EQUIPAMENTOS E PROCESSOS TÉRMICOS

(Equipment and Thermal Processes)

ERASMUS - Workgroup 2

TAHA AKBULAT (21280132)

MERT SAFA IŞIKDEMİR (21280094)
INDEX
INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 4
OBJECTIVES .............................................................................................................................................. 5
Description of the water/steam systems ................................................................................................ 6
 INTRODUCTION
People invented devices to improve their lives as a result of the conditions offered by
nature. It is very difficult to imagine life without the necessity of warming when cold weather
conditions prevail during the year and hence there needs to be heating devices and the
systems to transport heat with the desirable temperature. Also, for people who are living in a
turbulent weather conditions which is changing day by day, there should be a mechanism by
which they can cope up with this situation. In the winter it might be too cold and in the
summer it might be too hot and therefore the need for heat exchangers and air conditioners
at home so that a desired room temperature can be adjusted by the help of the hot water
circulating through the pipes of the building heating systems for the heat exchangers and
cooling the hot environment by air conditioning so that they provide comfort during either hot
or cold weather in a building and we can also keep the engine of our cars working properly
through the help of the heat radiators which radiates the hot air to the surrounding ambient
air avoiding the risk of internal engine from being very hot. Ventilation is also required in
electronic to normalize the heated environment created by the internal circuit activities.
A heat exchanger is a device that allows the transfer of heat energy between two
media for example water and air or other fluids. Heat exchangers are widely used in
refrigeration air conditioning, and chemical plants. They can be employed in various uses, for
instance, to effectively transmit heat from one fluid to the other. The residential and office
buildings in the cold winter seasons are kept warmer by installing heat exchangers which
facilitate to maintain comfortable ambient temperature from the hot water circulating and
arriving at the heat exchangers. These needs led humanity to invent and use heat
exchangers.
When there is a temperature difference in a body, studies has shown that there is a
heat energy transfer from the higher temperature region to the lower temperature region
through different modes of heat transfer, namely conduction, convection or radiation heat
transfer. The equipment used to implement such heat exchange process is termed as a heat
exchanger
OBJECTIVES
 Description of the water/steam systems

Boiler
It is a kind of pressure vessel for storage of water from different heat stations. In the
case of a sudden need for water quickly from the storage tank. Hot water can be sent to the
boiler Hot water boilers, steam boilers, solar energy systems etc. are ranked as
There are 3 backbone components of any boilers system:

1. Boiler Feed Water System

Water that converts into steam by steam boilers system called Feed water and system that
regulates feed water called Feed water system.

There are two types of feed water systems in boilers:

 Open feed System
 Closed feed system
There are two main sources of feed water:

 Condensed steam returned from the processes

 Raw water arranged from outside the boilers plant processes ( Called: Makeup
Water)
2. Boiler Steam System
Steam System is kind of main controlling system of boilers process. Steam Systems are
responsible to collect and control all generated steam in the process.

Steam systems send steam generated in the process to the point of use through pipes.
Throughout the process, steam pressure is controlled and regulated with the help of boilers
system parts such as valves, steam pressure gauges etc.

3. Boilers Fuel System

Fueling is the heart of boilers process and fuel system consists of all the necessary
components and equipment to feed fuel to generate the required heat. The equipment required
in the fuel system depends on the type of fuel used in the system.

Heat Exchanger
The heat exchanger is a device for transferring heat from one fluid to another. If the fluids
need not be in contact with the heat exchangers, the fluids are separated by a solid wall and
the fluids never mix. There are also types in direct contact with fluids.
Heat exchangers are widely used in physical, air conditioning, heating, power generation and
chemical processes.
A heat exchanger is a device that allows heat from a fluid (a liquid or a gas) to pass to a
second fluid (another liquid or gas) without the two fluids having to mix together or come into
direct contact. If that's not completely clear, consider this. In theory, we could get the heat
from the gas jets just by throwing cold water onto them, but then the flames would go out!
The essential principle of a heat exchanger is that it transfers the heat without transferring
the fluid that carries the heat.
Types of heat exchangers

All heat exchangers do the same job-passing heat from one fluid to another-but they work in
many different ways. The two most common kinds of heat exchanger are the Shell and tube
and plate/fin. In shell and tube heat exchangers, one fluid flows through a set of metal tubes
while the second fluid passes through a sealed shell that surrounds them. That's the design
shown in our diagram up above. The two fluids can flow in the same direction in opposite
directions, or at right angles. Boilers in steam locomotives work this way. Plate/fin heat
exchangers have lots of thin metal plates or fins with a large surface area heat exchangers in
gas boilers work this way.

Heat exchangers used to minimize heat losses from buildings, engines, and machines are
sometimes called recuperators or regenerators. These are two quite different things. A
recuperator is typically used to capture heat that would otherwise be lost, for example, as
stuffy air is ventilated from a building: cold, incoming fluid is channeled in the opposite
direction to warm, outgoing fluid to minimize the heat loss. The two fluids flow through
separate channels, remain separate, and do not mix. Since incoming and outgoing fluids
move in opposite directions, recuperators are examples of counterflow heat exchangers. The
heat exchanger in a heat-recovery ventilation system is an everyday example of a
recuperator.
A regenerator is similar, but the incoming and outgoing fluids move through the same
channel in opposite directions and at different times. So, the warm fluid will flow out through
the regenerator, giving up some of its heat on the way. Later, the cold fluid will flow in
through the same channel, back through the regenerator, picking up some of the heat stored
there. A regenerator is one of the key parts in a highly efficient form of power called a Stirling
engine, in which a piston pushes trapped gas back and forth between a heat source and a
place where the heat is lost The regenerator reduces the heat that would otherwise be lost
as the engine cycles back and forth.
Heat exchangers which are used for different aims in different applications are classified
according to transfer processes, ratio of heat transfer surface area to volume (surface
compactness), construction features, flow arrangements, heat transfer mechanisms.

 Classification According to Transfer Process

Heat exchangers are classified according to transfer processes into indirect and
direct contact types

Indirect contact type

In an indirect contact heat exchanger; the fluid streams remain separate and the heat
transfers continuously through an impervious dividing wall. There is no direct contact
between thermally interacting fluids. These type of heat exchanger, also referred to as a
surface heat exchanger, can be classified into direct transfer type, storage type and fluidized
bed exchangers.
In direct transfer type heat exchangers, heat transfers continuously from the hot fluid
to the cold fluid through a dividing wall. Each fluid flows in separate fluid passages and don’t
mix. These type of heat exchangers are also called recuperators. Some examples of direct
transfer type heat exchangers are tubular, plate type and extended surface exchangers.
In a storage type exchanger, both fluids flow alternatively through the same flow
passages, and hence heat transfer is intermittent. When hot fluid flows over the heat transfer
surface, matrix wall is heated. As cold fluid flows through the same passages later, matrix
wall gives up thermal energy to cold fluid. The heat transfer surface or flow passages is
generally cellular in structure and is referred as a matrix or it is a permeable solid material.
This type of heat exchangers are also referred as regenerators.
 In fluidized bed heat exchanger; one fluid of a two fluid exchanger crosses through
own flow passage, while the other one flows through finely divided hot solid particles. When
second fluid reaches high velocity solid particles float homogenically around first fluid flow
passage via sticking to second fluid particles. Using this phenomena, better heat transfer
occurs between hot and cold materials.

Direct contact type

In a direct contact heat exchanger; two fluid streams come into direct contact,
exchange heat and are then separated. Common applications of a direct contact heat
exchanger involve mass transfer in addition to heat transfer. Compared to indirect contact
heat exchangers; in direct contact heat exchangers very high heat transfer rates are
achievable, the exchanger construction is relatively inexpensive and the fouling problem is
nonexistent, due to the absence of a heat transfer surface. They can be classified into
immiscible fluid heat exchangers, gas-fluid and liquid-vapor heat exchangers.
In immiscible fluid exchangers, fluid streams are brought into direct contact. Fluids
may be single phase or two phases. Water-oil heat transfer is a typical example.

In gas-liquid exchangers, one fluid is a gas (commonly air) and other liquid
(commonly water) and are readily separable after the energy exchange. In these
exchangers, more than 90% of the energy transfer is by virtue of mass transfer. A wet
cooling tower and air-conditioning spray chamber are typical examples.
In liquid-vapor exchangers, steam is condensed using cooling water or water is
heated with waste steam through direct contact. Steam accumulators are typical examples.
 Classification According to Number of Fluids
Most processes of heating, cooling involve transfer of heat between two fluids. Three
fluid heat exchangers are widely used in cryogenics and some chemical processes. Heat
exchangers with as many as twelve fluid streams have been used in some chemical process
applications

Classification According to Surface Compactnes

Compared to shell-and-tube exchangers, compact heat exchangers are characterized
by a large heat transfer surface area resulting in reduced space, weight and cost. Compact
heat exchangers are classified into gas-to-fluid and liquid to liquid, phase change exhangers.

Gas to fluid heat exchangers

In gas to fluid heat exchangers there is one important problem that, the heat transfer
coefficient gases are much smaller with respect to coefficient of liquids. The thermal
conductances on both sides of the exchanger should be approximately the same. Thus for a
balanced design extended surfaces are employed on the gas side. Generally they supply
substantial cost, weight and volume savings. On the other hand, they contain fouling and
corrosion problems.
 Liquid to liquid, phase change heat exchangers
Some of these type of heat exchangers are gasketed plate, welded plate and printed
circuit exchangers.
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