO. (iv) Products are ethyl alcohol and CO,, A Glycolysis Kreb's cycle reb's cycle (@ It takes place in cytoplasm. (Ie takes place in mitochond: (i) Pyruvic acid is produced dui ‘ luring (i) Pyruvie acid is used in Kreb's cycle res 'y1 is in “ycle 5 Respiration Photosynthesis () It takes place in all living cells. (Ie takes place only in chlorophyll ' bearing cells. (ii) It is a catabolic process. (i) It is an anabolic process. Gi) CO, is given out. (ii) ©, is given out. (iv) Ie takes place in all time. (iv) _It takes place sn day time only. Answer the questions briefly Qn What is respiration? presence of oxygen is called aerobic respirati athe absence of oxygen is called anaerobic res glucose to pyruvic acid with the pr Ie is the step-wise oxidation of glucose in the living cells to produce energy: 1 is oxidised into CO, and HO. yy micro-organisms is bic respiration. Ans. Q 2, What are the phases of respiration? Ans. Glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle, Respiratory Chain. Q 3. What is aerobic respiration? ‘Ans. The complete breakdown of glucose in Q 4. What is anaerobic respiration? ‘Ans. ‘The incomplete breakdown of glucose i Q 5. What is glycolysis? ‘Ans. The sequence of reactions which converts alycolysis. | Q.6. What is Kreb’s cycle? | Ans. The cycle in which pyruvic acid formed during glycolysi | Q 7. What is fermentation? ‘Ans. The incomplete breakdown of glucose to ‘ethyl alcohol and CO, Q.8. Write an equation to represent aerobic and anaerol Aerobie - C,H,0,* 60, -» 6CO," OH, + enerRy Anaerobic - CHO, > 2C,H,OH + 269." 2ATP. Q 9. How is the tilling of the soil useful for the crops? 27 piration. oduction of ATP is called alled fermentation.Ans. Qe. Qn Ans. Qn. Ans. Qa Ans. Qu. Aus. Qs. Ans. Tiling makes the soil porous and airy. The underground parts of plants get sufficient oxygen, Write the full form of ATP and ADP. ‘Adenosine triphosphate - ATP Adenosine diphosphate - ADP Why is it difficult to demonstrate respiration in green plants? 1 they use for photosynthesis. So it is di During respiration plants give out carbon-dioxide tha demonstrate respiration in green plants. ‘What happens to the energy released in respiration? ‘The energy released in respiration is stored ATP molecules in mitochodria. Wit are the sites of glycolysis and Kreb’s cycle? Glycolysis - Cytoplasm Kreb’s cycle- Mitochondria Why is glycolysis considered as an important stage of respiration? Glycolysis is common to both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. So, of respiragion. Why is anaerobic respiration is less efficient? is considered as an imports! It is the incomplete breakdown of glucose and produces less energy. So, it is less efficient.The Circulatory Sys Superior Vena cava — 5, 7 Inferioe Vena cave I __De-nygenated blood - Cibilacs a’ OPES Blo Copitarisin body organs potmony vee Neen HUMAN HEART AND ITS FUNCTIONING + Size 12 x g em and 300 gm weight. *+ Enclosed in a tough, 2-layered connective tissue sac, the pericardjum. + Has 4 chambers : 2 upper smaller auricles and 2 lower larger ventricles. * The right auricle receives 2 large veins: superior vena cava and inferior vena cava. 29 Lo] tem The right auricle opens into right ventricle through tricuspid valve, The right ventricle gives off a large blood vessel which carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs. This blood vessel is guarded by semi-lunar valve to prevent backflow of blood into ventricles. Blood again returns to heart from the lungs in left auricle. Now the blood is oxygenated. ‘The left auricle opens into left ventricle through a bicuspid valve. From the left ventricle the blood flows throughout the body through a large blood vessel called aorta. Iris again guarded by semi-lunar valves to prevent back-flow of blood. To pump-out blood, the heart chambers undergo alternate contraction called systole and relaxation called diastole. ‘The regular sequence of these systole and diastole causes the heart sound LUBB and DUPP. Lubb is produced by the closing of tricuspid and bicuspid valves while dupp is produced by the closing of semi-lunar valves. Our heart-beat is myogenic in nature ie, it is initiated by a patch of modified heart muscles itself without requiring an external stimulation. This patch is the sino-auricular node which is Called the ‘Pacemaker'. Normal heart beat is 72 beats/min. Heart Failure : When S.A. node does not initiate any impulse Sphygnomanometer measure the BP. There are 2 limits of BP: Higher limit and Lower limit. Higher limit is the systolic BP at the time of ventricular systole while lower limit isthe diastolic BP at the time of ventricular diastole. BP is 120/8omm of Hg.PRELUDE the body. These functions are carried out called circulation and the organs concerne; ds nourishment and oxygen but the metabolic wastes should be temo, by extracellular fluid which flows throughout the body, ‘7 +e d includes the circulatory system. 4) Open (ii) Closed. All parts of the body nee: ‘Two types of circulatory systems are (' Open Circulatory System:Blood circulation takes place in large open spaces: Closed Circulatory System: Blood flows through tubular vessels, This system is present in human,» Circulatory System consists of heart, blood, lymph and vessels. AT + Blood and lymph are called as the fluid connective tissues. + Blood transports digested food, oxygen, CO2, hormones, excretory materials ete, It alsodistributes hey jy. in clotting, it produce antibodies and antitoxins ete. i + Blood consists of plasma and corpuscles. Plasma is the liquid part of blood and the corpuscles include Rag WBC and platelets. RBC helps in the transport of oxygen. WBC engulf microorganism - acts as defen, system. + Platelets help in clotting of blood. + Four main blood groups are there A, B, AB and o. Blood Group 'O’ is the universal recipient. + Heart is the main pumping organ which is situated in the thoracic cavity. It is protected by ribs ang pericardium, Heart beat occurs in two main phases-systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation), + Valves in the heart consist of cuspid valves and semilunar valves. These regulate the unidirectional Now o/ ‘blood, + The blood vessels include arteries, veins and capillaries. universal donor and blood group 4g + Arteries have thick muscular walls and a narrow lumen, veins have thin muscular walls and a wide lumen | capillaries composed of a single layer of endothelial cells. + Blood circulation includes pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation. it in liver. + Hepatic Portal vein collects blood from the gut and drai + Human heart beats 72 times per minute, + Pacemaker: The command for heart beat starts from pacemaker, a special muscle. + Pulse: It is wave of raised blood pressure which passes from the heart to the arteries. + Double Circulation includes both pulmonary and systemic circulation. + Clot means the coagulation or solidification of fluid blood in which fibrinogen is converted into fibrin. + Coronary Thrombosis: It is a kind of heart attack in which the clot is formed in the coronary artery: TH human heart is four chambered having right and left auricles, right and lefe ventricles. A GLANCE 1 The membrane covering the heart. Pericardium. 2. The fluid present between the membrane covering of heart, Pericardial fluid. 3 The valves present in between right atrium and righ ventricle. Tricuspid valve. 4 The blood vessel that brings blood from the body parts, Vena cava. 5. The valve present between the left atrium and left ventricle. Bicuspid valve / Mitral valve- 6 A vein which carries oxygenated blood. Pulmonary vein. 30‘An artery which carries deoxygenated blood. Pulmonary artery. A fluid connective tissue. Blood. ‘The element needed for blood clotting. Calcium. Bees ‘The minute blood vessels that joins arteries and veins, Capillaries. Organ that destroys red blood cells. Liver. A blood vessel that supplies oxygen to the heart. Pulmonary vein. ‘The blood vessel which has valves in its inner lining. Vein. Blood cells the deficiency of which causes anaemia. RBC. ‘The smallest blood vessels. Capillaries, ‘The eategory of blood Vessels which start from capillaries and end in capillaries, Portal vein. ‘The vitamin necessary for blood clotting. Vitamin K. ‘The membrane that encloses heart. Pericardium. A genetic disorder in which blood does not clot. Haemophilia. ‘The nearest organ to which the heart supplies oxygenated blood. Liver. ‘The process by which WBC engulf bacteria. Phagocytosis. ‘The opening through which auricles open into ventricle. Auriculo-ventricular aperture. ‘The instrument used to measure heart beat. Stethoscope. ‘The liquid pare of the blood. Plasma. ‘The enzyme necessary for blood clotting. Thrombokinase. Pave dewanaetae 4 Distingush between the pairs: . —irtery Vein (@ Ithas thick muscular walls. (@ Ie has chin muscular walls. Gi Valves are absent. (i) Valves are present. ii) Lumen is narrow. (ii) Lumen is wider. (jv) Ie contains oxygenated blood. (iv) It contains deoxygenated blood. (@) It earries blood away from the heart. | («)_It brings the blood to the heart Red Blood Cell White Blood Cell ()_ Ie is ievegular in shape. (i) Nucleus is present. (ii) Haemoglobin is absent. jv) _Tt protect our body against micro organisms. Lymph () Itis biconcave dise-shaped. (i) Itlacks nucleus. (iii) It contains haemoglobin. (iv) It helps in the transport of oxygen. Blood @ eis red in colour. (i) Tecontains haemoglobin. (i) Te contains all types of corpuscles. (iv) It contains more proteins. It is colourless. (i) Haemoglobin is absent. (iid) Te contains lymphocytes, erythrocytes. (jv) Te does not contain fibrinogen. 31ean Ventricles ——~ ra vuricles (These are the receiving chambers, [7 @ These are distributing chamber. (ii) Walls are thin. (ii) Walls are thick | (Gi)_These are the upper chambers. (iii) ‘These are the lower chambers s Plasma i= Serum () It is the liquid part of the blood. (i) It is the filtered blood. (i) Ie does not contain corpuscles. (ii)_Itdoes not contain corpuscles and fibrinogen, 6 Diastole Systole — —T (® In is the relaxation phase of the heart. | (i) It is the contraction phase of the heart. During diastole, blood flows into the | (ii) During systole, blood circulates through body parts. the heart. 2 [ Bicuspid Valves Tricuspid Valves () These guard the left auriculo- () These guard the right auriculo-ventricular ventricular aperture. aperture. These have two leaf like flaps (id) These have three leaf like flap: a Pulmonary Circulation ‘Systemic Circulation ~ (i) In this circulation deoxygenated (The oxygenated blood is circulated “| blood is pumped into the lungs. into the body parts. (id) The blood coming back to heart is (i) The blood coming back to heart is Oxygena deoxygenated, ° Plasma Lymph (@ It is straw coloured. | @ Wis colourless. (@ It circulates through blood vessels. (i) Ie circulates through lymph vessels, | i) Ie is the liquid part of blood, Gi Ic is the filtered blood plasma. Pulmonary Artery Pulmonary Vein (D Ie arises from right ventricle. (Ie arises from lungs. (ii) Ie carries deoxygenated blood. @ BLOOD + Blood is a fluid connective tissue. It carries oxygenated blood. + Ie is 6.8 litres in man and 500 ml less in woman, * 6-89 of body weight (pH 7.4) RBC wae Platelets 32CONSTITUENTS + Solid or cellular part called Blood Cells and fluid part called the Blood Plasma. Loop CELLS 1 Red Blood Corpuscles (RBC) + Also called Erythrocytes, disc-shaped (for increased surfa Aled Repti ordiesaped (for ierssed mic area), no nucleus, contains pigment called * Average man: Amount of Haemoglobin is 14-15.6 gm / 100 cc of blood (11 - 14 in woman). + RBCs are produced in spleen and liver in foetus and in bone marrow after birth @ 1.2 million/see. + Life of RBC is 120 days after which they are broken down in spleen or liver. Product of breakdown of haemoglobin is a pigment (yellow colour), called bilirubin which is normally disposed off through bile whereas haem transferred to red bone marrow. Retention of bilirubin leads to jaundice. + No, of RBCs is 4.5-5 million/ cubic mm of blood. At high altitude, RBC’ + More RBC : Polycythemia, Less RBC:Anaemia increase in number. 2 White Blood Corpuscles (WBC) + Also called Leucocytes, round, with a nucleus, far less numerous than RBCs (1 : 400-500) (5,00 0° 10,000/cu mm), life 3-4 days, soldiers of body's defence system. + Are of 2 types : Granulocytes (Basophils, Eosinophils, Neutrophils) and Agranulocytes (Monocytes, Lymphocytes) + Basophils : Take up basic stains. Have an S-shaped nucleus. Secrete an anti-coagulant Heparin, which prevents clots within the blood vessels. + Eosinophils or Acidophils: Take up acidic stains. Assists in defence mechanism. + Neutrophils : Stain equally well with both acidic and basic dyes. Most numerous of the WBCs (65- you). Defence. + Monocytes : Large of all, Very motile, Defence + Lymphocytes : 2500 of the WBC. Takes part in antigen and antibody formation, 3 Platelets LYMPH + Lymph = Blood - RBC Lymph forms second circulatory syste! Allinterchanges of nutrients and waste It has more of lymphocytes as compare Spleen produces lymph. At the same time it also acts as the Spleen is also known by the name of ‘Blood Bank’ Ie is situated above left kidney behind the stomach. «Also called Thrombocytes, formed in bone marrow, about 250,000 / cu mm of blood, life 3-7 days, sets off blood clotting. «The protein in plasma includes antibodies to assist in defence mechanism. «© Regulates pH of blood. * Approx. 60% blood is water only. . Plasma + WBC. m, It acts as middle man between blood and tissue. products between blood and tissue takes place through lymph only. Md to that of blood (Blood has more of neutrophils). graveyard of lymph. because RBCs, WBCs and Lymph are produced in spleen. 33PLASMA (65%) + Watery part of blood, clear, yellow fluid, Contains about Globulin and Fibrinogen. ove water, proteins and organic salt, + Plasma contains 790 proteins which include Albumin, + Plasma transports nutrients from the small intestine to the body tissues and return the waste mater, the kidneys, where it is filtred out. BLOOD GROUPINGS + Father of Blood Grouping : groups in 1900. + Decastello and Sturle in 1902 discovered AB blood group. 1 Landsteiner.(Australian pathologist). He discovered A, B and O Hoo, + ABO system of blood groups is based on antigens and anti-bodies. * Antigens: They are proteins and are found on the surface of RBCs. Antigens are A and B. + Antibodies: They are produced in lymph glands and are present in blood plasma. Antibodies are a and b * RH Factor: It is based on Rh antigen. Discovered in 1940 by Landsteiner and A.S. Veiner. It is discovered in Rhesus monkey. A person can be Rhé or Rh-. In world population Rh + are 85% and Rh- are 150 only. Rh+ can receive blood from Rh- but no vice-versa. + Blood transfusion technique was first developed by James Blundell in 1825.[ »| The Respiratory System pRELUDE ‘The various life processes in our body require The Proce in our body require energy. This energy is obtained by respiration of food that we = 1. Respiration is the stepwise oxidation of lucose to release e: \e ae eerneon i stone i ATP ance Eases £0 telease energy inthe body cells. The energy produced les. Respiration is of two type. (i) aerobic and (ii) anaerobic. Aerobic respiration requires oxygen. The glucose is completely broken down, C\H,O, + 6CO, + 6CO, + 6H,0+ 686 KCal Anaerobic respiration takes place in the absence of oxygen. The glucose is incompletely broken down. CHO, > 2C,H.OH + 2CO, + 50 KCar In humans, gaseous exchange is completed in the following ways: ( External respiration (ii) Transport of gases (iii) Internal or tissue respiration. Breathing involves taking in of oxygen and giving out carbon dioxide. External respiration involves exchange of gases between atmospheric air and blood. It consists of inspiration and expiration. 2 Inspiration means taking in of O,, 3 Expiration means expulsion of CO,. 4+ Tissue Respiration is the exchange of gases between the tissue cells and the blood involving up take up oxygen by tissue cells, oxidation of glucose and elimination of carbon dioxide. 5 The most common respiratory substrate is glucose. 6 The Respiratory System in man includes all those organs through which the air passes for gaseous exchange. ‘These include: Nasal cavity, Pharynx, Larynx trachea, bronchi and lungs. 3 The lungs are a pair of brownish spongy structures located in the thoracic cavity. & Alveoli are the functional units of lungs. % Breathing is controlled by the respiratory centre present in the medulla oblongata. Oxygen is transported by haemoglobin which forms an unstable compound with oxygen called oxyhaemoglobin. Carbon dioxide is transported in the form of carboxy haemoglobin. Tidal Volume (TV) is the volume of air inspired in a quiet normal breathing. It is about 350 ml. Dead Airspace: It is the volume of air present in the respiratory tract that does not take part in respiration. 150 ml 353 a Residual Volume: Volume of the air left in the respiratory tract after a forceful expiration, | 500ml, Inspiratory Reserved Volume is the volume of air that can be taken in by maximum ing, is about 3000 ml. Expicatory Reserved Volume is the volume of air that can be expelled out by maximum ex is about 1000 ml. Vital Capacity: Maximum amount of air that can be expelled out by forceful expiration after a forceful inspiration,j.e. 4500 ml. Total Lung Capacity: Maximum amount of air that can be held in the lungs after a maximum f inspiration, is aby Pitation, Pittion, xine force Lungs are thin walled which permit large amount of gaseous exchange. Epiglottis: Which guards the opening of trachea during the swallowing of food. Deficienc respiration cause asphixia, Artificial respiration can save a person suffering from asphixia. Respiratory Disorders Asphyxia : It is a condition caused by increase in CO, concentration in tissue, Hypoxia : Shortage of oxygen supply to body. Hypopnoea : Slow breathing Hyperpnoea : Rapid breathing ‘Apnoea : No breathing Dyspnoea : Painful breathing except in upright position Orthopnoea : Difficult breathing Tachynoea: Rapid shallow breathing COPD: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease which includes Emphysema, chronic bronchitis and Asthma, Emphysema : A situation of ‘short breath’ due to the break down of alveolar walls and reduction of respiratory area as it happens due to smoking, Tuberculosis : A bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pneumonia: Infection of lungs by Diplococcus pneumonia and leads to accumulation of mucous and lymph in alveoli, impairing gaseous exchange. Whooping cough or Pertussis : An infectious disease caused by bacterium Bordetella pertussis. ‘Asthma : Difficult breathing due to spasm in bronchial muscles and narrowing of bronchi. 36 Of oxygen for Sleep Apnoea Syndrome (SAS) Person, | with snoring habit suffer with sleep spnoe, syndrome because their upper respiratory tac closes on inhalation leading to apnoea and sleep breaks. Cough : A reflex in lower respiratory passages followed by forceful expulsion of air to remove any irritant. Sneeze : A reflex similar to cough but applies to nasal passageways instead of lower respiratory passages. Hypereapnia : Excess of CO, in the body. Cyanosis : Means blueness of skin because of excessive amount of deoxygenated haemoglobin. Atelectasis : Means collapse of alveoli. Lack of surfactant also leads to atelectasis. Hiccups : Exact reason unknown; due 10 spasmodic contraction of diaphragm (possibly due to irritation of phrenic nerve which supplies the diaphragm). Pleurisy : Inflammation of pleural membrane causing severe chest pain. The F -ocess of inhaling oxygen and exhsilité carbon dioxide. Breathing. cand ‘A muscular sheet separating the thors! —abdominal cavities. Diaphragm. piratory tube supported by cartilaginous ri A respiratory ported by cartilaginous rings. Trachea, ‘The protective covering of lungs. Pleura, The exchange of gases between the blood and the sir at the respi a renry pigment. Haemoglobin, iat the respiratory surface, External respi ‘The flap-like structure which closes over the glottis dur vee af tndhes concerned with wend, L ee during the swallowing of food. Epiglottis. One tissue in man's body where anaerobic respiration takes place. Muscle T Calls that remove dust particle in the trachea. Ciliated e} thelial ile ‘The air left in the lungs after expiration, Residual air, ° - ‘The condition in which the oxyge _ i en supply to the respiratory system is cut off. Asphyziation. ‘The part of the brain where respiratory centre is located. Media oblongata aa The small amount of air inhaled that remains in the respiratory tract but does not take part in res} jiration. Dead air space. : a — 5. The minute tubules which end in the alveoli of the lungs. Bronchioles state the difference between the following : Inspiration Expiration | ESP R Be OV one ‘) "i —T @) Ic is an active process. () It is a passive process. It is the taking in of oxygen. (i) Ie is the expelling of CO, (ji)_It increases the volume. (ii)_It decreases the volume of thoracic cavity. 2 Respiration Breathing @ Kis both physical and physiologicai | (Ie is « physical process: process. (i) Iris the taking in of oxygen and giving out CO.. (ii) Te liberates energy. Ie does not liberate ener $ Inspired Expired air () In this, O, content is high. (@_Inthis, O, content is low. (i) CO, content is low. Gi) CO, contentis high. (ii) ‘The temperature is variable. (ji) The temperature is of body (67 °C). + Res: Respiration in Animals () Plants do not have respiratory system (i) Direct diffusion of respiratory gas into L__the cells. upto the tissue cells. + |____ External Respiration Internal Respiration _____—} @ It is a physical process. (Ir isa chemical process. (i It includes exchange of gases between blood and inhaled air. (i) It is the oxidation of glucose. jon in Plants () Have a respiratory system. (i) The respiratory gases are transported | (i) eis the exchange of the tissues: 37nl Nutrition and Respiratio, aaa PART A: NUTRITION BRIEF RESUME 1 Nutrition isa process of intake and utilisation of nutrients ether as an energy source or for biosynthesis hy, constituents. | 2 In Autotrophic nutritin, the organisms utilise the inorganic raw materials to aynthesise their own fond | the form of complex organic molecules. Such organisms are called autotrophs. 3. In Heterotrophic nutrition, the organisms derive their energy from the intake and digestion of the organic substan from plant or animal sources, Such organisms are called heterotrophs. 4 Three modes of heterotrophic nutrition are-Parasitie, Saprophytic and Holozoic. 5. Parasitic nutrition: Parasites live on or inside the host and obtain food synthesised by its living host. 6. Saprophytic nutrition: Saprophytes obtain nutrients from the dead and decaying organic matter 7 . Holozoic nutrition: It is the feeding of complex organic matter by ingestion, which is subsequently digested absorbed and assimilated. 8 Green plants synthesise their own food by the process of photosynthesis. | 9 In photosynthesis, plants use CO, and water in the presence of chlorophyll and sunlight to synthesise glucose | (food). | 1 Chloroplast, mainly present in the green leaves , are the main site of photosynthesis. 1 The main components of chloroplast are grana, stroma, thylakoids and stromal lamellae. Chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments are photoreceptors which trap light energy to be utilised in syntheisot food. Photosynthesis is the process which converts solar energy into chemical energy. Photosynthesis is the only process which is the ultimate source of energy and food for the living orgen™ ‘Two main steps of photosynthesis are light and dark reactions. 8 Light reaction is a photochemical process producing oxygen, ATP and NADPH. During dark reaction, NADPH and ATP molecules produced during light reaction, are utilised lo" synthesis of carbohydrate from CO, and H.O. Light, temperature, CO, and water affect the rate of photosynthesis. a) b Amoeba obtains its food by the process of phagocytosis and shows Holozoic mode of nutritio™ rethe xn The digestive system of grasshopper can be divided into foregut, midgut and hindgut. Hepatic caect? # main digestive glands in grasshopper. intestine’) 2% The alimentary canal of man consists of buccal cavity, oesophagus, stomach, duodenum, ileum (small intes" colon (large intestines) and rectum. za The digestive glands in man are salivary glands, liver and pancreas, 23 Humar saliva contains ptyalin (salivary amylase) to digest starch. 38Gastric juice contains HCl, enzyme pepsin and mucous, Pepsin digesta proteins, Bike juice from liver and pancreatic juice from pancreas enter duodenum through a common duet which help in emulsification and digestion of fat, 2) 2 Pancrestic juice contains enzymes for digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and fats. Intestinal juice called succus entericus completes the digestion of proteins, carbohydrates and fats in the intestine, [Absorption of digested food takes place in small intestines in the villi Assimilation is the utilisation of absorbed food in the body. Undigested food is egested out from the body through anus in man. Q, Differentiate between: BE RSD Autotrophic Nutrition ‘Organisms produce food themselves with the help of carbon dioxide and water in the Heterotrophic Nutrition Organisms cannot manufacture their own food but depends on plants and animals presence of chlorophyll and sunlight. It is for their nutrition, All animals including exhibited by autotrophs. man exhibit this type of nutrition. itic Nutrition Saprophytic Nutrition Parasitic nutrition involves mode of obtair ing food, synthesised by others where the parasite lives in intimate contact with the host. Cuscuta, Plasmodium, roundworm exhibit parasitic nutrition. Saprophytic nutrition is the mode of nutri- tion in which the organism obtains food from dead and decaying organic matter. Fungi and bacteria exhibit this mode of Carnivores are animals which feed on herbivores and other animals. Ex: frog, hawk, tiger. Tngestion Egestion Taking in of food by the animals by differ- Elimination of undigested food is known as ent modes, e.g., Amoeba ingests food by egestion through an opening called anus. pseudopodia and we use hands to put In Amoeba, undigested food is thrown out food in the mouth. through the food vacuole.RESPIRATION BRIEF RESUME pa pak ee . Sreathang us the mechanism of taking in of oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide in the air. Pespirstion complex process which involves exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide : B88 along wich (a daion of digested food to release energy for various biological functions. Pespiration, s biochemical process occurs in ste} mitochonde'a of the cell ps controled by various enzymes present incytoplim ‘ an ‘The released energy is stored in ATP molecules. Aerobic respiration is oxygen regulated process in which glucose molecule is completely oxidised into catbon dioxide and water along with release of high amount of energy. Glucose molecule is broken down to Pyruvate or pyruvic acid by the process of glycolysis in the cytoplim without utilising oxygen. Pyruvate enters into mitochondria to pass through Kreb's cycle in aerobic respiration utilising oxygen and Producing ATP molecules. Anaerobic respiration takes place in the absence of oxygen in the cytoplasm. After glycoly Pyruvate gets converted either into ethyl alcohol as in bacteria or yeast or into lactic acid a+ in muscles of man. The process is called as anaerobic respiration. All parts of plants perform respiration individually but at slower rate than animal respiration, Stomat in leaves, root hairs in roots and lenticels in the bark of ste fem and roots help in gaseous exchange in plants through simple process of diffusion. Aquatic animals like fishes take oxygen dissolved in water and respite through their gills. In earthworm, skin serves as a respiratory organ. Land animals have lungs as the main respiratory organ. Insects show tracheal respiration which takes place through a network of air tubes called trachea, Human respiratory system has nostrils, nasal cavities, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli and lings Larynx present at the enlarged part of trachea, is a voice box. Inhalation occurs due to expansion of thoracic cavity due to contraction of diaphragm and rib muscles resulting in decrease in air pressure inside. Exhalation occurs due to relaxation of diaphragm and rib muscles resulting in increase in air pressure inse 21 Gaseous exchange takes place between alveoli of lungs and the surrounding blood capillaries due to difference in concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Oxygen from lungs is transported by blood to tissues. Blood also transports carbon dioxide from tissues (© lungs. Respiration is a two step proc ist step is breathing, leading to exchange of gases and second step /* oxidation of food molecules in the cell accompanied with release of energy. Differentiate between 40Fermentation Learisatype of anaerobic respiration sghere glucose is broken down to pro- duce ethylalcohol and carbon dioxide “Glyeolyaiz ‘Glucose is Broken down into pyruvic acid. It occurs both during aerobic and anaerobic respirations. “with release of little energy. and yeast cells show fermen- 2 Dace y rmen 2 Glycolysis occurs both in plant and animals cells, L———Fxternal Respiration Tnternal Respiration Fucernal respiration is intake of atmos- Taternal respiration is the oxidation of pheric air rich in oxygen and releasing stored food to release energy in the pre— carbon dioxide through respiratory organs sence of oxygen inside the cell. jnsurrounding medium. msepicecion Photosynthesis 7 Ivis a destructive process in which food 1 Ie isa constructive process in which is broken down into simple inorganic simple inorganic molecules combine forms. to form food as complex organic molecules. 2 Carbon dioxide and water are released. 2 Carbon dioxide and water are used to produce glucose. 3 It releases energy. 3 It stores energy. 44 It is not affected by light. 4 Itisa light dependent process. 5 Oxygen is generally required for the 5 Oxygen is released as a waste product. process. 6 Process site is cytoplasm and mito- 6 Process site is chloroplast of the cell. chondria of the cell. — Breathing Respiration Tr is a biochemical process. Energy is released and stored in ATP. Te is @ physical process. 2 No energy is released. 2 3 Te is an extracellular process. Tein an intracellular process. 4.No enzyme action takes place. 14 Process is controlled by action of various enzyme. 5 Exchange of gases take place. 5 Oxygen oxidised food to produce carbon dioxide, 6 Te takes place in specific organs. 6 It takes place only in the cell robic Respirati ‘Aerobic Respiration Anae A pi z jon Tieukes place inthe presence oF oxygen 1 [CUKs® Bac in he seen Fone ; ee iscompleely oxidised, ; 4 eases ethyl 7 eehol or lactic acid. 3 Iereleases carbon dioxide and water. el ae ‘ i 2 Less energy is released. ee 4 Lee eer pe ola ofthe 6 Oe 6 eae in bacteria, yeast and muscles Occur in most plants and animals. a | 4112 Excretion —_———— + Warten kinds : nitrogenous subst pigments, excess wa terials excreted i + The nitrogenous waste can be excreted in the following forms + Ammonia water and h Highly tox water required than ammonia, In mammals, alligators, turtles (called Ureotelic). 3 Uric acid : In animals where of water is needed. In b reptiles (called Uricotelic), EXCRETORY SYSTEM OF MAMMALS 1 Kidneys Left kidney is higher than the right kidney. A kidney is composed of 1.2 million microscopic structural and functional units called nephrons or uriniferous tubules, Ureters ® + Open into urinary bladder. 3 Urinary Bladder + Size depends upon the amount of urine in it (upto 7e08oom!). The lower part is guarded by 2 sphincters: inner involuntary and outer voluntary. 4 Urethra * Leads to the exterior. + In females, it carries only urine, Opens by urinary aperture in the vulva in front of vaginal aperture. In males , it carries urine as well as spermatic fluid, + Act of passing urine is called Micturition. NEPHRON + Functional unit of kidney. It is a long tube differentiated into 4 regions. 42 Copoule ie a glolvler bur by of borer water Crp), " sid, hipppuris ae id, hem ine d Tubule (PCT, A Buran idewhu ose, urea oe th aP iy toi + Almost whole of the glucose and vi Ty of an ide, about 70% of : large amount of Ca and My and 750s water in absorbed, arreneny Karenos AeruoLe DEMCENDING Lime (OF Loor ov Ment Ascenpina Lunn. OF LooP oF MENU [vane meta ESTE 3. Loop of Henle * U-shaped. Consist of 2 straight limbs: descending and ascending. No water is absorbed in ascending 4 Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) * Greatly twisted. + Reabsorbs some Na and Cl. + Leads to Collecting Tubules which lead to ureterspRELUDE ape body. These wastes are removed by a process called excretion. AT [agaresul of metabolic reactions a large nam Be number of waste products are formed wh are poisonous to accumulate in 1. Excretion is the removal of metabolic wastes from the bod from the 2. The excretory organs includes kidneys, skin and lung ° 4. The waste products are organic wastes and metabolic waste “The organic wastes include carbon dioxide. . emer: The -ogenous wastes include, urea, uric acid and ammonia, “These wastes are produced by the catabolism of carbohydrates fst es yydrates fats and proteins. Kidney excretes urea ewe ‘Theexcretory system consists of f apsirofkidney, a pair of ureters bad : shaped organs located on either side of vertebal cole in the abdominal Sacer rien Racer ae 4, The functional units of kidney are nephrcns. Each s tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule and c capsule and glomerulus. § Each kidney is made up two regions - an outer corte: i - x and an ir medul Jn kidney receivesa renal, from dorsal aorta and sends a renal vein to inferior Caen “ anand n Urethra is a tubular connection between the urinary bladder ené external opening of urinary tract. 2. The urine is forms by three main steps (1) Ultra (3) Tubular secretion. Urine js acidic and its colour is due to presence of the pigment rochrome a Plants may excrete their body wastes in the form of exystals of oxslares and other substances. A GLANCE 1 The process by which metabolic wastes ste removed from the body. Excretion. ‘A tuft of blood capillaries found in the Bowman's capssle of nephron. Glomerulus. inary bladder. Ureter. “The structure that brings urine from the kidney ro the Main excretory organs in man. Kidney. Substances excreted by kidney. Urea, uric 20 “The substance found in excess in the urine of diaberis person: Glucose. creatinine. ‘The blood vessel leaving the kidney: Renal vein- ‘The term used for Bowman's capsule and glomerulus togeth ‘The thin membraneous sac serving 25 the reseevol ‘An organic waste produced in man- Carbon dioxide. “The muscle which guards che urethra, Sphines#t muscle. The excretory product formed by the lungs. Carbon dioxide. ; / The process by which kidneys regulate the water content of the body. Osmoregulation. +s formed by liver. Ureasbile pigments: eae ae Ihe Bowman's capsule. Afferent arceriole: ‘The branch of renal artery which enters into t Beauwaweu were eeDistinguish between the following © Urerer Gy Tewransports urine from urinary bladder to (@ Tr transports urine from kidney to urinary bladder. (i) Sphincture muscle is absent. 2 ferent @ They carry blood cantaining waste materials, (i) They transport blood to the glomerulus. Urethra the exterior. (i) It is guarded by Sphineture muscle, ~Efferent arteriole @ They carry blood having no waste material orless waste material. (i) They transport blood away from glomerulus, — a Excretion ~ Egestion @ Ikis the removal of metabolic wastes @ Icis the removal of undigested food material from the body. from the body. (i) Ieis related with kidney. (i) Itisrelated with alimentary canal. - Urea "Urine (ii) It is produced in the liver. Teisachemicalcompound. | () Teisamixtare of metabolic wastesand other substances. (ii) It is formed in the kidney. 5. Excretion Secretion the body. (ii) Digestion and assimilation. |G) Teis the removal of metabolic wastes from | Tt is the production of chemical substances and pour them into the blood or outside the body. = 6. Digestion Tis the process where less soluble food is changed into soluble and diffusable sub- stances by the action of enzymes. L ‘Assimilation Ie is the process of utilisation of digested food as the components of protoplasm, needed for production of energy, growth and repair processes. ——] » ~ Holozoic Nutrition () Whole plant, animal or their parts are eaten by the organisms mainly by animals. ( Food is ingested, digested and then absorbed. Ex: Animals exhibit holozoic nutrition. Saprozoic Nutrition (The organism derives their food from dead and decaying organic matter. (@ Food is simplified and absorbed. Ex: Fungi and bacteria exhibit this type of nutrition.Q, Mention the digestive glands, their secretions (enzymes) digestion associated with the alimentary canal of man, «and the food nutrient on which they act and product after ‘Ans. [Digestive Glands | Secretion [Enzymes Substrate Products Salivary glands Salivaor Pryalin =a i Salivary juice Gastric glands Gastric juice (@) Pepsin Proteins Peptones (b) Lipase Lipids Glycerides Liver Bile juice No enzyme Fat Emubsfication Pancreas Pancreatic juice | (a) Amylase Starch Maltose () Trypsin Proteins Peptides © Lipase Fat Fatty acids Intestinal glands Tntestinaljuice | (a) Enzyme for pro- | Peptones ‘Amino acids Or tein digestion Succusentericus | (b) Enzyme for Sugars Glucose sugar digestion (©) Lipase Fat Fatty acids L and glycerol3] em and Sense Organs Nervous Syst PRELUDE oh an ‘The nervous system keep us informed about the outside world through the sense organ’: Nera The fenctonal uni of nervous aystem. Each neuron in matte up of the cell body, den New rves-sensory, motor and mixed, Nerves: Consist of bundles of nerve fibres axons. There are three types of ne! peripheral nervous system and autonomic nervous 8, dendrons and 3. The nervous system consists of central nervous system, system. 4, Central nervous system consists of brain and spinal cord. 5 Peripheral nervous system of 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves. Autonomic nervous system consists of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve cords. 6 The brain is made up of : (i) The cerebrum with two hemispheres. In brain, the gray matter is outside and white matter is inside. 7 The cerebrum is the seat of memory, thought, reason, logic etc. 8 The cerebrum controls the coordination of muscular movements. 9 Medulla oblongata controls the involuntary activities like heart beat, breathing etc. The Spinai Cord is concerned with reflex action. In Spinal Cord, the gray matter is inside and white matte: ouside. a Reflexes are involuntary response to a stimulus, Reflexes are of two kinds - Natural and acquired. 5 Natural reflexes are inborn e.g. knee jerk. 4 Conditioned Reflexes are complicated and depend on experiences e.g. applying brakes on seeing an obstacle 55 The sense organs include eye, ear, skin, nose, tongue. 6 The eye is a photoreceptor or visual receptor, The eye ball consists of three layers, sclera, choroid and retina Retina is the photosensitive layer which contains two light sensitive cells, cones and rods. Optie nerves sen the nerve impulses to the brain. & Yellow Spot is the region of best vision where more cone cells are present, Blind Spot: It is the region of no image formation because of the lack of cone cells. 2 Power of Accommodation is the ability of the lens to focus on far and distant objects. Defects of the &Y include long sightedness and short sightedness. a In long sightedness (hypermetropia), the image is formed behind the retina. In short sightedness, the image is formed in front of retina. 2 The ear is an organ for hearing and balance. It contans of th ts (i Q a ins of three parts - (i) Outer ear. Formed of pint auditory canal and tympanum. (ii) Middle ear. Consists of three ter ern and an eustachian tube. (i Inner ear. Consists of a cochlea and three semicircular canals. Auditory nerve transmits the impulse © 2% The cochlea is used for hearing and semicircular canals for balancing organs 3 Organs of smell are olfactory receptors, 46 |}ATA GLANCE e wD ew wan whee 5 2 Soy eee eee eee ee eee ‘The part of the brain which isc muscular co-ordin: ‘erebellum. +h is concerned with Fi ordination in the body. C The structure for the alteration of the shape of the | the structure for the constriction of the pupilin “hehe Ciliary body /ciliary muscles. in bright light. Iris. ‘The nerve which transmits impuls pulses from the e -ye to the brain. Opti ptic nerve. ‘the muscles in the human eye which are concer and circular muscle / ciliary Sea nerned withthe following of objects at different distances. Radial ‘The unit of nervous system. Neuron. ‘The neurons which carry impulses from receptor to brain. Sensory neur ‘The neuron which transmits impulses from brain to the effecto ”. i The lower part of brain which contains reflex centre. Spinal ee —— ‘The number of spinal nerves in man. 31 pairs. , The middle coat of the eye, soft vascular and thin layer. Choroid. ‘The sensitive cells present in the retina. Rods and cones. ‘The smallest bone in the human body. Stapes. Most important part of nervous system. Brain. cord. Meninges. jon of the will of an animal. Reflex action. trated. Yellow spot. The membrane covering the brain and spinal Response to 2 stimulus without the intervent ‘The point in the centre of the retina where the rods and cones are highly concen line. One neurotransmitter. Acetyl ch jects are not seen clearly. Myopia: Defect of the eye in which distant ol Defect of the eye in which near objects afe nos $60 clearly. Hypermetropia. ye is well protected. Orbit. A bony socket in which € £ the iris. Pupil. centre of A small opening in the the eye ball. Retina. Inner sensitive coat of The organ of hearing- Ear. «balancing of the body. Semircireular canals. ¢ which helps in thi ina. Vitreous humour. ‘The structure of the 2 en tl Jelly-like material filled in the space betwe' The fluid filled in the space betwee? the cornea ant cects the eye” she lens and the reti the lens. Aqueous humour. The structure that prot pall and maintains its shape. Sclera. yeti. Cochlea. hhas a sensory orga" called ‘organ of £0 ure of tigmatism. £ the cornea. Ast hhevic and parasympathetic nervous system ‘The structure that ‘The defect of the € mnomous nervow! wulses from ear © ye caused due t© the uneven curvat ‘The parts of auto system, SYMPA The nerves which transmit imPState the differences between the followings: 1 10. a ‘Motor neuron Sensory neuron it lus from the CNS to (@ Ieeransmits stimulus from the receptor (@ ccransmits stimuh the CNS to the organ to the CNS. effector organ. _ Sympathetic Nervous System Parasympathetic Nervous System (@ It prepares the body for an abnormal (@ Ieprepares the body for the normal functioning after abnormal situation. situation. need Simple reflex Conditioned reflex > — () These are acquired reflexes. (These are inborn reflexes. Myopia Hypermetropia = | @ The image of distane object is formed in @ The image of near object is formed front of the retina, behind the retina. Rods Cones (@_These are sensitive to dim light. ()_ These are sensitive to bright light. Cerebrum Cerebellum () Ieis concerned with intelligence, memory () Itis concerned with body equilibrium. and voluntary activities. | ‘Aqueous Humour Vitreous Humour () Ieisa watery fluid, () Ieis jelly-like fluid. (@ Ieis present between the lens and cornea (i) Ieis present between the lens and the | of the eye. retina of the eye Cerebrum Spinal Cord ] () Iecontains cell bodies of neurons outside @ Iecontains axons outside and cell bodies and axons of the neurons inside. inside. Reflex Actions Voluntary Actions @) Itisan involuntary action. @ Itisa concious action. Colour Blindness Night Blindness @ The person cannot distinguish between (@ The person cannot see clearly in dim light red and green colour. or during night, (i eis a genetic disease. i) eis caused due to the deficiency of vitamin A. _] Spinal Nerves Crainal Nerves @ They arise from spinal cord. @ They arise from brain. (i) There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves. (i There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves. ‘Auditory Nerve TL Optic Nerve _] (@ Itcarries impulses from the ear to the @ Iccarries impulses from the eye to the brain. brain. 48[x4] tem The Reproductive Sys pRELUDE Ailliving organisms reproduce their own kinds to maintain the continuity of thei rt cir race. ¥ ay ey ey Reproduction means to produce new organisms ofthe same species, + Reproduction is of two type - Asexual and Sexual, + Asexual reproduction means to reproduce without the production of gametes. + Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of gametes. Fertilization is the fusion of gametes to produce a zygote + Zygote is the fusion product of fertilization. Organs to produce gametes are gonads, Puberty is the age when the reproductive organs become fully functional to produce offspring. Male reproductive system consists of a pair of testes, genital ducts, accessory glands and the copulatory organ, penis. Testes are the male sex organs which contain seminiferous tubules. Testes produce sperms and sex hormones e.g testosterone. Epididymis stores the sperm. Vasdeferens (Spermduct) is highly coiled tube. Urethra is a common duct for the passage of urine and semen. ‘Seminal Vesicles produce a fluid which activates the sperms. Cowper's Gland produce a mucoid fluid. Prostrate Gland: It secretes a white alkaline fluid, 9. Semen is a mixture of sperms and the secretions ofall the acessory glands. 10. Be 5. 16, a 1B. 19. 20. Penis is the copulatory organ. Sperm isa motile microscopic gamete. Itcontains 4parts-head, neck, middle piece and wil ‘Spermatogenesis is the process of production of sperms. Female reproductive system consist of pair of ovaries, fallopian cubes, wterus, vagina and external genitalia, Ovaries produce ova and female sex hormones. Uterus is thick walled organ where the embryo develops. Cervix is the entrance of the uterus. In females gametes production is cyclic. Ovum isthe female gamete. Menstrual phase is the shedding ofthe epithelial ining of the endometrium. Zygote is a diploid cell. ‘Afver fertilization, the young embryo would be implanted in the urerus. Amnion isa thin double membrane enclosing the embryo. Embryo later undergo development and forms the foetus. 49lithe young, 2 Gestation pevtonl othe ge between the forta and the mother, Usnbily xh ye inh the placenta Serena 1 stoppage of menstruation, Pregnancy lasts, is expelled out ” hein lays Only 0 Gene A segment of DNA. \e) A Unit of hereditary character, 5.46. called as sex chromosomes or Allosomes. “ 6 oy dance ah Male has age xy chro Female has 441 xx chro AT A GLANCE The fully developed part of ovary containing mature egg. Graafian follicle, 4. The accessory gland in human males whose secretion activates the sperms, Seminal vesicle 4. The tubular knot fitting like a cap on the upperside of the testis. Epididymis. side the uterus. Gestation. ‘The period for which the foetus rem: ion. ‘The process of delivery of child. Partus are ‘The site of production of sperms in man. Testis. ‘The term used for the stoppage of menstruation. Menopaus e ‘The process of fusioy of male and female gametes. Fertilization. @. A muscular wall into which the testes descend. Scrotal sac. 10, The male copulatory organ. Penis. 1, The innermost foetal membrane which secretes amniotic fluid. Amnion. 12, Two substances that diffuse out of the foetus into the placenta. CO, and excretory product 13. A hollow pear-shaped muscular organ where embryo develops. Uterus. ta A female gonad responsible for the production of ova. Ovary. 15. The male hormone produced by the interstitial cells. Testosterone, 16, The hormone that stimulates development of secondary sexual characters in males, Teatoaterwne 17. The hormone that stimulates contraction of uterus during child birth. Oxytocin, 18, The structure formed after the release of ovum from Graafian follicle, Corpus Lute 19. The structure formed by the villi of the foetus and the uterus of the mother. Placenta. 20. A male gonad responsible for the production of sperms. Testis, State the difference between the following: ff Sperm Ovam = @ isthe male gamete. (© Wisthe female gameve (i Ie is produced in the testis. (id Ieis produced in the Ovary, 50Identical twins Fraternal Twins @ They are produced from one egg. (0 They are produced f (They could be both boys or both girls. ey are produced from two eggs. (i) They may be both boys or both girls or one boy and one girl Sperm is the male gamete. Semen 5 the mal 7 ‘i @ leis 8 (®) Ic is milky alkaline fluid produced by the fd) It is formed by the test male reproductive system. @ y = (i) It is formed by the accessory glands. Graafian Follicle S _ _ orpus Luteum @ Kiss fully developed ovarian follicle () It is a yellow mass formed after the release containing immature ovum. of an egg from the Graafian follicle which acts as. [__anendocrine gland, Sexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction (i) It involves the gametes. () No gamete formation. (i) Two individuals are needed. (One individual is involved in this reproduction. Embryo Foetus (i) It is the early stage of development (@) After two months of gestation the embryo is called foetus. (ii) Te has recognisable appearance of main features of fully developed man. Parturition (a) Features are not developed properly. Gestation Te is the period in which an embryo develops inside the uterus. It is the child birth after the gestation. Urethra in man Ureter he (i Ie connects the urinary bladder and the () Te connects the kidney and urinary exterior. bladder. (ji) It carries urine as well as semen to the (i) Ie carries urine to the bladder. exterior of the body.The Endocrine System PRELUDE End: lands do not possess ducts and their secretions are called hormones. Hormones arc called chemical indocrine glan 0% jucts an regulators. Hormones are directly poured into the blood stream and act on the target organs. Thomas Edison is called ‘Father of Endocrinology’. In man there are following endocrine glands: ghnd. AT is considered as both exocrine and endocrine Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal and Pancreas. Pancreas is consider exocrine and endocrin, 1 Pituitary: Gland is called master gland as it controls the activity of other oe lands ay gland produces many hormones like growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, antidiuretic hormone etc. + Pituitary gland is located inferior to hypothalamus. * Over secretion of growth hormones causes gigantism. + Over secretion of growth hormone in adult results in extra growth of bones in the face. He develops a large nose and thick lips. This condition is called Acromegaly. + Under secretion of ADH causes Diabeties insipidus. 2 Thyroid gland: The largest endocrine gland and is located in the neck, below the larynx. 3. Thyroid gland: Secretes thyroxine and calcitonin. 4 Goitre is caused by the undersecretion of thyroxine. 5 Cretinism is caused by the undersecretion of thyroxine in children, 6 Exophthalmia is caused by oversecretion of thyroxine. 7 Adrenal: Glands are a pair of conical glands located on the upper ends of kidneys. Each adrenal gland has two parts - cortex and medulla, {Adrenal cortex secretes a group of hormones whose deficiency casues Addison’s disease, * Adrena/ medulla secretes hormone adrenaline. Adrenaline is called as emergency hormone. Pancreas is a mixed gland. The endocrine part of pancreas is Islets of Langerhans. Its oncell, produce glucagon and B- cells produce insulin. + Insulin controls glucose level in the blood, + Insulin and glucagon are antagonistic hormones, * A feedback mechanism regulates the quantity of hormones produced, A GLANCE 1. A mixed gland. Pancreas, Anendocrine gland which secretes insulin. Pancreas, The gland that regulates calcium in blood, Parathyroid, The chemical messengers. Hormones. The master gland, Pituitary gland, A condition caused due tothe hyposecretion of thyroxin in children, Cretinism. The hormone which prepares the body for defence, Emergency. ‘The endocrine cells present in pancreas. Islets of Langerha A hormone secreted by thyroid gland. Thyroxin. SPY Awe wD alpha cells, beta cells and gamma cells. 52‘Ahormone secreted by adrenal gland, Adrenaline ‘ condition caused due tothe over secreto , + secretion of thyroxine. , ‘The disease caused due to the deficiency of iodine Semple Exophthalmic gotre . Ot goitre, ‘The hormone which controls the water exc 1 water exchange in the re se cir eal es exchangs int renal tubules. ADH /Anti Diuretic Hormone. ‘The condition which results in . — jit ich re: abnormally long bones long lower jaw bone i iti ie ja juct to the hyposecretion of a pituitary state the difference between the following Endocrine Glands SESE ES Exocrine Glands weno ducts, —i () They have ducts. (i) They secrete hormones, @ They srectecnaymes (ii) They bring about chemical coordination (iii) They increase the rate of biochemical of the body. reactions. formones on @ These are secreted by endocrine glands. @ These are secreted by exocrine glands. (i These are carried by the blood to the (ji) These are carried by ducts. other parts of the body. (fi) These are chemically protein, amino (ii) These are chemically proteins only. acids etc. 3 Simple Goitre als Exophthalmic Goitre @ Iris caused by the deficiency of iodine. @ Ie is caused by the over activity of thyroid gland. (i) Itean be cured by killing the thyroid cells (i Iccan be covered by adding iodine in the or removing of portion of the thyroid gland. diet. Trsulin Glucagon 4 (@ Ivis secreted by B-cells of islets of @ Itis secreted by a-cells. Langerhans. (@ It converts the excess glucose into (@ Itconverts the glucogen into glucose. ghicogen. Diabetes insipidus jjabetes mellitus (@ Itis caused by the deficiency of insulin. (i Patient's urine contains glucose. @ Ie is caused by the deficiency of ADH. (ji) Glucose is not present in the urine. 53Muscular System ‘The human muscular system is an organ system composed of skeletal muscles, smooth muscles and cardiac ‘muscles. The muscular system makes up nearly half the weight of che human body. There are at least 639 muscles in a human body. The muscular system in human is controlled through nervous system and brain except that in the case of some muscles like heart muscles the control isautonomous. ‘The muscles provide the forces that enable the body ro move. Muscles stretch across joints to link one bone with another and work in groups to respond to nerve wmpubes, There are three types of muscle: Skeletal Muscles (Striated muscle) + There are nearly 650 skeletal muscles in the human body. Skeletal musclesare attached to the skeleton. They work in pairs:one muscle moves the bone inone direction and the other moves it back again, Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles - in other words we think about what movements we want to make and send messages via our nervous systemto tell the appropriate muscles to contract. Muscle contractions can single contractions or longer ones. be short, Smooth muscles muscle) (Unstriated + Smooth muscle is found in our internal organs: in our digestive system, our blood vessels, our bladder, our respiratory organs and in a female, the uterus. + Smooth muscle can stretch and maintain tensionover extended periods 54 + Smooth muscles are involuntary muscles - in other words we do nothave to think about contracting them because they arecontrolled automatically by the nervous system. I, would be pretty inconvenient if we had to think about digesting our food. Cardiac Muscle * Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart. + Ie canstreteh, just like smooth muscle, and contract like skeletal muscle. It is atwitchmuscle - it only does short single contractions. Like smooth muscle, muscle isinvoluntary. It'd be rather dangerous if it were voluntary - we could stop our heart best cardiac any time we wanted, Functions of Muscles ‘The main functions of muscles in human body include: + Muscles aid in the movement of the body + Muscles helps circulate blood in the body + Muscle gives body its posture * Muscles provides strength and balance to the body Definitions on Description of Muscles Functions ‘The definitions of words used in description of muscles functions are as follows, * Flexors are muscles that bend a limb are flexors Extensors are muscles that straighten a limb. Abductors are muscles that move a limb to the side, away from the body. Adductors are muscles that move a limb sideway® toward the body,Elevators are muscles whose contracticn raises a part of the body. Depressors are muscle whose contraction pulls down the partof the body to which itis attached, Rotators are muscles whose contraction causes/ assists in the rotation of a part of the body. Dorsiflexors are muscles whose contraction dorsiflexes the hand or foot. E.g, dorsiflexion ean refer tothe movement which decreases the angle between the superior surface of the foot and the leg so that the toes are brought closer to the shin bone. Palmar flexors are the muscles whose contractions will increases the approximate 90 degree angle between the front part of the foot and the shin like when depressing car pedal. Palmar flexors are muscles whose contraction will bend the hand or fingers toward the palmar surface. Smallest Muscle in Human Body “The smallest muscle in humans is the stapedius muscle, ‘Stapedius muscle has a length of 1.27 mm and is located in the middle ear. Stapedius muscle controls the smallest bone inhumans, the stapes bone, which aids the ears in vibrations through the middle ear. The Largest Muscle in Human Body ‘The largest muscle in humans is the buttocks The buttocks are the gluteal muscles comprising the glurew minimus and maximus. The Strongest Muscle in Human 55 Body ‘The strongest muscle in hi . uscle in humans is the jaw muscl which has the advantage of working over a shorter toe arm relative to other muscles. Your jaw bite can be a much as 2000 N per second. The Longest Muscle in Human Body The longest muscle in the human body is the sartorius muscle. The sartorius muscle isa muscle ofthe anterior hip and thigh group that is connected to the ilium and the tibia, The Busiest Muscle in the Human Body - The Eye Muscles ‘The busiest muscle in the human body is the eye muscles. The eye muscles are called extraocular muscles. ‘The extraocular muscles are small, strong and efficient. Humans have six extraocular muscles in each eye. These six muscles are constantly moving the eye in order to follow a target for a sharp distinct vision. The six extraocular muscles that rotates the eye vertically, horizontally and antero-posterior are: Inferior Rectus Superior Oblique Inferior Oblique Medial Reetus Lateral Rectus Superior Rectus So, the eyes muscles are the busiest muscles in humans. Other busy muscles are cardiac (heart) muscles and diaphragm (breathing) muscles since they work nonstop.my Skeletal System i es and bones. Found in cor inoderms and vertebrates, als, CRANIUM 0) HUMAN ENDOSKELETON {ee _- MANDIBLE + Divided into two main parts : Axial Skeleton ang “ Appendicular Skeleton, - A. AXIAL SKELETON (Total 80 bones) + Ie lies along the principal axis of the body, tt includes skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum, SKULL Skull consists of two main parts-cranium and face. Cranium (brain box) is formed by 8 bones and provides a bony protection for the brain. Face: There are 14 bones which form the skeleton of face. There are also present 6 ear ossicles in the skull. Another bone is hyoid, which is horse shoe shaped present in neck between lower jaw and sound bor (or larynx). It supports tongue. VERTEBRAL COLUMN + It isa string like vertebrae which lies in the mid dorsal line of the neck and trunk. It is made up of 33 vertebrae in which 26 bones are visible because five sacral vertebrae are fused to form one sacrum and four coccygeal vertebrae ate fused to form one coccyx. peed eke + Skeletal system constitutes hard internal or external living or non-living parts that form the supporting frame-work of body. + Ie is divided inte 2 parts: + Exoskeleton : It is hard, protective and supportive frame-work which is produced by ectoderm. It is present on the outside of the body (made of either dead tissues or It displays four curves to enhance balancing Power and firmness for up-right posture of body. biochemical secretion). Found in both invertebrates (shells of snails, corals etc.) and vertebrates (hair, nails, claws, hooves, ec), Endoskeleton : It is hard, supportive framework which is produced by mesoderm, Ie occurs inside the body and is made of 56 ‘The curvatures are cervical, thoracic, lumbar, pel (or sacral). ‘The vertebrae are grouped into five groups-cer! (7 bones), thoracic (12 bones), lumbar (5 bones) sacral (1 bone) and coccyx (1 bone). RIBS * Ribs are 12 pairs (12 x 2) of bony bars whithform the sides of chest cage. They protect the delicate organs (heart, lungs etc.) and provide surface for attachment of muscles concerned with respiratory mechanism, STERNUM (or Breast Bone) | Ieis a narrow, elongated and flattened structure present just under the skin in the middle of front of the chest. 3. APPENDICULAR (Total126 bones) « This skeleton lies laterally and is attached to axial skeleton at an angle. It is made up of girdles (pectoral and pelvic) and limb bones (forelimb and hindlimb). PECTORAL GIRDLE + Alsoknown as shoulder girdle. + Has 4 bones (two in each pectoral girdle). LIMB) BONES + Forelimbs : Consist of 60 bones «+ Humerus (2) : Upper arm * Radius (2) : Forearm + Ulna (2) : Forearm © Carpals (16 = 2 x 8) : Wrist + Metacarpals (10 = 2 x 5) + Palm «© Phalanges (28 = 2 x 14) : Finger + Hindlimbs : Consist of 60 bones «+ Femur (2) : Thigh (longest bone in the body) + Patella (2) Knee + Tibia (2) Shank + Fibula (2) : Shank (thinnest bone) SKELETON + Tarsals (14 = 2 x 7) :Ankle + Metatarsals (10 = 2 x 5): Sole + Phalanges (28 = 2x 14): Toes PELVIC GIRDLE Has 2 hip bones. DISEASES OF SKELETAL SYSTEM 1 Gout : Accumulation of uric acid crystals in. joints leading to painful movement. Swelling and inflammation of synovial membrane due to autoimmune reaction. location : In this case, the bones at the 1s are dislodged from their positions e.g. the ball of one bone may slip out of the socket. Hard tissue deposits over articular cartilage along with higher secretion of synovial fluid causing pain and stiffness that lead to rheumatoid arthritis. ‘Tearing of articular cartilage and development of bony lumps at places causing pain, stiffness and permanent bending lead to osteoarthrit yn of bone. > Osteitis is an inflamm: o Osteoporosis is loss of bone density due to » ‘excessive absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the bone. & Osteomyelitis is infection of bone.~ 8 Human Disease, |. BACTERIAL DISEASES TUBERCULOSIS + It is caused by the bacteria, mycobacterium tuberculosis, It causes infection in lungs where it produces a toxin called tuberculin that causes high fever, + BCG (bacillus-calmette-guerin) vaccine gives considerable protection against TB. DIPHTHERIA + Mainly from 2-5 yrs, but can also be in adults. Ie is caused by the bacteria, corynebacterium diphtheriae. It grows in the membranes of respiratory tract and blocks the respiratory passage resulting in difficult breathing + Can ultimately lead to death due to choking. *+ Babies should be immunized within first 6 weeks of their birth using DPT vaccine (Diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanus). WHOOPING COUGH (or Pertussis) + It is caused by the bacteria, Bacillus Pertussis. Te begins with mild fever and an irritating cough that gradually becomes paroxysmal (whooping). * The children can be immunized by the use of DPT vaccine. CHOLERA * Caused by the bacteria vibrio cholera. It is transmitted through contaminated food and water, + Symptoms of disease are vomiting, acute diarrhoea and muscular cramps, Dehydration and loss of minerals are the other symptoms. 58 DIARRHOEA + These area group of intestinal infectious din including the food poisoning. All these hay” common symptom of diarrhoea. + The pathogens responsible for these diseases, Escherichia coli, Shigella, Campylobacter: gy Salmonella. + Spreads through contaminated water, food e, LEPROSY (or Hansen’s disease) + Caused by a rod-shaped bacterium Mycobacteisn leprae. It is a chronic infection of the skin ard other tissues including nerves. ‘The symptoms include ulcers, nodules, scaly abs, deformities of fingers and toes and wasting o body parts. The infected part of the body becone senseless (benumbed). The disease spreads only after a long ani close contact with the patient (one of the least infectious of all infectious diseases) If symptoms occurs after more than one year the entry of bacteria into the body. TETANUS * It is caused by a motile bacteria, clostridius tetani, found in soil, dust, water, etc. The bactett enter the body through injured surfaces. Itske* about one-two weeks for bacteria to show fit symptoms, ‘The disease is characterised by painful contrt® of muscles usually of the neck and jaws follow! by the ‘paralysis of thoracic muscles. It * ease of the CNS. (also called lock ja*): * ATS (Anti- tetanus serum) is prescribedyy ppeuMONIA «Caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, « It is inflammatory disease characterised by sudden chiltchesrne te tapid shallow breathing andhighteamne” In this, the fluids collect in the reel = bronchioles due to which the lungs do no and sufficient air to support life. meen TYPHOID + Caused by Salmonella typhi which is Crumb Saiere found in the + Typhoid spreads through food, milk and water contaminated with intestinal discharges either directly or through flies and personal hygiene. + Main symptoms are high fever, headache, diarrhoea, gastrointestinal disorder’ like ulceration of intestine ex. PLAGUE + Plague is primarily a disease of rat, It is caused by rod shaped bacterium Pasteurella/Yersinea pestis which is an endoparasite of gut of rat flea, Xenopsylla cheopsis. Rat flea is an ectoparasite of rat. Its germs can also be transmitted from man by head louse and bed bug. « Plague is of 3 types - (@_ Bubonic Plagu which bacteria mul it is a blood disease in Jkiply in the blood stream wad localise in the lymph nodes, especially those of armpits, neck and groin. It is characterised by high fever, weakness, enlargement of lymph nodes, haemorrhages coach tara black The patient dies hereafir Hence, plague is also called black death. + Characterised by Ihiand lungs. It spreads (awithour rat flea) Pneumonic Plague haemorrhage of brome from human to human through droplets and fomites: @ by anemia, ch within 2 Gi) a’ ANTHRAX * Ieisam acute infectio ee tious disease caused by Bacillus Ttis most common pst common in agricultural regions where it cxcursin animal I most commonly ecarsin wid and domestic lower vertebrates (cattle, sheep, goat, camel and other herbivores) but it can also occur in humans when they are exposed to infected animals or tissues from infected animals. Anthrax infection can occur in three forms : cutaneous, inh: GONORRHOEA + By a bacteria, Neisseria gonorrhoea. It is jon and gastrointestinal. transmitted through sexual contact (Ie is an infection ofthe mucous membrane of the urinogenital wract). + Te may result in female sterility. SYPHILIS + Also a sexual disease caused by a bacteria, ‘Treponema palladium, transmitted through sexual contacts. Ul. VIRAL DISEASES MUMPS + Caused by a virus : Paramyxovirus, + Characterized by painful swelling of the salivary glands (particularly the parotid gland) accompanied with high fever, Due to this, the movement of the jaw becomes very difficult. In adults, the gonads (both testes and ovaries) may also become inflammed. MEASLES + Caused by the virus, rubella virus, It has 10°12 days incubation period. At the end of this period, the buccal and respiratory passage (mucous membranes) show signsof inflammation. There is loss of appetite and eruption occurson the skin. CHICKEN POX + By vericella-zoster virus, highly contagious, generally in chikdren less than 10 y'sPOLIOMYELITIS * Caused by the smallest known virus enterovirus. * The virus occurs only in man and it enters the body through contaminated food and water. It multiplies in the cells of intestinal wall and then the infection spreads through the blood stream and lymphatic system. + The virus mainly attacks the C.N.S. and destroy the cells of the dorsal horn of spinal cord. This results in the atrophy of the muscles of arms and legs as these muscles do not get the nerve impulses, + Ie usually leads to paralysis. INFLUENZA (or FLU) + Influenza is an acute respiratory tract infection caused by Influenza virus, Influenza viruses are classified within the family Orthomyxoviridae. * It spreads mainly from person to person by droplet infection or droplet nuclei created by sneezing, coughing or talking. + Influenza causes inflammation of upper respiratory tract, nose, throat and eyes. COMMON COLD + Caused by hi belongs to picornavirus group. ‘+ The viruses are transmitted through droplet nuclei, pharyngeal and nasal secretions. virus (‘rhino! means nose) which + Symptoms include headache, watery eyes, sneezing, excessive nasal secretions and cough. RABIES (Hydrophobia) + Caused by RNA virus called Rabies virus. The virus is neutrotrophic. i. e. damages motor neurons of brain. Rabies affects all warm blooded animals and is exclusively transmitted by the bites of carnivores. + It leads to encephalitis, fear of water (hence called hydrophobia), high fever, severe headache, spasm of throat and chest leading to death. Vaccine against rabies was developed by Louis Pasteur. HEPATITIS is viral infection of live © Hepatitis is the vir ‘ ete, accompanied by loss of appetite, nausea, w stool, but orange brown urine and jaundice w occur due to bilirubin released from dam eed ln cells. s + Hepatitis is of two types: (Hepatitis A (epidemic jaundice): Caused, hepatitis A virus (HAV). Its transm from person to person by faecaloral rg, Ic is benign and usually not fatal. Hepatitis B (Serum hepatitis) Caused j My hepatitis B virus (HBV). [, transmitted by transfusion of contaminate: blood and blood products. It may be chronic and is fatal. DENGUE FEVER + Ie is an acute tropical frequently epidemic viral disease of humans which is caused by RNA containing dengue virus. It is transmitted by the bite of female tiger mosquito Aedes aegyps during day time. + Two types of dengue fever are @ Classical dengue fever : More severe ix adults and characterised by mild conjunctivitis, high fever, backache, retre- orbital pain (pain behind the eye ball) etc (i) Dengue haemorrhagic fever : Fatal forn with nausea, headache, vomitting, abdominal painete. YELLOW FEVER * Caused by arbovirus. It is a haemorrhagic disease transmitted by the infected Aedes aegypti- * Symptoms are headache, fever, vomitting, rupts® of veins in kidneys, spleen, liver, etc. In seve cases, the skin of the sufferer becomes yello# from jaundice, hence the name yellow fever. Ill PROTOZOAN DISEASES MALARIA * By a protozoan, Plasmodium. There are se¥@ species of Plasmodium with different periods“! incubation 60,, Plasmodium vivax «Causes benign tertiary malaria, «Incubation period is 13-15 days, + Fever recurrs after every 48 hours, Plasmodium malariae + Causes quartan malaria, «Incubation period is 28-30 days, « Fever recurrs after every 72 hours, Plasmodium falciparum + Causes malignant tertiary malaria. Incubat period is 12 days. von + Affects brain and recurs every 36 hours. It is usually fatal. 4- Plasmodium ovate + Causes mild tertiary malaria. + Recurrs after every 48 hours, Incubation period is 14 days. + Disease spreads by certain species of Anopheles mosquito (only female anopheles). «Life cycle of Plasmodium is completed in 2 hosts 1. Man + Primary Host 2.F. Anopheles: Secondary Host + After incubation period, temperature of body rises with a feeling of chill, signs of headache and nausea, Then temperature falls (symptom : sweating). The above symptoms are repeated after every fixed hrs. depending upon the species. + Certain fishes like Cat fish, Gambusia and aquatic birds eat mosquito larvae. ' Quinine, product of Cinchona tre, isadministered for Malaria. KALA AZAR (Leishmaniasis) * Caused by Leishmania donovani. It is spread by sand fly (Phlebotomus) and characterised by enlarged spleen and liver with high fever. * Kala azar is also known as dum-dum fever. GIARDIASIS ; * Caused by Giardia intestinalis (first meee protozoan known). It inhabits upper Part ° mall intestine duodenum and jejuni) * Characterised by mild diarrhoea involving, passe of pale, bulky, foul , smelling and greasy St 61 TRYPANOSOMIASIS : Caused by different species of Trypanosoma. ae disease is Gambian fever or West African sleeping sickness, the vector of which is Tse-tse fly, AMOEBIASIS (Amoebie dysentry or Enteritis) + Caused by Entamoeba histolytica. + Characterised by abdominal pain, alternating diarrhoea and constipation, stool with blood, mucous and mucous membrane pieces. IV. HELMINTHIC DISEASES ASCARIASIS + Caused by Ascaris lumbricoides (Vector : Cockroach and Flies) + Symptoms are weakness, anaemia, diarrhoea, vomitting etc. FILARIASIS + Caused by Wucheria bancrofti. Transmitted by female Culex mosquito. + Also called Elephantiasis - due to enlargement of body parts like legs. + Symptoms include fever, proliferation of endothelial cells and deposition in the walls of lymph vessels resulting in swelling of affected parts. TAIENIASIS + Caused by Taenia solium (or pork tapeworm). ‘Transmitted by pig. + Symptoms are abdominal pain, indigestion, voriteing, constipation, anorexia (loss of appetite) and nervous disorder. EEMinerals & Vitamins THEM INTRODUCTION TO MINERALS AND WHY WE NEED KEY Both. d r Fin the diet in small quantities and so they are often grouped togethe, + Both vitamins and minerals are essential in the diet in sm: as micronutrients, oman + Minerals also called mineral elements, are those elements other than carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen that are found in the body. These minerals are derived from the breakdown of the rocks of the E: wren Soins particular area, the minerals present in the local water depend on the underlying geology, arth's crust which are then dissolved in Plants take up the water through their roots and if those plants are used as food for people or animals, then the minerals enter their bodies. Animals are able to concentrate minerals in their tissues so human foods of animal origin often contain a higher concentration than food obtained from plants. + Minerals are also taken in through drinks. Minerals are needed in only small quantities in the diet, though some of them accumulate to a significant degree, for example, there is around 1 kg of calcium in the average human body. * For most minerals, it is possible to identify their roles in the body, although some have, as yet, no known function. POINTS ABOUT MINERALS 1 Certain minerals are required in the body. 2. Some minerals form essential structural components of tissues. For example, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium compounds are major components of bones and teth, Fluoride is aaa important in protecting teeth 3 Sodium, potassium, calcium and chloride fons are important in maintaining the correct composition of cells an of the tissue fluids around chem (homeostasis). These same ions are also involved incon enone ahetecet cells in particular the rapid transfer of signals along n is colin pariular dl id transfer of signals along nerve cells and in the brain, ‘They also play a part i" ‘The correct fluid balance is also essential for normal functioning of the bod: ody, Tap water and not just mineral water contains minerals, 62ww KEY TION TO VITAMINS poDuc AND WHY TI |, There are two main groups of vitamins: oe (A) fat-soluble vitamins (B) water-soluble vita |. The body can store fat-soluble vitamins, body in the | Vitamins are, however, needed in only very small quantities. but any excess water- ine, a0 regular intake is necesery soluble vitamins are easily removed from the + The daily requirement of certain vitamins is much les: is much less than 1 my thousand ram), an qmesvred in micrograms pr day, writen sng ps dys whee ge cnevhonemihof llr, «The values for the daily requirements of vitamins are regularly updated as more information becomes available. POINTS ABOUT VITAMINS 1 Vitamins A, D, E and K are fat-soluble and the remaining are water-soluble. 2 Adequate amounts of vitamins are required, many on a regular basis, though some can be stored. 5 A balanced diet should provide the necessary amounts of particular care to ensure an adequate intake of all of them. mins, but people on a restricted diet need to take 4, Deficiency diseases can occur when vitamins are absent or in short supply. 5 Water-soluble vitamins are easily lost during cooking and are destroyed by exposure to air and light, so care is needed in food preparation to preserve them. Name Fat-soluble vitamins RNI values for adults per day Main dietary sources Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K Water-soluble vitamins} ‘Thiamin (vitamin B) Riboflavin (vitamin B,) 0.6 mg for women; 0.7 mg for mn 0.01 mg (10 ig) for certain groups, e.g. pregnant women, those who rarely go outside, etc. 3 mg for women; 4 mg for men 0.07 mg(70 Hg), oF 1 Hg per kg of body weight 0,8 mg for women; 1 mg for men amg for womens 13 mg for men 63 Liver, Cheese, Eggs, Butter, Oily fish (such as mackerel), Milk, Fortified margarine, Yoghurt Oily fish, Liver, Eggs, Margarine, Some breakfast cereals, Bread, Powdered milk Plant oils (such as soya, corn and olive oil), Nuts, Seeds, Wheat germ, Some green leafy vegetables (such as broccoli and spinach), Vegetable oils, Cereals; Small amounts can also be found in meat (such as pork)and dairy foods (such as cheese) Pork, Vegetables, Milk, Cheese, Peas, Fresh and dried fruit, Eggs, Wholegrain breads, some fortified breakfast cereals Milk, Eggs, Fortified Breakfast cereals, Rice, Mushrooms.Niacin (vitamin B,) Vitamin B,(pyridoxine) Folate (Folic acid, Vitamin B,) Vitamin B,, (cobalamin) Pantothenic acid (vitamin B) Biotin (vitamin H) Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) 1 mg for women; 17 mg for men 1.2:mg for women; 1.4 mg for men 0.2. mg, but 0.4 mg extra for women who are, or plan to be, pregnant 0015 mg (15g) none given - should be sufficient in normal diet o.oroamg especially dried mixed fruit 4omg Beef, Pork, Chicken, Wheat flour, Mai Flour, Eggs, Milk Liver, Pork, Chicken, Turkey, Cod, Bread, Whole cereals (such as oatmes, wheat germ and rice), Eggs, Vegetables, Soybeans, Peanuts, Milk, Potatoes, Breakfast cereals Broccoli, Sprouts, Spinach, Peas, Chickpeas, Potatoes, Yeast extract, Brown rice, Some fruit (such as oranges and bananas),Breakfast Cereals, Some bread Meat (particularly liver), Salmon, Cod, Milk, Cheese, Eggs, Yeast extract, Some breakfast cereals Chicken, Beef, Potatoes, Porridge, Tomatoes, Liver, Kidneys, Eggs, Broccoli, Wholegrains (such as brown rice and wholemeal bread), Some breakfast cereals Meat (such as kidney and liver), Eggs and Some fruit and vegetables, Wide variety of fruit and vegetables, especially peppers, broccoli, sprouts, sweet potatoes, cranberries, citrus fruits, kiwi fruit, Table: Vitamins essential for human health, reference nutrient intake (RNID values taken from the UK Food Standards Agency welfsite and the main dietary sources of thesq vitamins.| 20 | ion ata fairly constant growing pepe level by various means. Man, in spite of his scientific Populat; nowledge has nor been able to check the Problems due to over population are increa social unrest, destruction of for ‘Obl rests, problems ofsanitation, large families suffer man i 'Y problems in r includes use of contraceptives, surgical carer ae education, employment etc. Population control ‘ctomy and tubectomy). + Vasectomy is cutting and tying of vas deferens in man 2 Tubectomy is cutting and tying of fallopian tube in female, Limiting the family is advantageous to the individual as well as to the society. 1 Two renewable resources for the mankind, Forest and soil. 1 Two non-renewable resources for the mankind, Minerals and Petroleum. 3 The total number of individuals of a species found in a particular area at a given time. Population density. 4 A method of fertility control in males. Vasectomy. 5 A method of fertility control in females. Tubectomy. Il Complete the following 1 Pregnancy can be avoided by using Contraceptive pills. The addi Minimum age of marriage for boys is 21 years and for girls is 18 years. .s Inverted red triangle. hhile food production increases in arithmetic ratio. n of new individuals to the population from other localities is called Immigration. a 3 4 Family planning’s popular sign is 5 Population increases in Geometric ratio w! 6 Non-conventional energy includes Tidal. II] Distinguish between the following Population Densit: It is the total number of individuals in 4 Population Explosion Te is the phenomenon of rapid increase of population. iven geographic region at a time: Emigration Immigration 2 population due to It is the addition of individuals to * Te is the decreas outgoing individuals. 65Quick Revision Before Examination ne COMMON FRUITS AND THEIR EDIBLE PARTS FRUITS TYPE OF FRUITS EDIBLE PARTS 4 Apple, Pear Pome Fleshy thalamus Mesocarp 2 Banana Berry Cashewnut a cotyledons, fleshy thalamus 4 Coconut drupe Tiguid endosperm _ 6. Date palm berry fleshy pericarp 7. Fig syconus fleshy thalamus 8 Jack fruit sorosis bracts, perianth & seeds a Grapes berry ~_pericarp & placenta . 1, Gua berry thalamus & pericarp Litchi ne fleshy aril 2 Wheat, Maize earyopsis starchy endosperm 3. Mango drupe mesocarp 4 Pea, Gram legume cotyledons 1%. Orange hesperidium juicy placentae 16, Papaya berr mesocarp 17. Pineapple sorosis bracts, receptacles. 18. Pomegranate balausta juicy seed coat 19, __ Strawberry etario-achenes fleshy thalamus 20, Tomato berry pericarp & placenta 2. Mustard siligua seed DIFFERENT BRANCHES OF SCIENCE Branch Concerning Field ‘Agronomy Science dealing with Crop Plants Angiology Deals with the Study of Blood Vascular System Anthology Study of Flowers Anthropology Study of Apes and Man Apiculture Honey Industry (Bee Keeping) Araneology ‘Study of Spiders Argastology Study of grass Batracology Study of Frogs Biochemistry Deals with the Study of Chemical Reactions in Relation to Life Activities Biotechnology Deals with the use of Micro-organism in Commercial Processes for Producing fine Chemicals such as Drugs, Vaccines, Hormones, etc on @ large Scale. 66 ed6 «& & # # Cardiology Craniology Cytology Dermatology Ecology Entomology Etiology Eugenics related with Future Generations Evolution Exobiology Floriculture Geology Genetics Gerontology Gynaecology Horticulture Haematology Hepatology Immunology Infection Mycology Myology Nephrology Neurology Obstetrics Ophthalmology Ornithology Osteology Palaeontology Pedology Pathology Phycology Physiology Pisiculeure Pomology Sericuleure Serpentology Taxonomy Virology Study of Heart Study of Skulls Study of Cells Study of Skin ‘The Study of Relationship between Organisms and Environment Study of Insects Study of cause of Disease Study of improvement of human race by applying laws of heredity. eis Deals with the Study of Origin of new from old Deals with Life or Possibilities of life beyond the earth Study of Flower Yielding Plants Study of Condition and Structure of the Earth Study of heredity and Variations Study of Growing Old Study of Female Reproductive Organ Study of Garden Cultivation Study of Blood Study of Liver Science which deals with the Study of Resistance of Organisms against Study of Fungi Study of Muscles Study of Kidneys Study of Nervous System Branch of Medicine Dealing with Pregnancy Study of Eyes Study of Birds Study of Bones Study of Fossils Study of Soils Study of Disease causing Organisms Study of Algae Science dealing with the Study of Functions of Various Pats of O Study of Fish Study of Fruits Sille Industry (Culture of Silk Moth and Pupa) Study of Snakes Study of Classification of Organisms Study of Virus irganisms 67At a glance - Cutaneous respiration ulmonary respiration Earthworm respires through # Mammals respires through lung Fish respires through gills. Frog respires through both skin & Lungs. Fish does not sink is water due to the presence of swim bladder . Largest fish : Shark Electric generating fish - Torpedo Largest creature on earth - Blue whale Largest baby producing mammal - Blue whale Largest terrestrial organisms -African elephant Smallest Creature on Earth- PPLO (pleuro pneumonia like organism) also called joker of animal kingdom, Largest life span in animal - Tortoise (350-450 years) Shortest life span in animal- May fly (day) Hibernation - Winter sleep by cold blooded animals. Aestivation - Summer sleep by cold blooded animals. King cobra is the only snake which makes its nest . Largest poisonous snake - King cobra Largest snake - Python Most poisonous snake - Sea snake (dragon) Poison of snake is called venom. Venom is of two types 1. Neurotoxic - Affects nervous system (Brain & Spinal cord) eg. Cobra 2. Chemotoxic - Affect circulatory system (Lungs, Heart & Blood) Eg. Viper, sea-snake Medicine given after snake bite is called anti-venom. Medicine given after consuming poison is called antidote. Hydra is the only animal which does not contains blood but respires . Horse shoe crab-~ Blue Colour blood is used in testing of the safety of pharmaceutical drugs, Guinea pig is the species of rat which is widely used in scientific. ‘experiment. Saffron is obtained from stigma of flower. Cloves is obtained from buds of flower. Cinnamon is obtained from bark of the tree. Quinine (medicine of malaria) - obtained from the bark of cinchona tree. Some plant liberate oxygen is night - Banyan tree ‘The estimation of the age of tree is called Dendrology . A tree's age can be found by counting the number of annual rings. ‘Transfer of pollen from the anther to the sigma is called pollination. Food is stored in leaves in Onion & Garlic, The smell of onion & garlic is due to the presence of sulphur ‘compound .—— nee |, Pleat hormone is called phytohormones, ‘Auxin - Helps in growth, oe ten G@ —_Crrokinin- Responsible for rl (i) Abscisic acid - Responsible of germination of seed ( _Aeetylene/ Ethylene Ripening of frie. . Afer ripening of fruits they become ‘ ee | World largest tree = sequoia (gymnosperm) «Largest leaf - Victoria regia Largest flower - Rafflesia World most fragrant flower - orchids + Largest fruit - jackfrait + World largest seed - Lodoicea «+ Largest ovule - Cycas + Largest grass - Bamboo « Fastest growing grass - Bamboo & Elephant grass «The world fastest growing water plant - water hyacinth + The organism at the base of the grazing food chain are producers. + Amphibians in plant kingdom - Bryophyte Uncontrolled cell division causes cancer Test of cancer - Biopsy Test of AIDS - ELISA & western blot test Test of plague -Wayson's Stain test Test of tuberculosis - Mentos test Test of typhoid - Widal test Test of cholestrol - Lipid profilé test No. of muscles in human body - 639-709 ‘Approx sove of human weight is due it the weight of the muscle * Strongest muscle: Jaw muscle + Weakese muscle: Bye muscle (lary muscle “weak ineye) . Largest muace: Hip muscle also known as gareus TAS * Smallest muscle: Ear muscle Muscle fatigue: Pain, cramp 4 * Tendon connects muscle to bone. * Ligament connects bone to bone- * Sodium (Na) salt- Helps in nerve function: ue to deposition of lactic acid. 69* Potassium (K)- fruits; Helps in nerve function. + Chlorine -(Cl) - salt -formation of HCI jhelps in digestion. + Jodine (I) -salt, seafood ; thyroxin (hormones)-controls Basic Metabolic Rate. (BMR); Deficiency- Goitre + Magnesium -( Mg )- green leafy vegetables ; Muscle function. * Zinc (Zn) -Fenugreek, mango, Bitter gourd ; formation of insulin hormone. * Calcium (Ca) - milk, cereals - formation of Bones & teeth & clotting of blood. + Fluorine (F )- Tooth paste- Prevention of dental decay. + Iron ( Fe)- fruits, vegetables - Formation of haemoglobin, Deficiency-Anaemia, Excess-Siderosis + Balanced Diet - 2200 cal - 3000 cal/day * Carbohydrate = 7390 glucose ; energy + Carbohydrates are compound of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. + Protein = 159e- Amino acid ; growth & maintenance. + Vitamins & minerals ; race amount. + Roughage - salad, leafy vegetables; ‘ous food- cellulose. + Water- up to 5 Its/day * Glucose - simplest carbohydrate * Glucose provides instant energy * Brain cell consume only glucose. Approx. 80% glucose & oxygen is consumed by brain cell only. + The sweetness in fruit is due to presence of fructose. + Fructose is the representative unit of carbohydrate. eg. Honey + The sweetness in grains is due of the presence of Maltose + Sweetest sugar (carbohydrate) - Sucrose is present in sugar cane juice. + Sweetness is milk is due to the presence of Lactose. + Mother's milk contains 79 Lactose, * The 96 of water present is maximum in mother's mill. * Mother's milk contains more lipids & less fat as in cow milk also. * Milk is known as complete diet because all nutritive components are present except Iron & vit.c * The white color of milk is due to the presence of lassine protein * The yellow colour of cow milk is due to the presence of riboflavin (vit. Bz) or beta carotene. * Tea & coffee contain caffeine. * Overboiling or reboiling of tea becomes bitter due to the presence of tannin. * Tobacco contain nicotine. * The colour of Hennas (mehandi) is due to the presence of protein & amino acid, * Building block of protein - Amino acid * There are 20 amino acid found in the human body & the rest 10 are obtained from outside. Eg: Soya bean is the richest source of protein.Bones SKELETAL SYSTEM - NUMBER OF BONES IN HUMAN BODY Sees NUMHER OF BONES TOTAL Cranial bones 1 1 Ethmoid bone, 1 Frontal bone, 1 Occipital bone, 2 Parietal bones, 1 Sphenoid bone and 2 Temporal bones. a 3 jal bones 2 Inferior Nasal Conchae, 2 Lacrimal bones, t Mandible, 2 Maxillae, 2 Nasal bones, 2 Palatine bones, 1 Vomer and 2 Zygomatic bones. 4 4 Ear Ossicles (bones) Malleus (Hammer), Incus (Anvil) and Stapes (Stirrup). jin eachear 6 Hyoid bone ji fi Cervical vertebrae 7 7 Thoracic vertebrae 2 2 Lumbar vertebrae 5 5 Clavicle 1in each shoulder girdle 2 Humerus tineach arm 2 Radius tin each arm 2 Ulna tin each arm 2 Carpals 8ineacharm 16 Metacarpals sineacharm 10 s 14 ineach arm 28 Hip bone 1ineach leg 2 Femur tineach leg 2 Patella tin. eachleg 2 Tibia tin each ley 2 : Tarsals Tin each leg “ Metatarsals sin each leg 10 1g in each le B Total Number of Bones 206 71Important Facts About Human Body: Ce ee a ve Longest Bone Smallest Bone Largest. Gland Largest Endocrine Gland Longest Cell Largest Artery Largest vein Longest Nerve Largest. Muscles Smallest Muscles Maximum Power of Regeneration Minimum Power of Regeneration Largest Organ Busiest Organ Smallest Endocrine Gland Volume of Blood Normal Blood Pressure Life span of RBC No. of RBC in Male No. of RBC in Female No. of WBC No. of Platelets % of Haemoglobin in Male % of Hemoglobin in Female Universal Donor Blood group Universal Acceptor group Body Temperature Rate of Breathing Weight of Brain No. of Cranial Nerves No. of Spinal Nerves Rate of Heartbeats PH of Stomach PH of Urine PH of Blood PH of Pancreatic Juice Total No. of Bone Total No. of Muscles PH of Saliva pH of Bile NR Femur (Thigh bone) Stapes Liver Thyroid gland Neuron Aorta Venacava (Interior) Sciatic Gluteus Maxeimus Stapedius Liver Neuron Skin Heart Pituitary Gland 5-6 litre 120/80 mmhg 120 Days 5 to 5.5 mill/mm3 45 to 5 mill/mm3 5,000 to 10,000/mm3 200000 to 400000/mm3 14-16 g/100 cc 12-14 g/100 ce ° AB 98.4 F 16 to 20/min 1400 gm 1 pairs 31 pairs Perrin 4 © ” 85 206 (Male) 208 (Female) &% R wI mportant Questions teeth and bones acquire strength and rigidity from (a) Calcium (B) Fluorine (C) Chlorine (D) Sodium The type of tail found in Shark is (a) Protocercal — (B) Homocercal (C) Heterocercal (D) Diphycercal The Sigmoid Colon is a part of (a) Small Intestine (B) Stomach (C) Large Intestine (D) lleum Which of the following plant pigment: absorb in red and far-red region of light? (A) Carotenoids (B) Chlorophyll (C) Phytochrome (D) Cryptochrome The process through which excess of light energy is dissipated in photosynthesis is know as (A) Quenching (B) Scavenging (C) Photolysis (0) Photophosphorylation AIDS virus destroys (A) Lymphocytes (B) Monocytes (C) Neutrophils —_(D) Basophils Which bacterial strain developed from natural isolates by genetic manipulations can be used for treating oil spills? (A) Pseudomonas (B) Agrobacterium (C) Clostridium —_(D) Nitrosomonas Coating of solid waste with impervious material is known as (A) Encapsulation (8) Chemical fixation (C) Landfill (0) Capping . ; Thiamine dimer formation 17 DNA is caused by (A) IR- rays (B) X-rays (C) Bandyrays — (D) UV-FAYS ayn In plant-water relationships, is used to represent (A) Solute potential (8) Osmosis {C) Osmotic pressure (D) Water potential re 11 12. 19 20. 21. A molecul hemoglobin in animale ig Pare i eee (8) Carotene ochrom er (D) Cellulose (A) the stimulus for Antibody formation (B) the residue of an Antibody (C) the result of Antibody (D) the opposite of Antibody Blood does not coagulate inside the body due to the presence of (A) Heparin (8) Fibrin (C) Plasma (D) Hemoglobin Leech is an ectoparasite on cattle, which is (A) Sanguinivorous (8) Herbivorous (C) Carnivorous (D) Omnivorous How many chambers does a mammalian heart have? (A) 2 (B) 3 (4 1 is a necessary mineral for clotting of blood. (A) Calcium (B) Potassium (C) Iron (C) Zinc The energy released during cellular respiration is stored in (a) ATP (B) glucose (C) NADPH2 (D) lungs Water potential remains lowest in (A) Water plants (B) Woody plants {C) Succulents (D) Halophytes The free living bacterium in the soil which increases the yield of rice is (A) Rhizobium ——_(B) Azotobacter (C) Acetobacter (D) Anabaena The human body's largest blood vessel is (A) Pulmonary artery (B) Aorta (C) Renal artery (D) Coronary artery . In human body, which one of the following hormones regulates blood calcium and phosphate?22 23. 24, 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. (A) Glucagon (8) Growth hormone (C) Parathyroid hormone (D) Thyroxine How do most insects respire? (A) Through skin (B) Through gills (C) By tracheal system ({D) By lungs: Complete hydrolysis of cellulose gives (A) D-fructose (B) L-glucose (C) D-glucose (D) L-fructose Each body segment of Earthworm is called (A) Proglottid (B) Metamere (C) Scolex (D) Rostellum ‘The curcumin is isolated from (A) Garlic (B) Turmeric (C) Sunflower (D) Rose flower ¢ lipids of chill-sensitive plants contain low proportion of saturated fatty acids. low proportion of unsaturated fatty acids. equal proportion of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. (D) high proportion funsaturated fatty acids. Respiration is regarded as a (A) Synthetic Process (B) Catavolic Process (C) Anabolic Process (D) Reduction Process The structure which helps in the nutrition of the E.abryo is (A) Yolk sac (B) Amniotic membrane (C) Crypts (D) Placenta Conglobate gland is a leaf like structure found in (A) Female Cockroach (B) Male Cockroach (C) Male Ascaris (D) Female Ascaris Exobiology is a science that deals with (A) Extinct form (B) Life in other planets (C) Life in outer space (D) Life in marine habitat 31, 32. 33. 34, 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. The science of Dacty! know as (A) Carbon dating (B) Water printing (C) Finger printing (D) Electro cardiogram Which one of the flowing parts of the human brain is the regulating centre fer swallowing and vomiting? (A) Cerebellum (B) Cerebrum (C) Medulla Oblongata (D) Pons Which one of the following animals is devoid lateral like sense organ? (A) Labeo (B) Catla (C) Sea horse (D) Magur The tissue in men where no cell division occur? (A) Skeletal (B) Nerves (C) Connective (D) Germinal The source of oxygen generated during photosynthesis is (A) H,0 (8) Co, (C) chlorophyll (D) mesophyll cell Which of the following element is associated with teeth disorder (A) Chlorine (8) Bromine (C) Fluorine (D) Iodine Which of the following cell produce antibodies? (A) Eosinophils —_(B) Monocytes (C) Basophils (D) Lymphocytes The vitamin that helps in clotting of blood (A) A (8) D ( B OK At very high altitude, the RBC in the human body will (A) increase in size (8) decrease in size (C) increase in number (D) decrease in number The metal present chlorophyll is (A) Cu Ha ne Zn iS roe worm is human parasite found im we (8) Liver II Intestine ‘a stomach (D) Large Intestine ography is commonlys 32, what is the number of chromoson normal human body cell? (B) 44 a 8 ; i 4 (D) 46 carbohydrate is stored in body ay (a) Glucose (8) Starch ic) Glycogen (D) Sucrose process of digestion is helped by (a) Enzyme (8) Hormone (C) Mineral (D) Vit Which organ excretes \ various catabolic wastes? min ater, fats and (a) Kidney (B) Skin (C) Spleen (D) Sal glands The World Ozone Day is ted on {a) September 18" (B) March 12° (C) September 16% (D) March 10> The largest cell in human body is (A) Nerve cell (B) Muscles cell (C) Liver cell (D) Kidney cell Which of the following is called body builder ” {A) Protein (B) Carbohydrate {C) Vitamin (D) Fats Taenia soltum (Tape worm) lives as parasites in (A) Pig (B) Abdomen of human (C) Intenstine of human (D) Liver of human Which of the following is not a component of chlorophyll ? (A) Hydrogen (B) Magnesium {C) Carbon (D) Calcium Thalassemia is a hereditary disease which affects? (A) Blood (B) Spleen (C) Lungs (D) Heart Which of the following makes the skin layer impervious to water and air {A) collagen (B) melanin (C) keratin (D) chitin Which of the following is associated with blood pressure? (A) Liver (B) Testis (©) Pancreas _—_{D) Adrenal Gland Respiration is a process (A) oxidation (B) reduction {C) hydrolytic (D) amination 63. EE Which one of the fo! Mowin, synthesized by liver > ae (A) Vitamin AB) Vitamin D ©) Vitamin E (D) Vitamin K he age of tree can be determined more or less by (A) counting number of branches (B) counting number of rings (C) measuring the diameter (D) measuring the height Which one of the following does not te any digestive enzyme? (B) Salivary glands (C) Glands of Small Intestine (D) Pancreas Jaundice is a disease of (A) Kidney (B) Liver (C) Pancreas (D) Thyroid Gland What is the Normal Blood Volume in human adult? (A) One litre (B) Three litres (C) Five litres (D) Seven Litres Universal recipient belongs to group (a) AB 60 (C) B (DA In which vertebrate, oxygenated and deoxygenate blood gets mixed? (A) Fish (B) Amphibians (C) Birds (D) Mammals In biology, water soluble substances are referred to as (A) hydrodynamic (B) hydrophobic (C) hydrophilic (D) hydrokinetic Amoeba acquired its food through the process of (A) Exocytosis and endocytosis (B) Exocytosis (C) Endocytosis {D) Plasmolysis Female Anopheles mosquito is the factor of (A) Malaria (B) Filariasis {C) Dengue fever (D) Yellow fever The animal association seen in sucker fish attached to a shark is (A) Neutralism (8) Mutualism {C) Commensalism (D) Parasitism66. o7. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. Which among, the following is symbiotic 76. fixing bacteria? (A) Azotobacter (B) Xanthomonas (C) Pseudomonas (D) Rhizobium The type of root formed in Betel vine is (A) Stilt Root (B) Clinging Root {C) Climbing Root (D) Prop Root Chromosomes are made up of Nitrogen 77. 78. (A) DNA (B) Protein (C) DNA and Protein (D) RNA Jersey bull used for cross breeding is an exotic variety from (A) England (B) France (C) Holland (D) Switzerland Which of the following symbiotic associations forms a lichen? (A) An algae and a fungus (8) An algae and bryophyte (C) A bacterium and a fungus (0) A bacterium and a gymnosperm Daltonism (Protanopia) is the form of 79. colour blindness in which the patient cannot see (A) Green colour (C) Blue colour (D) All the above colour In which Eco-system Grassland is (B) Red colour I 80. included? (A) Marine (B) Fresh water (C) Terrestrial (D) Artificial Name the tiny pores present on the surface of leav-s in plants. (A) Pits (B) Stomata (C) Trichomes _(D) Hydathodes Rinderpest disease of Cattle is caused by 81+ (A) Insects (8) Bacteria (C) Virus {D) Protozoa The plant that behave as a root parasite is (A) Ficus (8) Santalum 82. (C) Cuscuta (D) Euphorbia 76 ‘The largest White Blood Corpuscle is (A) Lymphocyte (B) Monocyte (C) Thrombocyte (D) Erythrocyte Which of the following does not act both as an exocrine gland and as an endocrine glarid? (A) Pituitary (8) Pancreas (C) Testis (D) Ovary Match correctly the Nutrient deficiency given in List-I with the diseases caused by the deficiency given in List-II List-I List-ID (a) Iodine (i) Macrocytic anaemia (b) Iron (ii) Pernicious anaemia (c) Niacin (iii) Goitre (@) Vitamin B,, (iv) Pellagra fa) ® () @ (A) (iv) (ii) (i) (ii) (B) (i) (iii) (ii) (iv) (C) Gi) (iv) (iii) (D) (iii) (i) (iv) (ii) Which one of the following group of gases contribute to the "Green House Effect" Carbon dioxide and Methane Ammonia and Ozone Carbon monoxide and Sulphur dioxide Carbon tetraflouride and Nitrous oxide Which of the following series is true about energy flow in an ecosystem? (A) Producer+Decomposers> Consumers (8) Decomposers> Consumers — Producer (C) Producer->Consumers-> Decomposers (D) Consumers Producer > Decomposers Which of the following three R's are regards as environment friendly? (A) Reduce, Rebuild, Restrict. (B) Random, Reduce, Recall. (C) Read, Register, Recall. (D) Reduce, Reuse, Recycle. A cellulosic wall is found in the cells of (A) animals (B) bacteria (C) fungi (D) plantsa. 84. 85. 86. 87, 89. 90. a1. 92. ‘The filtration unit of kidney in (A) axon (1) nephron (C) neuron (D) yellow fiber The nutritive tiamue in the aeeda of higher plants is known an (A) hypocotyl (8) embryo (C) endosperm — (D)_ nucetlun Yeast iv an important source of (A) vitamin 1 (8) inve (c) vitamin C (D) protein What is a neuron ? (A) Basic unit of energy (B) Particle released during radionctivity (C) The anti-particle of neutron (D) Basic unit of nervous system Match correctly the infectious agents given in List I with the diseases caused by them given in List Il List I a. Bacterium b. Fungus ue List It 1, Kala-azar 2. Tuberculosis c, Protozoan 3. Influenza d. Virus 4, Ringworm (A) a1, b2,0-4,4-3 (B) 0-2, b-4,c-1,d-3 (C) 0-3, b-1,¢-2,d-4 (D) a4, b-2,c-3, del Enzymes are (A) Steroids (B) Carbohydrates (C) Proteins (D) Lipids ‘The depletion of Ozone layer is mainly due to (A) Volcanic eruptions (B) Aviation fuels (C) Radioactive rays (D) Chlorofluorocarbons The main advantage of Rain Water Harvesting (RWH) is (A) Recharge ground water (B) Avoid floods {C) Reduce the loss of water (D) Avoid soil erosion Eutrophication increases due to increase in ; (4) BOD (8) industrialisation (C) DOB (D) soil erosion Genomic (DNA) studies in camel have been completed recently by the scientists of (A) South Africa (B)_ India (C) China (D) Pakistan o4 96 97. 98. 99. 100. 101 71 Which of the following is an endangered species? (A) Black buck (B) Blue sheep (C) Gangetic dolphin (D) Mithun: Which of the following endocrine gland is situated in the neck? (A) Pancreas (B) Thyroid (C) Pituitary (D) Adrenals ‘The seat of intelligence is situated is the (A) Cerebrum (B) Cerebellum (C) Medulla Oblengata (D) Thaiamus Match correctly the crops listed in List I with the diseases affecting them given in List Il List I List (Crops) (Diseases) a, Paddy 1. Downy mildew b. Wheat 2. Blast c. Mustard 3. Red rot d, Sugarcane 4. Rust (A)a-1, b-2, ¢-4,d-3 (B)a-3, b-1, ¢-2,d-4 (C)a-2, b-4, c-1,d-3 {D) 0-4, b-2, ¢-3, d-1 A plant with green leaves viewed in red light will appear (A) Black (B) Green (C) Red (D) Violet Which one of the following is the most stable ecosystem? (A) Desert (B) Mountain (C) Ocean (D) Forest Which of the following is a biodegradable pollutant? (A) Dye effluent —_(B) Bleaching effluent (C) Sewage (D) Heavy metals The concentration of pollutants in atmosphere are generally expressed in (A) parts per million (B) parts per billion {C) kilogram per square metre {D) parts per trillion Which gland in the human body regulates the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland? (A) Hypothalamus gland (8) Thymus gland (C) Thyroid gland (D) Adrenal gland{aint worn out ced blood corpuscles 112, SUCH an noo (8) Liver sayeth (D) Bone marrow 113. wa sottarnation wall ead (6 wibiceting (BP inbreeding ww) fate Divevting (DO) overbreeding TO Hoatrapomios is a method of culture of AES WATROULE Cesta. iH) water (D) sand cen heterotrophic plants of sstout ate (8) mosses ID) alg tL with List Hand choose the exponse 114. a Vitamin 8 1. Pyridoxine Thiamine da dl bacld-2 hone of the following is correctly hed? Primary consumer - Le Secondary consumer {C) Decomposer - Bacteria 117. 107. (D) Producer - Deer 119, 108. Lactogenic hormone is secreted by iA) Prtuitan glands (B) Mammary glands 120. \C) Placenta (D) Ovary ~ 109. An organism which can monitor air pollution is tA) Fungi (B) Bacteria 121 AC) Lichen (D) Algae . 110. In the human body, which of the following organs is responsible for water balance? iA) Lungs (B) Heart 123, (C) Liver (D) Kidneys ° 111, Chlorophyll containing autotrophic thallophytes is called as {A) Bryophytes —(B) Algae (C) Lichens (D) Fungi 78 115. YW. Riboflavin te 118. 123. Phototropic movement is controlled by (A) Ethylene (B) Auxin (C) Gibberellin (DB) Cytokinin Match correctly the insect vectors in List with the disease transmitted by then given in List [1 List I List I a, Anopheles (female) 1. Kala-azar b Culex 2. Sleeping sickness c. Sand fly 3. Filariasis a Tse-tse fly 4. Malaria (A) a-4,b-3, c-1,d-2 (B) a-1,b-4, c-2,d-3 (C) a-2, b-1, c-4,d-3 (D) a-3, bY, c-1,d-2 Chlorophyll contains (A) Zinc (B) Iron (C) Magnesium —_(D) Cobalt Five Kingdom classification was given by (A) Whittaker (8) Haeckel (C) Linneus (D) Copeland Animals with Chitinous exoskeleton are (A) Insects (B) Sponges (C) Sea-Urchin (D) Snails The heart rate in an adult Person is (A) 50-60 times per minute (B) 70-80 times per hour (C) 70-80 times per second (D) 70-80 times per minute Which of the following is a tapeworm? (A) Fasciola (8) Schistosoma (C) Taenia (D) Enterobius The scavengers of earth are (A) Bacteria (B) Viruses (C) Algae (D) Fungi Bone ossification test is conducted to ascertain human (A) Brain efficiency (B) Tentative age (C) Tentative height (D) Drug addiction Antacids are found in drugs that give relief to (A) Eye sight (B) Stomach ache (C) Acne (D) Headache Urine mainly consists of (A) uranium (8) urea (C) Co, (D) sugar Who is the father of biology? , (A) Lamarck (B) Robert Hooke (C) Aristotle (D) Pasteur126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134, 135. 136. The smallest unit of classif ation is (A) Species (8) Genus (C) Family (D) Order ‘Arenchyma is present in (A) Banana stem (B) Palm stem (C) Aquatic plants (D) Xerophytic plants The deficiency of vitamin A causes (a) Scurvy (B) Night blindness (C) Beri-Beri (D) Dermatitis Clove is a (A) Dried flower bud(B) Flower (C) Fruit {D) Seed The green colour of plant leaves is due to (A) Protein (8) Chlorophyll (C) Cellulose (D) Starch Which one of the following is an abiotic resource? (A) Mineral oil —(B) Water (C) Forest (D) Coal Who is the father of botany? (A) Traviranus (8) Pliny the Elder (C) Theophrastus (D) Linnaeus The enzymes which take part in glycolysis during respiration are found in (A) Vacuole (B) Cytoplasm (C) Mithochondria (D) Endoplasmic reticulum ‘Typhoid fever is caused by (A) Virus (B) Bacteria (C) Allergy (D) Fungus Transpiration in plants is a process of (A) Food production (B) Respiration (C) Photorespiration (D) Water loss Which one of the following fungi is commonly known as ‘bread mould’? {A) Aspergillus (B) Penicillium (C) Synchytrium (D) Rhizopus The citrus fruits and pickles are not stored in which of the following containers? (A) Iron (B) Plastic (C) Glass (D) China clay Bird Flu is a disease that effects human beings and spreads through (A) silkworm {B) mealworm (C) sheep (D) poultry 719 137. 138. 139, 140, 141 142. 143. 144, 145. 146. 147. The normal blood pressure of human beings is in the range of (A) 120/80 mm (B) 110/70 mm (C) 110/ m — (D) 140/80 mm Who discovered that malaria is caused by @ particular type of mosquito? (A) Wilhelm Roentgen (B) Louis Pasteur (C) Ronald Ross (D) Henri Becquerel Animals having open circulatory system possesses: {A) coelenteron — (B)_ spongocoel (C) pseudocoe! __(D)_haemocoe! The Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI) is located at: (A) Mysore (B) Dehradun (C) Nagpur (D) Ernakulam The Indian Institute of Science is located at: (A) Chennai {C) Kolkata Insulin. {A) increase blood sugar (B) decrease blood sugar (C) constricts blood vessels (D) stimulates lactation The locomotion of insects to the source of light is called: (A) Phototropic —_(B)_Hydrotropic (C) Phototactic (D)_ Thermotactic Plant genetic material in ‘Gene-Bank’ is preserved at - 196°C in liquid nitrogen as: (A) (B) (B) Bangalore (D) Mumbai seedling and meristem mature seed (dry) {C) pre-mature seed (high moisture) (D) ripe fruit Flowers emit fragrance to: (A) Purify air (B) drive away flies (C) attract insects (D) peform all the above Sweat contains water and (A) Citric acid (B) Lactic acid (C) Salt (D) Vinegar How many bones are there in a newly born infant? (A) 206 (c) 280 (B) 230 (D) 300148. 149. 150. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. Which of the following prevents bleeding s? (AP ascorbic acid (B) Vitamin B (C) Nicotinamide (D) Thiamine Hot peppers are hot due to the presence of (A) Acetic acid (B) Capsaicin {C) Lycopene (D) Sulphuric acid “Diabetes mellitus is due to the deficient production of the hormone”: {A) Glucagon (8) Thyroxine (C) Ecdysone (D) Insulin Entry of pollen tube through microphyle is termed as : (A) Mesogamy (B) Chalazogamy (C) Syngam: (D) Porogamy The book “Origin of Species” is written by (A) Mendal (8) Charles Darwin {C) Hutchinson — (D) Watson Which one of the following is present in tobacoo? (A) Heroin (®) Marijuana (C) Cocaine (0) Nicotine Which form of iodine is added to the salt to restore the normalcy of the thyroid gland? (A) KIO, ®) Ic (C) IBr (D) KI Eyes are tested by dilating the pupils with a dilute solution of an alkaloid. It is: (A) Atropine (8) Adrenaline (C) Eosine (0) Ephedrin An inverterbrate which is a not a hermaphrodite (A) Hydra. (8) Earth worm (C) Cockroach (D) Tape worm The largest living tree on earth is: (A) Quercus (8) Juniperus (C) Sequoia (D) Eucalyptus The heart of a normal adult human being weighs about : (A) 300 gms (B) 400 gms (C) 500 gms (D) 200 gms How many bones are there in an adult human being? (A) 260 {B) 206 (C) 300 (0) 210 160. 161. 162. 163. 164. 165. 166. 167. 168. 169. 170. 80 Tiny marine animals which limestone skeletons are called (A) Clamitomonous (8) Foraminifera (C) Coral reefs (D) Diatoms The release of which of the following ints ponds and wells helps in contrelin mosquitoes? 8 constitute (A) Dogfish (8) Gambusia fish (C) Snail (D) Crab hormone regulates ionic balance, (A) Vasopressin (B) Thyroxin (C) Glucagon (D) Testosteron Birds excrete wastes in the form of (A) urea (8) proteins (C) uric acid (D) water Penicillin’ which is used as an antibiotic ig obtained from : (A)Bacteria —(B)Fungi (C)Algae (D)Lichens Show Pest-resistant cotton commonly known as ‘Bt-Cotton’ is genetically engineered by inserting a gene from a: (A) Bacterium (B) Virus (C) Microalgae (D) Protist Which among the following Statement(s} is/are correct regarding the technique of ‘Tissue Culture’? 1. It sometimes involves manipulation at the genetic level. 2. It is useful for the conservation of endangered species, 3. It has vast potential in obtaining disease free plant material. (A) land2 — B) 2and3 (C) 1,2and3 (D) None of the above. ‘Anemophily’ is pollination by : (A) Birds (8) Wind (C) Ants (D) Bats The nutritional supplements Spirulina, Chorella and the Vitamin-C supplement Dunaliella are actually (A) Algae (B) Lichens (C) Probiotics (D) Bryophytes Rayon is chemically - (A) Glucose (8) Amylase (C) Cellulose (D) Pectin Which of the following is a protein? (A) Wool (8) Starch (C) Natural rubber (D) Cellulose171. 173. 174. 175. 176. 178. ‘The Hepatitis-B, which affects liver is actually a (a) Virus (B) Bacterium (C) Protozoan (D) Helminth . The short upper part of the human intestine next to the stomach is called (A) Caecum (B) Duodenum (C) Heum (D) Jejunum Match the following Disease Organism A. Cholera 1. Bacterium B. Mumps 2. Fungus Cc. Ringworm 3. Protozoa D. Sleeping sickness 4. Virus (A) 8) (c) (D) A1,B-4, C-2, D-3 A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3 A-3, B-4, C-2, D-1 A-3, B-2, C-4, D-1 is the complimentary system of nervous system. (A) Circulatory system (8) Endocrine system (C) Lymphatic system (D) Skeletal system Which of these are water-soluble vitamins? (A) A,BandC (B) A,CandD (Cc) BandC (0) A,B, CandD In human body, the pancreas secretes its enzymes into which one of the following? (A) Duodenum (B) eum (C) Jejunum (D) Stomach Among the following food items, which one has the highest amount of carbohydrates? (A) Apple (8) Banana (C) Cabbage (D) Pea Which among the following is the richest source of ascorbic acid? (A) Apple (B) Bean (C) Carrot (D) Guava . Match the following A. Red blood cells 1. Leucocytes B. White blood cells 2. Erythrocytes C. Platelets 3. Thrombocytes (A) A-3, B-1,C-2 ®) A-2,B-1,C-3 (C) A-2,B-3,C-1 (D) A-1,B-2,C-3 81 180. 181. 182. 183. 184. 185. 187. 189. Which of the following diseases is hereditary? (A) Dysentery (B) Tuberculosis (C) Haemophilia (D) Cancer The sweetest sugar is (A) sucrose (B)_ glucose (C) fructose (D) lactose When a colourblind male marries a normal woman not carrying the gene for colourblindness, their offsprings will be {A) normal sons and normal daughters (B) normal sons and carrier daughters (C) normal daughters and colourblind sons (D) colourblind sons and carrier daughters ‘The vitamin which is very liable and easily destroyed during cooking as well as storage is (A) Vitamin A (8) Vitamin B (C) Vitamin C (0) Vitamin K Healing of wounds is hastened by vitamin aA ® c (C) E @) Kk BCG vaccination (Bacillus Calmette Guerine) is injected to get immunity from (A) polio ®) cholera (C) small pox (D) tuberculosis . Which acid is present in the stomach of humans? (A) sulphuric acid (B) hydrochloric acid (C)_ nitric acid (D) citric acid Yeast contains. - (A) invertase (8) zymase (C) both invertase and zymase (D) neither invertase nor zymase . The autotrophic organisms contain pigment. (A) methylene blue {B) chlorophyll (C) phenolphthalin (D) carbon black The energy released during cellular respiration is stored in__- (a) ATP (B) glucose {C) lungs (D) ileum190, 191. 192. 193. 195. 196. 197. 198. 199, 200. 201. Which organism shows parasitic mode of nutrition? (A) Cascuta (B) Plasmodium (C) Ascaris (D) All three Gaseous exchange occurs through _ in earthworm. (A) lungs (B) skin (C) nephridia_ (D) mouth is associated with transport of water in plants. (4) Xylem (B) Phloem (C) Chloroplast (D) Aerenchyma ___ is the first step of sewage treatment. (A) Precipitation _(B)Chlorination (C) Sedimentation (D) Aeration ; is/are synthesized at the shoot and root tips of plants. (A) Glucose (8) Starch (C) Hormones (D) Minerals The normal weight of human child at the time of birth should be . (A) 1.5 kg (B) 1.510 2.5 kg (C) 3.0 to 3.5 kg (D) 5.0 to6.5 kg Nerve mass in invertebrates is called__. (A) neuron —_(B) pelvis (C) brain (D) ganglion Which of the following shows thigmonastic response? (A) Sun flower (B) Insectivorous plant (C) Lotus (D) Bryophyllum The structural and functional unit of the nervous system in multicellular organisms is . (A) neuron —_(B) brain (C) spinal cord (D) pons Which of the following shows spore formation? (A) Amoeba —(B) Mucor (C) Plasmodium (D) Paramoecium Ina normal healthy woman, menstruation occurs every, days, (a) 14 (8) 28-32 (C) 21-24 (0) 270 The chromatids are joined to each other (A) chromosome (C) gene (B) centromere (D) DNA 82 202. 203. 204. 205. 206. 207. 208. 209. 210, 211. 212. 213. 214. Which of the following is gas? greenhouse (A) Methane (8) Oxygen {C) Nitrogen (D) Hydrogen Gompounds of __ cause Minamats (A) Mercury (B) Cadmium (C) Cobalt” —(D)_ Arsenic Which rays strike the earth depletion of ozone layer? (A) Infrared (B) Microwaves due to (C) Ultraviolet (D) Visible Oxygen Pond method has been develope (A)_NACO (B) UNESCO (C)GROFED —(D)_ NEERI Biological oxygen demand of is the least. (A) sewage —(B)_ sea water (C)_ pure water (D) polluted water World Environment Day is observed on. (A) Sth March (B) 15th April (C) 15thMay (D) Sth June is not an environmental problem. (A) Wastage of water (B) Conservation of water (C) Deforestation (D) Land erosion Which of the following is not a nitrogenous base ? (A) Adenine (B) Guanine (C) Cytosine (D) Deoxyribose sugar gave Germplasm theory. (A) Lamarck (8) Weismann (C) Darwin (D) Hugo De Vries Fossils of. evidence of evolution as ing link between birds and reptiles. (A) Dinosaurs (8) Lizard (C) Archeopteryx (D) Ostrich Which principle was given by Darwin ? (A) Inheritance of acquired characters (8) Germplasm theory (C) Mutation theory | (D) Theory of natural selection Yeast reproduces by _. (A) budding 8) fission (C) regeneration (D) spore formation The Je in human The 14th day of sexual cycle female is important because on that day’ (A) ovulation occurs | she becomes pregnant (C}_ menstrual flow starts | (D) she gives birth to a chi215. 216. 217. 218. 219. 220. 224, . Cockroach shows __— Embryo is protected during development (A) placenta (B)_ umbilical cord (c) amnion — (D)_ oviduct The space between meninges is filled with... (a) lymph (B) blood plasma (C) cerebrospinal fluid (0) ACTH Which organ is not controlled by autonomous nervous system ? (A) Heart (B) Uterus (C) Glands = (D)_ Eyes Which one is not a property of blood plasma ? (A) It is pale yellow. (8) It is nonliving. (C) It is acidic. (D) It carries hormones. Which of the following is true ? (A) Heart purifies blood. (B) Heart separates excretory wastes from blood. (C) Heart circulates blood. (D) Heart supplies oxygen to blood. Where are antigens located ? (A) OnWBC — (B) OnRBC (C) On platelets (D) In blood plasma _ The layer of dead cells having tiny openings on the roots is called... (A) rootnodule —_(B) stomata (C) chlorenchyma (D) lenticels mode of nutrition. (B) carnivorous (A) herbivorous (D) parasitic (C) omnivorous . The number of genes in human being is about (A) 23 46 (B) (C)_ 1,000 to 2,000 (D) 30,000 to 40,000 Plant hormones are called (A) hypohormones (8) metahormones (C) phytohormones (D) cytohormones 225. 226. 227. 228. 229. 230. 231. 232. 233. 234. 83 Mutation theory was given by . (A) Lamarck (B) Darwin (C) Hugo De Vries (D) Mendel _____ is an example of retrovirus. (A) Virus causing AIDS (B) TMV (C) Bacteriophage (D) RIV ‘The lungs are covered by two membranes called (A) glottis (B)_ epiglottis (C) pleura —_(C)_ sphincter pairs of spinal nerves arise from spinal cord. (A) 21 ®) 31 (C) 23 (c) 46 The method by which the desired characters of two plants can be combined is... (A) cutting —(B)_ layering {C) budding (D) grafting ‘The principle of inheritance of acquired characters was given by... (A) Lamarck (B) Weismann (C) Darwin (D)_ Hugo De Vries In insects the air enters the tracheal system through (A) spiracles (B) nostrils (C) lungs {D)_ bronchi ‘The function of incisors is (A) cutting (B)_ tearing (C) grinding (D) chewing ‘There are types of antigens on erythrocytes. (A) five 8) four (C) three (0) two A sunflower plant bends towards the sun; it is response. (A) thigmonastic (B) seismonastic (C) thermonastic (D) photonasticR KEY 142. (B) 190. ty 95. (A) isc 190.1 48, (A) 96. (C) jaa.’ iat 1a L ow 49. (A) 97. (A) vst (ch an Qe: CY 50. (PD) 98. (C) 146. (C) 28. : & 22 1G ot 147. (C) 195. (C) 4 (C) 52. (C) 100. (A) 148. (A) 15.16 5s. (A) 53. (D) 101, (A) 148. () Me 6. (A) 54. (A) 102. (A) 150. (0) 1s W 7 (A) 55. (A) 103 (3) 131, (D) 198 i 8. (A) 56. (B) 104. (A) 132, B) 199, t 9 (D) 57. (A) 105. (A) 133, (D) ; 10. (D) 58. (B) 106. (D) Formal 20. 11. 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