Acro a Mosmin = Pui & Babbar © ~ Wahab e © Diodker e Then wu 4 states of mattor, i) Salid ely Qiguid Bil) Jos. ° piv Pion © He nood to atudy Dy bap of Salbidy “PHochsical proporttes i To cLipfewntote “bh trsalosor, entidecoy dk Kemicenicuuiber, nobic prokinkts - Megnatt are fernomognahic materials, eae ois, Barer ws2 nod Hun Pp Thexemal_pooprcbey - To. know which sabid iy thounad inglater eo Fsunal conductor, Mechanical propertly ~ “Te know which sabid is yrockoni-” cally story: Oetial/eb etc robe + which “molerial 31 requis make séllan cll vu clocided Gy optical pay. ‘j@eee8e@eoescrenoasrTso ale oe J | Cogstalldine Nop Cysteine (reps) fe pak C Plastic , glass) Singha Pall, P (Guovks, Dimiad) (ey, yn Coytabliry sabids arp chosactixed * remullas os asmangment af coms or malacrules as Peto Sveny Aalid LO made wp s atemg or ynalocules, | Atoms one tapoating Homsedines after | CREED seater uns Non Gysabling plidy are choradeived by random coy mor @f aterm, ar” ros or yrOlooiwdes - "> Arcangninarcs of of atemy ul) docicle thoin Pooforties > POastic iy Non- coysralbont > Cuppan & cxystalllino. - i > Dimond & Cubkon bath ane crystalline fut dimonol ‘git cyte X--takan 33 pally crystalline . ra rae dhe oytell, we have wamo ap the coystall wil) ba single Capital CF QO: ing Nine Ie eS iy the rar of aggrigate of dase no- af Pengbe crystal yf Te Arrell wing ent known a Gaon & bowen) AtpUding. these | crystals art Grain Bou redo : asSeeoe Se Ge@® oceans ego SFOS noongogaaP ev B en GD SF we Consiclen gqoaphite © quoscts Hen “han ied on dupfenent bcoz Hain prefmtiee dopandy upon Hin beating 4n_noduns Most of Ihe_paliclk vu in He foam of caysell Solid beoz ci np Aalscl i rox talle a3 compara amssphaus Sao pang eben candy the foomatin op caystalllino material in ore than rmaunp fous soba > hs Mose enmpy selared Jn dhe thormatton of a coystal , costal vill) x move stelle . . ge Helium nucleus is foomad by 2 dutesiun rele 4 a, / 4 reloared 9 SM . To brea, mH +H —> He + SMV + He into JAE & 4 A? we ne > 5a ato a 5 Mal of wo? O> 4mev ply roy Study tho Copled Stouchus ; Lotto =. Ladtia DB penodie asia tof amos poindy in Re Abaca. em 2 et This a a ponredic cropcangrmost Sok, @ atoms. This ura Mattamahterd al) A cancofet ot, This Lotte will! be x Bacal eM, hatin os Space Latticg ap Doth point how “dived P omery eg Latha point “04 0' has “dame acerca Bota Boss an 2 goub adem. Gy atta: dhe baw to each Dathia point , vt oy Lattig + Bast = Crystal Oke ha kt Basis of 1b cdom as called Monoactormic Crystal, wn pmee than 4 atom cu callrd fal aternie Coyttel|. | Hf We ane altechi ademy on ecch ©0664 6 Qoctice pout Ao” ahs wid become — gf © OO physical ©0606 > As Dostica points cna poresdic do oS 2006 dems uil) be porcocdic Bo thy axsrangront wil) become Cayrtallbing Sallid . Unik Cell ddoal coyslall iy inpinite in cLimanxien? bet neal Cxupted can. not ba infinske . Nothing can ‘be delead ala at raid haure finite Limonmen, Unit co is ihe amalllost unit of the cnptal ov Dative which ‘ on Cvtlinows epstation can gorse wohl atin. ; “Thay Ga tke vepsesenctatine of Loses soph Soci (7 | : ge we wart Jo constaeet He coyptel " ia { Buchu Then wwe jiave to aaraingl che TT | und coblles pide by side. . tt Ly Gepain’ can earitein Lange 70° af unit tS ur , dim. of unit col Unis cells one : [= es dion i Pointe ei saad Y iy Non- primitive ae | “Priming = Lottie pommls ax walonging onby sto He Comey . : oR : Rpfeshive no: of Dott poind) jaar unit cof iy one, “Non = pinubing Lottica peirdy ane belonging to the Comars 0 wall a3 do tho one position of the unit coll » APhorbinne vor ef Qadiva point: ae more than one, £ ajo boris + tach Dattlea paint wil) contain | ater, FF eprint re¥ eS ; i t i } j \ \ } | | | | eeaeee@®ee Ocrtseoooee ego ae ® ° r poo oy UT cA > Vlatice Comatont or Lottin panamstrs ), A primitive coll con have more ctha > Qncthioo point { fattica point at Aharad by 4 wnut cally 5 fos poimitive cd) y x yk 1 for Non - poimitive > Angle /3 60° Tykes of Qattice. Jin gadim. 1-75 dapiwalatie @ Bay, Ly Conystall Schoucure i Lobticn 1 conditien {7 + : Non - puimitive. unit cof ° | 4a Squarta, 1. Squasxnt (paimidise,) = b ba | dab ) Y=90" 2. Roctaryhlan, a. Richa 3. :Ractongullay corel a | GF, Vago" i - . a Hlexagenall i Hnoget! i: r ab, Y= Qo" ee 4 Onbliqua | tb, VY #90 | gbo dn. actin, tho ore 5 Y dypy af coystal -ebuctune , Hore squor, vadengle € Hanayonal! ant thy spociad cases af Chlipre. ® 1) Latom bat jpoue only L , =e @ Sybil af’ Dostica ( Brava) 4Type of labtig in Shiro. - bd (simple moans primittre ) se oe | { [empiet Short [batt Gendilions Fh} Cui 1 Simple a=b=c, }yos wtigoghed [apy 50 | ‘ y Fock Contstcl | thy Gee) | la. Tetragenal 4. Simple a=b#e, -_s oy cade k=BaY=go | (et) | 3. | Oethowohombic |! 6 Simple ‘og bzpe | ' Febesly conbed X= PeV=Jo" ie B face 4 | | | ae a a al oy (sinp2e) Coeety) (face) Qaee} oh [Tyersal teSimple ORb= 6, oe B= 90 lle St a=b: =f ges il ie : 7 ae Go| M oclinic 7 a Simpbe L reseae | _ 1 Bago conbes) AFD EC a= 2 36 # | ii Trclinic 3 M. Simpole. afb, Ae PAY. © Slonte, 4n 3-Ditry, We have \F coysial mucho ly pam Loshias. [ i AE ml A ml ce lS nbc SAIN CERNRSP 2S OSCSCHETOMTSE HR FO GE899B 808 SII IIR I I o @®eoeecee 60886066 bose —s boimilive (enh) —> body contred —> Face 4 —— €nd uy Ee Ho en 3nd rs 4t ws danoted a» ise , bKL > PUMler dicing Ae dia he undenplaner apacing 1¢- spacing yw choo auccerive planes. 4, inyer of coped called Plane. fyiddes tains dels dhe orientation of planes in dhe oystell. will bo diffronb for chip oniendahion, I duo = SESS | hk Fy Ed +z ; | This soonul & valid only fer Cube ; Jehragonal h Exthorhornbac + fer Cubic Cyptal, olay = a _ SEE PiiWlerr Snetiees = “Ty gang ste odendachon ob Manip che caystal , yniller juicer ured: They oe written a4 (hkl). . ' Nole- tn small eaket without comoj. (100) miller indcrs But L1,0,0) —» Pasittien cowrelinak , Iilln tndioy Jy dhe t_idenchity of phones. [En xs wa] > _dizection on frets} > Copitieh bracket without comay, = ——! NKR) > Wor trolioos | [hk 2] —, dbachen trices f rk LY. —» Farnily sf bonnes SARL —» family op cLlsarthy teclicay How fo Sketch thy M2. ? sR eee cee hi ki L = oR: OB * oe qa— Potion pareemeter along Kolind , bo, 4 y Yor, C8 “, 4 who OA ttencopt en a-axis OB ” » bo 4 oc y ee Wek Q—> Prillon dnofiey. Suppose we havea Cubic crystal 4 wa wart to sketch (142 0) pang Wel /kK=29 ,Ls0 | fee (loo) plane OB £ Oc rhioull) 1b tnpicibe mgany Sndoncafot paralddd +0 drat axes,” oA— a 0B OC > & (019), peo , ka), 20 “of ~ , 0B7a , oC” (001) , hee, K=0, 2=) dave OBae ocdSOHKBSOCHSCHAHOTEAHMHOOAHROBRHOOHMABHROABBAR®IHES POTS UU" Ut FE a ue) het; R=1, -L=0 oA2 a OB7@ ,,0C7* aD) h=) Kel 2=) OA7a ,OB4a, OC (R09) ha2,k=0,L=0 OR—>af, , OB-900 ,0C7% OAL0B+0C L Eg oA: 08 0C= Loy (210) her k=l , 2=0 OA OBC =. 43 Big = g: bie Noto ParodLel Pacts have tome prillor - dncbiog Negative Sketeh i- . a het Hen Lh deplag | To (Fes)ya7l , k=6,Q=0 Of=—& be: Indencofer on -ve axis To draw Wein shit He owigin dyeg wl bo dame for (Joo) (Too) planes. Qheection « drackioes A 7 = ng = W) sae =F HOF iby a re© {)00F moans family of plants (1.00) (Too) ay COUy (oT o) Co!) (007) fai of linen nai a manne family sf [1 oo] [T°] , [ole] [eto] fool} foot] Quy je Find the Pilon chon Pa plane Hat trates aundoeabt on a,b 4S oxy equal to 34 YAY 3A dna dehragonal cptal with © = 15, | aA 0B: OC = BAL YA; 3A & sis fer tetragonal , a=b #¢ w obea, cans b c hikif = &)» 2; & ' oA ' OB ' OC =.) ae ; So brbydt TSR GAL BA SF aye y ‘ S9elCodsooCeSGedOs9se oO KR 8909099829 Da: Retoming MT of dhe plane shad male inderuapl ©) 28, ak YA on she comrdinate and af Bsthovohnbic crystal with aibic =Y4r312. fe orthorehmbin , at b4C @ee@ eeee [URiUBIVE = 4157.4 wp hid = Sip boe WikiQ’o= OA BB! Ge = 4) 38 2 a 30° | Qa- J oe ma bob 4240 Fa | cespertively lout fara to 7 axis a oe tbatbica | Barth. 3 OA! OB: 0G= 1A:24 hikr Qs Oe; bee 1 0 Relation bobuwon Lattin faramtir & Mas clontiy of ja paamoker —+ sien ap thy writ cold. se ll eat (2 Ma } Cie Ni —> No 6f odems i" unit coll Mp atomic Mass /atomic welt AU Na Avogeds No. fa > Mos harrity / sfecctie Poul [elses 2 —9 Leute paramster of a cuble coupledXe df My, glen ain amu. (eq cl 35 amu) so +o rane ab Fan qmor kypn, multiply by Rgen Aunyaicien no Unit > ky /m $0 fon \ | Avegedeo no: wed Nae G:023KI6 Ne 6-093) Unit Ot m om oVabams of the wnt cal, | a? = (hee, ) ye “a No: of ores uscd value [a= ae) Hosa This B called * Ma jn -bvallst onbly ES Nos danasly. | Atria. clam ity [prea Se aie cpa, = ras dowdy / Relative duvvity [peste qrevity ss Unit less . Py > Mass canrity § particular, type ep oystad wre’ do Wortse . eg Cu 7 B96 then B96 tmlem™ gg (unit Las) 1 gm/em3 23 0 | ! : : @ 6 & & e@ 6 e e es eS 6 & e Coystall Shuchows + me | i Simple Cubic( primitive Cubic) * Thea only 4 oem a ° jalacad ot each corre, Lotta poi. bond i noounyt ndiybdin dude @ (Arter nndiasse d.iteng) An sic, alt Hu atoms de of -S-0mg dye alo radia u dame, cordrtlig ans Nova, Story vath 7 eHHOFHoFGHHTONBBOOEFO usluich ona ‘tin foram bend. AAC | aBo Neosat Neighbour disaneg ' Qe =a ¢ ‘| (5) End of raxt rassert Neighhaun UUsteno => a | @No-op Bnd namurt neiphbsun = |2 ' (ody lienad of Tu 44 Yez plane owing Y td nom Ne en a | Wy XZ yy radph bow, z ( ey cofoy | 7) Volum. of unit coll = a3 x 4 g) o frabmihve ne = ai | i ‘T o—l6 r= He Cocedinstlon no <12 or ARE Aloe FY% : |” ay Moorely packed cayited, Tyo Aen at ») Caderflehdn a APP { App. = _ Value of dhe ators’ iri cunit coll oe \ Valor ep che Unit coll 4 APP» Show Aew riuich Gooeilonag’ unit call a pallial wlth afny tre EE ae) = hae _ _ (0 eee = & = O5R = G27, . Le 52% part of captal Jb oceubind by atonu 4 4g 4 posut Jy entehy : iy Conbved Cubic (bee) Bo ee & tatem at bocly. conked petition. 3) No. Of russet righboun = % | Be. Taking » > aepoustey” - Neonat “Neighbour: btan ee > 2¥= Ba Farr Curtee ctom—s pagsetit ” 7 y ; naighbowi are fy Ae cll He 8 atoms zo” N* ne A . éSafe 98 (a7 92g eek U/, F woymapvmu07 > ‘ay up scr og ufo ne : “SiS syety fay Sg ous | ey!ez bw [yu oEley TO] AN emnuoy, on dhe £ \Bb es Ue ys ue. us Ih. 30 ( oe i ; he #. bgp 2 “AE x hk | ap ae Tht]. - 59/89 hese 20 eS eget Ras) amar Cix) : Pies peters feared i712 | rvoor | pepo Heo0y furiood $65 fy G2) Ee a | os Ie hy, cole A | ie | eB |e va # canter atom repasces atom hey, 6 <1 4) Neasest Neiphbaun clutenee gy = 4 a Lotion porometen &) Und neous neighbauy distant = ¢ Cuigh of unit alt) an PSA hep ile = fF = 1633 6) Noo TE naaseut noighbauey 2 9 : ¥) Nebume af curih cll oem of bane pant) x haight Tae base plane 4s mode ub of § equilateral triangle. A = d Bose x heir but A#e =baxBa = JXar 4 nt ane 6 dranghs do . a 343 a? ae - aBite 8) volume sf | bomittve unit creat _ ill be 5: of UD A q) Hone nts atoms ino Gee 1 OO e una Ao Hora ux have 2 atem bails ; [wo of afore fund ea) = “ee xy (beh xy Peihe xy a iy a Se ees cern eee ed ene hee aenek oh enen ed Note ;- reasst ne'ighbauy in never ~ Roa (ae “ io|} by No af atoms Jwak val, = 3yzq% I) Ribemic reciuy g.= 1) Tyke of packing — clased FB) Ge= My, Ze Gt ote, | > Mostaly mtab have’ Fee of hep admebure "APF = 6X dno (2 Ea) ' " 3B ae - 13 2 = éx inv 7 bxdne faery’ 38 0° [Ea ~ are ‘ = Fz so =H 3 e aking “frastion Of hep 4 see 5 D dam. Qimeind Cuubio (dc) = Thi tpt bravias Latha ; SE dy imade by 8.96 more brownies Sotices. -Bimond> Coubic can bo convidered as intenponohrettion of two fee fathus — 1 ui ak dhe partion (0 0 0) & othy “ja at te position (> b54) Dimond has lémond? cubic viudure dimond iu mada up ky atoms Y Carbon . Plloer 4 fee df atom sat (00,0) ;PL)? Non poimitive @ | 2) No af ako funk all = PABFEKE EY HG } 1 Coerdinatin nb. 4 e | ach C-atem is coordinaled do e ' 4 c-atom - . el Daren dhe coordinahn no.) abuckue Lol) bo Jowrally prot ° | 4) Nearest asighbaty distance _ nel gy 5 Re [eer ea) 6) Best No: ef Tad ACN. = 2 . { (ap 0 ht 4 atawn hon ahs N. Ns atom wl) be its face cimbéd ay 6,0 Vo: af anit call = a2 : : %) Val.g painiive wit ale = Ch oa pstbie cs fee with, 2 adem bass.” € dimonds covbie 44 fee 0" vabatlep de = 2 @ No of atemy in priimihise ur / E 9 Ne: a along J unt vol = e (Gators, in a? veliersy © bo) prprnic Raolity -p = So e 3 6 . : ef Type of ports ~» loore : ; Of pimord vis Frsdotor—> Sach ¢ atom it co-arlinated fay petal eo, Ceatorn ao aha make 4 covellnt' bends, Bocaire No fe b) e- pr Cratom bb free , [errant aha ha Y 2°] ey cb As mls, : But at Js Elnchrcally frnulator-beoe 4 eave SEU ° Je ou good hao conductors Stull of Se & prsedledor 4 sam Sex site useage ni e e ban gap — Sas Ww aes = _I] APE = 034 o Gy 7, of Ser ! “ie i APF f° BGT ee i 3 ' = SX xT x Ag oF | OBR OB XH: = BF 2 9,34 = 3Yy 16 Zine BboreLe Shuetura (Zn jr This Wu simile, to obimend cubie atuchrw exeapt two 2% | induijanabratingy Detris hase Aliffoant adams. x Tat Qadh | orunit 200 Wu made from Zn atomy thon yg anh coh | Ly made Seon sulphide atoms Hf Zn -oceupin He fec pasition then. S _ ” Tetvohotm. 4” oy via warn, ZnS 4 net @ atom Jatuchoe . Sty q maloculan dts dn dh case ridarest ndizhboawr dufanu = Vent Kei dn aunt cll 4 Zn atom + 4 Sater a - B | , - 4x Sth + 1x ne ear £3 3 = As (+ Sen.) / = “#37, Tey, \3 A+ _%» | ay To cadertladte APE, use handel know Ho vat =e is Ae APP of 205. tay 7 eradtsly, , ex ~ GaAs , CdS, InSb ‘ete. : ee . ee q@ Bs 16° Sodium Chilovide.( Natl) /Reck Salt :- 2 6 Ths 4 mack up by Q fee ewelals ade Nath canbe B convidored a3 two inteaporcteahng fee's. Ong Dottiea & eceuking the Na atoms 4 otter orenping the CLedom. © puch that if ene hog the exgin at (0,00) than other ha} ® . ; © odlyin tt (4 10,0 Jaw (0, $10) ow (0,0,4) 7 wf 2 °. e e!|. oe! e! al ‘ e.| | ‘ p ¢ Na atoms secur). the ochahicleal porition, cl cents eo) te Fee position, ba i) Non poimétie 6 2) Nov «f atoms Junit coll, | . / 6 { laa (&) 5 Fatal contsbubion of G1 > 6443 =Y eZ e? ” , Na x) re lpatl=ay 4 6 aike Contre e HOLE YNA 8: Thay ua malecndan coystal wdrustirs. 3) Co-welinahen 70° (noosuat rraiphbous) Neorrt neyo co No. > Cdl bo CO-Grelinahen no- = 64) Neasust vdiyhbou cliten to Wet Son = . 4) Ind roaxest neighbauy + fir canter atom , alll black atemiare Lun, for Nao 1 ny ane Na aten Qn Cha ou » CL pee ‘ ( Bo TL pranitt paighbou = 12 4 6) ro * datene = 2 2 ee Y Volume af anit coll = a> 8) Veluwe gp freimitive unit coll = a 9) No- of cetoms in primitive unit ald - j at | doth, thoes b 1 Na Ad tL aterm placed’, 4 Natl iu fee with Lotem basis , uy Na atom + | g loy Moloculan danse = ae ae 12) Type op packing =. 6 Lore C6< 12) 18) APPS 25% can't be coleedoted enadedy Sx- KGL, KB, AgBr ck. , “Ady tu abkoli halides & silver halides have Natt bude. \¢ mate; Ket, NaBe, KBy, Naz, KL) \ . ‘ ! ). Cassium Chilbsiele (Cs) = Lig, Road, Cah coyptallires in Coc abushunr, CsCl cuplal can be coniidired 3 2 Intenponebadtig ane cubic Dates Ona hos the adores of Cs & oiher har Hy 4, ator, ap CL. The odigin of ont Latico uy at (0,0,0) & ; ot hes oyinat (45,4), 4 @ essen generSAOCOOOOCHOO9RR 9009 S©OGCOSCHOCEHSSSCECHHOHOD IE pee POU OOO Uo O Tg Uo 1): Non~ poimifive. 2) No: «4 atoms / unit call Cs— axe = |] Ch | he 164102 = Iesed malacude 3) Co-cedindhon no: of Noapest nrishbaun = 3 Y)ENeasast Neighbann cbistante= DE Nearast f Neiphboun dirtane- = | Teoh Ta = 88 Seo $) T vooest ntiphbanr =6 Gig dr not bee beat. tn Lee : R ‘ Carhreaters st) BAMA bint 7) Veluime af unit all = @3 Stee le %) Val: of primitive unital = g Bas 2 atom basy LCsdicd D Medscrdan clamaity = 4, Cad) 9) Forking — Doose NW) @x~ Coch, ROL» CoB) Lin . 2) APE —> can nat find untill Ses walto dy net Known Grvaphone i Graphite afuctint ib made up of gob bene Dosprs. Graphene hao Horny comb abuts, Carbon atoms ay avranged | m Hu he comb stout . to 2D - One Ceatom 9 shosd by 3 “Pooky (atoms Thigs dy Graplicte atmotuie ty 2- dim. fn 3-D - One Ceotom Aho by Grew C-ateny,: Grneaphicy Abrurtuat oy uy Daytned Abuthie but qeaplune © 2) No of atoms] unit all { i ( { camacting BS reanl, { atemy for bravely { Qathee , ii ‘ i Ya Aino Louyen Apache Cringe Leven of cars cbon atin) Graphite 8 Conductor > puc-atem , Lew free, | H convider | Dattice point on eath atom portion thn | 4e well) net foam o basin beaz suceroundinys ALB ane different, Only Afatorns. dr B-B atoms can form basis ay - Huy hare SMe ativan ching. Bo Sti connget: nanschy A-A ate, o7 B-8 atten | Tha hexagon (24) 4 Ay unit cell of graphont ) Thi unit all Ga non-poimifivse comm ajoms —» $xX6 = 2 ~ Inman , iy =4 Tete) novo} edomy/unit all = 6 Side of unit 0) — Datho porasrabs / Dathia vitior | AL He prcat wil) by worte, ¢. Yattio pourameln —> a |Ce o pry=[b'| am , Y= 20 3) Nearest Neiphbaun cisancy cae tn o-D, thre wil) bo clase pay Pat ag Jp No af WN Ont & but hime 3 Ao packing well be Qease, > 4) ILnd ee N° alisha = =a f g)Nov ind NN = 6 fe a OE UN %) Apea af & SV BAe $n 2-Dim, Area, = _ | Sactegl 7 = V3a Ka fet 82.8 = peat | =Go* z BA fea of untt call = Ba + at = = we = 38a" %). een of paimihve unit al ~ Lx anae 7 cut 00 BO = ene = Bok (fiber 9) No= ap adem / prrimickive cant lh = re inti em go 2 ctoms of graphite Invi primitive, coll, do Qodom basis, fier at one Motta parr, one atem GA dyer & ome ay B iy ) s {im comvantimal, unit etl + bass con't, be dary 1 ae ac ech ea 1 an a ae aa oer oe| ‘ Nov a Nest. Nos 3 ‘ 2 aR 5 : ww) Tye af parking 2 loose d Cty APF = . ns: of atom /urid oll = $x 12, 3x3 Ee : 4 is) Nov af item / unit cer = 3Ee — 2 |— ae 4y B3a* ~ “Feqr 1) Atomic Roclivy -@ &) Ex > a cho atoms In anit coll aNea of unit cell conxider atoms a3 dise 6x18 ee ao (ou 7TE> ie fax uml ae ae — Be eens SRE 7 BE Oa bh tke Craphite i a feo of Cadchon A costal on ee haxagonad dtouchur . $t-contains 4 afems per cae une col Negroad Ne cldtan® =). gq-= Q A—» Jothia forametor@eeeodones a FO AO CCOCOCERHVOBECHOSOOEBS EOE OBS5 PINION HN, ye t C-atem can meka coveloxt bond wlth 3 natsday ate C-atem of + Royer can't make bond with c ator of 2nd Lower. Thoct's why gaaphite rhaty slides on cach athe. Bo Graphite Uy Selt bea. ayer don't have boneliip SomiConduder one not comeluehing at Took Matals anw conduching od! T= ok ; Graphite 1 a& Sami- vrata, “Plants in _dlifbenand Copstals - os 1-Simple Cie s- Phang analysis Jn S.C. fread conviclen (1 20) jelaung dn Planes (0 lo)Cool), oo) , the poprbiss ang slams, | No: af atoms on (J00) Syfea plane — eo = tu st fer. tana conrad Area of plone = a atoms or cise (2dr Planner dannity = Nor sf atony fur unit asia = al INI TO ae (av 1) C110) Plone ,_ Nov ef atoms = XY = | Area = Jr qt . PQannor clansty =_l JE gt Shape = Echo,- (UD) pone + No Gf ctoms = Lyg = No 0 = ee = fre = ie Bare ¢ heir h =i Waa) fEa = j eno 1 ot 7 PQannon donity = 2 | Be | Shake 7 Triangle : which plone in SC 4 clorecl pack plans 2 1 Anus Plow, Dasgest Pannen clarnty wil? be chased peak |: : having - 4 | (190) od 1Q, whith cliaehlon Jy CAsyeat park in SC.2 P44 Dim > atom uy cinriclened ay a Ins - I aam mi v abe, Bolivn a ” 4. apne, Lb? Pane having Doogest Dine deunty wild be clorent park. Peng Che ‘ a bat cl, fst, OT, lrey Cee} oy te Clowrxt pack dim © (in ditiene a dhe wet ate (has I) fe dint caaiy= 1) [2 BCC | G00) plang ;- No: @} adomy = | (No wud atern on facts) Aen gt / Plownen daly ie p p ' A oo zi ly ; oar : , Ea =eQ2eeeenonegg O07 98D pO Om a LeoeeeeeO ee es Oo Ooo Nrs ‘ is [ a o) ~ ? Nov ap tomy = 2 3 Rrea =fi0> Pr PQenner dowry = JB ya ; Sine = Visa be [=~ Noro} ctr = t (body ieee a nok combs bude co (11)) plore ) ’ onnn daily = fino donsity = ( Penna iy wa y Dine dawtty ie pe for BCC: Cloxedt pack plana Ss (II 9) e é : a cise oo [yy 1] BLO te (0.0) Wane :- Now a atoms = S544. 7 P = 2 r Planner clowitty = 2. r Loe = i P I ne e oe Nes afedoms = b Plonnn danrity p Sins (WD = No of atoms = . 6 Q cov, = . Planner hownty. Bot cy Bia tclanaity = for Foe Chesed Pook phawe CITED 4 1 din” fhe] rdayery enpial Bb associated wlth 2 dye 44 Dodtees a *y disact Dodtice ; “Tiy Reripooeal Aattica Need af Racipmen! fae - i Auch dade, Dates poird « comranged) ve ty | Phat * dn Rociprocad dati, Dattce point are ascnranyes qcensdiny ty tain Wane vector (R) + oo ynome nium ( k) “Hane disuck Lather by defined in Position dpact . Rocipwoced — ” oe Pomeontum 2pacr or Fao me ws frveunliy wlotel fe pasion raem, 4 ane Conjuugare ap each ath. > direct Lottin i) the writ of Lorgth . —> Rociprecn) " a [ongth Jo! ewe vector J No: of ways fr unth ulate Sorgth $4 godly, dn whith lin? wowe roboge tiny hee I Ke a | Pot” engy in pasion spac, “KR in Mom Afoucr. Toto) YB Conpyed.ie KEL PE! at nvwurt bie fie 4b a much PEs ny 7 BR ey completely free then ty will have KE. onl rons for naod of Roo Lathiy a" 4c J spat Yo vitualize Ha eaytal felons. as ovdlin i cy hp MLS , a ee ‘eee OoGDeseo28e0 8 OG88°C299OR8G8OG8H8H999 FR BN8 . ¢ a ® As WKL By dneg-d — eye Geoplane —> chpbicadt te visu. Y) 4n Rorifroced Lathe, Cash plans LS ot09 Li yeporesetted by bs normal. iA] & Dongth of he normal) 2 inversely propostional to inkenplancn Apacing > So sinedly dro" » Rosy bs the Loryth op the normas => Plane near in direct Daticg will br fon away. wh rect Dahil . maa Bey pryricel pooprdy af ¢ Jal is purwodic « To calewlats o> concentration (& cone: fallow korrodic prop. A facta given nie) = nlrta) To calculate e7 comes , Wwe nord ‘to expand thy fal 4 ; co expand poroodio pus", we nore fouciin Agriny 4 frows Serie UU He concopt of Fourie, apace Or yeck Ayan. ® Srey Physical proputy of cayrtal sr fensodic Dike & Fed conantretion & magnahe vnomant. fe Faun toarrfor of dinset Joti Ue accipoveal Jobhice , Roe» ’ cline + i & davoug " ” ty acim: dud Latticg , drow ana 2 vedtors at X ze. To move from 0 to’, we Wr h z iN sort Translation Vector, Prone 3 b called Lode Translation 2 Me eet The veetor gaining 2. Lathig pebtty veubss caltel Lode Translation vectors one — 7? T= athdn gennad ——— [= ALENSENRS gt bs dapining tp divert Lattice o , uh, ra,b,¢ Ub Primitive doust Dattice vertor. i pare fotning neasert Docttice (points wedors i peez they { Y lane | 4 aie jorn far Anitia. point thon how vedo will be nom~} | j | poimitive. i : | Be Be BCC Uk bars sduchne , ic _ acti poramedr —+ fon Ind i suon= Foe , Fran ne Lyhbaw . i Sadie Hane , Lathio vector connat—non - weet nearest Lacthio points -s&o Nom~ primi \ ee : Printing : | , | 4n Roc socal Latico ) A Be ont Hu primitve a ° | G@F= ann 4» 7 ome arheggn. Vi =0,4,2,>7-SSHSHSHOSHHOHLOSHHOHHOOHHO ONO OANHSOHK9BEOTHRRHODA Recifro cal of S: Poimitive Lathe Se, (3 thoy oye foutng neaseat Dothicn vectors ) w= ar : > _ 4% Baby | e=ck . <——a—> aa ere fe St, Voluums af poimitive unit calf = dotlice ape conventional unit all = a3 i Reciprocal Pottia vertors > R= an(bxe) _ amok § (a=b=6) a> (bxe) a’ : 2 oe oe ws an 3 8 aa c= ane The Aide ap cabo in clower Lattin a ' ny ne Reece 4 > BAY = Rocipocal af S.C- BSC: with-cubie aide 27/0 ies ak Racipmeal =» = took jy tu Firat Badbuing Zone. fr SC, DBT wD Cubs of aide 2m/a » \fobome of Resibsroeal unto fir SO: = (& y: Eas a of bee D Beat bisbz ~ . eel UuPrirmitive Dacticn vectors i A DAY .S = £( itf-=k) a B= &¢-U+i+h) ee (Bx?) > Valum ap primitive Unik od a bee A(bxe) =a] J 1 - ‘ pele | & i111) 1 pee [ee si 2x4 aw @(bxe) = oe : 3 z RQ Root pooeal fect veel , P= anlbxe) . a ( bxe) B= AN (ex a (bxC) i= Those cre: the primitive veotes op Tan Oattte weed. 1 Roijrocal af bee dy fee with cube sidey ohCOHOOCOSHOSHSOHOHEDMHMOBENNENHOE9HH8F99N99H989 ' } B=. Brena) } \ }. Rocca of fee, - } Prirnifive vectort ap fec, @= (i 9) R= BrlbxC) & (6x2) am page) ahi d-k) o) tt anc-lrieh) an (ty a" (BKC) ea Qn (axis) G(OKD =) Rocipeocal of fcc —5 bee with euhe tide te. Vallee Of Reci Bo unit al S Ves Ar (Bxe) an aah FO d+k)Racibovoal of hep.'~ heb 3 Aelp xecipoocal . X- Roy diffractbn - (XRD) X-reup ane EM: wauys ef very oe pvmallln the Wile , enw i) ko Dan * wl J ai * _ | ae X-vays ane wen high enongy EM, Waves, ! Ditfeaction ~Canding of x-rays.) Atl dhe Long tednal A freengvensy aver f Adund wary, “show dafpachdn, (Sound Ware —9 not shou polasigt’ ) i Banaling of ye - aspunrd the comorg af An Obstache | iy called pian, Conditions Size af tha apaxdurt ds aize af de abtacle i Ahold be compualele Jo the Wel ap unre for | cafpastion do OO ed | i $n cablaarhion grating we wren ALA . grading ae ured por opstcal disht (‘Joo A- Foo A ) “he~ (ony dm 07 7-um ). vey small & rush a fu grade ean net be avi + df we indduat store X-ray on coystal hon JH!dl | boc, alifpoasied frorn atomic jedan, Ceaystal 4a mace up | | boy placing atomic plarias) Cas¥ pom 1225 40 om ) hs By One pQhne-» JoF= Jo S th pant @ x- Ly dace | © ho de diifaact X-ray , we nied ae a ! I, Gwvacting can net dilfresr y- xeys eo Wil of 20yl” ‘ ‘COHHHHHEHSHOHHSHHHHOTTHHOHOHAHHODMRHOH AE ptomic. plang ane Liky rivet fos atomic planusacfechn Thuy di}praction Ja Jike — Mirsror Like Roplootion bare thou ane dange no: ab satornic plone ee 5 i) . An . Zz f , : Tae \ 3 [>—, ‘ ‘ : w AU) dhe planes uill fallow, edaekne & z-pninmad 40 Hy mog- fisls Bondy comolations, jelane The. Rapdochon ll continu HDL dhs-whale dlifprechen a completed. : 03 — B "%~ Oo Qg 2 meawnre fom dhe caprtal surface. > Bart bo dhe Wks & forq! of (neidont boon Han * usb: of dipjeneeo! baa ett be dona (he- A/ becaur. midium iy fame, (5 shasta of Fair clapanol upon material of grety - > 1 ” qo dou not ” a : L : i p but thay Tre dijpraced Waves can. be intenpoe YS yur be Cohvent (fe: phase dip mil be constant withing 1 boam 4&2 pravells clijpraent path Ro Hun. sb poh dif bo aha will be Johase cif } mn tn Copfals due 2 bumaic omranymat of atom ad dnp g remain comand olurenys, (oh da combs do phoned Pith dil = 88+ BC ~ = aly PHS + diner whe | ?> a a | setecor Jy placed & path itp bys clifpracted way Gi Mz Pan -cdalentor wel) datect the Sptenatu [Mavima srt wil) 6 cbistuelive interferon a, (nail Menina a bath dil}. 4 then Contac Irdopbenonte & deters 4h. path diff : Pil) dalect doteraity ‘Manima : j= dp [zasine = NA) cand” Aotised then ctatector will | obsenve O diffea chon prok . fas fee Constustive Inteferane, as Saber f teenbity P| an clip UAL be indeyre) multtilede of uit A» My | | Aithn $x A A vou 6 Cure Monochromatic Keay Jo'By J) ! os Hx 6 & VO Ato Aadisfy the cond" [adn RO = nh | We l2r3,- Bo thet, yyy can ke caladated & caystalabaichne | can be foomad, , i Tras cabled Bragg loa | A nts dvdon of ctfeaction , | | } | lets Sn Namoironls, Use Tstordar. jee n=| : 2dsing =A iffog abn Pale - | frrgle b/s indclont wore “> differ ved Loar, [Gapecin og = 2] eee angke = Og | io Bragg’ Dour Gu Concrguanc, of. benodicity of OoctHrta.- Ret,* Sifesk of. Steer & Steain on XAD fatter »- 5 X-ray faction poutten is Indwstty vis dipfecetion angle. 1 £ & Toys 20g dhan - fee i Th & 20.4% a } deo v 5 Oy hos tha Dimit 2-0 do 90° } | Aa as app angle de A (es) Apaeing ad. 5 Trae perks one the | 1 2% > Concagtecnte ap ‘3 cane”, > df Fneaeanhng Qdgino=n) whan dy conol? 4 © doctiified., we get Peet. Maximum trterflann spacing 3 of (160) plone, joo =O 7 —> & of Mani Hon Os phauld bo mins A fs Hain popadluet semain consent. => Bo Hut, Lat ponk cowerpord 40. rmallort Brags aryl 1g Basegert alinen Induning of Tat faook > Cie) a | % Suppose we have a peak of noma sampleltohich unsdeeashed A UNComprured.. acartants) . C8 7 BC rbetfist dant : : SSSSCOSHSSHESNTOCHSHTSHOHSSONTTHDAODRHRABZIADHEDS —8 ' Spjenaty 4 habe iy moma buh both beaks have diff poston 7 4 Shedchad fosak Jy at different ae cif cng fy « an a| bo, of 9 Bwkly sista 3 In xed & compound | Mn re | 4) ” we ae He Laie) ORs bd Were a a A 7 [9 Sab p Jy Atratehasl wrifomaly | » mts dit omprerted ¢ C.Non- dnifoom Stretch ) comprerted ” Abeetehasl (Non--wniform Compression) Bids & Ov uj th Unifesn Ahece/shein Thane. Ju No ony dn-dhe shafesof thy or tn Unigorrn feonk & Tnlenvity Cet hing ov Comer) { dn Nee Us heyy ov atealn ,-abretutin £ compatsrion wan . bin ath Nore. fo non nlf -elpast and nob sr fin ll inn in dita cour , thou no change in ahape of beak . ‘ Ao Units 2 but 6 3 incaea se iy mo od > dieratte ae dace nrins roars Cormprevvion .&o (b) Js Lsoeehy, Ie fe ant) con, aah egg) #f ne Modijjed peak 3 boo. Ve . Stress. 4 Adsate wil) lex | | “Non ~ untfoem. (Waycderedt | | | Nok 9g peak ts shifted pownrly 0 : =a ower Boagg's angle => Sreicluly i »STSSHSHSHOTHCSSOCESSCCOSBTATFTOHSFSOBHOO*HHN HH f | Cffeet af temp" G—> Peak au broaded Shock of Jompradusa on XRD fadlery + Conviclin nosmall & mectiad, * domple Maxima a A*B r (emp, noel an sama je. Hoy cut geri) Dycngen same value. of 2p, \Gse%) Tine u No steekehiny & 7) hist [J No Comrremnion beaz in ° SE Ahrdehing & Combrerion Oy i PO ay Ja the la demote The peak which 9 broadin => having tess Bass indents ‘ihe pawelr talonathigh Jonpratus . i nen Tha atoms, of any solid can bo conridoud ay posemmir oscillators ,beoz adorns Vibeades ab thaiy 2quulibsiam perition Fax | UK Ths SHIM i valid only whan, temp: i) net hish beoz ot high jemp> , vibwehiond ane Sloxge £ a wid) break. Bo Simple hasunoix motion iy coneclanad oy dh, ou No thuamad exbarhon Dye to Vibestion (No° Hhyunal expevion) , inte polar apy 3s not changing , Y dng 7 Nob changing Phonqerak 4 Bix Bact Sridiably Boagy cond” Ju xodtiufied for Ahorh fook . & dua to vibaatien , Boage cond" Apsishias fror a vahge of sniervaty krorea xg => Peak parition unchanged: ( Dijjesdtion pooks ang abio cabled Dspprreshion Lins.) @p On dyeing temp, Ling Apacing (distance bur due eck) ; 3 I Hi) ¢ le No: op f 3 Jneyenies - . q Seifea peaks in compaction of poerious feaky. called cligpuse Sent . . Atomic: Seattesuny facie G)e sw dafind a ¢ = Arba ghey ‘calned by an adorn Ampbitudly of. MBA Beahened by ane. ctdensiy of K-2ey beak dupandirg ujoon 2 factors ~> Meme Sea fedbor () , ; _5 qeorotvical Afucdue factor (S) Tndennity oc -(ampbitudi)” | Smallot Scaterurg conhe om? oe Anes prduadne with odoms Hon amblited ore dlipeastest X~2ey.co}onss upon - how many & on each | Lak dupard | shan = | fomplitule, 2 gs | THE Seunplituy” > b= Ps eg: bi &. No I 3 ; 4 . et Wea | Bo F wf be dypuort for bath I abhi point f —» how many atoms on tach Dates points 4 aes | ‘ unkenunly sp=> dnewsty dapandls on f & S abro 3g _» hows tu atoms cou assuarged | 0 : > q dw caystaly ane of differ ishucte oy Situ have oto shu? Hr Hutn Jntervay Ls nok some, oe 4 Stucke UU dame Hun - wud be if | sasame wa ani(uk+ Vj k + uy L) ju te gaumisnen on NO of ate An nh coll, sup Vj, Wi and Hie payition co-arclinateyop gah adtemy. (Siac factor for SE ; dn SC, Pay jy baton at position (09.2) ant (oht oktow) a o- « =€ Sl po 4 moans , Scadtned apy F = § cFafs) & Tnkensty > Tndernfy doy net dupard on Wk, Q. | he: ’ ” on aurticnod dy pe oh L plane je- daeme fer all plans (ai tho apiece | ane allbued) No westichon on ky 2. ‘diy § for_bee te ; | Sypettie n0- 9f atomy 2 2 LPP) eG%43] ani(ete te) , ani ChtE+h) re E i Se S=i+t enc nrers) cts capancbing on MK fl hee npudlar dye of plans, San eeeveetovasoesesHoe soon TSasse se SOT IOSdo Jnlemity a also Aipanclig upon ponticullay dype. pla. -1) htk+ 2 = even eit (htk+2) =] _ Be. [S=2 => Pa af y 4h ntktl = odd. e He CHER) Sy [$=] = Fro $4) Che een) I @ heey odd ) Br Aa Ae alles fo be ablawes , | [Chek t) aisle Gam] Gi) °S for fee» Tan ak 4 otoms ak (2.99) (L4,9) 0449 (bio) a sett htt ks wa) Al i 5c ae OH) 9 MlkHe) ert thy) : | Ss lapandling yen bk, D, pO Seopa) oe all odo hoes Sz fit) 4+) -Feauf ( rep ofa kF . i Ref Doctors ase allen when kL) aw all even or odd,0000002008 HHT TH H988898F89999008 i a w. PEER IIT ITEP | ) @ Yb kL) mixed , : Suess (00) hes h-rodd £ fk, 2-1enen Phen Se rel", o} S=1Fi4)-] S=9 Fao So Rot Prose seplochens wl) bo absent, (IV) Qimond Cube (dQ) —Seleation Rude —> AM Odd , Hen alll reflechons ‘alfocad: ; > All Gren. den (hERHL) mutt bo diiviste boy 4 enty Hore reflections uill bo allowed 7 () Nach = Combiration of jwo fee, whan .Nacd coystallise, Nac? — Nat +07 tad ae 18 : local on Dathio site Beoz es Ae a do Hain Sa. factor ~9 difpercah Fu # ae That's why Tac Polous the xploctony of C. Lowe KB. coma in the calagony ra Nall. ies KBy alxo Pelllow fee , ; © Rh clout net cy dude! c box KOS Ke Fh fey: - dn thy case , X-wsy can not difpeintale “ 2 dyes of atoy ( KT CL) 7 ei tlle Fhe efbechion Of Simbloe cubs with atte pawmitre| Honee Reflachons of BC» Choo) Cle) (IY) 4 «kh 3 (2 08.) (220) (222) { ( ben 1 | 4 { 4 09), Clha)(iti), (209) (40), (21D, 229), S39 5 C5 Gu), 2227, B20) , (a2) «gil demain ool | | Thay the dereasing oda of ds | This of div foom (KY) \ | for SiC+ > AOD sepdection allowed GZ -¢9 (rQ—>a=dy,, | (be (iio), C200), I), 220), (319), (222), (321) | Toh peak of bee: ra 6). Comuponding to bel Fy | da = US | fox $22. (III), (2.90), (242), 81) (222) | / SC > 112531475 161g -- i ta gt) es 7 (HEY) => bee UGB 012 14 1S : - HM 2tBs4yiSibi FEB -- : k foc D wea eT HR fede > (111), (22 0), (NN). [Nall > ipome as fee. i Ke, (zoe) , (220), (228) --- sag ank ing fox | SCi— aig = @ REST d=Cee oeOe ere oS eeO2GE0H709e299388 9 Qu :- Caleulale cleo for bee. r \ Fee x a fo = dn bec A Fee, all the atoms ang nok covtied by (lao) plane do clraw extra plang. >> * Aur to x exba plane inteploion apacing’ =U. Due do entsa pune «pathy Ail) 1 with be half. do pilase cliff wil) be hol) & cond” af cousuative Int. wil) be changed Ino disbuelve, z-apbadhon i afer Lavgest | © Tie plane whieh is not present ive def nat elfowed for sthad- PML mutedy bay d Zz. | foe Se > dios! dito! diy = Logie > Vein Bee 3 dio! dno! dw = SOR aR D> Jig fz a rr B Fee D Avot duo tdy = b+ - | Ce Adieo ! cu due git. Ly wes | ieeeBraga 's Lous sin Reciprocal Dadtien - : Zdzine = nA 48 the Bragg’s Yous tn ist Dodide | Gay Reciprocal! Dodie, wie nia do replace aaa 4. Jk Racal Sadie oon vestor eater of tho ath G and )A k are Invexadly ‘elalel H | EK ba the ware veetor of Inaclont / x-rays & Ee be dhe Wane vector i of Bppracked ae kG a thy Raclproced!) Lothian vectors. 7 Magnitucle og Ru ~ [R}= at ~ tp Mog RD [l= aL x ie le Be © beo2 hls al indiclont 4 clyperacted Wave Ly some ago Meng - oF R&B ane same lot thoi ABP ane Spel Theet 13 why Shay ar difpnodt, : Langih af Wave vettoas depand upon 1 Songthaf K'h | IR “Gal) be dam baz.) Jy Aare. : I. Trace a civclo of readiy 21) A than DAM he pointy, Dying en the since wil) rabitres thy i | | { { i i Bag er mean) | S K+) —————) oy =< 1. 1 3 ak = | TT] Th B the foum of 8 17 3 echncad anche tt * 2244 he. clffaronc ot ma toual to Foe Matiie Vechn _ Gp inci: aT clifpacted wove co) POP2 SOP OHVCHOSRDPMONOBR OBB ' eeecee SGeeereonos G! gives He differance ef wo point), hewving (mibleninoliey Chx2) and CHRD. fom ineldant do clifpracteal. Now squesty, wry, (Rite AGH RG ak G+G*=0 / This ds He Bragg 4 Doro in recipnocad Dates qn QDime yy Circle my 3 Dim —» Sphorg called Ewald ~Sphow Fells parition ag Bragg" cifPsacted Lens fei 35 dn x-ray Machines gemallly [A= r54 A wil], Cu Ry eel dy used. dio Ky di incident On Cu crystal. 2 monochremas Brillowine Zonw ( Bz) = BZ ano Mo baundsiay cohen Bragg’s conditions will be sadtinfied in zecipeoce) Datta’, : : Bz cy dhe Locos of call K-valteos which ana Bonga, cliffoarted Rocipsocal Lattio anit colll of any coystel iu ths ficat BZ, ine- TAF BZ of Simfele cubic. ij° Sc. iat . Cin RL. , Afbays Jake ongin at .° conke ) . ke ky Re oe shore K-values which ane Bragg diffeacted to X- dua |e = Ta JA dn -x di? Roe [Kx= “Ta], Brags come” GH gorbesfiedBeg 5 bow | In Recipeon! Dodie { 4 EG + G*=0 Th ee Aguasia gt side OX. | 4 i 4y disudr Lathe ., fost veators aug oma awa ‘ Babs key | 4, Rociprroesd Dottie , tor cack { — | Ae anlexc) .~ Qn? o-_+—__5 | a- (bye) a Rey “Ala Me. ! 3B ee ea i a: (&Xc) & i oral muon 1 She oe 2, | wh from G , ehh a & Re Ke te Ky? BGG = 2 AD (h Ket Ky) =e im (Hk =o 2 “AE ( hkeetkhy) = “8 (Hg 4 > ERG = EUR) Th ds By: Bagg '4* Cond” of sbquase Dathig . Minimum Value of hi, ko ( 0 Not fonble ) Pe eal ea =o:,k=t] Thaye ara the porible veebuoy of h&kNeos oe hetl , K=o 2 of pao, K=t] tke = > rye 14 $A Kyet Ma enclon Ihe Ke t qua ag Ler BE Bz ave vevy imp» “in: ehoctrtca) a3 well a5 magnatia propidy « Bz dacide the ev & phon. 2e07OK G93 99009 * elladie popup “ascidd- by the mahi ap or ia th expel 4% & more foeady then coyptal Ui good conde : dp can nak Yreve fredy dhen aysted anlator . (9 gf bared gap dy Yoxye , Fran rare ery hauls be froovicad do feee Ha @, . ; * Bev moving Snwdt Ha oye shan; gt LD houre alow mom then boxy Do. - Booglit hypothe Gr /g0 nowe sone A ah Pp pe 0 3 “3 Cand” db gakugind, ther . ; a He oceded with noe in packwad cia” insleacl o yond tin" do’ band 9p agoulat . 8 : art ec i foes. do, mare JD Bx. dp will howe, He | onegy of VB" or GB. +H hee entgy af bem’ HH | Hon vr will do pack & fort, maten-s Stanley vhua, © Te comer 4 Bx 4 abv applicable om , Phonon. e Area a Bz. Jelly thor em can move foealy in this od09 [7 gad ip abet om bewunelry than plmae changes by 18" | ing ware foomstion eeestt J brand gap asciness IL 1 i 4 eoecoosronoseee eoeorreT®Ql BrMowin Zona > Nett Cond? a k ah , > Fhee =e | Q “t Ky Ky SB a | Bo Ting BL: Lg thongulley shape (4 a) | Sop ke | Bea BZ Qo) (29), (08) ro3tdaz, tho aw Ga, | Tase ae He BZ Y Squaw Dalle, © Ractongelan Latice “> shale afrB.z- Lu ectangular, |; Hexagonal 7 5 hope af T BZ uy Honayorall , Gibe ye Sheds ap 8.2" iy Casle , F Square " “4 ” 4 Sq uoe . Oxi Which of ‘dhe follousing otetemont abut BoL-for er jearticulase: secpovend JothL one correct ,1d) All BZ howe dame onth in 1D, dome oven if ad & game veduire in 3D Thu by due, 10) Tay ofl asses stare Ahafer. — False | gity Tiey eld howe shame atymrnaly «Pout. 1 Qbostions six Gpleratoruie separation of Ph capstel having fee shucks 3 os 3.5 A Hon calleulase the no-.af Cette tn Suet OOM A EA (i) (lee) plane : a di). (UI) peane I Quai eco has hep ahuchat with Late pacing a= 214 R hijhk C= 407 A ans Fee With cube Ailey ass A, Caloullade the ifedier dfy densthcay aj due fear. | Oi. Fim Xeveys cata Fe J found do have cubis shalt i ponamdler of 287 A. th dansity & atomic moss OAR (“gato yh? & 55-85 expertioly’ Find aut the Boavins Dottia og Fe 4 drdenademe. reeoihen af Featoms G4 Sadiam deemapooms fovim bee to heb caystall sfauchre od abet 98K wlthau change of density, Jn the, cubs) phare Lottie paxametty a,=4'234 and tn hep prow “cf, w= J. Find out she latree comsact in eb hose (24) OS @ Colleulae Be ditfeaction angle fas He Tat 3 feosks’in AL powder difpeach’n pattern. Note that cxgstal 2hoadune BAL B fee & dothee constant 4 YoY 6 & X~ohy Wel: we - \ 1 _ sya a S9HSCHSSHNHHHHLHHOHHREMAMTATTFTEORPOFS HOO ITVOOND —— |4 (b) s-dhe Lett const. of AL 4 Lassen than Hoy A Resesbe — « hav patken would chang. j ‘ . n F § QE i dn powder W204 olifpaution pattern, wring K- Bays of hi L§ bsy A. Thaes congactive Lat oveltr peaks a chrnved ( 5 4 { i ‘ ot a9 value of 60", 90" 4 112°. | dyskm 4 cibie & ook at go’ cowres}onds to. (220) plane Cabenudode (a) Value Lattio conttont 4, (b) Obtain the Milbor indios fer to yest poaks, & idantity- : By uptemn - Ot--A bee call has a Lattice cot. a. Callendake } @ Spacing b/w (i) plane ' 5 Boagy aprarbbn, angle 85 for dffoactiin foorn (100) plan @ ap Xap ot Wee A aw Wied, | Bie A bee al U wad do meawwud the Wh: of ell arene angle fer the miplechion from (110) plang is” 26027. Calleidlade dhe kbs of x-2ays Jp Lette paramd,, q ake copay 215 A | touting iy 4or30 and donvily Us 3.58 x iS Gry? at j 298 K. Colealate iyi Oatice pararneley af the caystal. UW) The values 2 (Sn8_) for che jllanas (100)., (Iho) & (WN). , L puto A pourker szample of fec Datta with Last const, Yog A ds wed for. X-aez. dipaa chin Aluclig wing monoehreriahc laos1n of X~ vey gf Ihe 15H A. Find He | Qar The rnallan mass af Magmiviam oxide having Neel dyes . '9eene9089 0 ( Dowert value of 6 fer which Ahr Breage aeplartin would bo | daxetvedl- ti) Find Ro Benge angle for Ivd peak . . : i ie abot city enbe side yA dy ded + mie anaes uA, Qobermino dhe Miller inchiaw a al acts of joan whieh Sottity the Boegy. Condition . de | foe each peak, find the Broge angle. fo. } Neuken diffeaehen & €7 ctifpractien i= [xereuy dipproen { # Calculate de enrngy of X-rays } roubons 2 electors coavespording to 1A Wavelongth, I i ENectene em 64 ) 5, = he an ; E, =. Poo ht By De- Brogles ypathut ) 4 = ; 2th, na” pene 5 Fo= BE OL ; 2Me. “am, jE 7 pGen HA ty dame, Hen ey, En» Ee ane dipuent, 6 £0 ve not mas-los, Moy of e 4 nan Aiifrent,. Ey - oxgPvane oS) _ nagtie® yo sy = NGSX lo” 7° = hse i | Raise : 16° lo iH E yay) Ey = (worl : 7° ax leryie? (io) > Ee = Gere _ ' AXGTX Jo! Kf J5"9)* } ae Enuyy y tRoxe Siprattons OW Wed foo digerunt = —— @COSCSCHSFERSSOHRSCeHOBSMATMTRBAOBelye For X-zay’ > hot oe AKL yy comedt ? ‘fine Vu Bu cube valltoge # ie i rot (eva t 2 Hay |) coca oC 1 in ioe HR (eve de >» dat ) ¢ { 4 { ‘ 4 foe 1, No epandoney ef dom Vi bcoz 1 Ang ( choagless but they can be accolorates! by Amp § : | ( { | | A= rem Thm Som ah] dsamajenvay E,= BRT (3 dim) ces | bab far, KT 4 Ipes_:- | X-ray dlp ued in .coystel athaukiae dottaminahbn | | bowed de determing magnate Qhnhue of salléd and ditebubdn of nuda . | Gi Bootren Lijeaoh'sn - : ° b wred do dodesumine susef-act morphology, hey af & used Jn auqace dtuckins of dhe caystad. 1 Ey > Ee > En for LAWL ak oe i Eoee hone ve change Bo th can nat ponebrate Ja J sed do ured, for Merfece Busty, \, Bae ar = 35 peda Aven = Bq _ B xy , x lo! mm” dn TUS andy, Bx (499K, = 2 arom. 4) fmmt = AXRx jot SR aE | = BK I4xho!* atom A es 2 Qn) 2 move chord pack, jmm* Ayeq 20 fe fer, az jeen ’ = P44 (3) | [2 = Fae, ' = u94 A —— (Cae) feea of aquana’= a — (494) AT ‘ 5 No ef atoms Jn thy arog = 2 \ 1A = loo tmm \ Lootne GaN yio mm. Avea = 2 cater. i fomm> Area = Axtell. i Cag 4y® | = B16 X lo otomy lt | do (Ut) plane 7 GU Rea ) y oof lave OOOO COOLS OZOH SHHHEDTODOHOHOHTHTFHD®3 nma a aa a Pm 2 NA Py L w= Lethe 2g ate * 7 & ¢ a? | - bP8a Xx (ROX YOR uy 3596 h (3 coe YY. P38B 093 Since hep fet ci. asl fash fr: ; anti, pais should be ofepr 4 1 OBR anne A I PTT K4/m? I m,= 5886S ops Aaa oN Jee Caan => n= ana | Na Pom Mp | = (2:89) YG023K 0° “xX 1870 - SE Lea mea] = 20063 7 ce for bos ‘Sy 4c =O Fae eet ef) BIBQe 6 My| CoH SOO SES HHEHHOHHAANTTFSOHHHHAGHOHIIHDG trienatomin peporahion > ter bee 2n= 8 a ane yx gys = Layee 20 = 26 2A A a | a= nme Na Sen 3 an ad = Ame ' : Na Pm ) hee + (33 Arc) = SMa _ » (2) Na By ” Aude fy aad agape = agi = JT % ¢ Q(ya3)” = fF at Cr 633) 151393937 2 3, ad = 151:342934. : VSWY a= 53592 = fa 2 2 &A= Ad — fea (a A= YoY fp 1 AS heya TL, 3 packs — (1) (2.00) , (22 . vy aene =A oe eee diy Jee dy, = tod = 233 A iB Qddn= AD AY 233 M9,= 154A > SnO,= —— to = uae | Ww), “ = si 13304) “=. 1962936 O.4 i 3B dypangfe [20 = wee] (28), dn = pes = gel ver Hein, = Ao >. ax202 HG = NSH > sno, = 1st - > BinO, = LEA = 913812 o =a 9 frees] A a | (9, d=. “ae - sol = IE 2d =]. 9. Raa vidya JES giney= 94 = on; = or Ye = 0537, D O52 326)" = [2= 65:2" (b). Endive. bade will &o ships to Dower ctippechn angle ab at el L : 29 1CHOLHOHSOHHSHLHOHLASHHHOBHTNTOFOSHHGHOOTTFPEOD A Qo '— 2d8nO = 4 (8p Rage Breed Hoe = RGF | Ee TREES Aton $n°o Ac, (ik = a bo gin’, + BYP. BOG = (nt HL) * (gt Rath) + ( Reet) "| + for 20= 90° +t 4 RY) % fereze 77 8 “Ps 28=96', well get § whan Ln | rox 6) fo Pebiy by 6 in a0 Sin > 4,81) Go" Comesponds to (220) Ngo ce » id d= ae 2dene=) 3 4 sinvs’= J 2D ga jXa a psy Zz QE dy) bee~a d= Se. PUD Qdye BNOEA | 2x By Oe= | ‘ i 3 - be . i : —— ey Roflechan of (jo) 20:2" i Q= DISA » ABP 2dis ¥nG =) | } = : au aA fa A= axe Kos A [ai. = 4]OI1- MgO , = 4o30 (Nad ype, Stouche ) Me = 3:56 x]0° Gm/n? a=? did eins d > (Bint) 1) @=, Mp OR Ne one) at = Tn Mie NyMe 4 (Mpg Mex) Po Na In | a= 4X YoRo PDX for i ae = Be Yay jot “$58 X o® xGodAI ~ 3.56 x G02 A=HAxXloPm 3 Aa Yag | Sno | O27 atmos A | : ; A a dite = Ss cn = z asines ) Bn 2 ono. . BB l BnO a7 V2 d” axipa “ALO — =e | Sind ey~ Gar : RE = 0123(A)" a4 | . i Oil FQ) No ; a= YA ' SER @) Sowert vaio ep 6+ Ol ea du = & fos SC > al faaks algowed i z ie *(100) (10) Cul) (290 ) G29) | “a F 2dsno=NA 3 sno = nA. | yf | Sway DAS EL ano=NSIA | pe = Ae gap ai cond” Si.) Aatified—» peaks ae adloweal, 2 [Bovap = 1203 & Ow Hr 2 (Ban = 2686] | te) Third book (220) : dois 7 Fo. f. ax 2 Bnd = SY Cin) plane re ob x SR wh Not pasviblr So Only 2 peak3—s (100), ) 10) Sin O45 = ae 15, 58-05 | mF ; | = Be es nCXs By hody) |Bonding sin _S 5 dn Sabids , a an atemu 3 vey ateong - -Gonsally 5 How One & sqft of bonding , iw paimosey bonding. | iy Seeoneleny PD bone agit / equilibrivm alisente /naasust raigtboun clitence j Unter te a » two atoms au fined. ep Net, force lr ies Atbrachive owen Tallancas he 2epuilidse fore : Pot” Enagy = = Minimum Condition oy Stability —» Net free mit be xno & pat” entigy mutt be minimum , ferea =- ve 3 adjective SHE 2 repulse xo Dighke choses > aepal.. atom’ ane at fan dtene thay Jnitally cetfraction yo Sham when they eure. nes Then Hue wel be gepiulrion (very Loge Wan 7 =e thar Albradtive fowee bnloners tre wepubmve fore, Rojerlocise frends Qe sherk range U feoees: 1 . how |W % ~ Squibrbsiaum point B For a table Jaijalem | RE Ahould ba ne minim sen, OTe Nena eo ene: ; ! i Primaseg Secor | donic Covalent — Metablie ed. : ad Myaletigen, Seeardasy Bancliy oenerally sales area mt 4 - é Pave after Peimary : | _Poopihiay | onic [ Graled | Malalli [Vala Faia | area Petmasy Primaouy Poimary |S once canola 1 Nedusee | pena | Shesoang shasaig” | Srducwd — | Pasmanent | Laioati, | i abe dips mori, Shale mon. Wes eas Ironside | reanion bated j { i it ? fl i i 4 5 2098000999006 i eeeeoeteeessabengeangot Sonic Bonding Thi Sybe of benching iy foamed ‘by rampen 4 : i a ey Na oh “glachronagecvity (power 20,ctthack the ey ator Lod ° ae i no oTt ap od Di heighn than No. (2,8,1) Crb/FD Ao CQ dake 16° fimo a, Natal” CAnsallato] Jhb Js called Tone banding . 5 Covalent Bandits | my type of binding Bs foomsol by hase of em bw 2 oF more clone “a@Gn) 9 HH Pa i WEIN), OF aayadl bound . Th type bond i petmad ww same elae apathy atom pS clle No, Highly dnehnad. —, CSerpicortecty, | prodalllic Pondiy ~ ra Hale benching Jy similar to covallont binding excopt tho shaved e poly 2, nat foals Ft cay meve form one atern +0. anothn atom, Cl i erg LY Nay Ky eee elt (mately) PE Shasad e° fpain i weak aly bound Ty) ineolaly Paapdbre ( gerably ) CRocallired ) Vanclarnioal Bondi This type of binding 29 foamed bya aloms. or, rnalacetiy there do not have tendonuy to Deore; galy os phoning of 4) Lily Sells Argon . ete. 2 5 Ctrank gas —» drachlise L) => can nat Loase, gain or shane thee”, As we put Raton. fogothu , by innacion EOE DS This otby deg do the Inolucad clipalle mao ® Vanderunal bordiiy i vey weak. (Manat cbineetionaly :atem & higheby clesbenspatine adtorry Like Oxygen or Chhoving. Dia to dh chasud em pain athettes| nme towards Ihe ellache nse atom, Thiy foamy & panmanont dipole, nage eng. $80 LCE (H20) GO)0 OH LLlocnsgaltvity cof fs Momynre of Choetonegadvity — charge om nolo At O, Nucluuy > +%e Sama He 5 $1é h-O-F. fe y oe BANE RUARR OS ey OH P S$ Moleiule hes acciured purmanontd cipile momouh . due do parmanet otifalk mom... gmebhy. boiling pt- of HO ua. loo*c. — . Cf due No He bondi — chen ~$0'c_) F-v abso direchonad, Constant (of tonic cystal ). (i) +- Mactehiny Constont Ute om) dun do Wrd roast vayhoun U, = = 2e? “3 > Orem) ® Total Enoyy. of dhe dyrtem , [Bae = IF aa : to Modan Constant fer 1 Dim Fonie capdal , Modobung. Combard for 3 chim Tente caysall + “eenmgy due do Tot newest naiyhbove U= =6e? . . ones, ~ W) Ind « ” U, = thet Unt &e(Se’ eet) oa) en + Uy = eee. Yr és (3x) ~ 8) a a “ee |° i g rt ; Sic, fee, bee Oe ma = re] (se siante capital) | Keep = #63 “| Kans = 1638 | gerunallly , Losger dhe value q Maclalune Conant , Mare Atedole 34 Fhe ahuchue. But Nat) dy mow sate Hoan 2 F ¥Beoz near raighbowmy im CsCh ws mose than pycg , I. dy Oscl > 8 ONINY an Tab team [ove adele -» pa Neth — &. 4 4” y | GBP AMP, ' Qua i- A mondatorie SC Oatho with pet" : : ’ Us be Gorey L perms’ Whee m= 28 m= O5 Hy Brot De | fing dv equillibotem Oaths Corastent> | Ia Bp K— peas of Wil 28 A dy bo Used Shen minimum anole TREE Gn be dase eaten tant Stas ytd j well bey' Oar A fee Lattin auch a3 nti gas dusrad oll ab Sou: t emp. a pol enuiyy can bt-eeiaetsad © \ p= [ie (gy" mis (5 =)*] r whe 7 a distane bus reosuxt y jloaunm, & od a content (of copied. Relermuy dhe Dottie constant in seis oo, Oar Caloulake ts Coulembi pot" engy af Cs" ion jin a Cscl caydtol by only convidoning He neat reightbou ap Cot While cathe comat, of GL ws YA. 1 4 Oye Agus thot foot” enatyy- of 2 atoms Jnaldy a bec cops Li gen bye) “4 a+ urflong oP ane constants. | Calase Gp equa lala | Gi) Latha paramesea dit) Rolabiyn baa athrectiose enory 4- ve enn (Wu) porenngy at the ee ep } Baluchions : P he dy Us LaCa-%)*- ip (ry? wv. ee dtr-n) — bp ate-n) \ =A [BH — P(TAB) ‘ i WU ( Felon =O D> K(G-B) - P(&-%)* =0 | o& #-B(%-km) 20 ; B -%) = of eBWa kK yD BH AY { Rae e 3 > Oe Go + B \ forse gaa : [foe ee) w= Ba A tes fe 3 R= = secorceverorersosoeeesooccesos eee 5 f Se ° Iie[ ee Vd) wuega =288 \ 4 | for SS > 2820 7 | A= 2(718) = 15 +6 d= = = [S:Gmee a5 <6 eae be 3 pe : =) We i hte _ i ditefe bea ad 8n On tJ 2 Ax nO = 2:8 DP gine = AB = 010994 { BQ | Bri 14637 | ae ‘ (2) | Qaim U= Nhe “(*) ~ 104s (=)"] I + E N [193 ¢ mh - par (-6) =| f-i4S: 1m Fee]. oN [W586 8 4 069 26) | U = ye os Belg =e D556 Get ORG PD Sia Behe = 14556 yo4 { 7 we “19556 = x" 36°F) | To = W556 Ves (1478892) or [ me © Cet ¢ a : lease cieeacreal A = 090194 7 | & i key yeh a : ! : Cf Daa~prte fe Aa pyly xX popol Wo a=SOSHSOHSHEHHSHMOCHOBRHSHOSBEeENAS FOF ADRAOBROHRHHA pon peermey a Oa Cael —> cot Qatio constom- = UR Wes ate ae UT En Fe Yr eo (EB) ra —he* _ Hee pie 2 Gar elif). SS Are yx") s ae = ERR KL! LB = fh Yo = £4 Une xie")* _ © Sretenyrie 7 = ~26' x loc A OY Uae 4 Pe 7 oe JU U ¢ =the ye af du dthiwso DJ A= g P ae % pees des ra @ = > xr= nr a W) as? aie Bo O=Qn _ 9 Vp = B(a) 1, = 445-(a8)”| a ) a -A__4 [on te = (a5 7 VK — tlt Sep + git po pat git BY vga = 9 [e+] _ s)" [Hn] 7 p? —. pce yla. fF “Ei - “ee ]” ahtetohve fy ait pt & geferlyve Feece ey : age)” gt pH ia eas1 Lattice Vibrations — Vibrations of ARiv atoms in the ’ Polid. Thy vilration fi sreoted-a3 Simple hasunonia’ motidy: i Zooh atom JU Aol can vibrate Un 3 moles. alo ach ate i can be conriderss 03 3 dimenmonal hasumonie eseilfater, | * $6 wsdl pornfoom SHM only if > ? } | } hee = , | UAPeny Fx &U gex® Hon thy matin iy Anhope monié, mation . 7 | Nous; LLatticg vibvahlrs -dacide the \ —> dha) Poportics oe — > Oetkal 4 —> mocranical *» I Of any aystem, | A Lattin making vegasisled ae a, zegulley asmangrmorty I Ef atbony which ar: joined togetfor by elosite apehgs . | aap we haat a conductor wise Hen heat wil) move fart frenron end do anothin but if haot o insulator whe Hen Raat wil) | move stil) move but dlowely bez yibeations of atomuane | Coble jer atemy Ahift He Absalon 35 naar obo Ta | > Amblitade of vibzahion wild br) Pot x : | > Thin a) joossiblle at Oour demb- ve! (Pax 4 Vor x2)! | oz at high demp Losge. vibration povtoom in any. aytleip, | > H Vid of atom do sHm- thor dhure will by ng Haag x pansion, sf CH thene. b Arnal expansion dn nl SHm) SCOHSSHSHSOHHHEHHOHHOHHT NHHMHHOHOMOHTHBBB9HODD me ; _ J f || + Motion gf each akong Lr courplad 4 shased by each. ateny | Atoms can vibrate, fiyst Poealy 0 Ahta nownall moda - dur do Hay anternal entry This dybe of vilsrahions Doools fo Srfeomabion about thawed pwojortuy Jikp rpecific haat 4- thermal conductivity ap dhe solid - ZX) Thy can expydmed food Vilsatbny undley dorms eetesinal foece This fore may be mochanica) oo elactsomnnte This gies wine 40 Alcausntical (echanead’) and Sptiall projeertiy ap thy rolids. an caw of feocad \ibeahony —» Py we incidont Sound - wavs ( Longitudnall) Huy otemr can | vikeate along dhe dis” af wane pepegehon do Pound WOUre i. can have ovby OMe ede, 2. df we incident electerres Wane ( dremaver) Fhe atorns vitoate along He 47 cli? af wave propegehon alo EM wane gan hae. 2. moles af vibratdn , From His -prokedy asises —» Optical peolomties . Vibrations ob ene-dim Momo.atene. Aol - | Lot w toniden a ene dim: chain opatoms and havin | mass m & Say ane ‘caninaded . to Hie eRartic Apring of Aping constant c Distene bis 2 atoms is a. ' | glint Gay OY) gh Gy Gry a: mpm fa en) ' ! 1 ! : ! : ' \ ! Unda @ i i i Liat? Be 8 —psO SO a ret Uy +H nee ‘7O09O OOOO 080379 9983800 | | I | } ! | ) ' } } ) ; ) eeoee doves eo eed f The 27 of motion "by considluring neaseeat ruighbsun only - Thu motion follous the Hoo ky? Dower, FAX & vax Fakx [oc cisplacemont from moan pondion] F= (Uh? Un) — C (Une Uni) dluflacamend ag nth atom bem (nH) Hatem | Pa ote C [Una = ~ 2, + Un. ] -———() Atoms are farnferorniny SH Po dRait dyplounont 0) be Aimplo hasemonic.. &o we wate the diploomont in _derou aimplr hestmonis Wwouse. TUBE= Kina) | =e a i) ampli of ware . wo ‘fre quany of vibzahin ka wave weelor xr din? af propoyation Ce =na) , from whore dalid Aba - Tyb atom ata divert Tnd at Qe, Mt at 3a--~ & Aeon. ee - Urey = Gertler Kowa] _ y,e-ike i[wt - k(n) qa t Uj, = U uel a mete ot a mae . ¢ uf cape] 5 ~ Muy = c Yate” co Je D w= 28 < [ewia 1] = ae fi- cole). _ Sila | 2 Bree 2 urs ae cml 714 23H") aPuma -4e. opn/ka) | =4O op 2/ka) pore [as a [— Thi ds The foes oUypwivion selatin fer Q yvnonoatomie. Kodhce, dipvion Relation => W VS k relation . jee how uw & k changes usr" to change cin each GH snags Guards of Lattin Vibvetiin 34 Phones. | > Wave of tottia vibvation »v Phorrons follow Bore- Rinaiein Atatinti (p-e st.) [> Lke-photon Cenmgy duanko af 67 ware) , ‘bhanen 3 abso Boson. . | w= fie [et] |} 2 Modulus u dakar hari beow reg: wv can't ban —ve => w wu Auparcline upon sin (2). A) 4f lo= Adin, (42), hen whad J spring conemt 7 = compry With B= A = fe on —_ A | o{o= 2B II ty adlidd g= Ca > oy is velocity af acu mM a be : Aprig. | 5 Sam = OS Pela. * i Vg = Ope 3 ay = afFe | BENE] oon | \ WE | in ( K E eps 2 — Me wy) I Ss dangitudnad atfrew & ae (mays denaty ) on ; . f= | } aa hardly as gertely i | Pe HH 4i pti Cores ¢- L(y At Bow foeg: & Rony Wavelinth = i tam PIE Fen (kaa) w oak | sm) “foo dong Wt Ko fag k= 20] | j Bin Kas ka - Qa 2 = Ra) 9 [o=[F ©] a . yn. Grpup velocity yy _ gu + Ad Vp = p= Us At four freq & Lome. Webs, Maclin 39 Non- dijooryise. i Honee, dt can bo convidond aj Continous © homeyenaans | macliary C His “iy abye calles! Continuum Mockel ~» dn: Condinunm model, Vi is indlaporda of ky (2)_ Ad shoots. sel of high freq in 0 Nb afpeximahon on K.. w= I PY | 98> LMU — b= “de = $ fae cy (KS) } @SHSCOHCHREHSSSHCHOOHTOM®MFFSHSSSOHKRHBHSHOHO RASS | |» A showy Wiley Up # Oy Hone irodium J disporense ” ” | Ak what value a} k , Vp =0 ae = 03 (+2) Those ang tho ae op he: At B Xone barndsin (at k= oy => At Zone Bowrdsuy (x=t) 3 Vg =0 do We k geaph's . 1 6 come flat, Commesanding Wk do ket dw | eo K=qF on > [saa] dp any’ wave hoy Wile = 24 chon ay quoup velocity =o Ao | Shak ware can Net fravemilt Hreuyh Prot medium gs | beoz phat wave ey nob camsuing any euy , (group velo + iy dhe vel 3 ware envgy peanamivon J & Ths Wave til) datisgy the Bragg 's cond? dnskead of rane dgy ware , we !00 get Sending vlaus, Bro Zont-bourdsy [sep of die band J Pape eran band K —2 G conte of 82 $77 © Letom af thekand) afoeq: band — Fhe aMlowed yalury af prey poopogate . { | quoup veliak se dop af Je band Js tho, Wax = Be Top af the band + fer mono atomic Qaticg | Wrox > So monoatomie fotticg bohave die f . oe 1 Lattig pts he: 2 atom -basu, (Nor of afoms ain pomibee unit coll = 2 hep actos hove mares m, 4m, At hoovies than ™, . ey Rejuoniy : Wave will not. Poopogate (Poet “forbid Jo" yee pars filler, beaz face: greats than Wax can not, prfeget. ie ‘pas Hh freq: Lowey Than Wma Ai Atop the frey- mort dhan Whoa wo > Une |=> Nah fae beahin, of Ono-cim Di- atontic fattie m,m, = [ae lot Ke Ez High fees) tahoe of ofaticall branch di panels when Lighten mass. “fis whith Kwalug —39°(KL)—> sin (KR) = | = ale) SeI at A hots n iT te 2 5 B-Z bound ay Ab BZ baunday , fre depand upon Lighter mass. uplk=o) > Wy(K = 23) | &@ Acoustical Beanch 1 wt= (hth) -¢ Hrd) on 7M, / @ hong Wil {-Sow fs.) ' — : At kao, Srey af “acauistiaD branch willl be zn bub ny optical “branch will not 1 (20me Fintle alse) & dong wir (Low fry) ‘ley tn 4 R= ] K-30 , )—* ws cla ne [iri Hy, re - cde fie j= Tae es] mm, 5) _ C(m tm) Jfi-f- ea mim] One, korn” Ao Key amall. do Expand oh = eGkrk) [a pry een it ul ti a (Mrmr ; pac (mame yf Kamm 7) 2gr : ( mms) | “a(n ¢mye | = SO 2(m,FM,) Ke lees |” 3 We] Like mono-adtomic E 7 CHOHHOHHHOHSLEOHHHSHHOSTSHSHOHHSAGHOHHIFSSO i |: |» 4 | } | (C) heh freq: (Sho (shooter Wik) & t kK hgyh 3D on W{K8 Js ; , { (k=#3) we thd) — ¢ (aay | | w= CCH e(bo) = TAR S| w= /2c 3 At zane band y Pep of acorutial bonnch cleparl sper the fonviswr Maus.) do W Sf Optical branch 4 Weofacsurhe beach at — zon bounday one efferent There 4) fome gsp bw Hein | known 23 want Gay. ee § of eee Je 3 n pK v x Thaw thu dispeoten relation Of phonon Aiperrsaioa th clicternie Sothia . Thre can net be any phoran comesspeand to fogs gap. Band wsidth f allowed enoigy bard (Frey: wid) 2 ee (aoeatstral beet)» JH, = we>a GG000S8G08999000 S9GCHOHOHOHSHHOSCHHODBDES ® fri ORY » JE ~ RE clopands upore both mares dp m= mm, thon fees Aap = 0 redisappoans bend vidhy= Jae | JEFE - JE] fer_obtical beech _ + Allowed Geequery wane cp probepiom of. uae. Uy aputted nk wo pools — @ Ophcal beanch i i) Acoustical branch The 2 branches pepurade by a ‘beep gap Width of au gap ational JO fm. he. te Fri ‘ dab 0 fi ~¥mt, Ped 1 Lighbey mans dem, gap t 1, -9 heavisy mas —> mem, , gap dinappoors. gap=o dn monordemis. Dathie, we. have only aeeuskad nae & sn diatomic Gatti, we hove both optical acanttteal franel hes Gb Gy nocomadup fr a ofteal branch that there rust be Qatems per peimibise unit oxQl. : dn optical branch, % atoms mover, 4p oppositt dixections - hante conbe ¢ mass Ln optical branch pemains fred - .Optical Wane —» EM wove (Ligh waste) acoustic Wane —9 Sarurd Wave Ny ck Natl = @—O——-©——9_ # mq mores upward svelmth % — clounwonsl - CQ hao! er . Bi Th, & mz CUL A reo | Rumen Mor But Conreaf mays v2main fixed. | 4n Bletical boanch “+ CM Optical brcineh, can be asin in Nach ; ZnS, GaAs > Ge —+ accent +ve chose (ut Bran ex of de) Ase vey fee with 2-atom bas > Dimond i Cech J» Simple Cubic => optical branch can rat ae : asvutys . ratory 9 46s, ict} be. optical branahi care avis , J No-eftbranchas in a SelidF Sum on p alors Jn the pom unit clly ox p oder, basis y| Beanth \ 1D (br) “2d bb) 3D (3p). for Mono atomic athe - p=l arausticad = | opticaR = = b+ = IF] x0 ‘ fio Diotormic Patigi- par Gtawtieah = 2 Okting = 2b-2 = 20) = 2 | No--of Modas.of Vibvation * Iap p- aboms in He Pride |} unit coll % deta primbbive unit call an soliel wv Total No: ¢ atoms= PN (atom hoy 1 Dagoes oy jesslam) [ Modey | 40(bN) 2D 4bN) | 2Dipa) | - | Reousticnp | PN an 3N | L Spit | an |] pan | Gran] | | | ! 1 foe 1Dim Monoatome Gatho, 4 Arolid. cardeins N nov af otomy, i Tetal Mody = N > acoustical 7 N | » bptod 4.0 |. for 2 Dim diatomic Latte, ; | Total Mody» = 2N © | acawrteal > °N } optical NM SCHHKHCHHHSHTHHHHSHEOOHTHNTFTHH9SSCSOSHEAESCHBHBOTBD |ys Phonon clueryion relahon (W-k) Ub obtained by Inelsstic | Phonon. Tht as dhe erngy yponde op ollortic, wave wf os Lathe vib. —> fellows B-E abbot. acadtening. Of dhumel roubory. Akh « ! — Phonon deoxy nat casey any Phyvieod momutiun but indole | He cystal , at Ungrads with nowhon, X-2ays & eloofons a4 i af tt had a momentum Wk. That Js ayy called Crytap Momentum, => Phondn may abrovb oo ernit Ennagy « i ‘fio momentum clijpusny = entryy olifp.- b/es inciclont 4 40e Wad, Most of, the Voads) wild’ be oAifpracked bark but a Diy fork * EL) be deanifn do Lodticn » : i Phonon gornades by pelative motion af atomi , Phenon can nat exit In free Space Thats why it deo nab caseoyy [puyical momentum ' : { Results of. hastmonic cfaory of Latte viboations | FOX yUKK | UW Tivo Hettice wausey{ phonons) do not interact with each athe | ‘ie No_phonon Scattering. « @ Tow is 70 Hoymall exparwton if atoms ane vibvatiy heen @ Adizalahe 4 totaunal constants axe equal) (4) Clostic constants Like + fowei consdant C ang inclopendoné : of promune I temprahne . (S) Beast capaclty (sftcific hos) xo conshank for semebe p Ie ATS % 8,9 Deboize temp, “|ri | eSOHOoSeeoetetocroe sea epef®eooon502e09%96600 dn reall coyals, Hoscmonie. Hoag dew nat Follsw exectely Meaning » Potential endagy alyo contain) dhe anhasmanle dorms, Ut x 1X2, te dhen themal expayvsion asl) be Hine. Honte Dottie orusant will Inacare. H horemonic theory m+ Not Faldoe thin phonon 3¢a, 4 | i ! Phonon Scaring Phonan sca-gorernsd she Fonnal | psopertiy of ate Acbidy. , | <5 Phonon’ sea: can be of 2 tybu > i Wy phonon - phonon Acaeniag | Giy Phonon ~ impuouity. acadfouing ' Cphonon > impengeetion ) —> Phonm- phonm rca 3B dominating at high i, > ° 1 ingpurity + ° » 7 ow at | | Phonon Phonon Sea» is ef 2 types + | lz) Nosmal pavceys (N- poveess ) ' (a) UmkQaph poset CU- poe) N- Prews = This id 3 phonon poverss in diy, 2 phonsns combi [de form a 3rd phonon : ; e+e = %] Mom DEK = RR + HK = HR Ao Mom. i» Conenved . Zangy Commvetion , [boy HU. = Ws Saugy= hd Tw, + HW = Tw3 _ “hn shir footy, No FRuumal Rquallnttim ain Dishes] « Hance Mo. i ~tRanmad rutena & thumal conductivity 4. ; |Hf phonon proce. a oT =o £ " oO » U-Process: df 2 phonons scaitoed do give a ec phonon but | mortanem A Endy. ase net conserved , ton for the conrgvaltey ; ge mom: & enogy , lodtico runt be invelred. Hone thy is a : ! Ti rexipoocal attey veetor, | [wire = oy + | ome enogy will transfer do Doth; Sn this prety Sharma sguilibsian iy atablish 4 thenal i aesislence LU finite. Honty Trorumal conduetiuity is algo fart. | Ry = Falke | -Srungy of 2 phonons for U~ process is of He orden of 1K, | k—9 Bebtzman Consent, | Theswy of Shocifiic Neat. + Shige hank! Srmount ff eruyy seyuiae to vals He Sep, | | 6B 1 rooke of gas by i’ ce att . lt i Se ay of 2 , i We Cy > Appocitie reat et corstant vedume , | BG ieCeeSO OSES OHSEHHOOTTTGTOSHSBOBISTOPTS a for olen Coy, Cd wa supply heat Q fam oubide Hon dt well he upd’ fo atnere sho ikomal anngy GU ef the gas vncleeutes , Cp: haat Wed do ancoeate dhe idennal enmyy U g Jin work done against the external previ. That's whay Cp dy more thon Cv, Shocifee ah Said (Tp mare fam Solid clo nat expand much on hooking o constant — (expansion > Gad > Liguid > nodid .) ; expand the gas tld, TQeqec Solid ahawld nat expand on hosting. do Sfalckt manning of Specie fant af oti 4y ale known 04 Bod Copaaitin. by Bu poli - There cre 2 dhungy i posittve. ton cows 4. fee 7 ey. Na* * ons [sediew jon chain 3 callus! te ton cor’, Solid Specific haat cn of 2 dypes ; , L . +tveton core free em _ : motion of #ve Ton cove CThasumal math) > Lattice vibeation fz dy abe called Phono specific fab.Theory | Lato Shai ha hears 1D» Classical Haw CD.udeng. ~Petit's Lous) D Quantum teeny porinstin thoy WDebye choo c Clasvical, Thamry : fullong Rult's Lows ~ Askuunpibn of. this thooiy { . icodrding to JR Manny atoms viboale Like a Aimplo hosunonir oseblater k it can halve. 3 modes Of Vibration . tems ave udonti | \ ~call call, hascmonie. oscillateos Vibeecting- with ane feurdamo| | dob fetquoney indopndont to each athosy : re Sach adem J 2guivalent 40 3 dim classical HO. gh atuns as N olomt in se Sobid on nlernal | | i exmgy of each hartmonia oscillator iy) 3 KT. for a Cdarcal H:-(12im) : Tote) enowe 3 E = bmetipn th 3Dim, mE show ane 6 Pry , 2 due tox 52 due doy 5 R deed Jo z,-[3 KE dem, 3 PE dain] 2 each emery, conbibubig do U3 aly [ Ler] : he FX 6D 3 KT > dntanad Samy of cLosiicad HO 4 E = 3NK,T | { 1 4 i a if E=BRT] fe [ExT | I iz | ‘ Se sesh a . Ace to ea theo, Apecifie heat i consiant at all demasSIRI IEF SIA INES SET RIS TPL TB SCCGCOHHCHLHSSCSHSOHSSHHOFTTTFCOCHOHSCHSCHOTHBBDEDS | . G ‘But eyosdment shows that, — Thu shoo, fabs ot. Low aa At Low: demp , : +>, Cat Honea, Hos HReoy Fails om Low semp- © Einatein Tony (Quantum Hamy ) :- Thu vy only ene change y Etnatecn mada, in classical than AL Hu ‘atuamplion of Einstein Hoon unere nd. 2s clarvcal thoorsy But Hao only aifporones Wd 5 now tha” Josvicnia osallabes ant Quahkin Hanmas Oxlade, & Ty ane orcabladinge wih qusantbixed frequancits' reg tt Quantived in tommy of AG,No.(m), & ncan Foke valuy form N= 0,1,2, 3 -—- 5 / Samy of ore-diro Quantum 1:9 oy fie a Ry Lew 3s not tuumed., : Thés DB the-enanrpy of + WO, But Hor N, 3D. Le HOB oquavelant 30 3N , yim HO, ee BN) $ Dim Ho & BY hu + ete + Be ew.Spaifen haat, Gy = G) . oT Cy = BNR [e _))? e aS he (54) 2 belkeT Ty ey = snipe) ‘(&) e ; (ers) 1) ne Naw pub, ¢- a I Og = ny (Einstein ten}-) Oe \t bey, = 3R/2E EN ar fe] Einthein temp Og iy vefrrance dean » Case him Pe high Aowbe hur << ET 2) On << T wa Dy very “wing asmall) , By Binomial exparion Ck ay - Ths matehor with ebarical Heo at high demp- wo Hy oe sewulh at high demp: I | Gare A low sempe HY >7RT 3 OQ >? T | | | | t Ge 38(9) oS Cun ” i { ‘ 286, e It C= 3h sey" ease (rajlecd 1) . le j t Hore aa Hen ie. a i lominating 4 4S@eeoscQoe ees eHgocec seg og 8 O30 TB REC D ee a At Low term, spocipte heat iy doce vig exponnintdy. wth docsense in temp. E Sxhorimontz rhouy dhe behaviowr f @ ab: haat 0% cies done this Athoory Dd Loilos} at Dow emp « : 0 : ls G) abye Trey (Quan Tn) | Enstein dheoy cusmuned Hat N oseitlaens , ose bles” with dome natunel freq & Andopendontely but a3 Hay are coupl ahow feeq of vileation. can nat be ame 4alss a abi con: peepogate a Large ‘no of foequmncles feorr Dow rey, +0 (Sound wanes) do high foe: (visible vediatiin). This moans a crystal can howe a vier of modes. And donsity of modes $t Uy called Dansity of Stetes. ” Denaity of stades of EM radiation > Dovvity of Atocty — No of enogy staby available for unit enogy arta}. As dP, DO)? A captall can profeonk wo dyhes af ware (i) dongikudnal Woes (Sound waves Jim A Oonpuitudnad wave con have only £ mode of viboattean fon hosemonie. O8allastor (poobepakian of uiave along tthe din” Sf ware) , (i) Fanwos Wave + A deansrense ware hove 2 mocle ap Vibration 17 to he din af ppozetion, | Spocipit- heat fem His comes put do be a= 3 )RFy —+ Debye fun” oo . ? xxi c= an (SF 3(Ey feel > (eye wher 5-5 Dadys samp. UW 4 Tabye ang rey Kp Op = AW = hd [> =P) St behaves ay 4 refenenar demp' irvicle tho aystal (rots) ‘isis tates: "ly EHP X< Kat: 8 KT PET oy f 7 2X oo L (Sy 3 fee) 3 UT Pe ay high Jemp. , Debye theo. mately with clarvical fey fos dhiy 2egion , | Caer ~ At ow denis: fw := hs>> Ker ; 0, >> 7 f ort dx _ a 0 (CN 7 bs G = EP Ey btw eet? 9 [ETF] A thus vest matches with to experimental reyutt, | 4 4 { { ‘ ot Js \ | 1 : i | |Snjenal enya} Lottie vibeetion ( Phonon Enoyy ) At high emp, [EXT fou" feats Debye Temmatwu t- exprenion for cubyk demp 8, = AY [ern y? are ( ) nt + Kabuin (K)! Vv whore > valodty of selina - V > volume , N > detad ro: Pater hs Atomia donaity. ona Lippananct ter each Solid . E \ ith Lottie paramo, Suppor for a beo Dota abuctinn, with ; a=2A & velocity a mound = lowe m/e - Caboubote So. . an 3 1 Os BE (SER) “hl know that 5° ; _ : i le Cron = Coat fe Coded ad 4 : CeoSCeeooonseooeeoeeeO800290999980800800 “T°? xT? : aye ObDIN Cayie, sconpully but could nef explain b Coed . 8) Het fees Han PESO , Only ennyy KE Ao How e: wil be only 3 Dagees Of teeadem , Ose =a aaa al. | . be enunpy hauled be 2 RT. Buck 2) B nat 2 Rrenactely, &) Clawical ( Loventz~ Doude Jhemy ) | diy Quantum ( Sommenfiald hava J Classical free elootren thaw ‘< Qosents-Lacla Tesy) _yCloctons ane Aareuned cc foee. —5 A ving poe mouroundad by Lasige no: of free esd. tye jon cove: | +n thes Hany tt autumnal Hak whan ae feeely mary | “in feilid dRon ids PLE Salto. he e7can mone fotely. throghaur dhe Caytad, PRE=o > tye lon core Nas +ve e7 hove Sage fe When a fee O° move in galid thon An ahs Heo at | aszumed thot tre ions. & athin free edo not apply | ANY foes Or Movitip face C7, _ Fect duo do dveion cee Fane =O Feo bee can move facody ainsidy the aolis. Bat i+ can net doave the saw bez Cwerage foace, af pnd fon on foes e- ay at at can nat Joare the sunjace, i for aimbliclty this foace 41 taken a4 2010 * PaPenoigy of inside €° Jy ux than aulticly ©, beoz grvide PE -ve, ( Otdsice = No fooca one: bub inmide a constant force on€) Thu Lan © haste 2&6 No e cay “yo +50 . cae, Huy basen — | i i - . . el -Sey ipfllassical free ev Fheary ‘follows M=B- Statubey , Quantem + , “ FAD « tae tie iol 4n classical Hemp motion af eb compantd to gos malleerle: , Bo sk Gs called fren & gas. & ‘em will Follow dhe M-B St. Festeos oh clita fate € Many (le Brad tg) © fren €'3 Jn a rolid compititutey o free egar, ae Composed 0 gas rmOlacules of an ace) gers . di) This foeo e gas cbays Maxwells a Gebitics . diiy dt suceesyeplly copines Glum is four Soar: (uv) Thre foen e's can move freaby” ao sibs aks howe Righ cleats & Houma comductivitieg, Y Rettls of fsenall conductivity to ellectstal covct dy constant at a porticulas dempraduser, x k— Hwwemal cmd" = cor Teall This ohslank ty Goblod Loonie. 0+ & dtp volun Ku = comb. = Imenh fb: = EASY = ausce wa Peg | Se (Rapoeent) cae plabonon—foane Ja | vi) dt alse exalone she Rip Lube © comple Oh: ob slotted Chrightnoss) / paca Laduray' > TRB Feeoy can “nat abbin Senet dlepanclonee | oF op. ellatoieal vesistivity . 3 iy st fails to explain elochonie ast copay & porcinaanctie °| Auceaptadbilty of fore 4. $! . ad Auecsfeterbl li af fee <, at @-———____.__. Pee OHHLDONTT7FSHGH8OCOHHOOEDRHOO SE| But by thir thoy, dha fx ox Ic eladroie fusitie feat ace Jo Hi thay | Cye 6 T Bud @xparimonlely, Ce Phauld bt — Cye « inclokonclont of T. j dil) Tardive Valueag- hath: cope far seme mates , can nat : Ry should by —vete Ryan eg: Be Mg Ca. ete (Ryztve) wv) # can nat explain. why veme Aolidy ant goed conoluctre Gelaokrity & Acme ant bas} concluctors Sf chastity he dt can nat oliifounbale bis sie, conductor & buulater. _ Quantum free & shaoy : Sommer fil Thony | ~ Chlarricad thay assem thok os in fee eo 923 fallow M-B stetudis, but ev fallen Fermi Dirac Statlitiy ay faudi Sxcbuvion Principle’ afpbicalele one - | —> Aad the ayumption of Quantum fren oF Hrooy ang came 5 clazvca) free Hany exeaft now €4 falldw ths i P edivad aba lutu. om fon | ( ele = Nomdwo e> ean have came Ducvdty | Atale) : esate “$2 > ned ,2= 0 Myo, Meats | ish aeet I sere i Neral, i Teabla, on rabeeulsy pyran dere 1s not | ' “Bah D wom \ . vey hh oe ees wil) bein ground ath he | Yo pextechionl en €4~ . : : But in fermi-dinoe tb thant ua wdrbnchon en -e& the an one dale mw only 2 2 can ke filled New tho dishibe § -dien of es 3s difpsent by changing the atetivice, .eeeooeoSe eee Geoagreg7°797 9060000009999 9990 | | a oe eee eee ae . je By changing the stabs, He prokendy af solid uu shot oe nes PaschHon fact u change facia fu’ clucuibas the distsbuhon of ev. Ausdo. Afpachon dur to al +e ton codk Cue can nat Leave the Aunface but-. frez 40 mow. in! sabal , — Sommunfiald eepfac EoD valid by 1-9 patrol box do cdetenmine the ennngy yyy Steatey, | 1 Dim Sch* 24” fos pat” (Pot? Vee Vax Ju constant with dime) : . LY, 2M (E-v)P=0 i ae tae - bese) veo We howe so. pind al? ¥ diel, © 50 EEL tig solid . (V0) vox eo have dual nahue, Bho can. be Commands a Wome 0 “id con bo ae? by Y. lot 2ME 2 aye k Then dE + Ys 0 K Wave. vedo: k= ot Pot! of thir 2, Y= fank«e BLK Sanat Bound Conditiens , At x= 0, Y= o=0+B) DB BHO At ocak, PHO sy ge AwnkL +0 | Ado 2 sinkL =o : BHkL= On NT tiling ne I) 2) 30202 2. KLENT n=l %b" gound atte . neh Fy exdied Stoke who Ware Rune a : [Pram] ey| S Ae Jt P= fe sn(2)/-——w y u 7 ame ae 2. * mR TKS TE ee | : | = ]/e= wy : | “2m > Ww : Snmay Level stration f withn. - Tar yao ki &Ne ee Vz04| ae é etbaree je extbation) add toe in: qoound Lowel. | Duel at Took calllad | | Cw bes Fermi Dovel co che Rant fillg [ne Fermi owed 0 the highs xeo EL ocerpiesl Duel at T=0k. Th uv abiktdly Tae at T=oKebuin. Eniiyy of Fem Covel iy callad Femi ALO Ho Dame ‘endow Feral Laval cuk - complaley piodad) - © above, “the y ao empl, | | Feomi, Gnenpy E,= net . | | arn sje shd ibe g Fly JET aut Nal et aceurmulole 22 ale yy an.@eooeeoGOoeoeoe Gen ooe T9FH7OCSCGC8CHHBCHOSCHBSBBEESD [ Ee= ay (MES TF om Vk Thu i He feomi erouy in £ Vim, when, No 5 ‘Clochonie dont L RE Toad no of &3/eunit Dongth . fom @)D Weger p we wit O° As fee than sity “hole eneayy will be KE: he E.=hke = Pe / “nt 2m . Who op = Momentum = 4K SS whe k=» Romi Ware veator eM ) Qk Now, Fermi Velocity. k=my, = ENT Ham Teresi , by CE, = = Sal © Cg--Begrran ' cut 2.[Te sks 2 ake | | x Qm Kg Groaned State Eningy (ar Zan0 point Eraygy J ~ : At a8 T=0K-, ald She e-5 ane an Goound stale, je: thee 4 no dhounal exsitation, Sum of all the entngy Atodes util he total gquaund adete envy :a ; { By =e TRY ( n=| Ami? | At 4 Qwdl, 2 23 ov fab. Lwitd iY clue to Apin nay , hore 2 shin Lovely m= +h & mab have same enyy . ¢] we pub the ltd in aay - gids dan spin dagenracy cil) vanirh, Wo Know that, Fr - A (StI) 244) . n=} = 6 = BNC) _ weateaontes ee = aad Baht S : 6. gee Ace ees cee 6 Tee tna solid. , Fetal Nor of es 4g Gu very Large, (suppor 4 =19e° than We can neploet (3% € 3. cu comport Jo 33) Soa 254 285, 3 vw 2 Brn Rees 2 3 ab ae naz 2 A ep Be & WER TR yt n= Ami ie 3} j| | i | OOGOCHOSECHHHOHMOHONTTFTHSOHOCHHFHH8TO9988 8 fi qeound stale endegy pay powticle ar for e” ig Aonaity of al Steaty Dle) = Qaraty of insd @3 choted no af elocfrnie stats pon unit enenyy ee D(E) = od N . J No Nap |e . ) » dE. { nb nor a ens “N= 20 | Devel = dan. adn : De) y= adi] Avie? dew to Spin daynmacy. We haute ge = 2mL> aE ana nny dn amt OME wo, D(E)= Ame = Amity nm4> nape? — 1 @me aia TH ~ EF Th re D(é) = am Lila eo” et Die) « ET in £ Dien Now gennralise db in lim £ 3 lim, ee a.Tabla, (or feremiont) (Het appleabty for pronon (boven) Dimowion | Ke Ee VE be | Te ~ =rnme | 4 Na) | > _ (Nn )* 4-Dim Nt (ad 5 (4) KGL cael a) ~ Vo) a2 \ aan)? omy 2NT) sm) (aa EO) GT Marae : Ya] yn | any i any 7 a2 | (arnya a [an sm) vain] ety easy tea as anal : | DCE) & oe aya LE Dim Fae ee | 3 °F : mf Le 2 Rim Cary. Ep . 2A 3 Bim pe eM) SFr Qenslly of Sadr an genial > G Enoyy (9 te a, Eek |h E.&k* & 1 massive’ pashcle 5 Lets Mune potty E Ys K qrabh > ennyy cluparion relation a Woe & ~~ try: ” =r: =] fer mas~Qey prete phon 4 photon Marre pool, | r [gs fa)fess Masg- Des pode, evs k geeph 9 Ling, n Moyaive " yo re ; { tv Phonon > “gy quanta of elortic ware ’ v Photon —> ” ” PRostic 4. ty = Bled P ,_v Mogren ’ sein } By change in spin , tha yoowe gennate , called sin + jane & entyy quanta of dhs afin wave rego. \ { > Most of the fermions. falles FE x k } * Bowens Eno -K ja anons can bi marive or mayitea remeting , | ce digpuyvion relation far magnons canna Eaik OF EAK —> Semotimg & brhowe Dike relotiits partie dhan E«kK 2. gr’ Graphone 5 EX i(ecoptton) . | > Tipkal erdot of fxm erty in any sei Ey» S-Fev eaeeeeeeeooeo2Oees condathon, LE ip Efactrora can't be ae eren.at T=ok 7 ae ev can move. to Chawreall shaory 7 > eee can gain sArmal onwany at a pedir ; demb> Bub’ Quantum Hoon Says only KT badow the fermi Rewek ; ea Qaun the ae entip., dlinaty of Atty — D(e) aE $e } | 2 —> Only few kT ao 2 wat participade in Raab | | ! \ | eogovreseeegoeegeonre ald — dimennen ; a can take vals “A =l, 2,3 { i ' n=! D(E) n=2}) DE é 1 Dim Eo || 1-D aa Quanduun dot § 2 dim E! 2X = Quantum whe: 3 Dim ee [aD] em | & Bak { , { lonwity af atatu for quantiied oadiation ( photon ) 4 E* | : i { che heat | Spe iRe a 7 | oy Td tas Cy KT when Eck” 5 Boren n=) Gy (Prawn) Nad Gy(Boxen)) 1 Lb To s Wa J 2D T aD TT! 3D ee _| [Ls-2 Tae Sy _ Graphite - at dy contin 2-Dim acesto heat tean, glo phonmia. Sp-heat for goaphitty Lalo eT] ari Onaphite > TRore-wil) be iniradoyenr vibsationy (ulthin Sages j | ber dame wu nat, interloyen vibration bcoz no bonding | | bp atoms of fayins. Gyaphite 4s poo dnlator , (tau Clacteical conductor | | bud has boos conductivity Sf | Fon Fewrniong t- n= fesmions >O cx T << Ay Total Specific hoot for a meted C= ar’ oe =< © etaatein'eDous , A ERT] eloebroniic Sp hoot Cootactronie wu clominating | Locher ap-haat Gaus, lomiunating , | Tenn BT Gy pragnch ot alll dems bub dominade only at Low camp: | fetal, [ESA] lot as alse calles) Phononie, Sp- aad, P| hice Romasttic Succapbality, u Aca: do dasrica) thor, 7 ot Ht ds, now andapanclant of Jem T. ¥ Slonting 2 fellows of Chatifeal Hay ax has basen soled by Quantum feea er amy . : S Quantum free eo” Heng succuspully clepiny tha temp: | dapandane =p leatskal renustivity , elocteonie specific cheat! | panaringnsht “yucupialilily a fect evs Bur ts fall do eylain dha fve valur ap Hold ty Coppictent fer sora | I motels & distinction hw metals, tnyulaboos ans | i | ,. | + Quantum free & then Ly bE ly K nO pee 4 y oR 3 Ce . | | i | | ip | aunicsCe ee Oe Oe en ee fermi istibution functon = FE) = CaF Tha dascwbins Tho probability ag occuippacy by N es: Behoviour at obiffmont dnb ». (i) Teok, ESEP F(E) =! ' Probaliliy of pp ato do be pillad is L ie agate ts” foo Yo flaosl . Wi) T= 0k , EP Ee ’ | | de Ly fooy, swe shod no atade absve Ep it filled: ie. compl etedy omipty. oe diy Thos E= Ey / Fle) =& 1 ee ae Jy the Dowel) af 50% seu Jove J Bigg ble ° ESE, 5 d H ‘ ; : mpi filled 4, compiled [4354 peal dilation af gre en Dowd | Beel con be gl dra a for mately only, : ee Powl ofa Dovel do be FiMlad—» £(E} now oe" #> not Jo bp She WIVTV/// Billed» J-f(E)T,30k i 1 ve ° | he ditsbublon gus’ for habes ao Liky I~ £(6) / 1 Temprotune dabanctonce: af Electrical Rovishvily or corduny Di The cpfacstion of Condluctivitg Ly ob}asned theaugh. i hum!s Dou, i = 7 : J= ck ——y | Abo T= nL (2) 44 we haw o Aoliid’ 2 connect Ub wlth baller than face €% I sens moving « H No baimng Than @ move -freod. sone r y dite ae of calQechon of 2 ts Ao. Then no cubed vu ee _ ag we apply Eloehrie piel! Fhen +79 om on will date Fe do mation by : Fave Tor) tone lo dhow u fing 7 that eel) collide with Phy = at ee & loot enoyy | Free a7 ahtory She dheory: of rnatals (no habs) Now ex wel) shack naw mation, -€° WL) acerdenake por dine TL, Tig da calted Rotanatien shine = E t (a= 82 > ws SEE |, Relarahon smo > crating, dime bw two ANCES VE, cotheyions | Se comes from Lan dyeo path Ue Li CLeLOge diidan | bys sw Auentsive celldyion, j J= Ig Te —b) [7= net wo This dy the elochical conduchvity af metal danivedt fon phmn's Dow. Jed algo called Qeucle Conclustivtty . “Try a de_ conductivity Beoz bafteny a proving a constant jth” Bee > Now, Hf we abbly a ac ,SBUte , $han conolteehvity cu nat ematent', now ap becom a tha ue" oy fost + - | o = _he*t ] (Aatym |W fap af applied valtage. “QO! “TRG Ls ac concluatvity, ER Btinwt wo den ac co converkel dnto de conducttvily, | Relation boy TAA + @ Dade Tey Ccboxsicall tn te ro ges velo | v a 4 “dn Douce deer + No concer of feo) int. e fallow M-Bost> £ em dy compared with yas malls PiE =o only erty a KE: thoy ! SSHOSCOSHOSHHTSETDT7FNOOHHOHOFCAeHO8EO8HORS inBe "| —] , Pe Bub dhs iu not comrest. box € doe ne faba ! M-B st But Jt dodlows Few -Disac gh i Bo Aces to Puanturh free e then | Wa Va 0) ; ‘ale, Avennge velocity @p o> insta “Hh Ashi) ob Fharnal | [wr Cea Lan) 4 thw Batying thon ea Wy) daft velocity, Fats Duparcanny oh Eleahical Randy & ConduahVvily “ner e& m ane constant Temp: cepandansy of o 4 dooicled by T becaun 0 Dd nat chanys rauch with © (changy bit rat rowth) | Car i Mean callivion dima Adpard om mean free pot), | | { (1) T >? & ‘Chigh serip:) 1 | a can scaler, with, Dattice or cwith dnather ©. dr ay Qimiteel by dwn ty fr of Acattitlne = phonon & &-e7, ‘ ‘® ® At high dempr 5 e= phonon Aca, is dominadiny wad this coe ea taAe Et Ae T +, TY then tho us) by more feequant sealdiviona . then ae Thu Ly docided by e-phoron &ca- Gi) T<< 9p (Low temp>)° \ | dn dhs Aerie wang, bath e~e & ex prone: Reabeninpy ana wsporrrible For Hep dapentts “Of conduotyiy-. dua do e- phonon , oat >» Par? durds eH e7 sea, rxts, Lat eta fr Rosutivily aa % ae fp 9. Tempeature. Aoponciant aesbtivitg , f; ia Independent on Jempr T but dopand on import conconisalon a} chofact) . 4 caper dn a ; ; et fw Sbpardont on aes (doped pd an JeomprT. Te en ne ene . pte ae i i | | | | | |luhiel one Ja moye Pune ameng A+B? Buds: moe pure. oT > Conductivity of rafal 4 With * Jemp, | > ie oe) eee Teyunal Conductivity op a gsulator + I lectsical conduehion “can dake fallaco cir to mahon af j i choxege partie 7 : of reaps Aha dranshoriasion of Snimpy, 4 Curcenh| Condluiutton- U1 Hae clue do the change . i —> Vibrating Datta can pooue hoot cmduchin buck can. nab | * preduta cusount donauchon , i | But fete em can deanspect bath » enetopy & cl pe cam pads beth heat’ < chsount conduchon. Maye => A fre & ‘can toanrfin Rast yore efficent than ee Thermal cond” K | : K KBut we aw nat dalking abst gos rnalouslg: Clive Phonon . J vetodty of phonon 44 squal) #0 velocily ¢ sound ; JE too} | rst dypand on dmb Vp ws vy ? a : sa 2 Joo > P fee ane [oo time more ee than phonon in car of hoot trang. Thermal Concluchvity of insulator, [k=kp= Lage | } Kk =Kp = LAGU | |_3 Transport phenomenon ~ cafnliety s Viscosity ; spenin) 5 An Moan freo + path et phones _ ga Speciyte Aact » | yA syelioctye of a [gksT ntip veloc fos a gas mmalecula oF Fay ram i ; K=Kp= Llp 4 eCSCSCCSCHSSCHSCOSCHOSOHCOSOSHSTT9H89ONF9ECHSCAHOSOD | ) ow Hp T <<, Cp xT ' Ap irelepanalank of T. thon, [kp & 8 diy High Amp im T o> Oy Cp’ indafandont of T } Ap > : pm }Tiemall Conduct! vig. oh a Motel) - K=Ket Kp : Re Ju dominont owen Kp sto bohavtour op motal wy * doviclod by Ke doi y K = ket kp # ke K ke= bree 2 Ue = Up (Feami velldty ) A Ve ds indepenstont of temp . Re= tele Ve Ga At very dou demp T<< Op) Cyc T Ae x indopendant of. T AL Jow temb — No phonons or vow Ly Whe lee | : Ke &T ty) Row emp Te By Coe T Ae %T? shen Fke oc T liiy_py Hiph dempi Te> Op fe xT Ae & = sen “AE Boom temp: he aa al fT. Tas malas Gps very Lay2 do room dem 20 high mp a te a ele lt len pale rh el ih ante b ase.ata tee acne SeeeoeOoe eae eeooenrn®*oaeceee0eee | t i | } | 1), Fesund Susface Dowels by shape of Ae fom: surhace | 2): Fesumni auvipace found only & of | valona cxlove ay ate fel inden, depos on ap me Enoyy of fount Suapato 44 forum enoyy Ee . ' Roshi of form gxphort au Ke. Ks constent (at Room sem.) 9 Weidman Pranz 7 oT ber Ro incopendert of T ox | Foun Sunlc' Qenni gi su dconttont elbngy sof | in k-space (momandeum space) , Chanackeastig of fermi ausyoct somal dhe infllel avs fo, fl at abrolute x00 - “ellachical posperbity of-matals clafernin Jn watals . how an jaulakos aprouute xin Hemp 7-No “foes e7 (er canes enor 4 fee pan unit Vealeme) concontsation , | nd anapanabact op Lattice sphine J4a conoid ac suse, Log ka , Hon eneyy 1 * a ke ES on wm wad k= RE) Volume = ‘Lar Ke’ = Yeah me dipardy un € come. x. , ry| | i thee cones: Las.gen We) be Ade value, x at! leabrbute zero emp: “Aho aw prea es Hon thre exitt foumii duran othowis¢ not, 2 tm Cmductor —> found dusfaw exh | ‘>t Sic ov insets» «Not extuh ; | 4) Shope 4 op dhe formt Avifere clepadts, en Yatiy pot” ndohuadank ‘of &° coneantratbn eb Completely free thon shape of conifers mie wil) be aphnical, ae nek fore thon habe say, <> ec daide the motall Jy ynoving andy peimodicalldy vary | pat” ta. Datta pat®. .. i —> Stronger ut). be Ho Datice pal”, sabe will doviate | speem aphonical shoes . | Dortica pot sy Atseng i) Sfe~, ibe free 7 doitie pat? iy tos a bound > * 4 & Morr. £55 »phurca) Shape Yath's pat®= Shape bf ther found. surfance wil) be sphurtal only for rannsdy fore os complately fee bat as He afeength | of fe initia pat™” frosearneg iH shaft dovictey fron ap Kp? Radley of frumi. surfact BUAe = diamoebtr » RO Crjbicaboodan of 1-9 JoS 120) dni modu, Valor e7 = Concushbn e- , cc Yee, insulaked = Vane e” £ comdudin em a oh sareQuy (4) Tekke the Found erongy af silver do be 55 eh. Bd Gy The corvespending velocity 9} conduction eA (valance =) ciiy Uy Resulvity of Aven oF Brom emp. is 62. Xo" Colleudate HRs avery Hime b/w auccaruve callixion, ° gif) CoBestale Hho moan free beh at aha, Guy Cadeadake zane pe C797 pare |W) Cadlowlacke Germ 3em- Wi) Cabonfate disumater foruni dinfact. | Qa ibumintum AR dovnllard Wit acbemia, weight 24 | Qunsily 2# amen? . The maar. cablixien time ya oa 2B | ty jo“ atc. Caleudose Lae. i | @ Cyvwnt oui Aheosgh the AQ whe dip at 34 emi Sony coy acchenal coun d4 2" agony & 0 pot” of 2998600080 00085006 0 ahy vel applied do dhe wire. (b) Calculate Po Datla ovatant of au AR. : monovack For QR Given that Refaebm Sime of e° Sn CORD. Cu ik gayle! see. Caloudak He Humal cnolurhlty’ op Copber ot 300 k Ayume Weidman Ganz cout. do be 23/1 Wedt—2/k* and falta cortat af Cu 4 #5 A: es i @ * , 1 Feo enngy an qa Au is oye Cabrlale Hearaep enayy free edn gold at xaee OK ‘ &) Find dhe i : oe ( Pind coouspndiny eran of fre (0) What ot dhe demb: recanorg foe avenge Kees ap 993 yoleules do have. GRs values ; eeeeoP eevee? Oooo ® foe te ree er ifOt Sebye Femp Ge Tron ds 360K , Caloulate Jha maximum i | Oar Dunvily of Cu 3:34 dm/em® and 4 atom. wocight Gy 635, Calaulade the fesuni entigy af Cu by _ assuming dhetench atom give ene 2”. QE: Find tho poobability of eocatpaey of & shad of enoyy (a) 0105 ev above dhe fast (b) 0:05 ev holow ” ©) Cul do dhe gov eniyp edguine Sa dompr 1 300 R. NE i ca a fey of, Vibeation . } |) Q.Bi- Sodium has bec druckue with, atomic adits | a2 A, and | Valance e per atom, Rasistivity of ralichiers at 20% Sy Pa hF2 ylotncm , Caloulate d) chasacerie dima from Lauds - Medel Gd) femmi enn Gi) Fimaten of foun spline . WH) Mean free: path A ()fenmideme: Te on 3 vedocly op und yin Na id 3000 mate « Caloutatr | dhe, dobye ok fos Na. i Oar ioe So at whieh Sone yk % penis dhat on ennyy soe © Dying 0-2 ex) blow He -Pesemi | Dowel 33 emply » . fe | due: a Gadain qrfabs hor simple ciebic odbuedune with Lite comb TA RB ejantasyemad Jo be fotd,COHOSCHOSCHHOOHSHLOOHNTBHSSCHOECHOHHO9FG0O8 (a) 4p mstall ix morovellont. Wha da the 2eallus ft fount 4 Mg. - ° ’ . (Fac the & donwity of port (2) 4ouni-aphorr dos not weach. thy Brillouin Zone bounclry. Colcubie Hu er dante ' Bt, fount sphors put fouchy the zane. bouncloy , Qui Calculate cto dbuigh velocity & rralatlily of & 2n.0. Cu pine of Longth 24)-% . Whan a pot" diffeunu of 32 vot mointatned acxeys ib eholl. Assume Shet each Cu oto asatgbales - conduction ef. Given P= bez xl 8am, Pa = 89x10? KGfin? 5 Ma = 63> S (afemle me) “ebfien (Lat BLDG avo SC as shown LN ARe pager, Cauleultt ky A d) Ratio wf the enney EA. pf Hu Ee AV cca hanase | OB [obi coke ’ 4 |v i E = were) I } } i } | mi SC Dect with flatts coms 2 = 2A, J 22c/proes | i Mass (peer) = VI xpos FY QUAY Latta vedtoos of a vadarpalarn pomibive Dorie ang geen os B= 2th, B= JA + Caboubore : prea of all dhe Bs Zones. i mos Ciiy Radius of fermi uborface assuty each atom conbibubes be. f | | | | | ;> Bane Tso (Neosdy fea & troup ) i ; Thay La the eay of valance ea which ove naasly free, Je Fee thoy uns uuccarafed Jin explosining aR. vase ig A chhoemal prohanbiy of matals Dk oeromagratic. aurexpldiity _» dempoatwe. cdlopancants of electrical aeaiativite, But abcan not expaia - -y ye value of Halll, capbiident fre sore matals and ithinchon bjd Conduckeas Jneuloted and ALmiconductess + Faloer of free Hhowy. - 4933 cuss 40 ty Ove inplifiad asvemphbn Hex patetial firkd af +ve ion ceaes Ly constert and feo oainplicity at dy deakon ag zano Hone e* was ¢ foe: | mel actual xaclid mation of eis complicaled. for - |: saoren able approximation +ve ton coves may be coniiclores) at west and their potential fiold ‘Ja- porwodin “with the perisd 2quoll do Lathe consent «Hane e 4s moving Jn pewo-| ~dicallyy vooung Pot @ tue ion cores. a ; Po at each +e lon. core willbe vy, @©.6,.6 @@ Voce) = VQ ac V (4 Na) =Vb0d) exact rol” of this poruecdic pat" iv not povsille , itis a. Coaplcaed pot). to pind att rag” kvoning ~ Fennay, medal Feswodic poi” Veo da a panabalie padenta) . | 4 wit chaak, where dhe boty minimum amon the tve jon core _ and at tho mid paint bus a pve ion core then we get dot | el i el ll tal a tall Vite | rds |eeeeoer797 082 e00800080999909080 no rE NN eeeeveoe O2eneeos | - FEN RAL EE potontia) is minimum ok the Llottree pont af +ue ion core Baste ptt PEs Mos, Acsuall fosrabobic fetid ahi Keerning - fennay 4 Ireland thd as ‘ULE » Now for” bass J not infin” X Pat” inxicle te welll = 0 Thaw ii a pinue proobabddity thot Siig Pot? & can penthate Hy. basen) , This 12 callnd Simplified Pat or. kepming Pennay bay. Tho so” found ky tu Ly wry much aucerispud hey ace do dis eiponinardel perult , Keoning Fennay Jee this radanjularr jt” do stallve He woe fie” af Shay. e° vane « Bloch Thoowm '- , | Ace: do this Ahoowm , Pot” inviclp dhe solid is pousaial vesdny with the hewoid opal do lathes tonstant VOe) = V (ray once +00? of Eleoton Wave Uy nat wo oe" may ay the oll ef plane wove ie rol” of ev une it net lone worse He 43 completely free thon Shp AOI WED be plang we [But pM ra ome Pe tn tof ce Hiren My Pog= Uiwe™ Wh LY00 -¥ Bloch fre” cae Uy 08) Sty Gg a' Honee, Ye) > —_ Ube) { ve > Ferre] | feat ny, yy j | yt feta)e Yra)e ~ CQ (29 yp ceiay yore) =" PC) PF) (3) Posb-donsity 4a dome. Prob: ap finding the e° Ly game aplou a peidod of a. Uta peramaty ) he x, c4a,----~ rena Waise Theowy af Band formation - | Condustin e4 4 foe fom fe hock of ruuclews + moves feeely Vollanea @S—> a7 ane in tho Ha effect of ruelods ok Atom, have odd Np: of hon Buen ~ ao Complaely al . atom “have band Hon at sheuld |e if ory i «4p adom vince ha ila bad dhan e- can move in He Ppdid d (eg. pobum) dhon Gt Ws Metal, \ wt and he, on te oe —> Se is Motak awraly, . “ > Cheak dhe banols ane 3 6 tka veined ox 4 nad empty) overs vith enen of @°—> Ja ‘ —>4 Plt even 10.65 € band art nat overlapbing Pruwlatr ge sumicartdat a i oF a 4 ara Ey] ev —y tnsulator Jonge Ego 4 Sey» Semicondurtr , { iSOCGOTCHOSHEHSSHSSSHOST TFT SA OHSSHAOODSHOSBH9OO a nn ea . : ere RRR oe Srery Ye is insulator at T= 0k, Solid stake Bb concernd with afttal & elloctiica! proportiy 4 optical & ebaobsical pooporticn ano cocidoo by Valance ens lave = Gach e° inside chine solid’ us dep" by oqste, wh dhe wanalanyh jek oh : Po fome Whan a © moving “inside the sabid is saacsifying ‘the cond” thane” instead of moving, \fonuand , i wild sefaat “back . Nowe axl) comping byw the Plaga Fuss urhan this cond” a5 satisfied” Han Band Gap asus’. : foo a contain eroyy —* No mahen af em, dhis tr Recijrncad Jadtiin, cond” BZ: boundsies aw thew K-valus ot whith. bragy 's con!” uy datlifind & At dhat “Zona baunday » band gap ascizes [Te erty au forbidden fob that .em whith hits he es bundy. < can not exist én band gab, EZ enmyy > Mom 4 wil: af eo iy dopand on Pathe Ennrgy . To avcount this Lotto enoyy .. mass af ev is comalorad a ~ Now accalnation of egec M* can by pve, — Ve oF oo | = Ee a=. She when 7 move towmds Dotti fob tana. moet & ee Jo : v Oanary ” ” ” v dusy 4 me>m ) ee oWhen e° 38 net moving! iy force (eeketinal) 7 5 ——e* ex: J > WN" ==00 Es i telying em i) cody heory. | || thon Docthlee bat? > extoually afepoliad pat? thay, [Bo ev» an instead ; | t Nn instead a ae | < ss f hg ong a om pve, wae | m* _, ~ve mM = +e ‘| edn. divalent mately Be, Mg, Ca, ---ete, completed filled band owls wit} D b Hy basmes condudes, a ae Hall 'sitapiccent Ry shows sha “charge af majesly charge canriu.! Mayissty casd4] in motels are.e Ao Ry thauld aon | But Ry = +ve . Sts vanen 2b ve effantve mass, Band dhosey exbboingy Hig tve Value af Ry cohich can be" enpdainesl by foee e Hamy. Sum Erangy te portion- Relaion fore: = By gy, | ; | © has dual natu %-ace- do Me-Booylei'hypethoss y wit. | qv une anced wih eee " | Hence ine eo jrvdde ey | movi | a id can be chy { in | usa os © beam incident form autricly pisces be a dnnda the roled hit'on cayrtal Jellant and aasispieh Othe ' Brongg 's cond” 2450 = n) \ The €& move instead Sf moving dy foowerd dir” ; | , : Mm | a baekvoard his) & impose on Hye incilact wee | i qe We doa Sanding Wave pebbesn , bo | i AK 4G? = In ree procal Lattice 7 éRe we knows No enoys soansmission’ ctheouyh, atanoling was Honeo these enw values ane not allocsed for dhe o. A Tex enunpy vale cUppoan in the foam g enuyy banalge The K- vabusy at tuhish Ahy beagg s cond” AOLUf ind an the Brillowin Zone boundyie. Harte €- Ju fee to morse, with dy BZ . ‘Enongy) Rubuvien Relation pose Boen a compliely. freee ther e+ he E . 2 —> Ponabalio ° kK | Buk, dnvide thy solid , (e> moms invide the soled Hany ~s eos: ff 5 NE AE Poctive Mars (m*) fin e- ina coystall dintenacks with the Dottie pot. Hence i aespenca to external feoce differant from freee”. Hence the cdoviahbn ap ens behaviour ino solid from freee” bohoveur a token shte qeceawrt by. Considoring &4o hae effootise mass m*. fe can bo. ~ve SCCeHeSHe SS SHOHSHTT SHE HRASOHTHSHAHRDAOD i |F oo ov tve or dnbinth, Ht Jy given by ok, 44 dobancls en cusupatuse of E -K chisgacem © Nean dhe contre Of: Zor | os battorn ag Lanil ; [t= ave] = 4ve | oAb midaf dhe wer, aK > ahh Whang moe , callloc), point af Inplorchen. sNexn te dop of ie burl Med | m* (dsp) = ~1¥( baton a dé We GR = 4 SK At stop of fhe band , Uj =o es Nonny draumvien . For canfllelly foee €”, E = RRY am E Ah ay an v7 ‘a Conc of Zone ( Bottorn of band] i She 4 E-k ciagrarn guia Grrotp velocity, La a lL a- “2 : i : we £ 4 8 ; £ ~ | | = ce \ : b _ aed £ uv eS | y > : : S g € <> u > se " o 4S QR = 1 5 4 A aS a ney a aoe , f £ Be go we * it 7 As . S Fy coe c vec eceooorrr cc voeeescoveeecoeres"angen id He reolius of crowesun , -tmaller ba Hu | efteoktue mas 4 heighn the spacd of “the partite . Total, No- of Wane guniions in a “Band = ' Féball no: of portlela vuiates in ong ertagy band is aquell do no. of primidise unit colls N in the aystals Hence He are 2N jofal no: op @4 in a” bond became each Mate can qecémectale | ae. . . ~ | Distinction bo Matals, Inwilatoos 4 Semicondiuctons ~ A | ¢ can bg inutlates only af no: of valance 6% in pamikivy] fant coll op caystall Jo ever L , | ! => AB Acapted has even ne: of, valance ealn de poimitive | ud call 5 2 ad cla conviden weather dep most i flevell & ase avert, ov yet if banols” | oa i Dapbad jan at uxt be a rafal idend i aula | Gf a copped has add no of vallante ex be primitioy unit cal, | 0 i bo LR cid) =| . | I Camb 14 band juas ech no oy thon 3-N Hi er > 2N | band is comnplately filled “ise. it mole. * Ladom pan pomitive unit oll ap viene ome PC —9N asZOMY —a N ey 9 2N_ fer Novae ape clauble Jo Hu no of Pic, Ahan benel wilf be completety fidlad ab" iy @ motel; SOGSCHOSCHAHSHOHHHOCHHEE2TNT998CCR488999089'au v 2 [AXSSx"6 Yio Ty d Se Lm —— Ve = 1339 x10° mise | g WW Ps pérzxylo fam , t=? Lae ae eee (<> conmanbay , } ie » a = = [eexemy? fp _ (55 x6 xy ax gine ay Re an (105 x19 84 } 3 (myt “Typical ord of nan wate > |o®/mn? erm 4 ate Noe) C= See F Weaxie® xegerisidonis")™ ne 367 Xo Arce} ie ay An? E A= Vet [T= oie Kw A i i WY : i = 1iaa eto? Cae i \ |CCS SSOHOHCCHSSOHHSOMTODT AF THHROOCOH8TO8HR98888 9 (IIE NIN REIN I NINA E SR IO ENT APRON I NP EON POT IRAP ES : > i 1 > S 3 > " wa +! ) Te =? : Ep =Kele 9 Te = fe = SSK Ko” . eo Te = Re 123 Xloe 5” | signe [Te = 635 . to! k A Cin Taste) Cn wv) a i Kp = nod koe? Vi = : a (Vi) diameler of Gur ampere 2 ke =? [elen ro" ey Ke = Me |; ylocd! & kBgK lo” ® te Ke = Selo ASOT aay Xho" Ke = ad At ake = 4 eA A A CQ \ (neh adem a conbibuting 8a sto ‘ny multiplied by. 3 /) ne Beg X10 xX QP [em ATE n= 18-06 Xlo*= PBIX lo fem? — ogy x (be8/m? 1 te « — aiXto! X26 ~ PAX fo x (6K lo) XY xlon XX Jo$ >R= 3 _ Aloha mena Ply 4 xh ey = “Se “it aes X le = 9g yo a = Yd On Joe Ne 3 a BH = 2 00 F a owe riet SN a a BR ee oes, { S/e dow nat folla.0 ‘T= 62 Amp Ae olim's Sour, Only L2 61°09 fmp 2 mated folleny (6) Satta comsend QQ a2 1 fee re A = Ne bn, = 62 Fog Me cm 1 a= f4 Ya 30 "3 a = {de 8 | Gorn) ay xlo® am = b6ey)"9 x Jo7® om al = . (Qa T= 23 4p ee eo =? , T=300k 5 Weidmann Fong comt. 0 = 23) x)o°8 Ce-K_L > mk = Ge nerUr ’ | Assume Monovellant fee Hen 7 = XD fy? YX Jo SHO)” TS gas n = 0486 x Jo % 73oe (eu m = AB) y lo Py ogsen Fx (ext x 209x107 x B00 | Sal Xiloiga aoe 144 SF33 xX Jo”! , ay Ht = 11478882 x 07! poececeee tena Oe pK = 11978882 W/m-p A Olin | Ee=sisyey @ Exe fe 3 Favg =. S:S4 ey WO opRr avg. velodty @ a free e-tn solid iy Up y= RE {fk as eK SIN RR EFI PP AIT “19 Bsy XeXlo Z = SK aK 10? xT : Jo) FX) , Ve = 139X108 mse, h (U2 temp = 7 foe awe KE for gas yrofbeuls to howe > dh ved, . , : ’ ; , ? Eeweape = 3 eT : j ? r i Ta AX S5Y XG x07 BX N23 X]o™33 4 T= 48OYRY XY Jo SCSHHSOCSHSHSSSHOHFT HOFF SHAE AMAGOHOHOHEOA2RHBODL A n= Ne [m? Fe =) Ee = Ne XxX]o !4 Qib i Prob: ef accupary = ? Eo E= 0105 oe ’ ! tY fl) = =—e—— eaey eae F138 10641 +! eee fee = @ +| F(E) = 88 » borylor?x B94 Jc? 635 > kg T= 0102S ey At Room $m) (300 K) Seon co go5ev, = @ reese 4 | ent) rs ; 532906 OV LD won I2 = ld te te ) Re Tab Bee K = 97028 ey ceeceeeeseHoeeceeeesesn79FG0OHC8S99 0888 | oe 2 fe ? 7 Hels yy zh 205 ; ey i [Qti- Be? t 7 Ka = hy ? Ki; as ae { yy = 23 BKIO™ KX 360_ , 6:64 lo , Jy x 6688 875-¥ o™ 19 vp 2 Ger Kol be QB t— No, bec | w= 182 A, ) comer T=293K , P= 72K lob arm @ 5 ars net fohm's Low fetta Orud's fous, Ald He expressions of foes 2° dere wil) be cwavertedl in band theory by >eploring yn by m*. = 1 _ uy pe a 7 & HE A : | a= YX 182 Ff _. 4138823 A ; Be a ~ = y203 ylo ) Ep = HKe 2M (Gy ane =eWD VE in Na = 3000 m [pee 8, =? Oy = BY crt Wa a eet =) i : a ai ME + atomic (coninbaton) dansly 9 Lee r (te vat edackenic cme: brow ebeye temp Oy Ly nat conse with ey )- 0, = 105 X lo" re BX QM) x & : 123 Xlo (4203 y]o)° a. ~~ i: % . Oar ty bob: dol cuay alte lyiy 2M bolaw thy Seer Qunal Prob of abke eke pelbd = F P(E) empty = 1~ FO)| ° 2 I> oro} = 0194 \ aa " E-Ep = orgew ° | eT ET eer +] ee e ' e 8 = ota ba °: e 3 a of et o | Mer so. ‘a=2f : e. y Malet ai Monovadent >, n= & , ae a ke = (Brn) = Ape? e . (a ») = (rn a) Cf hea (37? ; V3 6 = LL] 3x Gi) e ? Ke xl ”) ® | Ke = oe! e. e Y Gd, Sor chee danvity, ye slansiy =2 5.4. fowmi sph fat @ , doucha the BE: baunchy , ke : ee 5) a 7 OF A ( « oo) a ophus te bt on 0 Hen ak “2 ee y °| not tech Ho zone bound ry - Y el ke= psy An a eo e.Fer What value afin , sohye touches He Zone, horus hes for WH? , Ke = ISTA {Ke = @ nn)"? . 'hs7 = (ax(aye yn)" D> n= Qutk Ls a4m Ve a2 Le ptixlotacm fro = 869 x 107 KE /m3 Ma = 685 bo ped ney > y= Ve - I PE = Pea 4” flne | n= Nabe 30 ron Kile? A B19 Hl” Ma as n= Se Joe. 9g y9#5 ¥ Jo Jm! cot neu atte inet ah as re a( [ QA a=24 i E, = x( Kote +h) ; = (Pyrtye = 55 (Geh+E) ; = 3k , ama* ) Pog. 5 Eg = Eo & +0) ye Lyte \ “ La Y 5 c= we (Tat te) =e . 4 trstead of 3-D, 4 thre 3 a2 dim - gust Desig . by | a,%4 74) Oi s- Late Factors, a _— ae Prea of alt Ho BZ: 4 game. Bo find wren O Tar BD a Roctangn fattiio un given & dh wpe abe daclenpedl SOHHHSH SNK HHOHHHHOMFHTCOHOV®IAGHHHGHHSHBOGHOS SR RU UR FE POT & 7 f ee ieEk 28h Acca a} ur BE = ant Am a fata all Ha BX = 2a% A? 6 Racing of Roni otnpace =? 2an be for vackoryular Satie, im 9 Laken & cach atom uy eee im = SX]o° J in Conrady Le Ao No» Ao fren a nes Lathes eae Ne = 2 x sexe) = [le en” FF (em = Iw fF abet At ty 2-D- Fenn’ wae a Chea hes femmi cele uf we sketch a etrele of vad PEF AY hon t!20 douch the Bex. bouncy . . | | No rae 6 ean are eeeSA90FCGC008880008 8 feeercetocostees cons >: l Tight Bundling Trecwy +e Band) dhasey 4 valid foo valance evs bez on valance e°, etHent of ati pat? wiaak. | But 9p Dathe pot? a atseng 1 eeu sighed Barenal dot (atta paint then Tight binging Sharp 3 ured } When Lodtio pel uv 20 sheng thot es ano atone 5 bound do te i coves thon Aicelahen ob elasfonic sheuck | shee in denny af nearly fous Aheony becams app priade , } Tight lindlinp ynethod iy wreol to ctiscrtbe che sth bind & gig q-bands of sransilon motels, and valance band “op j { \ \ durend dik Abustous & Fnwck p25 coystols. Tight Binding Srunyy eapoerrin iu guren by 4 Se aere Sairee ee eae JE® = -x-fs e®™ vito ty xf > constant k = Weve vector %, 3 Posiben vedo of Nt ator Thy expreion Ja taken erly in’ noosist neighbours . Tight Binding Exnyy exp n for Simple Cubic. Re ke tig light Bacing Ler Ft) ere iets eit i } \ 19°). a | oe te for hp go me alka oe 0 e roth?) cae) ei ene alae guikga =-% vf eat cw: a te (2,2-4) + elt pe st = AE k) = ~a-ay [oorkiat carga t cata | “hoe a uy odttes const Tha wu for 3 dim «Sc for Zguare dette (2D), [EKy= -o-27 [coke ternal for 1-D dete |, [Ew = 4-27 Ok, A E(k) fee Bec s- Taking conbt atom at seferone ate, thon noasrt aighibaury are A I lh et Beant of 5 z z) , (Eres, 9) M,-a say (E88) CE $7t), (“E72 2) ee ee eae he 18) cay (149) y pona.meser Elk) = ~o- uy [tes em ojeroresy ve oe penamatts = Qa i ¢ Theo are 12 rearert raighbowrs , > (4800), Ch B20). (-$5- a2: (£4), (8, 2/8) e/sI 273) ree) ($.0%),(S:erk), =L 50, oe (2,- 2,0) i (erSr Sls ie 2) i amoEtkye ~a—4 yr | os Kel coy yt ' , [ z t+ coo) Ka coy 2 coy Keay Cort + Radticg: paanwka = a, 4 ennyy Expeeirion +L given, thon Quarhors’ may by osha d) band width diy olanaity of Heder ail) efhechve mays ) Spee velociig. Ke atl. whnr Old conde of the BZ. of bof of She bare] 4h both digas 0 pt: ws aguivallond, Zone bound vy ang Ke cir” - (Bye,0) 1 ” Kyo (OF ee: ©) po ae ~ (eB) Snagy dufpeenee =) bon wietth® ¢ 4 [190] indias pen oterdo K+ Zorte:bo 2H Q2O800808S89HA08 AE = EL Etta + L * (hoe) (0,9,°) ie eooeeeeeoeeeoors® \@Je(k) = ~x-a7 Pews Ky + 2) ky + C23 k,9] | whee a oo Sette cont This ty for 3 dim SC foc Aguary Saito (20), [E(k = Ta ay [co kat coke] for 1-D Loti’, Tat 2y wy ko ER = E(k) far BCC + Taking conbe atom as aefmanee atom, tron nooo netghbouy asu found ot (s $ ) ; ($B -4) a ie (4-998) (ee B®) C& “$7%),(-£ 7h, PB) ao! (Brterbs (4 g5-2) : wine ; Ao Elk) = =x vy [10s (tas) < (tye) could] Han latte panamaden = Qa Thos ae 12 want noighbowy , ($1450) F (2, 250) » (*Bo-h59), (733), 8408) lob), (208), CSrerd)s C2 2), (.-$59) (er$7$15 Goo 7B) 5 4 | } ) | | | ¢ { } ¢ { 4 a { | | { | | \ A | { | ' ya ' ‘ ‘F e. of bottow op et [Ss wey | Gree) > . ‘ ; bee Ce a (5, *y70)»( 0,0, B) e | [fcc 27) | 390) , (0,329) (0,0, 2%) e. ef oe Gunny of Staley i- ©, 4h we have a carbic caystals with wide L, ef 4 aD. Aguare with wide L : ©) an aeDy Dine with Soyth L ef © Danwiig ge Ht, DCE) = oe dk. et dE wRne n= i for 1D Packer gS dae de opin dogonseeuy j =qQ "ap . =3 3D K—> Toad kK =D k= Ke Hk RE H §n Quy, Aow 3cim is given dian Huu all bo given a condition , hes for Arnal? value of k yer Longe Wavelonyth. © fir sc, 4n 3dim, [ka Tooke When cuieth of ii band Js AN ected ay 207% , Caleullase. tu x change in tho qfeckiue mars. ap eat the bettom op HY bands . ' t Qu:- of ‘type fecica) aonuconauctes has a conducten band Bock dy Avseribad oy Eye E,- 3 oy (Ka) and Eye FB (ER) nour Be Ge.) 4 jE roiatiy ap a dn Si is freater tach mobillitg of &3 Ji Ge- Mobabity ~ Raift velocity. & /unit olootre: fialol iy calldaa) Mobabity . band gab al Sif Ge => Si > Hl ev : Ge — oF ev ’ 29@0000000099°0006 Silicon B Fro abunclont material on He. earth, Cwut of dh easith maote boy Sidr. St & He ana indirect band gab ges , choy can nat bo wed in Lepht emitting diedte, Seoimiconductoes ~ : @ Sje can be duvided acc to dwn apblicahen , dy @lomantal + Si, he, Sn ee. : dip Compound +» Gafs, GaP, AlnaAs etc Ls dF dhe Ss sourie ype ap sje on: both side, 4 a lomo | i 7 difpeant i a" “ wa» Hecdregunthon,, @Seeesceooea e009[ | Ha) Semicatdudes can ba dovided as — drtinve - Pare (iy Exteinine - Dobbs! “\yhsisic. Se. can be of 2 dupes [pipe bye i | (a) a Drect Band Gap Se (iy task _. _ dnisinwle Semicmduetor :- St, che axe dhe cutee s/c. + Tine ae Ye” in putermart orbit of Sid Qe + band gap af SE > blew ” ” Ge ate - of pas dimond cubic (de) Abmature je each Si af $ ; CN di ATOTN) dy cowdinaled by 4 nanschy Si atonts with ahesung ap Let each. a | { | : ] soy + No e par Si atom 2B feo: abo ib must ; : ly coteagony of analater. But beo= of B a band Yab,, Si Bo samicondielee « ° ! }O08 79HTSHOHAGOHOOHOHOS 900000080 O8696 AIEEE PS OP NIE SOT ON At T=ok, No eit foeo Az Th, sora’ e mou bp free but ons concluctivity wil) ap very Low 6 Hey ana of No wie- _> Minima of Condurtion bard. Ee —> Maxima of Vallance bans - Ey > hab bl Ee *& Ev Be Sng band Jap E, at T=0k, valance bans Jt complolely st be cenolustton paral is completely & od No erly fee ak T=0K Bo, ~ “pour Rover wil oy. He Dovel of Sox My 7) vt oceupacty |e: uni -Lovel wil) iv Uh exactely in, mid _way of the compllely Redded & empty band » 4 Temp * above Teok fe: Tuends to xvem) temp: Hay Bone e May’ bo free beoz bord breaks: When e* become thon dt Qonve :@ vacant - This vecanesy ay, clos Hales fin. ecchele pale 1 called “Excidons. % xcitons will “‘gellew B-£ ababiioy 4n sie, ef will do molion in dhe conduction bad 4. hade» ” . » Vallance y Change hale , tve = isa | ae eH pee hale it toavien dian ex a more peal bat hale can not move foetly , LOL move ont by ore + Cuswoltve f COBY > Crowodturd of. Vs B. + pale oa fermi Pudtiche .én dntsinwe Sic, eo & habe conan willbe same Ny — nor g fee < 7 cal vallume a >» hely on ow 4 SVxdsinvic. Semiconduator 0) nm ? my 7 me Mebal = eRt : iH oS Be = & yon Ste Ly= = g He= mt m™; n, Because me > Me Alo | He > Hy, do fn n type Sle -ve chasyg oarhiles fe eloohrorny ane majong cansiny . 4m fp ~dyhe Sie, halls ane majeoty casmisy do N- type Se Jb katie, than po aype yc. hen a! pordeneloxt simpusccby added to a pur, ericenobuake shorn tt foccomes n= sype “pe & of pordevaler deputy >! "P, As, Sb, Bi ete. —— of. lefts. vast) from 1 dopend aber pos to% do oP atoms of St : han de of phospheny ds at Jo® St atom tun, haar. clofing as compre do iatom of P at lo® Si ator | . EF eM eM RRret ITTF EET EEA EE PEP TOP 2728300080298 %908088 NNT I CHOHOKOHOHOEOHOHSHMELHNDD” I"; | Ste 1 Lev pen Pakem wemaing almost free , Not ‘comblolddy toes ot Tie Deve Ey is the Dovel af 5th 3° Phosphorus e°. ° i Now fermi Gavel as ah) byw Wah ~ hight files) ) Daweh A hiphet embly c ah 2 str See ity ran Jo She TTT ITI 8 conduation "band. Oren of Croyy b/d Ey & Ec = oroj-o. ofev A Jemb: alt th es 4 Ey wal 96 dn CBR ey bocoms free fos amy Sle, [mp= ne | => (ow of May achey mn 2 en concentration in clojefed Ale Po Vole ” 4 i Ne Anfeiwine Cosarclty conconteahiy n- type sie au Nutra he chosge on vistyee ye. = 9 | a sk) Mb = MEPL bat in nthawie! sie nes by at} Mp = "e = antec Devel an mid wey. a E & Ey.: (2) Pe tyke Semuconducbor i= | p~ moans ‘positive > hales ana dhe mojeaity chasse canny, I Wien o tohvellont Jinpuscity Like; BA, Ga, ZN ede. adolaol Jn dhe St Se Jt behawes as a p- dyke sie, ! . i Sts | | _ (1) gt eboney Chl | SLO OIBIS TS (2) . oe At aeem deo , | aQ0 the ampusictiop ang ema E donded » denization “fe ==) Fe ewer ee Nabors i cnet g, ) An Mntinusic gfe Lf clea) 77 Ey i¢ with 10% Been atem/cm. Calenlale MY Ya dive & hele concentsrhn at 300k . 4 Frbink cassie concarteaton N= 15 Ko fey halk p= NS [0% 8. akonjem? Cones & conconation > np=n;* Dye ML alusrto —=- rn an = 2askle® Ns Ree = as xl fem 4 in p-type S/C, foomi Qewls Diu roa the VB. Es dia pied “Quel Jb Ov yo EAE. & & we dohe + Sj on Ga site + ntyke 1 Thin dupe of Impurity A as ye Of tmpuury (ats) Sh eae “> ptype | Arphoteaie impunity , Generecllsy Sj is clofhed ON Ga site. 4 AE at lt Ne BEN a El A rt Na nhpee ne eee nee ke eee ene ae cae ee geoeee8 8800909905 NII II RI AAS NI ORT RIOR ORF ISI NE AILEY EEE I PAPE NT @ | | | Lirect 4 dnolixect band gmp gfe: Yrect Band Gp Se dn direct banc gap Se , bottom af the candurhion band & 4op af the valance band ies at Same valu 4K. iy dha, & can dicectel excite or deexite by the absorption er enumen of photon. & thon no _ phonon invalyenett in the proce of exclatibn os duexitaton. AE A photon. cuneldent af enoyy hY- hod > Ey , thor uu (GW< Ey No abronptin) : ” then e- of V'B" will ebrer TU erin K exdke do dhe CB. & when at deexctte do vB: Shan at wil) ernit aome entry tes hy= Ey. : / n na Nuh ‘i Ane e notontan pal comes Bathe in the comenat Direct band gap S04 ane Wied in Light enicltisg applica eo -ons dike LED & LASERS» 2x - Gahs , CdS 22S , CdSe eft. Andivact Bond Gap oe tn trclouel Se , dopa the VB. & battom of Hu ck. band GP Sk, af Linat Lppownt values of kK. oa ae He gen fom Jeb f ae ViB- do beta of the CB, tt fas do change itt enaipy as well a8 Warse-welstor K for rom: (Hk) & ergy Comewahon , dane av invellvenont Sf phonon dn die conservection Proce ,- fa Sausain of & , Han not all thy enogy will 2c emibled in fomn-ay phaten but dome enngy is ermilled fn ferm af fohotons 4 Aeme posh in foun ap phono, he Arne pont Js beansfond to Ho fl ti MS. Dotto wil) virate & haat genmrale , Lather & Ao Sndirxeet band - , emwion « AP He i rot auitabbe foo Light ex- St, he , haP, SiC ete. | Bp ‘Uibrium = 4 hole concentration jn a Se - CEE, Conn, yy 2 SE —o Nom efpckive corvety. of ajales ab dhe ag. edge a8 = a(anme ky, Ne ( he 7 me" fhictive mans of e~ Ee >, Gry af ag. Ep 3 fesmi enangy. "AS. Temp’ f exponontial stem wa lominadie gy m4 exporanbably, - hale concoritabion 5 b =N, ov N= 3 (22m wry Na Must (0X0) = n= mp = NeNy oe Mh a INN, [oe] = frat, oT ! &® AO RO ™ ~ 7 aSOC S8CC08090%8990908 Fa a PEE EAE = Exact Position of fasuni Dovel ina ‘Sarl daue - © fn_4nbinwic See Ne = Pr ; : . (Een Er) te -Fy, ° > Ne. BL Ny e “te ; mero me Hore Ne sj An 6 h7 Me Ne os A — 7 Ect ble +E - =) Wy. We _{m, : ie oo Ret a rat 27 THE 2[ PERT The ® Ne 2(ne e ° ~Eyo Ect 2Fr meee of. Ae Br (a) m ° : cm e 7 er ee ee an (™ me ra @ Ket 7M ie | ® KPT Kat = me | ° 7 E+ 3 Q uaa) | ? QEp = Fer Ey +3 ket dn es 2 7 ( my . 4 eo; oe ere _.ee f= (EctEvy4 Sher ae Cs yy At T=ok, 6 = Et By 2 Fermi Devel does nat depend ween vat & my Ree foun emp: db capand on im, & me 4 demp' fh, dhen frm Lawl b alightoly Moray an prasad diy? out this movement wu ray legible . : 4b can be noyfecles| at xrom dtm, N- Type Sle i Jenn Satke 1. kot Na Ee= “Sgt 2 fn Ne whee, Ey dona Dovel ennyy. Ny ” n — concemtechty As 2€UYe SP, then intstyuric. cain cone ne ft exponortiall Aste Py found Dorel mous Jn downward dir”. [rat)< ni] cA when ne Ngo Sen Se wilh behave Lik Sntotrigt han foumi Lame move Jo raid wey. Gath vedoety Uj = WE Bas mobility > [axe Vosdahon_of dosift velocity uth applind eboedre. pid in ngs Ol SO AAO Al a 4 te) 7Yy ¢ el onib : Hance dsapt vali Vy * with opplind fils Meionrly > Fox Nasye velop E, Vy beams wy > conttant a ee ? en apply more, ele. pad engi. SS r uid) deeunrafin i the Latha instead of 5 wy. 2 Tobality win just Fhe alep of thy —, L geoph. 5 bh of mobility UI Lab comstant 5 fakin | doo. oe 5 i Tembredwie Variation Mobality i- duit ily vohen imperil ane not Jeni di, we dawn pt gue sly get riobality- : per ae aeadtr from eu hems: atom: tren ae a Te ty : Se nod BCa, “a -3). gY @ scatter from Si r Gol cefom than th -y latte Aca. ew) holb ao Loe Hy whim ouscily + P impurity l Sis Latha, To At Room emb, Mobility wil) bb KT ; beox at vavorn temps, al the tmportbiry iW) be conired, = ot high temp”, Dothca wil) vibrate Mere. * 5 ) 2 5 m 7 frequonidly do 1 | Bou + ©COCCOSTCOECESEOBEDNTN7F9OCOOO8808909 99008 oatst Tempootune vhs dation of Conductivily tna Somicondustnry- Dyped Yo, oF = Newe thet, 3p ibaa n-tupe , 1 7 P. T= ne het Me Ly . n TA Net, # poighe [ES peng Temb: clupandoynee of, concuedivity oH docided by eT conte. » 3, mobabity ~ (Ee Eg ord fee Slur, N= Nee ¥T clonases exponendieallly choix with demp- (Ee= Ey) 5 dona denisaton eroyy nlkan temp: 43 30 high hak my —2n _g My o¢ @ ‘Per © AM dhe 3 Sle doylied works din exhsvux aeyion ” bcoz. 07 Ty deo * tho should be no variation with & cane . Fer o vaniaten , Conveiry He vesuation af n with Ma T= NEM. A al lL EN a etl pl Na ll and RL Da a a nl cE Ne DS Vs ell LA A LAEN RET SN LN PPL IOI eeoeece See eeGoonooersr79 9G 00800000°899009 nt [accion e p-type A4E=fa-B Donan ionisahen eroy n-type, AE= Ey +t HF geeph o/WCDrP & yz) ded Alop= + Eafay, in indian seplon for dntsinne Sle, ee? . The sinfowmation of band ih 4y NETH only in Prine iene : Teanimited Pt ._trelenavi “Ena Hinouwh a domi - Supper we hove a dami- conducting DL, 2p Hirokno Es A Light wave af intenaity Io & oe Sheidert on cut. [ Power > drdensity foto unih anon J \nne ho? Ey 4 Ad 2 Ey then nome port . of dha power’ will be absorbed z rome will) be tears). fe co ae Hue, In sfe , absorbane t+ Feansmitant, =) [axtet)- hh Ly)Hl 1 i i | i cia R= Re ene of. absorbtion cajpieinnt 9 Fhickners of the cayptal Ip incidont drtensity rs Fremunnited ” pe ce fy < Ey dhan No abyoophn =o AL the tehervity (tight) wh oe goranimuled , bese. thy pheton Ju not capable cto genorate e-hole Joadr, + Quantum Epiony = 190% Quardum epficierty means , each photon abseoked cpesde de & thale. 60% Q). eyactonsy meant , only 60% phaton , from loom ane capable cto gennate e= hale pol. ue, orbscre asl ben Sinskivat p-n jue? BB a combinahsn of du dy pes of aumicndu dors. pA vi dye Thir Ly fonnad within He ain Yo, On one wade we have aceafetes impurity jon the attr sick we L a donax Jrpuidy , 2 E Ss of . Quacem efficiency bs the mroasweument of Dight omitting dovite. | BOA mR mm amane7900006080009999098 e@eeceeeoeosn ee Geeenoonor bua do comanteehon gradiint, Hune. Wild be difpixion = Haley wit Lifer from pn dopdahon region eA” Bs " n—op Deut do olifperion Eo from n dro ws) Loaue bohing Hy immobile +ve ion cow® % Nhy holes Geom p vile wt) dooue behind Hu -ve jor core, yp nde cs edly chasiged 2 p anda a -velly chase & But junchon asa tehale ay notebral . j dablekon vepion ig cliploled af free (mobile) char, xvi A ioldth of daplalion veyian pan : : Net clippesien cunt 7 Pn Thane is a. internal efochoe Pidld in lefolotbn aegton , E, $i) apport Fhe difpunion » will fey to Atop. ha’, aajpunion St wilh oDp Ha minosty charge cuouvy do cx0ws Sho pus? : F The motion under His eledek. . pald da chit mohion if) Thong well be desig curen = CY In (datK) = hop | Tp (48H) = yap Neb cupsent 2 229 A nO exlernal force Yep DuidIn Cds) + In (adapt) = 0 Jp (ULE!) + Tp Caleiph) = 0 b n Ep Ey TO Ey Eep — Evp ee Ew Fewmi- Dovel LR act as a wepenonce Dovel » H we join.dwo Ye tan Hair pom Sorel wil) be cdlingned ot epuiliboium. Ep p la W The pat? of Slee fistd E iy called contact pot” v4 This @ & fidd dy oviuys) oy abmingincontact p 4 dupe 4c.) TRU Conduct pad” Ve Jt the chanacterrhe Propody of Hy ' La : | tee bannir > eN, V, dopants af on demp 4 dopjany concankathen 21 kesth dhe side. i |po ome rebkts je hale ence on p wide : dyke 7 : Pr — > Neale cone: on 1 Hele Mn 3 eF ” on o4 Ue oe Meee ee ci > > b 4 , a fo p rola & mn aide ane copped: by Na + Ng aan p Po Ne 5 : hy SN, / Pn My = Me? Py = Me | ip =n Na os 7 P $ ‘ P= Fe = ee bt = ne | 7%, Ne Ne Te = ne _ nit Pe Ne ve = AD dy (Se e ? 5 , > \ ( 4 ' \ Tila) , [= Bean ae Contact pat” doparsls upon cloaing. cancunirobin 4 doping cone heavy rt Cie fue? ia homily clopfersl ) Hhon Yo wil ke more a ome noe erie token Reece enene Pen Jue” under Foowared blay ‘Pata p idle > ve boa yn 4» ay H~Vve 2xlemal @: fiatd wil) ba pn by extemal € fiold , | ask intemal e~ ald wilt L Oi pasvian butyl? b pan eF AN SRenOLe Wienes neat nk °! . ee CO meee ge tim a $n vide do CB ob fp de - fe ccuuianeritay = 2hole gee V-B op p Aicle can move to VB gn ole Tn (aipperion ) Ep bes Ps s i efy- Ty, (sypeten) PING Teo | | Deflation aegion width Ee wy ; Spb Ne | pet” dodshad by Er Ahailced TN Cl wn Cussrant plowing fem pn = feoreud Cwounh : Nh D> Romonce vv i. $n FoR: , Net cusgurd flow faom pn . Thaw dino che ebook on 2everse, cust. E Roverne currant Li dia do yninonty. coseriny. At Low | vebdege, minosity. canonin 2t ncapanclnd by > Rowse comeert wil) oe samy 23 ib dopard en minosty casouien cacn, A“ inclepanstont of He vel. dAapletion uuelth ' ' ' 1 Eep — ' ely) fe E 1 on be Evp t Cea | En, aS | : . — Bin Reverte wort 3 constant ee, App0srs} antl he ees 4 VQ dy veph than fac? wilh kaeakdoun (Zorn Dioeta Ju dasign 44: dt FB Men Shins wll le catorent fl with vrmalll eeritance hey cussunt 4 pmell doy + & Am RB , Cyount flow Cminonly cureunt pow wit hiyh perstante Cusvent ue mall This is a wachfing property . Ee Li Diode will mohevele ara Raotifioy (Minority cromrant 4 forge in Ge to ore a) lox Hruoumal N\ athe )Space Shep charge ot the Tunetion o. n8 Exfansion of dipllohion Douyer on \ n md Xn, % On p Mido i= a bere] . [: Bo [knot Xp = Ww Jw ao ee a) a A> pe asa Whale J noubral , vee \9-| = 0, Ng —* donase cone: per unit val . Na asteepter @ 4 4 9 b= e No XnoA Qe =e Na, A Ao e Ng GA = e Nap, A > [a =m} —9 fe dspletion Onyersesiension uel) be rere om Diskdly _deppad ridt . Ng = Jo! P aboms fem’ , Nae 10! 5 atams om’ Ben 99 >, Bo capdoHion Layers sid dt moae on Lightely cofoal xios foes (N&O) yo WD %, = Wr Mp, @> Ny W-%) = Na %, — MWe — NaX, = o— Nal Xp, = WNa Nate Ont Na al©SOCOCHMONNT |: "200008009979 00889 Depletion Ragion Width W) i- } 1 j } P QE(URV) / NetNa i = - [a NaNg # coping comc:. Na Ng fh bo dn PB-, Vevg , Wd” t dn RB) Ve vy y WI > Spock Of Tempoadioe .- PH No Bias ai opp , eee , Ww « (x) eo nor E—spormitivily of dhe maleinl The value of €lochne pial at, gsc” 3 E E, “clebancl on puumifvily , doking om. , extermnon af laplobien agit 5 3G, 2 Wo WAY We +h ty - wile ' ° NaeNe = AEN, [ee Nes | Maximum du given by oo | Shree a es re v et” EN | Se i ' 5 ay) dun Wd wt V=Q stn al) Tee| Hance b-n jue” )- © Fw aw 2 types op" copacitanetr ayociated with pon pull ¥) dunchen copacitante i 7Riy is du to Anmobile (cat move) J | free & ve chases in dha pus Thy ds fowniay a parallel , pobocke capacitor. This ds algo cabded Doploten 2epon. 4 Hance . ane dominant urdos. veverse bias and j Cp = EAL [te \ j WwW Jn Bee space & +e, fe Coons daatonad ora ap he ide @ “Chaxge Ssowage Capacitanty Thi Js osusins from itopes c choses on pA 1 wide Thi wy ays called) dy ie Capeacitoo This cu dominont Undo’ forward pias. ' — z y Lk I Cn bee Mee G2 elle Ney | & 2 ehorantiel depanclaniey env SBM > ve 5 Cy Ue clominatay ( RB.) WW es Cy i davninading. ( FB») \ Diilfuuset|. Length - 4 reay be difined for hele oy well a . fer & (tpt) Thi Li the avnoge dlivlance dravellad vane | er hate before Me recombmattn # ang © dite | , rien app Aiea. Re ecliffenen ength Ls reansueasl sn Pale. |: — eeehaley, dipuvien Longth measured : ae T Depron Longth iy dafinad in the obparite aegion. : [Ly = J Bet ®. e4& °f o> 5 e.5 a e (Ree F ‘ 19 Al . © Dy Dn diffevrsion coppicient op hak 4 e : : b,ti- zelloxahion Fima op hak’ 4 e- | e Einstetn Rolah Q damiconthiotiy i @ 5 = ef BE ef jee Fe ob Raton of yprion copier! & rabidity ‘ i © b Eingtein relation tr indlaponchowt ap foortigulan dye of € p chosge COMB . [ee ; © E Do. De eT ef = KeT of i [> & = | i @b a. ‘ . : e b ‘Diode Squatlon - Rabation ya diode valjaxe € discs wirant e D Bee ef Fs .0(Ths Diy ee :: Pho Beg y ©, Ce - elechonic chasyp e> A CHO44 - aechonad cumg . 0) o,.0)- dipftuten cappiednr B 1 ltl Sangh eo RB. Ny, hae gots ap n se, 2 Came p rile | i | eo ee r |oe ; I =L(e a) ‘ 7 z] L to FB vey, = [aan (77 sem dina eo exp foowud cunnent by with veabtage. ARE vee 9 eet] | yevesdye communt “jy edi on id atl. Zeizn Hreakdowon 4 fyalaiche Breakdeun ia Cipounk Beran Breokdoism,'— Roverte curownh iy alinost Undopandans of- apfobind severe vallese buck Jp reverie vablage. iy very “high Ao'dtat it can break shy covalent bonds daen dua to Pgprouation of Lasige no: op em hole" pois reverse cussront [NCxeas23 hasfedly + Thy cusount Uy callod “Breakdown Curnrunt, j Preskdown can Ccowr by two mechantywn . gd) Zener ie Zenur breakdeum + - } Fy Zontr breakdown eceurs jr haavely defard’ sunchon : 1 Woe " valtage i Vow . : } J 4 Ci) " vedere doceanes a5 demb- incseasey | WW) Zor et su fidld Jonisabion of hort atoms at Hh, junction Ww (wid ay de “agin Be amald 20 that e & hey dinedely tunnel from ome Aide to anathin ,L FE Avalanche Breadoum bay fivalanche breakdown wees oh ghey dob def bed Junnh’s t , , fi a P uy vabsege is high "4 volioge incseases ay dmb Increases. PW 4 ” cours du ty dinpoct ionbiahoy op > haat otomg boy Righaly accelerated es. [iow J fasys do ¢& can nat dunnal bab highly accelmaled e Eb scattenad with alos A bond bowak slo fmjact Loniahon- i dinpoot af sed Jonisation accu dus to Seating « SSCCHOHKHSHSESOHSCHOMHTITRFT7SCOTSCHOECH899979899 — a |QO . | Qpto CDoobsenic Naovicos - | Y LED “ai LASER | i) Selon colt I. Firat @) daviuy Convecr elaaical ennyy in Optical enngy i Antenashion op. Lisht-(photors) usith Semiconductor is dese mlaad PR ay WO hho th ee — ~ J) Photo vabla‘e Sally call, photodiode € Pstodetector - aladdan umbesante:- whan olecbrial) ensagy. <4 onweded Indo | | Ophea ening» thus Jpaalled LED £ LASERs, Photo dlicde ge can wokdn 2‘ferms — phate daleder 4 veld ag ralarr cath , Boreal pholgciods Ju a pon jus diads duvgnssl Jo veshend under. photon abrerbton Fe dar a peal neon 4 | | i Trew wil ha absorption only 4p hy > Ey ! ' \Ha wsstanee- Rb, connosted! in b Ley a bon fie” thon cessed wl) poy through thy RK lage pen jue! worky il : aj) a Adler all. 4 courant plow ; Shon dh wi) Prefab, the powers do cicde By Unclalentiy Light tha nevesge cosvunt wil)” Inesearx « g—» 10° ge gentrates ptr tunik vobunee pan ne ie Gp called “Otia) genmratieon fax. + Undin dank cond" G=0 L t C ! P ~ hole paulEH P) p e ' HOP fom 9, to 9s es ; ¥ p fr [Heal fn Rue canard Thy Cvount J almet indojendor an a4ifalicol yoltars bud daparduy “poo Optical germatiin cat. aa 5B epee How U coracded a Load rrytanes KR, wehne-o dt obpHeally AUMeemiincites) pn. quel. with no appdind bois 1 Salas cold - Oppticably AMfuminated suith reverse bag at she just thon ak sitet photo _cleteator dateotor : bo we unto. extrech the bower pom “L_U | Phetacelen i davicn then, Rave to wok in Loy colas col) mode. photodetector conment 7 aT o 9 Atgnad unto dial tea ptical Aign ar a 1 dt Ge wed ty 7 ae : Ophcod rere ; : pee UO OU OOOO DUG fe ae ee Rae eet eee han te ba“epeats EHPs. There Oftcally +h * a | qenmnatesl EHRs Huet: iropug he 4 eta punch : ; - 4 * cupvent, HG, optical genenacton date, (EHP genonated} 4 j ] achive pasct | Sar Cl? ~ hour dhe currant will be produced Win a ight ob, Seay. bo > Oo P ineddant on dhe Pn 4uMe len, dt | 7 1 on & aeeult in a revere porn unit volume ptr unit sims EHP/em3 zee) thor NOs op. e gennraded| pon sec. On jrwide within dae diffurion Sanath. ee Aln top whole 7 —, Cxosd 4echanal aroa of the fee 4 4 i 4 7 Sinlontl , nef Raber’ gentrgted pen Atc-in olippunen Leas 19 \ lp en nade cue Plego, and Enp!s genmraied un the ‘ dapletion ween aL A W Jops Hones. crsunt dur dy Optrallly genmatesl chosige casmnints - i Typ = chk, (ln + Lp +) W) ! H Ty vs tu “Hivinally genorased exornant and yy the apbbird voblage at Fhe slic? dun “ = Ty, [ep (24) -1] } Tp > dank ewount 4 we appbid a positive bos to dhe jue” without any (> optical iWumination shen cusvant dus do abplad vealtag A ogual Fo Lp, ; ‘ Net Cinnesct 5 I=, E Lp) éOQOSBene Hoots ooHsoD leo PFT ERLE IRL SLI EPEAT eoe ee Besos eoaeve ss RI AIR ILI RS. PAY AIM IR + CMe /egr (itlotw t=ty(e"-1)- eAait far ) x Noe/kgT > I, le oo -le =eA 3..( Lytle” oH) = Lop Moe / ko ele kot Jet. al (ee aR] — \ec 9 ofeen Cirouit wy volloge | # use ure dhe high dntenrity. boom thon th hoyse rece Yop Gasvark will plour from n~sP and Hrs tis wevense current, 1 ne Sigh Sredent . ‘ Fen Eee + Een Lu Sy, . — : i Lhd > Ey Eg iy rig ° ; a) of = \ i FyT-V chpadeshy i : Tye Shoot cimuited curoant Gematinss ane pploted Mikp shia), al : Ol Voc x : vy : at 0 Voc. Vv: Wtn veo Han fsom(A) => Tse * ~ For Den Ol aaa I/D Maximum Power Prax cavm from, solar coll - P=IV Er dp wor one feenfonming an sf exparbunt Fe of Aolor col Han te nole down curva. Fmeap- ~~ wore: do aphalsrel voltage. . Zinog 2 Max. doyized cusvunt Vynox —s fox devised voltage FL Factor pee tran Vn Tee Vee. Tae Macon. OF efficiency. of He solo call . Ycan nak apprch 1 (n<1) abhor fy) ? Ey Photodstectorr Who de photecliede oporodes in dhe IL quoalant of F-V chasmotenshe | amntng, severe biased Pe iv pr : WIA optical LMerminahen thon hee@eeo000000000009000 0 Soe eR RR I REPPIN FB EN LON FONSI IRIAN OT Seeeeoeeseeoeeeeooe resus cwount Jb almart indafandon of appliad vallag: but pepeotional cto fie optical. gononaton vale , Such & clovite ce very Utell vin converting. Jim veoaing. optical signal into elactral vignal - Phategenmated minosty corvuirs | EHP qecombina nocui the CICA ke jue? Hance recombination \ ie : : energy. emillesl peono th 4 ey- te form af. phaton af.) { ereanyy fy = Eg. ¢ L Hore we we deect band gap se uth the ast of thy | Dighr runt emitted in cfs -foom of phaton. Enmyy sp piston dspandson dhe ben *p of MS Je. ie Ey =O so TS = = 124° ew | B= > [a= Be ] | ‘© LED emily dncohsunt Dig anh py at LED p- ft “ay dafinad 03 - pe ‘optical, power uh QE = atead bouton nS! eg Bo P= Bey moons goz part af eledrcal —— convent into efhcal pourtn, Rowen a Samy ben dee — 1 hakony jee: by eae we = calculate tHe’ no: of photon ae He we know power Eno Jace For GAAS — Eq = Pua w=he (a) _Slop_ T=Ltt i I= Tae nee and A+T=!] I whe a a abserbany * TS Trewmtanie | | i I i @0 © © ee Hoe OWO Be HI inwlatos aa eer ZT c— metal So Ages | Geakh of abrovphnee \G. J ae 5 Ae ee ee [+ UV= Visible Cooetoscopy toy thiy we ean calelate Hu | bans gape op any -semicondactir whld) fae hi banc) gap | (Dies In WV = Agen) | Propwreties of electors & halos in a filled bare! of S/o |} oO Re -k aU) ECR) = ~E, (Ke) biy mk Lk -mt } wo % =AIOE 222799 8OH8OH8BHOH978009 eooseaoe ee eae « Wken we ably. fooce than” e + holes will gach remands An Sbopostte ae. p=hk=m 3 RKy = Ake 5 Me = grat this -ve. a cosesponcls to spechte rmas.d veloc - og? ' Sut im A oye sum “Bik Bamplr of Goss U illuminaled f witha morochwomatc, Light of energy hyd = gey. Tie abotopt! oe Gohs os Sx fo om. The inciclent payor. on th suoey 43 fom, Bo the pond of the crystal JJ ldev. Codoulale - et i , dc) Tatas paw, abrorbad by dhe sample, Ui) Jatad no» ap EHP genoroted /4e0 Foor the dbrerkton assuming perfect Quantum efficiency . Q2i- The denan camanhahbn of n-type Yo (Eg = 2:28. Ng = axtolfom?, Find’ she teri Cin deny of, Baltziror costae Ke) ack which Fhe sc stants behaitny Like an inddntic Se The danxtty. of tasty in conduchon 4 valane'berol ana yxiol fem? ¢ yX\o8fun? yafecbvally, : Qaim hyplesthectical se has an intinnc casita concartratibyy ” Of 1X10 o!” fem® ak 300K. dt hos eoouchion € valanee me euchve dontty of arate Ne & Ny beth Quad to S]em?, ws what iu Hie bandgap of He Ye, ©) % GC depad uidh Mi = 1x18 /em? What asa dre aquilloriam a & hele eqn. at 300k,Le 4 thi pleco af ge already having Ny = 1x0 “Jen a abe daped with Ne = axlol/em? thor caleulak now e& halk | Come. j | (4) Consistent with your ans to past C what Exertiyy “A? © 6 © § Se ctky = Bar (eos tae) $e (kya)] ey ; ; Thy ay dhe eninyy expreytion in 2D jer far Agua Dadhi eto Gate’ brome, = a hae poy ©} Rake tky i ° : jar BL Racipret und cold KS 2 © § Band width =. Byp~ Esotion —te> : e| = Heo [H]~ por wy AL Top op tha brand 2 . = 8Y ev . Stik ea . ADL jhe comsn pts of Aquat Dates 6 4 Centre of BZ * e vill be Hue dope He band £ rem enal, ; A to the &, the band ie. ° cael do dhe kate af he band ive Catto Ocho enoypy cipro Ch apap dhe band ic alimg —» [11] dir” © an BZ deeymm iy shounby Hy : © ke Eker el Thy Uy the Eek @Es ica alms [1] & alin? | "J J E © { ° ; et - Eig sk LN e aa : et Moy (o)div+ topo} the land = (Mh, 0). el. 7 : ; e Eg e.-4¥ , Mal} E,p =Eo : be ae =47 e| =i OS| col) dannily of tity, L-1 dim: op aollad t pee 2h)" (ak) wie due Jo pin clajensnaroy beoz in tatate ,dhore can br 2 | niz| for 2D es. | =. ¢ 29 { FZ. + ap i { Klean betion of Se band /) for amall k /tor Dang wlevelony foo whack Hoey: /(kas naghech highon oven dermy 1 1, 1 expand wrrto 1. | = & mar [2 Brice) conga = 1+ | me = Ee sary vat (ety) wore | | EW= BW 4 yak" =m) | fF New, ae | Ns, = atak 3 ae = tee | D@ = afLyt | © Ara) ava | D®Oa = dantity Of state nem the Lofen, Gna? yk oy He” band , » Nok + for eD jo raed of contrat but for 2D or 32) How. must be a conpbeaint gen in durhbr , Rug in obone Quy He consfreink Way 4 faons h ¢ oer ae ee , I, aR pho E(k) = E20 [1~ Kea? 4 | — kea® ] | fer dep of a bod 26 f cee, vs, Mon MF ante of G2 ‘ t le 4, ae : \ Ps e ‘e SAX 2 & a) 7eE) 6. aK) e | (Hj) a (0,2) Ey? E+¢ ELatam = Eo ~© Exp ~ Foto = 2¢ =s/4E =2¢ ©) Donsity of stalk, naar (@@) vy L DE) = 2 (ke) AK) an) \de) E(k)= E.-cre te py dE _ 2eak - cay 7 a aK i &> PO=j afev a 7 i 7 afe Vil 3 aol (ar) caK d€) 2ncak Oem at E408) pp ove mrs (FEAR) k yo eee Meo = cae | *] Mey cat | PE eecc | bottom af the band POa:~ & : | bathers _ J dé New tater Of the band Vp =o 2 a=? () = B=t cos ka 2 + tasinka =0 sis ua Tepoy tte band ull len a te Ta or We bottom = K=O “3a ea eee ae AE = Ejep~ Ebotom%) E-k diayam = 7 . Cant of the B-2 (oF abbotbm ay dhebend J 5 5 eMeatve May — ye pr e ahve m he : of” ape) ® > = tt. e3 Tatra, © > nar boom op tho band Keo da yt A © > i band width 0 by 20 y, thon 7 wil) ir A. comespnd ° m* wil chong. e gine ta th) — $ by 20 7, e , — # by 20y °> ( AE =at = ME) = dagen a 20 /ae =o p dT bd a chang in BE if : L > ACE) = 4T 5 Tht) calles} e re oe T Ralatire Caren - Relative chan .s a “) . “> LAE) von ay LE y00 7 ae © - change in. 46) Ce chang ny, 7 Lnin* )= + an (1) t dn) a 5 : ruth —ve but Ame ive beaz J. tare can't he _ve e; (eevee | 1 3 tyke > abrolule , .Poletive i paerntepe ) e@ | dm _ ai ' 6 mr 7 OTS t0 ° Ao rot will chan by 26 AL e : °| Qi Ey = €- 5 coslka) & a (aayigey® VIN? * onan 4) Desai re 6 Kio x Jo Ly Aemrty of shades =» PE= 2 (&y Ge) ~ *) “ia 7 [pe)= Gara (a) Wome mabediy = 7 vyz= tae A dk fae) €) =ei eur — exertion 9° \ 4 | Qa | b= 046 yen = 046 lon* m | qe | | Pot fe = fb mw Total Porn { | fe = Jo Xlo™ Camas Fa fower abyerbad ' | nes iy Pi + ever frarerrittes | m= LmWw : Bo Po. Qo~-!)mw i R= g mw ip, |b proton Je +} hoke : | eamyy abe Pane = Sm = 9 52 T/ane OP Thay eneyy 2 wed fo creat a Chale par. mh, = Vx lo? T /pe 51 aa 9 y Jor? J/aee Xo Alo 5 n= ae arysiie | /e / n= BA! 893K Jel ENF) ate Tracane Hua no: EHP cated pn sec ox 10° Sf photon abybrbed por 20. 6 dp penhast efficiency nap dant dufpore Udi 80% Shan abd = 9xlo> Xorg lon plot Of EHP wl ke. Dal Nal alm Nala ae at nse E,= 2303 ev Naz axlo!? fon? Ne= 4 X10!9 pom? N= EX fo!) ems fos n-dybe fe) ne Ng = 210" fans 4H Se behave Jiky intsinnc Sj than y=: : TINNY © - Eso 2 n= few e tM 223°3_ey 2% ax o'er? = 2x foe” 28T > Exo? = 9 er ‘8 a Boo k Jo 6% 0026 6x 9 T= 2sco K Thy, eis hypothathical keoz at T= 200k gc wel) behave Like nine Sc but OE i not petvible in real Dye ciradiiaseaadiiamiaasiiettinaimemeennateteaie x4 enoyy op Photon Gwen then Use hoa 2eW) & beyond 143 ev ant the aceemnne endyy wel) clviped®. In form op boas, ip. 49 of land ep Atgiven dn Guts ton wore 1-48 oY J gai ne =! x bo” em att ook, | Ne = Nye fo" for 3 © SSCFCHOTHHEHEOHHDHHNIDNnFHHHOCOHOH8OH999900E09 Foner Q) . = Eg fay @ TU = JnNy e.7 ©9/2kar lolae Fa (obs7 ~9%2303 = o, : — _ 2KeT OgP= Meh pox’ _ 44 7 a EAR = o/c? |B =ieYer’) Na>Ng sc with bohave Sik Petey P= (Na-ny) | b.= Jo lem? hen i ee Fo, © & hale concentahyry ane Jnjerchangesd « ap Ng >? Ny? dhen cabculade hale cone- Ny or Na = B en» _ Fe 7 C7 wee eee oo ri) bane paar = 0°0% euX 6 x Inllo) ee ee Er-E, = 0836 ew. b Oar | & dping with Ay” Cul ken aye ' . | n= 10! fem? a NE = 15x 10" Jem? =m _ (usfKle” ’ n = | iS : = asx lol /em? n= pe-€ifey Ep -Be = keT On (FR = 0'026 ev X99990908 OC8COHOS99R088 eeeeGeoGFeSGoGGooaeoes m es ME = 05M, Ey = 14 3-ev Nes Fray e rhig - DMT i“ =a bey (mmr) e 7Qa T= 2 = 204273 = 293 k . Fe HS rem = 32° = 3212)3 = 305k ‘ A he 2 2-M Ee 2kgt TG lanek & @ 8 [Kay MP ke “2 ice a oP Pe Prhigy [in fo, comah, ae os A e@ cond” eu 5 Sn. / : . Flos ete sg kL Ble eo oo hh gore > Blt) = a8 Z aks De dy (ws ? Bi Gaad= Ins) | > B= wes ase (kq=0: 926 69 6 3 Ey = pod) ev Qtr fra doped Se, conductivity ill ke TF Nee + pet # seus ne Sc.-sRon PSP : c= ee hem far Minit CodaFoe p-type SO ce ne Hy these, Pe, = = He PNY Uap one, | : (©) fabingic Conduchitty, en (ety) ‘foe doped Sc , Tain = neue t Poy = Ne [Lh » [ae = 8 [ SRR + Jae] Tain = 2n-€ Set QBi- = o72eV , be \ He = 2 Ly : . position of foamy Lowel wearto y.B- copie, E,-Ey =? Zract postion of fermi Uunel yy Ep= EAE y 2 Ker ta (RE) > &,-Ey= cate , 3 herb (Be) ~ &y me comiaverrr oar ‘m, — + oT in Ge): 7 vb eee nm Bees = Reg ert ‘ ‘ set : . — me wd gah, = iF 3 adty= EL Lg me 6 Gon > m*=r2me : SOHGSOCCHSCHOSGOHCHHSFEOSETOT T9299 OE HKOBHE8FT983808Ep-5y = Ea + B-yowss Ly (29 ew i | Ep -By = 013640103 - soy | Gps sate] Pao | | Qiai- sq Solan call, yy = 5 moa 0 Tee = 2oomn fo Laps Toe =f 20mA | | Noe at B00 =? =200mA Nhe = Ket tn (ort, use ‘ : Kat An(| z+) mae) 1 _. — Aljn maar ceemroudhy | OBO tol et 7 [ aig in rerenng dir} mn fom Dy | = 61026 AW On 4) aoe * (4b) | sient “Si Sdlan cll, Caos dection aneg = Rem K209 = Yo e | Jy = S2mh = 32% lop Bays ol? ert lem 2a Lyalp = 24M, Wa] Aum » Tse & Vo = 2 =a rlot an = 1X 1eFany , Foc = ~Zop =. eA yy (Ly Het) : ; EN OK Io! x 4 xfo'® x 5x ]074 | "= 132 Y Jo$ Lge = ~320 WA Neo ES (HAE)r \ = T 320 X lor” \ 5 = Met ewe P we mee ( 32K loo S Vy : f = when Uno!) = 91026 VXYK Qn e t Vic = 9123 andor ; 2 Qui- Le = SoM = So Xo A = sxio* A i Vow = oy V Y= O8 i Fray >? Fmax = 9 Fse* Voc = 08 (5xlo74) (OF Y) Prox = 28 mpJ QA I— htm > OB photoconclustve l€ = 1X1 X1 am} gus, cds captad: =YS0 nm I= | mwhn*> Qe =) Ey = 26a Novy EHP gersaled sc Gop =? Trlewiity = Poorer far worth arta S9SSCSCHGoFeooeoe GCHoOneor* O99 HR OC HKROBROHOHSSHBeC DH Es We jo 3h) fa = be poxke kms ae Pm = Jo7S Watt nhd = Pin n= _lov§ i 13 m4 7 26 Xb Xo Deh 18/2 = UY KoP cHP/see a a Seaeeee reese oesPy = Ee = are a= ae A= 12Ye | Es, (ey) i dy he, A= Le yy = LTT Y 1g : 5 corey ae : J wi) Rin in TOR mE @y St J Balievy Jz nm = 1252 nm : | Rpain Oise un. ZR sepron, ] ji) Gahls, Epa | ty » & NOOO ys He om = 86 F-1.nm mse | Grafs Dig in 1-8 veplen » cds , Ege rhe w 3 A= nm = YFEF OM =47698 cqs Die in viible region (4000 ~ Foo A) Jt wil) pooclicee bur Light. QI im Cons Beatin ANY A = a4 mom x Os may = OY YoY mm” Cs . PFE 116 KJoF om? _A= Joon™ | j \ | E =o} mWfem> = 011 x lo whem i 1 | | ] ! 4 ' Py = OL xo X16 X10 3 W Pry = 0F6 X Loo W R=? Fop= 2onk = 20K loth R= Fel) 20 Ko” las x lo" ae onrer- cl oO Fy () Berea eee one a @ ‘S@GCSCHS9CSSECESHBRETBT79F SO HCHOHDFPHSSSSEBEC8H 3) QE =? at joo nm (a = KX 1240 7m b Os '- @) Racombinathin rele wil) be qealert noon the por As In tHe aevion c. ® Abjror Conngy =? Eq = Abfroox ennyy = or Fev Aa Pee a TTL Yon OT ew = © sptcal oatpat poirei =? t= JomA four = EV =. Joy tomy Xo-FV Poe= 7 nw] ) hoctoteal Puew compurnad B? VE hy Fay = IV = lorloFa.x ev. 7 f=. 14 mW mw ap appa} to LED 2 tb converste FH mw Unto Ofetcal bower, @ OF = Haw _ mw. =9'5Qidootoieg — Deilucnis ane janfeet dnulaters, Tiny oe of | | suse types i ) mgt cides yee . Jury | 7 duobebicgan there Licloshicy whore malenlss, yy _ chpadou by dhe farumanant dipole memant. €- 19,8) Non pala - dere doy int contain pbunarunt dipole memonk | ex- Soltd - Ar a } 40 i Dock hAty Of Ou height Aho H do it a Ls cd) aeeensein, meee -ve chosige , alo tt conten 5 poumanont dipole ynorn - aby dhe Inhownt poopanty of malouile, a Ss wosppby axeual felsd. en non-palles dialectic hen Gt ill bp ‘palosered 4 AR palasigedion iy coed fnoliraed palascixation or anducod Aipohe mayion , [ b, « E —y % => polaseablity of atom or mealooue - Eye > Local ehaotne fisdd Plosdiahon i clipole mom kon unit Veloing P= 8% E nae] — E 3 Maskosesple Leofte pal for Non - pelos clishdctse# 5 Ap use have a & poralleh plate capacifen 2 wo Kido d a non palo Seta bho ibs plates Suppoie erlerna gpa field U EL. Due do thu &. , nen bales cduabeche 30 bog ENR lhe ‘ @ ff 4© 0 0:0 Oo FHSS HHEHOSCHOHAGHUSOCHHECHOHESCBFAZCD® F pelaseded than plaies accunit sema bound charge . X Slaotric iol) covelop “1B, which —_— EB iy Dus dhan Ee, - ~ tt foyultant gulls , - —E a an 4 = > : E> Ete, iv _ 4 om aa * Fin . - + Emae. Macvoscapic <- piald Ly avenge €. E fudld scan bin cho jolatey. # han 3 0 madoulas hw plates thoy it uxt) behave a5 ipa © vemdtant fiald on trix maloout By dipjmont OM, Erne & His €; Siald yw collect ocak "ELS EHEHEHE Tako a. apheria cavity out, from the Ateomounoling af yr@lociebor Thy Ly called sphartcaleay Lovenlz Coulty . PEL @xtonallly applied +- fly + Els dapodosdsation vl ELE — Macwscoptc fuald Ei > phd due do i . the induce, charges bn Ho Auspace op the caulk © add due do alll the changes anole dhe court Rayuljant of oll thee plaboly 3 tho Yocad Piotd . y te aipala as af Ho antee of ha, courtly. Phan chasis on YD big Ayame about conke-. do covey wi & (due to ayrmshy)Pruplcal Significance Clee Clariius Manet elahon > This | } } # olid contain) N atemn (oe rralloutly) fore unit valeme ) eat) | ackomy dua do He application of € pintd will bream olf ipa d I Ag Haws wil) be N clipales . ; b., 5 P’=_NPin P =Nox ae a) ; fam) 4B), 4 Noe, = = SU Ee (t= &-!) No Bie fo (82) Ena. 4 Exec _ Se & 7) BN = [em . Ae =y Castes Mowobtt Ge) ae > Rodalion | To 3 yd oy oor aate, Kake t Xe 3 dechonie palorcsability, XK donie 4 | a relation bid & & Sr . x ru soyafote quam i Gea Moeroucnhle 8 stad constr) o comets to chihale morn 40 Lb GA miceescafert oe » paloxisation + 7 macradedpet. | anes wn aininduend { | Tpper.cp polonisabiliiy - x = te try ,. i TL Pesumenont } a ‘Sachem a ele Ge) Oy Unit of & 2 , _ ie CoGiS, 9. volume -».cmn® \ we ares a So PykiS FO m> '@ © ® Pe C3? % , i 1 ao | Thu "ype 4 pellsinbily eoouitai dx do bifelacornant of ex cloud of an atom relachive co it imuollay in the presenae g aplbiod ebechte: “ 2 Rmdins @ dhe atem This dype of patordanltlity tbl nk a om the fer of cbbind Sebi Fld. Thy .u fy dapandance Of Xe mM mass op thoe. & © ey cha: Ud. Alatuned fetq> of creillahion af Gtom, rw —9 prep of applied Qlentrie fishy . aaa (a) cg7 Tay tye of "dss wuuily dia do go ncatare of or deckeaxe in Ha bond Long, op a dons . a aaa Thu { palosus Wer J} Indajrelor ° quem es on hs ob ablind ial, A pee DO OU GEO P POOP UDOUDODROUGDOU Po ~ cee ——em—a mass of Lien (Na') Ma on anothy foyca W, ~» Natura) py yf Ho oe ae (in genmal) Vibaehen oF raalils \ ° } (ily Bipdlan Pallasizabibity - (oy) | Thy dybe af St vovisy clue do the fosamarort dips) | wom: af oe é sO : [ [a= Fe | , p, 2 permanant clipade mom. of te maleenuly coal wa dapords on bath emp: freq: of the fll Hants total palasdiabillly., Ka Ket oe try Thu is valid | fr palay alee Spuatin Frequanyy, dlefendance 4 Tokal Blorisability » i Me én Visible repion , Total pice IR “Vial Vy polarisation iy @Wedhonlt a oa polariration (oe) Ralawation toms (x) — for Hut , Farten dhe yerponde >. €xistane yf a: iAdy Ke q aebands upon Hy ‘ ft j i ‘ | | }.@COoteteGoseoonecad 2@@08600839200098898 ler) + At optical preg et . ULX= Ke This dy povvibde if Aepnation b/ chet | We have ea ing) mel _ NID Lovenby, - Loven. Relation , ny2 , 3% / Sdatic. Aicloiie Content fem Langevin - Debye Sorat fatal -paloousabity = etd tay , = et K EBD “ ao 3k,7 >. Psa &(é&-) & = N& E Eee . 4 “ ny ator & malacily wy Ao “Hot How d) no inlerottiin mj the clifdss Like In Dupe ) oo QAues, gio. Pie &e( Een) Of = NXE Ex) = a NL (het hi) + er Move “ae > Mort polar, ” Move futereapt Ss More 2 elaotionie % Leonie slop = NP,» _polas cf abil iby SéakgT 4 / Frebh Ly plate > moans, yriolooule 24 Non- pla Fae ae aeeh 8 A da rose pallor / beoz moe Alop > more falar, 7 ox a akg | fret | 0 r d . ' 8 t 4 YO CHy a *.. —7 “ily Ora j di) ho B V7 if () HQ —B Tree hatte jerrmanont dipale mam +B Ww) CoB Wi) cg, A . (vii) 50, > 8 j (il) NO, —» B | ig | A a Qustivns { Que (4) Cabolate aha Hic cLidladbse consent er of ole 1 : ~ Regen wang Cavan’ ~ Merete yn 4 foldosomay desta } de = VEX foo F-m ie | My = 3899S Pn = 8 gen/cm? ] @ widh He vert of par(A) be efhocled’ Ap ee is colowloll fom p= s.(e IE * = NOE (rive searens for youn anzwer . ] Fahad) oeBt roterial has ative Indl What sy dha diellodk oe a at Me pata ‘eorresponding do tho viable pant op the eboatsemagnatic Apootmum « RAI Rapeactive index of an clomordal aamiomduotyr tin Hs \naible an Li 15 . Find tthe foolasuuability, of pw matent Jb atomie onatty J 21x lo Jem? , ui Aching HU % Of jenic polosrisabilrty An Neth ce iwhioh hos ophtall index of refraction a5 15 4 ditlestale constant 03 16» : , 799CC08O0880000R82998000 ©GCCOSC HR OKSSOH BOB f | |Magnetism jin So Thee one 3 poinciphe runes magreht. meteant cin.an ater 4 Mageatisadion M or andl 40 appind mag fiald Han er at at dicmagnehe AY M1 I) tn afpplso! mag fied > Hen para ov ferro b Oobitel mahen ef o> Gly apin mation : Cifiy Treduee mage mom-dut do change in Ae orbital matibn af e~ On de appdicaten Of eternal mag. uals . dn an ater , thot wa nucle, @bartt which eo” do osbite yahion & Cusvunt pooducs. % Hee constden ce coniment life - 2 _ eh ne Magnatic Marmont . \ Thu mb due do oxbie mohin y em Dis & M wil) bo decided by mehon ye. tes Erbe) Motion , Mm oe | c : mH n " ™ 7 My nee San wy Orbital & afin mation ap em. bar git paromagnstic’ Amlsbahon sf sein motion ds Dosger Hap to frotamag efi (puarag: When es ana unpainod in atom thon chore wild by Ain Cantsibuten . When: adem 3 oe neb pained then ator “2 hove Apin. mag. mom & dis mom ap abignss “in Sho div" af acter nally appbied mag. fubd. > Goatrizahion Seiy Rand do cHDt the orbik 04 compare to Beg | the apin Ao shain Coniston cy Roses to panema g- Hffeab | | —> When we apply extoual ynag- paold on ake oxbit-dhon Hore | Fl be change in speed AV. St unl) sbeadl up oy Adsce ou | E Aepanding on tho dit ' | > Banco externally: applicd fiold , mag pli ch 4 ; | emf pod mt ih wW shhore dhe flux. ! Pale dnd Covecent ill opheose the change ime tg | —sdnducad Mag mom Ly yer, By weak efech, Diamagnare “fed iy a unvoual he by found a j Redd offerh. $6 iy Pound in all) du ariveryal) bia} net cminent clue to weaknays. * he. fexarnaa “iit dominant Over clismagnetic df ob dha. Lb bath Hoe eects im a ralisl, West Tyas of Magrahe Mabesuiabs - 1 OU Romtagnetic , 1) Diarnsanate ot oniats’ die do change in Hie orbital i vate ee dh nudory on ce ap atic th SF extesral mag- fil). gy Thue maternal repfitl tn tho mag. ial. 3) dE 0 vO weak effect, a i g all Lo abamagnahe. edfap| | i j |(4). Meg Fiele [P= Me (A (PET) =A) H> Mag Field inteausity fos clismagnet » M is antiparallel do M+ Magnotisatln Be ul a Sucopta bility 1 Magnabe Suceptabibity i clefenad as Gat 4 m pro : [B= nee] 7 fos ciamagnet [oy <1 Ge [tn <2 | he- =ve , Ao Sueopededdity of chiamsgnatre ynatesial uy negative , ; Diemagnatic: sucaphobi ity of a ald ccordiiy Jeo Bark muchanicy 1) giver. by. o02000606000008099399009 ‘ Segre U,= UNZ 02 cys Om, ~ What, N —> No- ap atoms peer unit value Z— Atomie No- Me— mars of dheem aces Arrenage. vale of aver, the Pordiomlar obit | Fr Rydoogen cttom geound Adee ges f phy vde oo | Holliuen , Ne, Av, Cr, Au, Si Ge ete. Ch NEA NN | Gi) Fanamagratic. Madetaly + | @ fancimagnobiym ooo, un they sebioly which have pasemanont | magniio momad: dado opin} ef unpaid & 3 on He “ypbiatin| i GF rnagnetie fiold . Tore magnotic moment aligned in tho dig | |. Of appbiad mapnrh piald Hany effiiy attrectivy tyke. | | Thuy shang effect a+ compart to diamagnol’ ofeah, | '@ Malodulan Brxygen(O.) has ever mos of C3 bit hover} poorcmagnakt efhoct ( excofetion ) { j 4 ¢ @) fuemag * ducaprabh ity 6 Hons or atoms iy given by. ‘ flee © las Cue Saw 4whne C+ Cusde Cnt, Lead CL [coed] AE TE EES IE ; ) Foramag.- ag. Aucoptabllity af foee ( Paudé fara ven) T,.. = Indoptndint es Jen, 4+ Tits can't be ok}Dain by clerrias Hea This ay explained by Qucntum fren ey shan. cet Ca, MnSOy , Mats Gd?” eke s eights ype ahaviows. PVCs % ee eee r “2 free em me EE >. Yet etc 4 | C Fe fons /atoms ) | dnitially Mt ar HF Lindasdy ; After acontain value aH, ald He afetn’” wil) abdigned dn de dustd q mag. oe & Mw) doderaty. & Het value ag MB cabled My 1e- Sotunation Pepe ee RAR wots niet anamagnatiy . Sabid + i M= Na 7 My Bt) | Whar, N—» plo- of atoms pyr unit yoleme t= Lands 9 ~Feetor eeweeeeSeoeO@Qeoooses*sse9e000028208°99908008| T— Total an} momontun 4g72 Boho magnotor) i B57 Botldowin fuc? fF & [x aque ye Steel Case r- Fre Spain - b particles , m= = Nile tanh (#5 8 © ep Be< Kat hes Hemp. high or pteength af mag. pial 4 Dees. ahan bot AMeB _ alo XK | Ker tanhxw % = 68 = Ny Hed “v kT Ms N eB ie Ke Pat BeMH3_ Ms Meee Gi) -teB>> kyr (temp: 4s fos) bes pr | Hhon tanh x 2 | > This ys called Sakwrabion Magnetisatio ; thon etl thy mw curr allignasl io res [Pur | ay dish of cieditd op pall, “ 1d Das Dal hl a al il al hl lh AA NaN he i nn a—— P= Mo Nag LA er indajeon dont of deme shan deimfo: 2 ow ar Bui igh. Pdi Lexremagnohie Material fence Lib punmagnehinn, , femeagn +4 allio axgociales with pormansnt magnetic momont bud ferornay, mas nels ana chosactertse lay sfoonte ny a Ce Non 410 magrabyyatin ewen in dhe absence af. may Ald 9. ee 1 —> Explanation o femroma gration can be given in dems af feomation of small xegions Garde the sdlid Jn whith magnetisea wton -3. gocuinsJed | The aumalll veqions argrcalilad clomarns . a eee clomainy. dnside tere domains Apins ang anal, abbignes A i we fo a very. feoree neal panlld a Ex inld ov ploiss Aeld fh faaser of foomation of domain Every phyrical process Jy +0 | sey stability 4 raininige a : a ree eee The ervey « Walt 5 which Aopinrate > Theknns of domoin wall—> fow A. Fhe domains; \ => frflen energy quarda of pin ware jy Phagnon . / | Mn Guus? Mane On apply H 5 M1 cad © | s adotunations When H aemaved | ssl y Shon HM but not paldeee | small = —___ tho same path, ane H . 7 0B “Ramenont nryretbaation aa OCS Caren | °| ° coercive fidd | |‘gt — > ainount af jag » fal d gepuhed 0 clufrey the coenctre piold . 4 ORBCD EA + Li tho Mysteserrts Dob . j This MH Crouse gives the urefaul cinfearatib about Cheesiny 4 } dhe mogact por Q partientos. ype ap application d Gy Paramagnet Magnet (ras magnet) | F 4 U) Safe Magnok | SOU2D (Super Gnducting Quantum Snterdoona chin) | SQUED ds wed Jo measur do Magnet’ magnetron He by rong. 4 cents . a > VSM iVibpedh [Nob ruiph Seneetive . > forge Hysteresis fren ARER Of Hystorriy Loop = Hysteoty Doss . | Howe want pequanet mamatrahin ar domagnatisahen , : % Sox should be vmall —> Smale awa ma i wth) bo pepuine. bo Peepers oy tn gamble dy . tse posumainant- magnehsahen ; hysterusir ang shauld kn Darga os IN dampds HD Ret Coencivily” de wil) Acide the magnet tx hand or sift\©o@®OGOOSGePGOSSSCHOHOTBRMTS® OOCOSHOBSHEHSCEBSECHbSB * Hard megnot & 0% panomageet one Cheanacterire by high. ° Cosenive Pinld or by high Roumonont magnetisahen’ eae Stel «© Colt Magnely are wed dn the ghbbicatibns where we rood Se a agente ident pabieb Like in Teens coves. Sale rycgnels ant chasncteriie by Louw cobserive fuld, high Ramcntrc magnatintion f- high pouniabllity ex Bop Foon { foots He | eng wll coy Susp op fememngrahe _rnatesda) + Ce Cpeie~ bells Lour T-k : < for TT, To feoremagnehe Cuscie temp. for T As TO sh spolowr) thoi [mete [RE he) Neos. Coitical or Cusece temp + %, © Sdunatbn magratigabon on Apentanasey riagrehiiction fore fe Rrvatin ec -y* a Ag te (Foor above) thon {% G- Te) > Mi T=Te she bs a. uch achy | duciptabil + Aulus a. cliscondinuty 7 * + 4 Magner i- , FE ug enoyy quarter of Abin wave - i flegten dio besqn . ee fiagaen,cupecvion slain OV 6 Ks dabermanad byPagnon Ly Feswomagnatic Saled , folQours lwox kK] pellahlorh re Not Binaan panaballic with k i ig nae heat for a borer following quasidradt aclahbisRif , fhan In 3-D OK 7 +H boron fallow Dinaas selohontip di, Get] Magnan mm Fevoomos > Cyn Tu feos jelous 0 Bad uoudeate ve" ind fears more 9 Cue ie He sodig In fooonay Qanrity ob Shades [ ) | DE «em | Anre- FerromaaNeresm- Andi- fonomagnalinn 33 chascaotenite dl by comb’ parallel Abin on noighbowdny ides - Hanee No rportenasuy magiatriahen. } plein mag: movant at vida A 4 ab atdg RL: Bare aqusd ry = Me fo they canal each otter. ao No vit magnotichdy a ahy absence op magnabic fild - Fone enaagy is munmized dus to antbeable spin, Sucopshebitlty of Artipereomas: matestul dt given by. = ac _ whit Ty 9 Neel demprakta for T< Ty —> behaviow 4 Andi fornemagncht Thy > 4 1 poxrsmagnahe S©9COSCKCHSSHHOHSSOHOOSET SCO HHSECHSEHHF9SHOOSAt TaTw , thovieus of X ctlanges «ho Ty iy aeference { hos favo comp > f dy C44 Parra meg. Birappbied 1 go she sfin " —He 9h B Gs applied I] do 4he afin : ; tl y / o Ty a a 2G, ft (pu te sucrdobility ts mag fil) applied ldo the H AR of dio Apuin » He Gpotf moe find) Li applerd |] to the axl of the shin, i + (dt dndijindank on dmb | 1. 1, B® aneseous SLaraandy usith dhe der) » ' { | reel whine, [C4 Cuseir: Comdent oe Ay a> Mean, piddd content | + in andiporortay. malesiad , of very every dow emp: (& a wary i high riog: idl) dow exist a very thin Hysterusis Soop, i Ak wot Yow emo, 4f: mags fidd is applied 4 jue semora,) hon ain wid) not remain Amma, trat!s why masnebiscity | Ja non - 20 iN the abner ap ; / | mos: Aaah ’A —> Antifesn Bg > Pana C —> Fern D— Dia E + Pally poms 4ofa-ve Hun > Sorge-ve 4% 7 +e Fhan a + faage Hug Am Pona Bm Feore (divege 6 = Se) (Ge) i D — Pauli (J tn Putifers > Net doers El 626, Samples, MnO, NiO, nS ete. SCCoeoGeCeeoOeeooor*oof® O©Ooeoeoe 29099008 PAT RI FEL EON GOI EIS AOE OTE e r~| : Rice Fe Fe nel each otin. | i i _ Ayamply i’ Fey8y > feovites —— _ ot Rippon Faldlenlp Por focieerw mp mabe | fu 0) Mognotisatisy M= ar ) Second - Order Phose Transition - fn Ind ovdoy phase — Trans. recotd ovdiw denivatise af fren erumnpy henge clicontnowely at Be cheuaition pol SPN EE Gi): Sucophabiity (= 2 BM as Tendon cleave Gh & m_u Conbnows he Ty} GID Speclke hear cy = 7(28) ce i al C 5 L [ov Gi) hothwuns ompoesnaby = 1 / x) Laamples of Ind Ovdur Phase Transition - (> poramegebic do ferwomagnate os ferpes Para (eR) wate tb (i) Noma) Atale <> Suen) conduct tate. 5 at T= Te Te Cattical demp- } ily Diquis He-T <> Pipid He-I © de Dn ostlru Phorm Ransthen , No sequin by en heot at dhe transition point, 4 joo'c Water iy converting into ‘Joo “¢ Vaan => Lat ordur phase deamon Waker £ Vapour bath hove tome -enupy bab ery 3) Loop for Vaan fv comy fom Latent haat , pa mereS& f9 changes continously {2 by 0 aly , . Ara «do para 3 I oven phase Tremifbon - Qu: Nov af Maximo of Minima for a fervro ; at a fom Bd Q free! of ges qven by Te (m) =F bale) + Mm [Eee No: Misia Th HH ee ESE] | (a) 0 to) | © 3 4 for Mayina 6 Minima > BFL = tn OM O & for, Minueg ar, she ie aE 0 af. = 4TH) M + IMF = 0 SMR) = 4 = Mm (1-T)] =0 = [mM=o] ox. m*+(1-k) =o a =AC- Te) +12 fe op fered) , ne = Ue) . Hye T>Te 20 YO) = +Vve we' Dl get Minima for T= 0 foe neler, ~~ = WT) t2 Ck T) = BT. -8T = -w Ao No of Mima = | (fer m=0)EO AIOE SCOCHSHSSEHSSSOHCOSOOCED®T9O@@®OB OBC OBSESE889 ro \S= r ree Eromyy go feoenagut , (mt) = G-T)m> + bMt+ cm | a Debandency. of M on adem: naos Te (Te Te) { Behavieur of M noo Te ke Me (T- 1" } fer Minima os Maxima, ase am => 2t-k)M4+ YbMP+6cem>s =o M [a(t-te) + bm 4 ECM] x0 [Peo] on 3 6CM +E M+ 2(T-K) xo m= he ROWE, Taking ou ee oo [A a 2 (-R)] L =tla- MMe 3 eT) 0 ag Te Talg— 9m) 1 = Be [141 E-n)] “ 2- Fay} [ rae (Ros) 2]So thus ae 5 Aolubbns , AT frillisns of gears. 1 jo Supine ondusirity can by aisheyed by the abplica tion of : = heaT >Te dhen $@ supmemduotvily olearay | Mh fr Pare He, Pb ete. Sucejarability. bahavioun s- = (is Hey) agnate. Seu) °Vortex —» diamagnatic hee H< He ——> pupest clin . Ho, H, __, Nema > yee -h 21 dilbsrentiation ay bared upon H , not ub T. Thain one 2 fidlds Hey & Her but only one Te Hey tp voy Dosage. pho Type Ese axe wory. texefaul { comseipod Ty yo ” A don Pao - : Bo dfioy casny fas.ge amour Of Cusmortt , -> Abo called “Herd Se EE ETE > Fiet Sup condusler whose demp- Te = Fok (abave thay THK — Liguid nifegen) —” | . YBa,Cug Oz CYBCO — Yethium Baziam Cabber oride ) Also LaBa Cyd CLBCO Lethium — i nd) 152 3307 Tlermedynamies of Sipurconductor - Tbanrilion bd auipor- conducting to. Normal wtale or vio - veua au SRoymedyna micably reversible, Now free ong (HilLnoly of Bubp -conduching stat ds small: a companr Jo Moya — atede, This shows Dhar Suet - Conebucheg- ‘Abode U Inove aebl, 23 compare Jo normal atato , / H ROL IAT to OMY © SC in the absonae of MF.» in Sein conducting, ateke wy, Flo) (T<®) Normal 4 Fy (0) em ee RR RR cs | [ Re) < iyo) me O9COV™SHOHSTRHSHSHSHSHOHOOT OOH SESOHSHSTSEOEAOD> By dhe abblicakibn op mag. field , free. enmgy af Suptr conductor changer fom -ve do tue, |; | > Difference a -free enany Yes Suet, -canchuching + Nomad wat 4 | gen by AF = Fyle)— Ro) } AF = HeHett) 2 | At T=Te; AR EO AF => SdebLigactien Ennigy. of Suupon- coneliatare. + Traniten fiom See Normal =) 14 oxeban Enteby a SC abate < the NS. ho, : cots a COL SC lade iy moge SSnbepy (8) > Meo of Randomnay, To 5 S90 Chor NS) : ! XR S-0 bafase T30 Csr Sc) a AS= Sy- Se 1. Specific hoot AG) Fos Newmal: Motels ' fee free em te date ] {Heo ] aaaca oe200600609°8299808 PO tu te oy Sa orn ig one eeeeeodceeeeenogooners For Supur Conduceas : free em Phono Whit | Eg —> Supercondacling bane gah Tc behanour Ls duconfinans | Tiixunal Conductiiiy > (k) — Grartnallly Good oe due to normal &4 flaws with swsistance chile dane, to 2 flows without yeriutonco. - non eA palllow fohmn's Low? whild supen es dow nat, “Sa9 op mali of Aus - es iy Given by md = -eF Up cavelodly 6 suspen e> Supa cusount canny 1 Te ~ nev; ; 4p eE=o [Ty = Constant | ; Nownal Current density, , Jee cE (ohm); Jou : Exo } Maxell 's 290 yz =2P ) ot ohm's Jour isnot valid in supe-condustor . Maxwell's 299 held iret jer tk Wa valid imide a SC. ess _ 2 WE, = ae” B —() This a4 “Td London ey”? “Beaoxh 4 WxTe ~BETE) Th a ancthon fosm ap Ema London opr, Ty eB) pPostatak a Total eloctsong otal N=MWtNy Ny subm |e fee aah ver Mn — nosmal team (Bh Whn T=0o , ng=n ‘ T= London Rnebratlon Repth F(A) Magratic fil) decays fren spate) Suthus condudae exponentially inside He SC. ferakation clopth vu He oistenee ab lish bul of SAC maya field aside se suf conderalor becomss Ly volun of Set abut 8n athe Ausrpace. At dh dutance MiP uy Be Bs pnp ad surface nA Ra MB OL ee Sanat Rm mR om mmseoeoegf7ee0099009008 8 eeeeneoeeeeseeooore Pi a UR J Taking Cusd ) Vxgy gs = Me (Fx B) > V@8)-v 8 =u nye 5 m = > |e set F <0 T-B=0 m Aolution of his 24" a (in 12) x =Be 1 ~X]/y te | BG) = B.(o) e dys) shen [B0) = Belo) Bx= 2A Hon BU)= oa whee ie _/_\e) =(ames) Penoteatibn dept fos feet ee - Dae ‘eae “Te - ffloxe the itkan e- danwity , Lasser de poration dspih. embretur Vesuation of , : A) = ae fi -eyy” , MT=0 9 (A(T) = Alo): Tete ,Cohoraned Length + (%) 4 Js onothnr ndepandlik pascametih of atufors- condiretor, Thy Db te masa of oLintance within whieh Auupta- Camdsecing © conconbabln dee not ranges drastically: in the nen - unifewn magnotic fild ( This is also called size of the cooper pol). Fe Type -I Safaon Conde las) Tye hos [SA . . &, + Seound ‘eal 4 & in nosmal atale Qs fiban een poh of thee”, * Penabation “+ fos tempat SC, hig * Aro (Spe) genorally , dye“ sat ont impurtd + dype-1se at poy. Koaw constant i Ra hl Ma a Ne Bl al Lec Naa da bai Lal al bEPSII IN S©eeoeoeP®eveeeseneor*9GEO8O40800098099008 i Ko Hq ond He for a -E Se... [Ms = He, = —%e Te whore 6 2s Fuxon sx Flux Quarter, g = h_ ze h—- Pllomk constent 2e chasge. ©f cooper - pain BCS noo '—- “This Ju Hy mer Aucersful. Hooay pe Tn v ey 4 sup) ambowtent feat Of BCS. Thooey ev e* Anlemetion vig Dntticg dapermatin:- phan e=fathiy © athactive inderathon overcome dhe e+ © aefudnon dan ey ang attrachvely bind Jogethon with He Ralf of Jattces; This bound paits of 2 es iy called coobex - hair. Thue cooper - paix aw bosons. and nawing hasege 2esnd than enongy Der than athe wum of envgy of Lundivisial em, As hoy ans behaving asa beion ao thoy condance into a yuu Quantum sate called BCS> ground trate and Rena ua. band (ershpy) gap opens up b/d BCS ground date 4 Dower ouni sthaty, Find value gf thir board gajo J& appronimately ual to ds binding ensayy af the cooforn’ pain : Ey uo Ey 1G) Bos. Grund State, Coopor- pairs condante into dhe BOS. qramd ale flows without serrstenor hor da thay do not i eescatter vith Ho Dathicy Hono their zelaxation ttn 16 4 . dnhul ishaody . Tense cooken- pairs halp in cthe elaclascall conduc 3 ‘ tion ba lo not hol an the dhornal conduction as thay can nat 4 enspuy. enteppy (Randomness), o-----t/g -------E¢ acs ground Stale Ace: do BCS Hemy , Vodbus ef bord gap at T=9 , Ey (j=0) = 3:53 Rete | (imoxe press) = 4 kgTe Typical_coden oh Ey [Ee fmol fir aubencr E,(r) = e,@[1-(E) . AP T=ok .- Tet) = 56) ee Eq (f)=0 Thu Ey Lies sin‘ iceawave len’ eM Apeutuun, 44, bond gap -u- Borge Hon Git in TR region (far infrarud ) Provence. af dibs band-qap conpiames from dhe duconbinuty. Sy thy sbelft Root at T= Te and Micswane abtorftion | an se. ‘Minimum areourt af (Ep)ermyy sequined Jo chufesy thx Aaporeatouotvity, - Ej = hy) Jo | Ea< hy SY ne tn en RL tal Dai Lil Dana Dasa Donal Dest Del bond 'Er) Coopatn ~ pala change =2e Boson Eglo) spine CL) Env | mev y= LHe ° 7 2, i =a Asodep Gfpoct ~ # Jy found dhat sumaemeburtine eatdical am Te, emcee - Where, M— saetopic Moss 2 [mm = Constant | _———) Aa Mt 4. To. 3 height Lu dhe isotopic mass, dower is the critical temp - Debye dem: ap phonon sfocksuany t3 abre related to iyohopuii 29290808 0080800909098820098 I e a ~ a an ae . ° e fir any supar- coud, ; ey Te | e P 8, i = Constant SP Thay confit that psoriasis spit fer 6 P aupuronductivity of ctu Flux Quarchisalion Magnetic lux pursing thrwugh « ee, aupuicarding wing is gikntiaed and sf denM fps ah en 6 \ ae ° oe. —__ je |whee, n—> Aomng Integer fh a fluro or fun Quanta hnhaen Check, han a shin insulating layer ancoitehey hohyeen 2 supsr-condiutnt Auch a jinttion ¥ 4s called Jabaen —pusctin: | (a) de Josephson oo Ace: do chin efpeat ; a de cusnent po acaens the poe an the absonie of elaad or mn pala il baal al all ee ff we a a 7 © g = AE. (b) | “pies Tosephxon iz phono de bais apbly at tho gue? a radia fer ace cunnont flow ACB, the jue? thi effect 4 udibized in the sletewiunatioyy ap value e . Fema. ‘the copomnt a grey “shut Vn applied valbase of thy zen”. ‘ Tiss gives tho ideal doplnsdin of 1 val, Ge tuv, [w= 4ga6 MAe i tv» [ws 4836 THe | Sustehidy Hume of Josephson qua? c . 4 vo Jo! sec jrevs fue? can ON-OFF, Jo sinus an bAec, TO hh Neal bal Dal Da Na Eh a bal be |©H2OVORS9HPSSEOSSHMHNOBVINOFGMSOHAHHAHOOSBHHBOHC DA | | | | | te tutors TT Gi BE. of Coop -poin at abroluly 2xr0 ace-do BCS. theony B about 35 kgTe » whny Ke Y Bolbtyman dmate 5 Te Cattical tempor $f Coifical: temp +p dype “I SC w lok, (a) What 34 the Srogy geep Ey in ev- ; (©) Coloullate dha Weyrelangth

Vy at ok, Hal Chock in metals :- Whona cunnont Cobescing condlunter placed ina. tvensverse magnetic iol) , a vablags, ay Induced bo the 2 facrs of the conductor which are ponpencliular. to bot: magnetic ful A cuscent yr a = Vy Hall Vala Lo i of qY Ey Halt Fuld” 2 [w= We |—_p F= -~e(&yt VeBz)=0 [ner ne enWe define a now pasramoter Rye te aL |], Bee 7 | ) Ry Hall " opbiceae . te dels San ppl ge apa a conninny, 2 Ri uve Huan than gaps haa cain ane ens. 4n nabs.» i d i 4 1 1 : i 1 | Vy = WEY T= x Dae ana LE \ My = ~-be82 We wnet "Hob =n voltage, | Va = Pare val - He Bheatsic field along X-dix” Ey, us double} then Hall caffieient cate wil) become , 4 (a) ‘kL he) i 7) 2 @)y ‘ yen om 2 conor 4 chsings y dest nat dyjeanel on “edoohie fuld - ; ao No chong tn ku _ Shett on Hall geald — Ey a - Tease es. double 9 Ty double R= ZB Bo, ual be dawbles} do ¢ cornpensabe. Ry aoe ‘. alg hall valtess Vij — derek Qad |P > > P e 5 eeeoee Peeves Geoornrtog 2@62008090680982980080 8: -eL > To chauve tho Halll &pfock , Sangh of Sy domple mut ba athoast \3 cima of the thicknoy. > Thinnot Js tho ample , mere pronounced i thy Holl fp. Jses Of Hall Spock - : -W To gind ate mojrity. no%ge cai type £ thor concantrettiby lo) Far dhe mecuusemant Sf mograbie fiald (@) To find the mobility of chasse casas . Had din Somioondsiators in semicanciector, dow ae 2 typis of chosge casvrinny. Hal feck in Aemriconobedor , ‘wot onl dopand on casmiin) coneurbrabty | bat also daband on mobility of chara. COSSUWL - frid Mobility of e 4 hele ans ' dapporont, ' (| [er] > Limiting Cored j- ; OC) fesn spabsinadc Semkonductos :- bpan= %| : any (44h 4)”dn qeanad, Me > AU, Cee Ww for N- Ty 2 on sep ; naglnet Ply. Lal tL wip for p-sypem poopy Ry = Pate eh” a ral | | sr | bo. EP y & 2 & ha Nal Bal Vil al bel Maal al Me Rn = ae) Qu Colcullate the Halll captiownt pow sedium'on dhe basts of foe thes that, Sodium LY monovalent bee with Late. paramaen a = 428 A. } Qi Am. coganic condioler hos recantely boon found by. optical Atudin Jo Ne Wy = 180 X lol? J age foe plarma beep ond pie 283% 10 vee for the’ em pelaxabion dime feo wer temp - Caberdmte @) o He cindustor ) — the apa! & chamicad abuckue conduction o> ‘ concentration i yz y jo” /ms _Calaulade the Sfeote mars . Oe. ‘ : ax Faprate Sidiean has od hole cones Ga Re =P; =PSKIO/U5 2 Papalition ane Ae =, G0 om?/ vite . My= 45° M7 yaiee Calcudote, the Hale's cafpiciont : ‘alm p 4 ban of Songeh Jomm & cyois- Aodional ane ans ‘ 015 xo mm? cami a cusmrtmut L= 5 mA along. wh| . . oe Dongth vin x-die"., Now dt Js placed uo pole pulsy of each. magnat Bg=16 T aulong. zedin Mist pals of vallege fobs across thy cypss- Aechion of the Sample and LT te both cwmant ty wld & this meas a valtage yy =—Smv . Sind dhe clopar: dansity ollso ond thy ype of the womicondlucte, QS - Hall cofftiont for a Monovalnt fee Ladies male i giren by Ry= 26x lo” mic . Calculate the Sabie pono.maten 63 He storpple . o [Ry crmatag] < | ia (serene) Ria ca — nN — Longe mm mated wo Ky will be Amallor. ©0@0e0000°9°9909°8 Pare o oa no ma rg dena mage aerrieecinatimmeing finer emepre er en e tr : CRYSTAL DEFECTS i. Tdaal coptal — Greny crystal iy mada up of Jatiio + baru, Teloaly wo arma trot Dotheo st Inpnite dn climanmons. Lattio ~ poht sharld nat be miAsing In real wots , dhoe proprticy clos: net follow ie sea! crystal, ane firicty in dimanrnen, * dado cyst) can oo, defined din desma of Lote +bur fn ddoal crystal , chon of atoms un all Hee 3-cLim must 'be continous upto Dirty Raviation. of Hu veal crystal papa Jadoallily cup cia do coyttal’ cigects Tay “can be cbaesipied ‘ay; ” Le Point Aefeck Vacanciy , dupenatinad Sunpussity » sbubstitution Da) unpwaty etc. (0-D dafect) 4. Ling Aofect ~ Dislocation ‘( 1-D'degrer) 3 Swdfack Refeet Grain Boundary (xD dapeet) 4. Yeoluume, defect (3-D dafert) i eeeeeeoSeeoeeoonoonr®Thetwo mort imp debest arr point defect and Ling clifech 4 Pond” Nopeet uy Vacancy. '= 4 some of dh, atoms aw Dottie vide - vacaneies dn Ho real crystal , yninimize cthe fave enogy Of the cagatel, Loney, yacaneil cn yreryrery Jn the reall aytal, Concantxation of vacatetiy (.No- of vacancit por, unit volume) are Yreh AE gen ( | | | kT Thema Eningy: Gi) Empubity - Tinfodty ane of. cue dybey + a) Substidulional impusily a) Intoutittal Ampessly Substtivtonal Ampusdty 3 Anpwrity cceupies Lathia, alte , | dpfenstttad Fnpurdly a cliapusdly, eccupits indesurtitial tile J Point Repost in sonic Addtds 4n. donic Jalids, vacanuiy ocew in pavu. To mointarn Hu a3 chaxye nonbality, Yacani. awlsy do pay. : Be veme cation acquired dhe iidenshtiol O Bite than cadien vacaney + coction dntevstitiad 6:0:6 , a called Frankel depot . = Nb: of Frankel digest, n=(un')"e CkeT|“yyheee, N/ me Nor Qf lenstitiod sites ws Now ee . 2 _ aM pa jp reve cation from fathie arte to Undeutitiad 31, Re both anion & caton bath mining hon dhe dye in Schottky dapeet, Codton Vacancy. + Anion Vacancy = Schottky. dopost No: af Schottky dafacth, [n = Ne PPker N— Tatel No- of abun ; Ep» Enmpy of vocaneg: pon : . wy aba roids (Wet 3KCL eb) + Most comfon vaca aru -Schobku defect and tn Sider hallises (Ag Br , Agee Mest common yacanciey are Frenkal defect, é.> pow Hui, Lottie sites 2060060009869 90°9°8 a tlecotcal conductivity of aad halidos & silver halicey ir « dus dn the makin of don sceanciey mat dun do de motien Ob ew. Colour. Cerdoes — Roe alkald heillicles asce dranaposunt sto visible Light (Eg > hd). But due do dhe prerene of a Lathe duject Hhase aysdads adbterb viola Dpht This erpde® Bathe dijaet cu cablod Calan. core . os d) F-@nbe - 6 -conbe 4 a -ve Jon vacancy. agtad” * fe ab anion ay rniusitg from its Mk Hon ee aera aire foom a vacenty cables! F—cuntre 4 We eo + Bhs vacamur ye teapfaod , re Gi) Me Centre v- Conbets a +e ron vorrcuncey 4p cation Jy mining fav ity Qothay site dun Hie will be a vaeonog — a ee : FO IT TEE ETE Pe I ar See OeCeaseGe TOOTH OD" calllad Y-contee & chi vanancy dt hale deaploed , ii) (Cane i” M-cunke Ju tu combination of 9 aoljesent F-cenbees + - Met - ~ 4 AQ eG oe ee iv R ccanhe > R-canke ly the combination of 3 adkiosent R canbe. 2 Ling Nelocts a Dualocations * edge Scxenr Badge dufocations ix dt a ap" by Tor l. “4h extwaplones art abave the ‘bib flan > u balou ” o oT “te # No! op planes amt moee abave to the Adip plane Lk een Nat ply : itd the cayrtal thon wholg plone is nok 4 doped kych abt i eclae Ly considanad od & dufect > Tip 1 callid Golge dislocation | on Vector (b) i Buren Vedow 2 gives Hho mogridudy 4- & F fF LSS Bu: ata ap Hig Rib. Gunger veatoo gies He yrininiun } alo amount af the slip - Sbip plane ee a ¥ fo danulation veetor in edge diulocatlon, 4 » © dadocotion. bing in 1 o .© 0S OG SOFT HHHHHOOTI2THDF8H8HHHH9899808 Scscew Rislocation - Busgen vector Diy porablel yo dualoeation Dini in akaew dulocation, Mixed Dislocation + tn Mixed dislocation, BME & BLE Ling Slip plane a1 che cdlozest packed pliant of che oystad . fee ——» Cin) bee ——» (Ilo) Se —S (Joo) hep ——= Ges) © Hee (let) hki aK, 2 a MbQer Lnclices, Le» PUlley - Brewing Undies f —+ bravjos inclox hkL)— (loo) BS Keo, h=l ao b= -(I+0) =I whan a,b,c ane not LY tr-eash ott do ( ar Wied CH wd ured On hexagenad crble plane ) > Busegen, vetlor Jin a caystal Jy in Hraalin® af close, Pas | stup plans _| burger vee (6) OSPF EOE PT IE IE TF EE PI 2 te | UU | bee (He) LS ep (lores) | / <11Za> Quy < Ile> RNR Cy ] SiloLiquid Crystal Liquid coystal ya mow phos’ of matt, tray are unidace in shout pokey b Agfouit from Lohopic aes sbi Profartiy of Digusd cayttly bin bia tijuid 4 sodiey. The chonackouste propedy of Ligue) coytal i) cite tencloney ofa malooule so point along @ eornmon axis cabled Rirector , salid | Liquid Coysta) Liquid 00 00 ae) oNg 00 Od Dee) 07 50-00 vpo V7 Madea) ano lly | Qrientatonad ona & | hy antedanoxlettiy ovdud & howe vouy | dveunilatronad oodm ap : Poecdim | LC. Qitr bw Abid pease a Gitte doeanslachion feeder wn biguid Phase Oxdur Parameter of Liquid Cryshad Ss =-£<3 cose -l> but howe the transle tin ‘feeaclom PAO aaah Lala ih a DLL LS, _ : wit 8 i hy angle bw Common olivector £ Long onis og the 4 . robe £ \ . This (6) l4etls abauk the obyoea of calentational cod, ® fay Solids , [SH] hocange all the meloorlys aldignadl in a pustular di” ale [Sz] : + Foo Diguid? , FSeo0] become , malloudy arg cole Jt: suo. | maloules eng vendomdy eviented . : For Lite 5 ae Chanateriiotilon op Liguid Coybaly © | Lisi catptals can be chanroterriad kay. on to bevy of i r—____ : «moar POTEET ITN : ae I SCOHSHSHOEHSSHSHHHHHHOOTTFSHHHHHGOHHFO9ROOOS t+ Positional Ovclon (sranadational ovclen) ~The exdent to whieh poiidion af an average rflaculer ox groups melecules -houss crangDacione gymmahy . : oe a. Prientabonal Ody i Measure ah dendancy of ynaloee do eebDign along the discsctor . PHASES*OF LC | 4 ds chanactodied by aoienbatnal ova but No positional evclon : a. Sel Smectic phone (5) dt a» choanckedel. ky bath. psuton X sqentativnad od. 4t DU. mort Abid Like tran Nematic. ° (Positional Over == Tpantlation eae) Syomahy poration '* Symruby Speations ant thor ofp an which cayetal dranaferm into aelh- 7 Thee a4 type of aayprnmahey opwradion) i- , Translation Symmehy Lh Gil): Rep doetion ” | i oo diy Radatianal. * WZ ‘ dv) dverion , one a Teanilational Vector (00’) T= ae (a4 Binuth by itoncieal ) r= a+2b \ j (00") 3 sonal Sigmmuby- Aten yotatlies, by an angle 6, exysded rf N= 2 6 n—» fold rotation geal, , for naturally accursed Crystals n=h2,3,4,6 2 os%n,2,5,2 ws}dn natwedly occured crystal, Fre fale syrah Pena? exist. (menns 6 = 2h = 72° by nob parsilele) : ; i Chypiels = Punai Cmptal’U Hs raul dijcovenced atede , qi Mast Spaab Sin nature like ido » salt (Natl) ve che. howe game osientation thesughtout the ontivy : japel = Pane thoy can rover haw 5 fold wotetlon aygminay But dn duasi Coptals 5 fold wtahin dymmoby Jy posible . (gic. > Non natunag + Man raaole.) . a Quasi Coyptals = Auminium magnerr alloy. (Ade) ii Son Symraahy i i in athe caystal which 5) Roy Hon Symmahy im ie thine ext 9 plone in ay duvide the cage! tn two hollp + Aral wan he 7 ollves ane mnivoor Imeges af eadh othia thon ental i soi maby. f Gy) dnverion *- H 4 2 caysdall word cartse ©, chine eyluta jodtie, pet ab a dufena Ff same Balin poh a we ana of —¥, Phen 6 Bi called conte of -inve “ _ bs éaid do hase dnyession Symon, ato “uations Ole A= 429A = 428K) m n= BEE Im ae) ale Ra = ye mf = -3l Ra = -245 x ? mfe fy t ce LO Rael Dasil Mal Dad Dad sil Yk Bal Dal boca Dal Wisi Dal baal bis sil bel Lisl eile | || dar @ o 4 Wp = Boxe” ned /ewe j c= 2783 XIo 5 ec ? ce net ? m aes 2 pot Ee 2 aes ore ! fo 7 = Wp oT = (18)*x 18° X BBS X fol x 283 KLe7E = ably xl = Sl Xlo% sini) ea, WW), fective Mam =? : a ae ne ae a mt = net on = YT )o™ x (h6)X Jo Px 2183 xh07® zesk ae Sl Xo" m* = 42 x1 Re Adightely Lighten than faeces QBI- frfsyic Sh: Ne = be = Tes xlel"/em | by = p(B «taeda nen Cy, + ae) emi (1350 +480): = ae) ~ pexjol? yi SXfol® © 180% ~lo XJo% ony Ry= “pag tlet mle <= Ry = ~ 2:0%3 KX Jo? mI, \ i FOIPOP OE Oo ene eee nee hee ii a aeees ee A rQe Si: A Va= ove hen gar Bir -236xte” Le Igz jot m -F f= 21S X Jo hme =0'5 mm X oS mm Ix= SK joy Be= 16T Va = Uys -Sxb ey ~Tn Ba > n= —InBe net : wet _ % 16> XK) aoe P= CE toro lo ; lo Rye fi =-R 36 xl0 n= 4X as Oli- @ | BES uti Es = 35 kee | Kye 01026 af Seek Ey = 315% Kg ® lok: ky = 01226 ylo. = 26K Io? B 300 3° a = -23G x)" Bo Uy hexlo” -2o D a2 = 2:36 X Jon! KX YoX hbXIO 30 ay QF = 64X23 XIo 2 a = 4 (:30)%x)0" m co Q = 532x1o%™ [a=sar ly Mam omBD A= Eo ny = joys | 5, lev) 303X152 oy = Ypzeromm = 413 X/0°A iil Y13 dtm _» Micrawave pegron, Qaim Te= Sk 5 Ep= SV, Be @ Eg = 3:53 KeTe = 3.53% ean Jo KS E,= 1829 Xjo3 = [x24 moy ® N= me [i £)'] - é At Took, nga. = 107? |i? A ELAINE ELI ILL TI TT I co ‘1@OCOLCOHSLEHHHOHLHNHNI79GEHOOH8089999898WY