kxKi evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨ 1 2 kxKi evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨

evsjv mvw‡n‡Z¨i Iiv 11 Rb

m~wPcÎ
µwgK bvg c„ôv
01 Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi 03
02 KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg 05
03 Kvq‡Kvev` 14
04 Rmxg D`&`xb 16
05 `xbeÜz wgÎ 19
06 diiæL Avng` 21
07 ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq 23
08 †eMg †iv‡Kqv 27
09 gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë 29
10 gxi gkviid †nv‡mb 34
11 iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi 37
kxKi evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨
Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi (1820-1891)
Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi 1820 mv‡ji 26 †m‡Þ¤^i cwðge‡½i †gw`bxcyi †Rjvi
exiwmsn MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Ewbk kZ‡Ki evOvwj wkÿvwe`, mgvRms¯‹viK I
M`¨Kvi| cÖKZ … bvg Ck¦iP›`ª e‡›`¨vcva¨vq| Z‡e ¯^vÿi Ki‡Zb ÔCk¦iP›`ª kg©vÕ
bv‡g| wcZvi bvg VvKzi`vm e‡›`¨vcva¨vq I gvZvi bvg fMeZx †`ex|
o 1829 mv‡j KjKvZv Mfb©‡g›U ms¯‹…Z K‡j‡R e¨vKi‡Yi Z…Zxq †kÖwY‡Z
fwZ© nb| (ms¯‹…Z K‡jR cÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj Gi gvÎ cvuP eQi Av‡M 1824
mv‡j)| evi eQi †m K‡j‡R Aa¨qb K‡ib| †mLv‡b Zuvi mncvVx wQj
g`b‡gvnb ZK©vj¼vi|
o 1841 mv‡j ms¯‹…Z K‡j‡R wkÿv mgvß nIqvi ci 29 wW‡m¤^i gvÎ 21 eQi
eq‡m Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi †dvU© DBwjqvg K‡j‡Ri evsjv wefv‡Mi
†m‡i¯Ív`vi ev cÖavb cwÐZ wn‡m‡e †hvM`vb K‡ib Ges 1846 ch©šÍ GB c‡`
wQ‡jb|
o 1846 mv‡ji 6 GwcÖj ms¯‹…Z K‡j‡R †hvM`vb K‡ib Ges 1951 mv‡j
Aa¨ÿ c‡` DbœxZ nb|
o wZwb evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i hwZ ev weivg wP‡ýi e¨envi K‡ib|
o bvix wkÿvi cÖmv‡i KjKvZvq †e_yb K‡jR cÖwZôv K‡ib| Zuvi A_©vq‡b
†g‡ÆvcwjUb K‡jR (Aaybv we`¨vmvMi K‡jR) ¯’vwcZ nq|
o 29 RyjvB 1891 KjKvZvq gviv hvb|
we`¨vmvMi Dcvwa jvf
o 1839 mv‡ji 22 GwcÖj wn›`y j KwgwUi cixÿvq Ck¦iP›`ª K…wZ‡Z¡i ¯^vÿi
iv‡Lb| 16 †g j KwgwUi KvQ †_‡K †h cÖksmvcÎwU cvb Zv‡ZB cÖ_g Zuvi
bv‡gi mv‡_ Ôwe`¨vmvMiÕ DcvwawU e¨envi Kiv nq|
o GQvov ms¯‹…Z K‡j‡R evi eQi cvuP gvm Aa¨qb †k‡l Aci GKwU
cÖksmvcÎ jvf K‡ib| 1841 mv‡ji 10 wW‡m¤^‡i cÖvß †`ebMix ni‡d
wjwLZ GB ms¯‹…Z cÖksmvc‡Î K‡j‡Ri Aa¨vcKMY Ck¦iP›`ª‡K Ôwe`¨vmvMiÕ
bv‡g AwfwnZ K‡ib| e`vb¨Zvi Rb¨ RbMY Zuv‡K Ô`qvi mvMiÕ AvL¨v †`q|
we`¨vmvMi I weaev weevn
o we`¨vmvM‡ii Av‡MI A‡b‡KB weaev weevn cÖPj‡bi Rb¨ KvR K‡i‡Qb|
Zv‡`i g‡a¨ gnvivR ivRejøf Ab¨Zg| wKš‘ mdj nb wb|
o we`¨vmvM‡ii cÖ‡Póvq 1856 mv‡ji 26 RyjvB weaevweevn AvBb cvk nq|
IB eQi 7 wW‡m¤^i cÖ_g KjKvZvq weaev weevn nq kÖxkP›`ª we`¨vi‡Zœi
mv‡_ KvjxgZx †`exi| G we‡qi hveZxq LiP enb K‡ib we`¨vmvMi|
3 4 kxKi evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨
o 1870 mv‡j cyÎ bvivqY e‡›`¨vcva¨vq‡K femy›`ix †`ex bv‡g GK weaevi
mv‡_ we‡q w`‡q wb‡R G AvB‡bi ev¯Íevqb K‡ib|
evsjv M‡`¨i RbK Ôwe`¨vmvMiÕ
o wZwbB cÖ_g evsjv M‡`¨i Af¨šÍixY k„•Ljv Avwe®‹vi K‡ib Ges M`¨ fvlvq
hwZ wPývw` h_vh_fv‡e cÖ‡qvM K‡ib| d‡j Zuvi M`¨ n‡q I‡V ˆkjxm¤úbœ|
GRb¨ Kwe¸iæ iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi Zv‡K Ôevsjv M‡`¨i RbKÕ wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ
K‡ib|
mvwnZ¨Kg©
o Abyev` MÖš’
†eZvj cÂweskwZ (1847)| we`¨vmvM‡ii cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ MÖš’| wnw›`
ˆeZvj c”Pxmxi Abyev`| G MÖ‡š’B cÖ_g hwZwPý e¨envi Kiv nq|
kKzšÍjv (1854)| Kwe Kvwj`v‡mi ÔAwfÁvb kKzšÍjgÕ bvU‡Ki
DcvL¨vb fv‡Mi Abyev`|
mxZvi ebevm(1860)| evj¥xwKi ivgvq‡Yi DËivKvÐ Aej¤^‡b iwPZ|
åvwšÍwejvm (1869) [†k·wcqv‡ii Comdey of Errors Gi Abyev`]
Rxeb PwiZ| †P¤^v‡m©i Biographics Abymi‡b iwPZ|
bxwZ‡eva| ievU© I DBwjqvg †P¤^v‡m©i givj K¬vm eyK Aej¤^‡b iwPZ|
evOjvi BwZnvm| gvk©g¨v‡bi History of Bengal MÖ‡š’i Abyev`|
eBwU‡Z beve wmivRD‡ÏŠjv ivRZ¡jv‡fi ci †_‡K jW© †ew›Us Gi
mgq ch©šÍ BwZnvm wjwLZ Av‡Q|
o †gŠwjK MÖš’
cÖfveZx m¤¢vlY (1863) [evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g †gŠwjKMÖš’ I
†kvKMuv_v| eÜzi evwjKv Kb¨v cÖfveZxi g„Zy¨‡kv‡K iPbv K‡ib]
e¨vKiY †KŠgy`x| (1853)
ms¯‹…Z fvlv I ms¯‹…Z mvwnZ¨ welqK cÖ¯Íve (1853)|
weaevweevn cÖPwjZ nIqv DwPZ wKbv GZwØlqK cÖ¯Íve (1855)|
kã gÄywi (1864)
eûweevn iwnZ nIqv DwPZ wKbv GZwØlqK cÖ¯Íve (1871)|
wb®‹…wZ jv‡fi cÖqvm (1888)
Rxeb-PwiZ (1891, gi‡YvËi cÖKvwkZ)
o weZK©g~jK MÖš’
AwZ Aí nBj (1873)| ÔKm¨wPr Dchy³ fvB‡cvm¨Õ QÙbv‡g †jLv|
Avevi AwZ Aí nBj (1873)| GwUI ÔKm¨wPr Dchy³ fvB‡cvm¨Õ
QÙbv‡g †jLv|
eªRwejvm (1885)| ÔKm¨wPr Dchy³ fvB‡cvm¨Õ QÙbv‡g wj‡L‡Qb|
G‡Z wZwb ZrKvjxb wn›`y cwÐZ eªRbv_ we`¨viZœ weaev weev‡ni weiæ‡×
†hme hyw³ w`‡qwQ‡jb †m¸wj LÐb K‡i‡Qb|
kxKi evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨ 5 6
iZœcixÿv (1886)| ÔKm¨wPr Dchy³ fvB‡cv-mnPim¨Õ QÙbv‡g
wj‡L‡Qb| G‡Z wZwb weaev weev‡ni wec‡ÿ ms¯‹…Z K‡j‡Ri wZb Rb
Aa¨vcK fyeb‡gvnb we`¨viZœ, cÖkvšÍP›`ª b¨vqiZœ Ges gaym~`b
¯§„wZi‡Zœi hyw³ LÐb K‡ib|
o AvZ¥Rxebx- AvZ¥PwiZ|
o cvV¨eB
eY©cwiPq (1855)
FRycvV (3LÐ, 1851-52)
†ev‡av`q (1851, †P¤^v‡m©i Rudiments of Knowledge Abymi‡b
iwPZ )
K_vgvjv (1856, Ck‡ci Kvwnwb Aej¤^‡b)
AvL¨vbgÄwi (1868)| we‡k¦i bvbv †`‡ki BwZnvm cÖwm× e¨w³i
Rxe‡bi †MŠie`xß NUbvB G MÖ‡š’i iPbv¸‡jvi DcRxe¨|
m¤úvw`Z cwÎKv
o 1850 mv‡j g`b‡gvnb ZK©vj¼vi mn‡hv‡M ÔmeŸ©ïfKixÕ cwÎKv cÖKvk K‡ib|
o 1858 mv‡j Ô†mvgcÖKvkÕ bv‡g GKwU mvßvwnK cwÎKv cÖKv‡k Ae`vb iv‡Lb|
KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg (1899-1976)
KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg 1899 mv‡ji 24 †g (1306 e½v‡ãi 11 ˆR¨ô) eyaevi
cÖZz¨‡l cwðge‡½i ea©gvb †Rjvi Avmvb‡mvj gnKzgvi Rvgywiqv _vbvi (ZLbKvi
ivwbMÄ _vbv) cyi‡bv †kiMo ciMbvi Pyiæwjqv MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wcZvi bvg
KvRx dwKi Avng`, gvZvi bvg Rv‡n`v LvZzb| Rv‡n`v LvZz‡bi Pvi cy‡Îi AKvj
g„Zz¨i ci bRiæ‡ji Rb¥ nq e‡j Zvi bvg ivLv nq Ô`yLy wgqvÕ| evj¨Kv‡j Zuv‡K
ÔZviv ÿ¨vcvÕ, ÔbRi AvjxÕ bv‡gI WvKv n‡Zv| cieZ©x‡Z ÔbyiæÕ bvgI wZwb e¨envi
K‡i‡Qb| mvwn‡Z¨i me kvLvq Ae`vb _vK‡jI wZwb g~jZ Kwe wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ|
o Zuvi wcZv wQ‡jb GK gvRv‡ii Lvw`g I H gvRv‡ii wbqš¿bvaxb gmwR‡`i
Bgvg|
o gvÎ 8 eQi eq‡m wcZvi g„Zz¨ (1907) n‡j Pig `vwi‡`ª¨ cwZZ nb|
o 10 eQi eq‡m MÖv‡gi g³e †_‡K wb¤œ cÖvBgvwi cixÿvq cvk K‡i, GLv‡bB
1 eQi wkÿKZv K‡ib|
o MÖv‡gi K‡qKRb gvZeŸi Zv‡K ivbxM‡Äi Kv‡Q wkqvi‡mvj ivR ¯‹z‡j fwZ©
Kwi‡q †`b| ¯‹yj †_‡K cvwj‡q Avmvb‡mv‡j GK iæwUi †`vKv‡b KvR †bb|
KvRx iwdRDwÏb bv‡g †mLvbKvi GK `v‡ivMv Zuvi Mvb ï‡b wbR evwo‡Z
wb‡q wM‡q wÎkv‡ji `wiivgcyi ¯‹z‡j mßg †kÖwY‡Z fwZ© Kwi‡q †`b|
kxKi evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨
o 1914-i wW‡m¤^‡i GLvb †_‡K cvwj‡q †di wkqvi‡kvj ¯‹z‡j Aóg †kÖwY‡Z
fwZ© nb| fvj QvÎ nIqvq ¯‹z‡ji †eZb gvd I webvg~‡j¨ †evwW©s‡q _vKv-
LvIqvi e¨e¯’v nq|
o Gi c~‡e© Aí mg‡qi Rb¨ GKwU †j‡Uv (evsjvi ivp A‡ji KweZv, Mvb I
b„‡Z¨i wgkÖ Avw½K PP©vi åvg¨gvb bvU¨`j) `‡j †hvM †`b| Zvi PvPv KvRx
eR‡j Kwig †j‡Uv `‡ji I¯Ív` wQ‡jb| aviYv Kiv nq Zvi cÖfv‡e KvRx
bRiæj †j‡Uv `‡j †hvM †`b| bRiæ‡ji †j‡UvMv‡b cvi`wk©Zv †`‡L †m
mgqKvi †j‡Uv`‡ji weL¨vZ Kweqvj †kL PvKvi Zuv‡K Ôe¨vOvwPÕ e‡j
WvK‡Zb| ˆK‡kv‡i wewfbœ w_‡qUv‡i KvR Kivi myev‡` KweZv, bvUK I
mvwnZ¨ m¤^‡Ü mg¨K Ávb jvf K‡ib|
o evsjv fvlvq wZwb cÖ_g Bmjvgx Mvb ev MRj iPbv K‡ib| GQvovI wZwb
A‡bK DrK…ó k¨vgvm½xZ I wn›`y fw³MxwZ iPbv K‡ib| Zvi iwPZ Mv‡bi
msL¨v cÖvq 3000 Ges AwaKvsk wZwb wb‡R myiv‡ivc K‡i‡Qb| GLb G¸‡jv
bRiæj m½xZ ev bRiæj MxwZ bv‡g cwiwPZ|
o evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ gy³K Q‡›`i cÖeZ©K|
o 1942 mv‡ji 9 RyjvB Ôwc· wWwRRÕ bvgK wbDiYNwUZ `yiv‡ivM¨ e¨vwa‡Z
AvµvšÍ n‡q gvÎ 43 eQi eq‡m µgk wPiZ‡i evKkw³ nvivb| GK ch©v‡q
gvbwmK fvimvg¨I nvwi‡q †d‡jb|
o 29 †k AvM÷ 1976 (1383 e½vã 12 fv`ª) mKvj 10 Uv 10 wgwb‡U 77
eQi eq‡m XvKvi wcwR nvmcvZv‡j †kl wbtk¦vm Z¨vM K‡ib| we‡Kj mv‡o
PviUvq †kvK wgwQj mnKv‡i Kwd‡b †gvov‡bv Kwei gi‡`n HwZnvwmK
†mvnivIqv`©x D`¨v‡b wb‡q hvIqv nq| †mLv‡b ¯§iYvZxZ Kv‡ji GK wekvj
Rvbvhv AbywôZ nq| we‡Kj mv‡o cuvPUvq c~Y© ivóªxq I mvgwiK ghv©`vq XvKv
wek¦we`¨vj‡qi †K›`ªxq gmwR` cÖv½‡Y Kwe‡K mgvwnZ Kiv nq|
mvwnZ¨Kg©
o evDЇji AvZ¥Kvwnbx : bRiæ‡ji cÖ_g iPbv| 1919 mv‡j mIMvZ cwÎKvi
†g-Ryb msL¨vq cÖKvwkZ nq |
o bRiæ‡ji cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ-
KweZv - gyw³ (kÖveY, 1326 Ôe½xq gymwjg mvwnZ¨ cwÎKvqÕ)
MíMÖš’ - e¨v_vi `vb (†deªæqvwi, 1922)
Kve¨MÖš’ - AwMœ-exYv (†m‡Þ¤^i, 1922)
Dcb¨vm - euvabnviv (1927)
cÖeÜ - ZzK©gwnjvi †NvgUv †Lvjv (KvwZ©K, 1326 mIMvZ cwÎKvq)
cÖeÜMÖš’ - hyMevYx (A‡±vei, 1922)
bvUK - wSwjwgwj (1334)
ev‡Rqvß MÖš’ - hyMevYx
kxKi evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨ 7 8 kxKi evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨
o Dcb¨vm o MíMÖš’
evuabnviv (1927) e¨_vi `vb (1922)
g„Zz¨ÿzav (1930) wi‡³i †e`b
Kz‡nwjKv (1931)| Gi g~j PwiÎ Rvnv½xi| Dcb¨v‡m mK‡j Zv‡K wkDwjgvjv
ÔDjSjyjÕ e‡j Wv‡K| ÔDjSjyjÕ D`y© kã, A_©- wek„•Lj, cÙ‡MvLiv
G‡jv‡g‡jv| wR‡bi ev`kv
o bRiæ‡ji Kv‡e¨i msL¨v †gvU 22wU| Kve¨ (we‡`ªvn cÖavb)- o bvUK
AwMœexYv (1922) : cÖ_g Kve¨MÖš’| DrmM©- evix›`ªKzgvi †Nvl| wSwjwgwj (1930)
we‡li euvwk (1924)| MÖšw’ U DrmM© Kiv nq G‡`‡ki bvix AwaKvi Av‡jqv (1931)
Av‡›`vj‡bi AMÖbwqKv wg‡mm Gg.ingvb‡K(†gvmv¤§` gvmy`v LvZzb)| cyZz‡ji we‡q (1933)
fvOvi Mvb (1924)| †gw`bxcyievmxi D‡Ï‡k¨ DrmM© Kiv nq| gaygvjv (1960)
mvg¨ev`x (1925) o cÖeÜ
me©nviv (1926)| DrmM© Kiv nq weiRvmy›`ix †`ex‡K| hyMevYx : (1922) cÖ_g cÖeÜ MÖš’|
dwYgbmv (1927) `yw`©‡bi hvÎx (1926)
mwÂZv (1928) wewfbœ Kv‡e¨i evQvBK…Z KweZv msKjb| iex›`ªbv_ iæ`ªg½j (1927)
VvKzi‡K DrmM© Kiv nq| o Mv‡bi msKjb
wRwÄi (1928) eyjeyj
mܨv (1929)| DrmM© gv`vixcyi kvwšÍ‡mbv| †Pv‡Li PvZK
cÖjqwkLv (1930) P›`ªwe›`y
wbS©i (1938) bRiæjMxwZ
bZzb Puv` (1945) ¸jevwMPv
So (1960) MxwZ kZ`j
o Kve¨ (†cÖgcÖavb) myiwjwc
†`vjbPuvcv (1923) myigyKzj
QvqvbU (1925)| DrmM©- gyRvd&di Avng` I KzZzeDÏxb Avng`| Mv‡bi gvjv
c~‡ei nIqv (1925) myi mvKx
wS‡Odzj (1926)| †QvU‡`i Rb¨ wjwLZ KweZv| DrmM©- exi ev`j| ebMxwZ|
wm›`y wn‡›`vj (1927), DrmM©- nvexeyjvø n evnvi I kvgmybvœ nvi gvngy` o m¤úvw`Z cwÎKv
PµevK (1929)| PÆMÖvg Ae¯’vbKv‡j †jLv AwaKvsk KweZv G‡Z ˆ`wbK behyM (1920)
¯’vb cvq| XvKv B›UviwgwW‡qU K‡j‡Ri (XvKv K‡jR) Aa¨ÿ a~g‡KZz (1922)|
my‡i›`ªbv_ ˆg·K DrmM© K‡ib| jvOj (1925)
†kl mIMvZ (1958)| G Kv‡e¨i f~wgKv wj‡Lb †cÖ‡g›`ª wgÎ| o cyi¯‹vi
o Kve¨ (Rxebxg~jK) KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq KZ…©K ÔRMËvwiYxÕ (1945) cyi¯‹vi|
giæfv¯‹i (1951) : nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv.)-Gi Rxebx wb‡q PviwU m‡M© fviZ miKvi KZ…©K ÔcÙf~lYÕ c`K (1960)|
18wU LÐ-KweZv wb‡q GB Kve¨MÖš’| iex›`ªfviZx †_‡K ÔwW-wjUÕ (1969)|
wPËbvgv (1925) : †`keÜz wPËiÄb `v‡ki RxebwfwËK| GwU DrmM© XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K ÔwW-wjUÕ (1974)
Kiv nq wPËiÄb `v‡ki ¯¿x evmšÍx †`ex‡K| evsjv‡`k miKvi KZ…©K ÔGKz‡k c`KÕ (1976)|
kxKi evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨
o weL¨vZ cÖeÜ
ivRe›`xi Revbe›`x| (1923) ÔAvb›`gqxi AvMg‡bÕ KweZv cÖKv‡ki
Rb¨ Zv‡K †MÖdZvi Kiv n‡j Av`vj‡Z AvZ¥cÿ mg_©b K‡i †h
Revbew›` w`‡qwQ‡jb †mUvB ÔivRe›`xi Revbe›`xÕ (7 Rvbyqvwi 1923
mv‡j †jLv)| G cÖe‡Ü wZwb wb‡R‡K Ôwe‡`ªvnx KweÕ wn‡m‡e D‡jøL
K‡i‡Qb| wZwb wj‡L‡Qb- Òï‡bwQ, Avgvi wePviK GKRb Kwe| ï‡b
Avbw›`Z n‡qwQ| we‡`ªvnx Kwei wePvi wePviK Kwei wbKU|Ó
†hŠe‡bi Mvb : 1932 mv‡j wmivRM‡Ä gymwjg hye mgvR KvRx bRiæj
Bmjvg‡K Awfb›`b Rvbv‡Z †M‡j Zv‡`i D‡Ï‡k¨ wZwb †h fvlY
w`‡qwQ‡jb, ZviB cwigvwR©Z I wjwLZ iƒc Ô†hŠe‡bi MvbÕ| G cÖe‡Ü
D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb- ÒZviæY¨ †`wLqvwQ Avi‡ei †e`yBb‡`i gv‡S, ZviæY¨
†`wLqvwQ gnvmg‡i ˆmwb‡Ki gy‡L, Kvjvcvnv‡oi Awm‡Z, Kvgvj-Kwig-
gy‡mvwjwb-mvbBqvr-†jwj‡bi kw³‡Z|Ó
gmwR` I gw›`i| G cÖeÜwU Joseps T. O’Connell Abyev` K‡ib
The Temple and The Mosque wk‡ivbv‡g| GwU 1974 mv‡j
U‡i‡›Uvi †m›U gvB‡Kj K‡jR Rvb©v‡j cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq|
o weL¨vZ KweZv
cÖj‡qvjøvm| GwU AwMœexYv Kv‡e¨i cÖ_g KweZv|
we‡`ªvnx| 1922 mv‡j 6 Rvbyqvwi ÔweRjxÕ cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ nq| G
KweZvi Rb¨ wZwb evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ we‡`ªvnx Kwe wn‡m‡e wPi¯§iYxq n‡q
Av‡Qb|
i³v¤^iavwibx gv| G KweZvi Rb¨ AwMœ-exYv Kve¨MÖšw’ U wbwl× nq|
iwe nviv| iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii g„Zz¨‡Z †kvKvZ© n‡q wj‡L‡Qb|
Avb›`gqxi AvMg‡b| G KweZvi cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ bRiæ‡ji GK eQi
†Rj n‡qwQj|
`vwi`ª| KweZvwU wm›`y wn‡›`vj Kv‡e¨i AšÍ©MZ|
cÖjq wkLv| G KweZvi Rb¨ bRiæj Qq gvm Kvive›`x wQ‡jb|
†Lqvcv‡ii ZiYx| XvKvi beve Avnmvbyjøvni †g‡q †g‡nievby Lvb‡gi
AvuKv GKwU Qwe †`‡L bRiæj iPbv K‡ib Ô†Lqvcv‡ii ZiYxÕ KweZv|
gvbyl| G KweZvi PiY- Ô†Kv_v †Pw½m, MRbx gvgy`, †Kv_vq
Kvjvcvnvo?|Õ GLv‡b Kwe Kvjvcvnvo‡K cÖPwjZ ag© I ms¯‹vi-we‡Ølx
wQ‡jb e‡j ¯§iY K‡i‡Qb|
bRiæ‡ji ev‡Rqvß MÖš’
o mvwnZ¨ mgv‡jvPK wkwki Ki Ôwbwl× bRiæjÕ MÖ‡š’ bRiæ‡ji cuvPwU MÖ‡š’i
K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb-
hyMevYx| wbwl× nq 23 b‡f¤^i 1922|
we‡li euvwk| wbwl× nq 22 A‡±vei 1924|
fvOvi Mvb| wbwl× nq 11 b‡f¤^i 1924|
9 10 kxKi evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨
cÖjq wkLv| wbwl× nq 17 †m‡Þ¤^i 1930|
P›`ªwe›`y| wbwl× nq 14 A‡±vei 1931| wb‡lavÁv cÖZ¨vnvi Kiv nq
13 wW‡m¤^i 1945|
G MÖš’¸‡jv QvovI Av‡iv wKQz MÖ‡š’i Dci miKv‡ii Av‡µvk wQj| wKš‘ †kl ch©šÍ
ev‡Rqvß Kiv nq wb| G¸‡jv nj- AwMœ-exYv, mwÂZv, dwbgbmv, me©nviv, `yw`©‡bi
hvÎx, iæ`ªg½j, Kz‡nwjKv| D‡jøL¨ †h, MÖš’ wn‡m‡e AwMœ-exYv Kve¨wU KL‡bv wbwl×
Kiv nq wb| G Kv‡e¨i Ôi³v¤^iavwibx gvÕ KweZvwU wbwl× nq|
ˆmwbK Kwe bRiæj
o 1917 mv‡ji †klw`‡K †gwUªK cixÿvi wVK c~e©gyü‡Z© 49bs evOvwj cë‡b
†hvM`vb K‡ib| ZLb eqm wQj gvÎ 18 eQi|
o cÖwkÿ‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ_‡g KjKvZv †dvU© DBwjqvg, c‡i mxgvšÍeZ©x kni
bI‡kiv (†c‡kvqv‡ii GKwU gnKzgv) hvb| cÖwkÿY †k‡l KivwP †mbvwbev‡m
Av‡mb| ˆmwbK Rxe‡bi evKx mgq KivwP‡ZB Kv‡U|
o D³ †iwR‡g‡›Ui GK †gŠjfxi Kv‡Q dvwm© wk‡Lb|
o mvaviY ˆmwbK †_‡K Lye Aí mg‡q j¨vÝ bv‡qK, bv‡qK I nvwej`vi nb|
nvwej`vi c‡` DbœxZ n‡j Zv‡K Ôe¨vUvwjqb †KvqvU©vi gv÷viÕ-Gi `vwqZ¡
†`Iqv nq|
o bRiæ‡ji mvwnZ¨ PP©vi nv‡ZLwo KivwP †mbvwbev‡mB| †mLv‡bB e‡mB
wj‡Lb- Mí :-evDÐz‡ji AvZ¥Kvwnbx, e¨_vi `vb, †g‡ni‡bMvi, †nbv|
KweZv- gyw³, cÖeÜ- ZzK© gwnjvi †NvgUv †Lvjv|
o cÖ_g wek¦hy‡× Ask MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ bRiæj evwnbx BivK hvIqvi K_v wQj wKš‘
hy× †_‡g hvIqvq hvIqv nq wb|
o 1920 mv‡j hy× †kl n‡j 49 †e½j †iwR‡g›U †f‡½ †`Iqv nq Ges bRiæj
ˆmwbK Rxeb Z¨vM K‡ib| 1920 mv‡j gvP©-GwcÖj ch©šÍ cÖvq AvovB eQi
bRiæj †mbvevwnbx‡Z wQ‡jb|
bRiæ‡ji `v¤úZ¨ Rxeb
o Kzwgjøvi †`ŠjZcy‡i _vKvKv‡j Avjx AvKei Lv‡bi †ev‡bi †g‡q ˆmq`v
LvZzb Ii‡d bvwM©‡mi mv‡_ Kwei mL¨ nq| 1921 mv‡ji 18 Ryb bRiæj-
bvwM©‡mi weevn m¤úbœ nq| wKš‘ Kvwe‡bi k‡Z© Avjx AvKei Lvb bRiæj‡K
NiRvgvB _vKvi kZ© Ry‡o †`b hv bRiæj †Kvbfv‡eB †g‡b wb‡Z cv‡ib wb|
d‡j evmi iv‡ZB †`ŠjZcyi †Q‡o P‡j hvb| Gici `xN© 16 eQi bRiæj-
bvwM©‡mi †Kvb †hvMv‡hvM nq wb| 1937 mv‡j bvwM©m bRiæj‡K GKwU wPwV
wj‡Lb|
o 1924 mv‡ji 25 GwcÖj bRiæj Kzwgjøvi Kvw›`icvo GjvKvi †g‡q AvkvjZv
†mb¸ßv `yjx Ii‡d cÖgxjv †`ex‡K we‡q K‡ib| cÖgxjv‡K wb‡qB †K‡UwQj
bRiæ‡ji `v¤úZ¨ Rxeb|
kxKi evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨ 11
KvRx bRiæj : evsjv‡`‡ki iYmsMx‡Zi iPwqZv
o evsjv‡`‡ki iYmsMxZ- ÔPj& Pj& Pj& EaŸ© MM‡b ev‡R gv`j, wb‡¤œ DZjv aiwY
Zj......|
o 1928 mv‡ji †deªæqvwi gv‡m Ôgymwjg mvwnZ¨ mgvRÕ-Gi wØZxq evwl©K
m‡¤§j‡b †hvM`v‡bi Rb¨ bRiæj XvKvq Av‡mb| ZLb ˆmq` Aveyj †nv‡m‡bi
miKvwi evmv ea©gvb nvDR (eZ©gvb evsjv GKv‡Wwg) Ae¯’vbKv‡j G MvbwU
iPbv K‡ib| MvbwU cÖ_‡g ÔbZz‡bi MvbÕ wk‡ivbv‡g wkLv cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ
nq| c‡i ÔmܨvÕ Kve¨MÖ‡š’i AšÍfz©³ Kiv nq|
o 1972 mv‡ji 13 Rvbyqvwi AbywôZ evsjv‡`‡ki ZrKvjxb gš¿xmfvi cÖ_g
ˆeV‡K G MvbwU‡K evsjv‡`‡ki iYmsMxZ wn‡m‡e wbe©vPb Kiv nq|
evsjv‡`‡ki †h †Kvb mvgwiK Abyôv‡b Gi 21 jvBb hš¿msMx‡Z evRv‡bv nq|
bRiæ‡ji KviveiY
o Zuvi m¤úvw`Z cwÎKv Ôa~g‡KZz cwÎKvÕi 22 †m‡Þ¤^i 1922 msL¨vq
ÔAvb›`gqxi AvMg‡bÕ KweZv cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ 23 b‡f¤^i 1922 Zvwi‡L Kzwgjøv
†_‡K †MÖdZvi Kiv nq| 16 Rvbyqvwi 1923 ivR‡`ªv‡ni Awf‡hv‡M GK
eQ‡ii Kviv`Ð nq| Avwjcyi †R‡j `xN©w`b AvUK ivLvi ci Zv‡K ûMjx
†R‡j cvVv‡bv nq| ûMjx †R‡ji ˆelg¨g~jK AvPi‡Yi cÖwZev‡` Awbw`©ó
Kv‡ji Rb¨ Abkb K‡ib| †kl ch©šÍ weiRv my›`ixi Aby‡iv‡a, ZviB nv‡Z
39 w`b ci 23 †g 1923 †jeyi im cvb K‡i Abkb f½ K‡ib|
o 1930 mv‡ji 17 †m‡Þ¤^i ÔcÖjq wkLvÕ Kve¨ wbwl× K‡iB miKvi †_‡g
_v‡K wb| Gi gy`ªY I cÖKvkbvi Aciv‡a bRiæj‡K Qq gv‡mi mkÖg Kviv`Ð
†`Iqv nq| Kwe iv‡qi weiæ‡× nvB †Kv‡U© Avwcj K‡ib Ges MvÜx-AviDb
Pzw³i ci `Ð †_‡K gyw³ cvb|
bRiæj Bmjvg‡K wb‡q iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi
o 1921 mv‡ji AvM÷ gv‡m †Rvovmuv‡Kvi VvKzi evwo‡Z iex›`ªbv‡_i mv‡_
bRiæ‡ji cÖ_g †`Lv nq| cweÎ M‡½vcva¨vq bRiæj‡K cwiPq Kwi‡q †`b|
(m~Î : bRiæj ZvwiL Awfavb, evsjv GKv‡Wwg)| cÖfvZKzgvi gy‡Lvcva¨v‡qi
Ôiex›`ªRxebxÕ †_‡K Rvbv hvq 1921 mv‡ji A‡±vei gv‡m kwšÍwb‡KZ‡b
iex›`ª-bRiæ‡ji cÖ_g †`Lv nq| W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn bRiæj‡K
kvwšÍwb‡KZ‡b wb‡q hvb| iex›`ªbv‡_i GKvšÍ mwPe Kwe myavKvšÍ ivq †PŠayix
Zv‡`i Af¨_©bv Rvbvb|
o bRiæ‡ji Ôa~g‡KZzÕ cwÎKv‡K Avk©xev` K‡i iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi wj‡Lb- ÔKvRx
bRiæj Bmjvg Kj¨vYx‡qly, Avq P‡j Avq‡i a~g‡KZz, Avuav‡i euva AwMœ‡mZz,
`yw`©‡bi GB `yM©wk‡i, Dwo‡q †` †Zvi weRq‡KZbÕ|
12 kxKi evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨
o 1923 mv‡ji 22 †deªæqvwi iex›`ªbv_ Zuvi ÔemšÍÕ MxwZbvU¨ bRiæj‡K DrmM©
K‡ib| bRiæj ZLb Avjxcyi †m›Uªvj †R‡j e›`x| bRiæ‡ji eÜy cweÎ
M‡½vcva¨v‡qi gva¨‡g GwU †R‡j bRiæ‡ji Kv‡Q cvVv‡bv nq| ZLb †R‡j
e‡mB bRiæj wj‡Lb KweZv- ÔAvR m„wó my‡Li Djøv‡mÕ|
o ûMwj †R‡j Kg©KZ©v‡`i Ab¨vq AvPi‡Yi weiæ‡× bRiæj Abkb Ki‡j
iex›`ªbv_ Zv‡K †UwjMÖvg cvVvb- ÔGive up hunger strike, Our
literature claims you.
bRiæj ¯§„wZweRwoZ RvqMv
o KvRxi wkgjv, wÎkvj : KvRx iwdR Djøvn `v‡ivMv 1914 mv‡j
Avmvb‡mv‡ji iæwUi †`vKvb †_‡K wK‡kvi Kwe bRiæj‡K wÎkv‡j KvRxi
wkgjvq wbRMÖv‡g wb‡q Av‡mb| Kwe bRiæj‡K fwZ© K‡i †`b wÎkvj
Dc‡Rjv m`‡ii `wiivgcyi ¯‹z‡j (eZ©gvb bRiæj GKv‡Wwg) mßg †kÖwY‡Z|
Kwe bRiæ‡ji †mB evj¨ ¯§„wZ‡K a‡i ivLvi Rb¨ GB MÖv‡gi eUZjv bvgK
¯’v‡b cÖwZôv Kiv n‡q‡Q RvZxq Kwe KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg wek¦we`¨vjq|
o †`ŠjZcyi : 1921 mv‡j KvRx bRiæj eÜy Avjx AvKei Lv‡bi Avgš¿‡Y Zvi
evwo Kzwgjøvi †`ŠjZcy‡i Av‡mb Ges 71 w`b Ae¯’vb K‡ib| Avjx AvKei
Lv‡bi †ev‡bi †g‡q ˆmq`v LvZzb Ii‡d bvwM©m GB evwo‡ZB _vK‡Zb| †mB
myev‡` Kwei mv‡_ bvwM©‡mi mL¨ M‡o D‡V|
o Kvc©vmWvOv : PzqvWv½vi `vgyiû`v Dc‡Rjvq Aew¯’Z Kvc©vmWv½v| 1926
mv‡j wecøex †ngšÍ Kzgvi I gwng miKv‡ii Avgš¿‡Y Kwe KjKvZvi Avgnvó©
÷ªxU †_‡K ¯^cwiev‡i Kvc©vmWv½vq Av‡mb Ges Uvbv `yB gvm Ae¯’vb K‡ib|
evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq Kwe KvRx bRiæj
o evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii Avgš¿‡Y 1972 mv‡ji 24 †g KvRx bRiæj XvKvq
Av‡mb Ges GKB w`‡b Zv‡K Ôevsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq KweÕ wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ
†`Iqv nq (mvsweavwbK ¯^xK…wZ GL‡bv †`Iqv nq wb)|
o 1976 mv‡ji 18 †deªæqvwi Zv‡K evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiKZ¡ †`Iqv nq|
o wZwb †gvU 13 evi (1926, cÖ_gevi) XvKvq Av‡mb| XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡q
Av‡mb †gvU 5 evi|
Pjw”P‡Î bRiæj
a~cQvqv (1931)
aªæe (1934) : G‡Z Kwe bvqK bvivqY (bvi`) Pwi‡Î Awfbq K‡ib|
cvZvjcyix (1935)| G‡Z cÖ_g bRiæj m½xZ cwiPvjbv K‡ib|
M„n`vn (1936)
MÖ‡ni †di (1937)
we`¨vcwZ| (1937) G Pjw”PÎwUi KvwnwbKvi|
kxKi evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨ 13
†Mviv (1938)| Gi m½xZ cwiPvjK wQ‡jb bRiæj| wek¦fviZx AvcwË
K‡i G Qwe‡Z iex›`ªm½xZ wVKfv‡e MvIqv n‡”Q bv| d‡j bRiæj mivmwi
iex›`ªbv‡_i Kv‡Q P‡j hvb| iex›`ªbv_ Zv‡K mg_©b K‡ib|
mvcy‡o (1939)
bw›`bx (1941)
w`Kïj (1941)
Awfbq (1941)
†PŠi½x (1942)
kni †_‡K `~‡i|
Gme Pjw”P‡Îi AwaKvs‡k bRiæj Mvb iPbv, myiv‡ivc I m½xZ cwiPvj‡Ki
`vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib|
D‡jøL¨ KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg‡K wb‡q KvbvWvq Pjw”PÎ wbg©vY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Pjw”PÎwUi bvg ÔbRiæjÕ, cwiPvj‡Ki bvg- wdwjc ¯úv‡ij|
o †R‡b ivLv fvj
mvwn‡Z¨ Amvgvb¨ Ae`v‡bi ¯^xK…wZ ¯^iƒc evsjv‡`k miKvi 1976
mv‡ji 21 †deªæqvwi KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg‡K m‡e©v”P ivóªxq cyi¯‹vi
ÔGKz‡k c`‡KÕ f~wlZ K‡ib| ivóªcwZ wePvicwZ Avey mv`vZ gyn¤§`
mv‡qg AvbyôvwbKfv‡e bRiæj‡K H c`K cÖ`vb K‡ib|
Jcb¨vwmK ˆkjRvb›` gy‡Lvcva¨vq Kwei eÜz I mncvVx|
Kwe m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ `‡Ëi g„Zz¨i ci KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg wZbwU KweZv I
Mvb iPbv K‡ib- Ôm‡Z¨›`ª cÖqvYÕ, ÔmZ¨-KweÕ I Ôm‡Z¨›`ª-cÖqvY-MxwZÕ|
MÖš’cwiwPwZ
evuab nviv : GwU evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g c‡Îvcb¨vm| Dcb¨v‡mi bvqK byiæj û`v|
Gi Kvwnwb Giƒc- wcZvgvZvnxb byiæj û`v‡K iweDj Zvi evwo‡Z wb‡q G‡m Avkªq
†`q| iweD‡ji ¯¿x iv‡eqv Zv‡K †¯œn K‡i Ges k¨vjK gbyi m‡½ M‡o I‡V Mfxi
mL¨| GKmgq iweD‡ji †QvU †evb †mvwdqvi evÜex cÖwZ‡ekx gvneyevi m‡½ byiæj
û`vi †cÖ‡gi m¤úK© M‡o DV‡j fvex I iweD‡ji ga¨¯ÍZvq we‡q wVK nq| Gmgq
inm¨RbK Kvi‡Y euvab nviv byiæj KvD‡K wKQz bv e‡j we‡q †f‡O w`‡q
†mbvevwnbxi Kv‡R †hvM`vb K‡i `~‡i P‡j hvq| NUbvi AvKw¯§KZvq gvneyevi evev
Amy¯’ n‡q g„Zy¨eiY K‡ib| c‡i wcZ…nxbv Aciƒcv my›`ix gvneyevi we‡q nq GK e„×
Rwg`v‡ii mv‡_| wKQzw`‡bi g‡a¨ gvneyev weaev nq| wKš‘ DËivwaKvi m~‡Î
Rvwg`vwi cvq| G w`‡K evaub nviv byiæi bxie nvnvKvi Avi †e`bvi gv‡S
†mbvevwnbxi Rxeb †k‡l cÖZ¨veZ©‡bi ga¨ w`‡q Dcb¨vmwU †kl nq| wewfbœ Pwi‡Îi
g‡a¨ cÎvjv‡ci gva¨‡g cy‡iv Dcb¨vmwU ewY©Z| byiæi cÖ_gcÎ †_‡KB ˆmwbK
Rxe‡bi Amvgvb¨ eY©bvq wnDgv‡ii mÜvb cvIqv hvq|
g„Zz¨ÿzav : KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg Ôg„Zz¨ÿavÕ Dcb¨vmwU ev¯Íe AwfÁZv †_‡K
wj‡L‡Qb| 1927 †_‡K 1929 mgqKv‡j wZwb g„rwk‡íi †K›`ªf~wg cwðge‡½i
14 kxKi evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨
K…òbM‡i wQ‡jb| G K…òbM‡ii Puv`mo‡Ki `wi`ª wn›`y-gymwjg-wLªóvb m¤úª`v‡qi
`vwi`ª I `ytL fiv Rxeb wb‡q Dcb¨v‡mi Kvwnwb M‡o D‡V‡Q| Dcb¨v‡mi Ab¨Zg
cÖavb PwiÎ MRv‡ji gv Puv`mo‡Ki ew¯Í GjvKvq evm K‡i| Zvi wZb †Q‡j gviv
†M‡Q †hŠeb eq‡m| g„Z †Q‡j‡`i weaev ¯¿x (eo eD, †g‡Sv eD, †m‡Rv eD) Avi
Zv‡`i cÖvq GK WRb †Q‡j †g‡q wb‡q Zvi msmvi| Avi †QvU †Q‡j c¨vuKv‡j
ivRwg¯¿xi KvR K‡i mevi fiY-†cvl‡Yi †Póv K‡i| G Dcb¨v‡mi `ywU Ask| cÖ_g
As‡k †`Lv hvq- Gme Afve-AbU‡bi g‡a¨ Lªxóvb Kzwk© I c¨vuKv‡j G‡K Aci‡K
cÖPÐ fvjev‡m| fvjevmvi Rb¨ c¨vuKv‡j ag©všÍwiZ nq| Avi wØZxq As†k Av‡Q
Avbmvi-iæwei cÖm½| G `yB As‡ki †hvMm~Î †g‡Rv eD| †kl w`‡K †`Lv hvq
Afv‡ei Zvobvq †gS eD L„óvb nq Ges ewikv‡j wb‡Ri Rxeb KvwU‡q †`Iqvi
cwiKíbv K‡i| wKš‘ mšÍvb‡`i Uv‡b Zv‡K ew¯Í‡Z wd‡i Avm‡Z nq| Avi
c¨uvKv‡j‡K Lvub evnv`yi mv‡ne Kywo UvKv †eZ‡bi PvKzix w`‡j †m Kzwk©‡K wb‡q
gymjgvb n‡q weevn e܇b Ave× nq| Gfv‡eB Dcb¨v‡mi Kvwnwb †kl nq|
Kz‡nwjKv : KvRx bRiæj Bmjv‡gi me©‡kl Dcb¨vm ÔKy‡nwjKvÕ cÖ_‡g ÔbI‡ivR
cwÎKvÕi cvuPwU msL¨vq avivevwnKfv‡e cÖKvwkZ nq| Z‡e cwÎKvwU eÜ n‡q †M‡j
evKx Ask mvßvwnK ÔmIMvZÕ cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ nq| Ky‡nwjKv Dcb¨v‡mi g~j PwiÎ
Rvnv½xi|
AwMœexYv : KvRx bRiæj Bmjv‡gi cÖ_g Kve¨MÖš’ ÔAwMœexYvÕ| GwU 1329 e½v‡ãi
KvwZ©K (A‡±vei, 1922) cÖKvwkZ nq| G MÖ‡š’ †gvU 12wU KweZv Av‡Q- cÖj‡qvjøvm,
we‡`ªvnx, i³v¤^iavwiYx gv, AvMgYx, a~g‡KZz, Kvgvj cvkv, Av‡bvqvi cvkv, iY‡fix,
kvZ-Bj-Avie, †Lqvcv‡ii ZiYx, †KvievYx I †gvniig| Kve¨MÖšw’ U evix›`ªKzgvi
†Nvl‡K DrmM© Kiv nq| G cÖ”Q` cwiKíbv K‡iwQ‡jb AeYx›`ªbv_ VvKzi Ges cÖ”Q`
Gu‡KwQ‡jb ex‡ik¦i †mb| AwMœexYv Kv‡e¨ bRiæj BwZnvm AvwkªZ HwZn¨ e¨envi
K‡i‡Qb| gymwjg HwZn¨ †_‡K Bgvg nvmvb-†nv‡mb, fviZxq cyivY-HwZn¨ †_‡K
ciïiv‡gi K‡Vvi KzVvi e¨envi K‡i‡Qb mgMÖ Ab¨vq-AbvPvi webvk K‡i c„w_ex‡Z
kvwšÍ Avbq‡bi Rb¨| ZzKx© exi Kvgvj cvkv †hgb wb‡Ri †`‡ki †MŠie, †`‡ki
¯^vaxbZv iÿv‡_© AvZ¥cÖZ¨qx, †Zgwb Kvgvj evsjvq wZwb m„wó Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb|
Ôwe‡`ªvnxÕ KweZvq Kwei we‡`ªv‡ni g~j myi Zxeªfv‡e †e‡R D‡V‡Q| Ôgg GK nv‡Z
euvKv euv‡ki euvkix, Avi nv‡Z iYZ~h©Õ- G PiYwU‡Z we‡`ªvn I †cÖg GKmv‡_ †e‡R
D‡V‡Q| G PiYwU †hb mgMÖ bRiæj mvwn‡Z¨i Abywek¦|
Kvq‡Kvev` (1857-1951)
gnvKwe Kvq‡Kvev` 1857 mv‡j XvKv †Rjvi beveMÄ _vbvi AvMjv MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY
K‡ib| Zuvi cªK…Z bvg- Kv‡Rg Avj †Kv‡ikx| wZwb g~jZ Kwe wQ‡jb| wcZv
kvnvgZ Djøvn Avj †Kv‡ikx wQ‡jb XvKv RR †Kv‡U©i DwKj|
o wZwb †m›U‡MÖMix ¯‹z‡j Aa¨qb K‡ib| c‡i XvKv gv`ªvmv‡Z cÖ‡ewkKv †kÖwY‡Z
fwZ© nb| cixÿv bv w`‡qB †cv÷ gv÷v‡ii PvKzix‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡ib|
kxKi evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨ 15 16 kxKi evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨
o evOvwj gymjgvb Kwe‡`i g‡a¨ cÖ_g gnvKve¨ iPwqZv| Kvwnwbweb¨vm GiKg- cvwbc‡_i cÖvšÍi| GKcv‡k gymwjg wkwei, Ab¨cv‡k
o AvaywbK evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g gymwjg Kwe| gvivVv‡`i KzÄyicyi `~M©| gymjgvb‡`i c‡ÿ †bZ„Z¡ w`‡”Qb Kvey‡ji AwacwZ Avn‡g`
o evOvwj gymjgvb Kwe‡`i g‡a¨ cÖ_g m‡bU iPwqZv| kvn Ave`vjx, †g‡n`x †e‡Mi Kb¨v †Rvniv †eMg| Ab¨w`‡K gvivVv‡`i c‡ÿ †bZ…Z¡
o wZwb †ngP›`ª e‡›`¨vcva¨vq I bexbP›`ª †m‡bi avivq gnvKve¨ iPbv K‡ib| w`‡”Qb Beªvwng Kvw`©| gymwjg c‡ÿi †Rvniv †eM‡gi ¯^vgx wn›`y‡`i c‡ÿi †mbvcwZ
Beªvwng Kvw`©| †Rvniv †eMg evievi QÙ‡ek aviY K‡i gvivVv wkwe‡i hvq ¯^vgx
o 1932 mv‡j Ôe½xq gymwjg mvwnZ¨ m‡¤§jbÕ Abyôv‡b mfvcwZZ¡ K‡ib| Beªvwng Kvw`©‡K wdwi‡q Avbvi Rb¨| wKš‘ Beªvwng Kvw`© ¯¿x‡K fvjevm‡jI Av`k©MZ
o 21 RyjvB 1951 gviv hvb| Kvi‡YB wd‡i Avm‡Z bvivR| KviY Zuvi hLb †Kvb Kg©ms¯’vb wQj bv ZLb wn›`y
mvwnZ¨Kg© gvivVvivB Zv‡K PvKwi w`‡q‡Q Ges †mbvcwZ c‡` Avmxb K‡i‡Q ZvB | AZGe G
o gnvKve¨ hy×w`‡b Zv‡`i †d‡j †m P‡j Avm‡Z cv‡i bv| nVvr K‡i AZwK©Z hy× ïiæ n‡q
hvq| hy‡× gvivVv evwnbx civwRZ n‡j Beªvwng Kvw`© a„Z nq| hy‡×i me©vwacwZ
gnvk¥kvb (1904, cvwbc‡_i Z…Zxq hy× Aej¤^‡b iwPZ) Avng` kvn Ave`vjxi Kv‡Q ¯^vgx gyw³ `vwe K‡i gyw³i digvb wb‡q †Rvniv †eMg
o Kve¨MÖš’ KvivMv‡i Beªvwng Kvw`©‡K gy³ Ki‡Z wM‡q †`‡L †m gviv †M‡Q| Beªvwng Kvw`© ÿz`ª
wein wejvc (1870, cÖ_g Kve¨| gvÎ 13 eQi eq‡m cÖKvwkZ nq|) gyw³‡K A¯^xKvi K‡i e„nr gyw³‡K MÖnY K‡ib| gybxi †PŠayix Ôi³v³ cÖvšÍiÕ bvU‡Ki
Kzmyg Kvbb (1873) Kvwnwb G gnvKve¨ †_‡K wb‡q‡Qb|
AkÖægvjv (1896) MxwZKve¨|
wke gw›`i (1921)
Awgq aviv (1923)
Rmxg D`&`xb (1903-1976)
k¥kvbf®§ (1924) cwjøKwe Rmxg D`&`xb 1903 mv‡ji 1 Rvbyqvwi dwi`cy‡ii Zv¤^yjLvbv MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY
gniig kixd (1933, gnvKv‡e¨vwPZ wecyj AvqZ‡bi GKwU Kvwnwb Kve¨) K‡ib| ˆcZ…K wbevm Kzgvi b`xi Zx‡i dwi`cy‡ii †Mvwe›`cyi (eZ©gvb Avw¤^Kvcyi)
o weL¨vZ KweZv : Avhvb| (†K IB †kvbvj †gvi Avhv‡bi aŸwb| g‡g© g‡g© MÖvg| cy‡ivbvg Rmxg D`&`xb †gvjøv| wcZv AvbmviDÏxb †gvjøv|
†mB myi, evwRj wK mygayi AvKzj nBj cÖvY, bvwPj agwb)| o dwi`cyi †Rjv ¯‹zj †_‡K †gwUªK (1921), iv‡R›`ª K‡jR †_‡K AvB.G.
o Kwei g„Zz¨i ci cÖKvwkZ MÖš’- (1923) I we.G. (1929) cvk K‡ib| KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K evsjv
†cÖ‡gi dyj (1970) fvlv I mvwn‡Z¨ Gg.G. (1931) wWwMÖ jvf K‡ib|
†cÖ‡gi evYx (1970) o Gg.G. †kÖwY‡Z Aa¨qbKv‡j W. `x‡bkP›`ª †m‡bi AvbyK~‡j¨ KjKvZv
†cÖg cvwiRvZ (1970) wek¦we`¨vj‡qi cwjøMxwZ msMÖvnK c‡` wb‡qvM jvf K‡ib|
g›`vwKbx-aviv (1971) o 1931-37 ch©šÍ W. `x‡bkP›`ª †m‡bi Aax‡b ivgZby jvwnox M‡elYv mnKvix
c‡` Kg©iZ wQ‡jb|
MIQ cv‡Ki †cÖ‡gi KzÄ (1979)|
o 1938 mv‡j XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi evsjv wefv‡Mi cÖfvlK wn‡m‡e †hvM`vb
evsjv GKv‡Wwg ÔKvq‡Kvev` iPbvewjÕ (4 LÐ, 1994-1997) cÖKvk K‡i‡Q|
K‡ib| 1943 mvj ch©šÍ G c‡` envj wQ‡jb|
Dcvwa o 1944 mv‡j e½xq cÖv‡`wkK miKv‡ii cvewjwmwU wefv‡Mi Awdmvi wn‡m‡e
o 1932 mv‡j wbwLj fviZ mvwnZ¨ msN KZ©K
„ Kve¨f~lY, we`¨vf~lY I wbhy³ nb| †`k wefv‡Mi ci c~e© cvwK¯Ívb miKv‡ii cÖPvi wefv‡Mi
mvwnZ¨iZœ jvf K‡ib| Additional Song publicity Organizer c‡` †hvM`vb K‡ib| 1962
mv‡j cÖPvi wefv‡Mi †WcywU wW‡i±i c` †_‡K Aemi MÖnY K‡ib|
MÖš’cwiwPwZ o cÖMwZkxj I Amv¤úª`vwqK mvs¯‹…wZK Av‡›`vj‡bi cy‡ivav wQ‡jb| lv‡Ui
gnvk¥kvb:- gnvKwe Kvq‡Kvev` Gi gnvKve¨ Ôgnvk¥kvbÕ evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i me©e„nr `k‡Ki †k‡li w`‡K cvwK¯Ívb miKvi †iwWI I †Uwjwfk‡b iex›`ªmsMxZ
gnKve¨| lvU m‡M© wef³ 870 c„ôve¨vcx G gnvKve¨ iPbvq `xN© `k eQi mgq e‡Üi c`‡ÿc wb‡j wZwb Zxeª we‡ivaxZv K‡ib|
†j‡MwQj| †gvnv¤§` iIkb Avjx m¤úvw`Z Ô†Kvwnb~iÕ cwÎKvq avivevwnKfv‡e o 1976 mv‡ji 13 gvP© g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib| Zuvi AwšÍg B”Qvbymv‡i 14 gvP©
cÖKvwkZ n‡qwQj| 1761 mv‡j Avng` kvn Ave`vjx I gvivVv‡`i g‡a¨ msNwUZ dwi`cy‡ii Avw¤^Kvcy‡i `v`xi Ke‡ii cv‡k Zv‡K `vdb Kiv nq|
cvwbc‡_i Z…Zxq hy‡×i †cÖÿvc‡U gnvKve¨wU iwPZ| gnvk¥kvb gnvKv‡e¨i
kxKi evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨ 17 18 kxKi evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨
mvwnZ¨Kg© †e‡`i †g‡q (1951)
o 1921 mv‡j †gvm‡jg fviZ cwÎKvq Ôwgjb MvbÕ KweZvwU cÖKvwkZ nq| GwU gaygvjv (1951)
Zuvi cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ KweZv| cjøxeay (1956)
o Kve¨ MÖv‡gi gvqv (1959)|
ivLvjx (1927) cÖ_g Kve¨ MÖš’| o wkï‡Zvl MÖš’
b·x Kvu_vi gvV (1929) Zuvi †kÖô iPbv| Gi cÖavb PwiÎ- iƒcvB I nvmy (1938)
mvRy| E.M. Millford MÖšw’ U Field of the Embroidery Quilt GK cqmvi evuwk (1356)
wk‡ivbv‡g Abyev` K‡ib|
WvwjgKzgvi (1951)
evjyPi (1930)
o ågYKvwnwb
avb‡ÿZ (1933)
P‡j gymvwdi (1952)
†mvRb evw`qvi NvU (1934)| G Kv‡e¨i cÖavb PwiÎ †mvRb I `yjx|
nj‡` cixi †`‡k (1967, Gi Rb¨ BD‡b‡¯‹v cyi¯‹vi jvf)
G KvwnwbKve¨wU BD‡b‡¯‹vi D‡`¨v‡M ÔGypsy Wharf Õ (1969)
wk‡ivbv‡g Ab~w`Z nq| †h †`‡k gvbyl eo (1968)
iƒceZx (1946) Rvg©vwbi kn‡i I e›`‡i (1976)
gvwUi Kvbœv (1958) o ¯§„wZK_v
myPqbx (1961, wbe©vwPZ KweZv msKjb) huv‡`i †`‡LwQ (1952)
gv †h Rbbx Kv‡›` (1963)| VvKzi evwoi AvwObvq (1961)
Rxeb K_v (1964)
o weL¨vZ KweZv-
¯§„wZcU (1968)|
ÔKeiÕ| we.G. K¬v‡m Aa¨qbKv‡j iPbv K‡ib| 118 jvB‡bi
o Mv‡bi msKjb
KweZvwU gvÎve„Ë Q‡›` †jLv| KweZvwU ÔivLvjxÕ Kve¨MÖ‡š’i AšÍMZ © |
K‡jøvj cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ nq| Zuvi QvÎve¯’vqB G KweZvwU gva¨wgK iw½jv bv‡qi gvwS (1935)
ch©v‡q cvV¨ Kiv n‡qwQj| Mv‡½i cvo (1964)
Avmgvbx| G KweZvwU Kwei ÔGK cqmvi euvwkÕ Kve¨MÖ‡š’i AšÍ©f~³| RvwiMvb (1968)
Avmgvbx GKwU ev¯Íe PwiÎ| Rmxg D`&`x‡bi fvB miKvwi iv‡R›`ª o m¤§vbbv
K‡j‡Ri Aa¨vcK byiæwÏb Avn‡g‡`i k¦ïi evwo wQj AvR‡Ki wek¦fviZx wek¦we`¨vjq KZ…©K m¤§vbm~PK wW.wjU wWwMÖ (1969) jvf|
dwi`cyi m`‡ii Ckvb †Mvcvjcyi BDwbq‡bi imyjcyi MÖv‡g| †mLv‡b GKz‡k c`K jvf (1976) K‡ib|
†eov‡Z wM‡q Kwe Avmgvbxi †`Lv cvb Ges †mLv‡b e‡mB ÔAvmgvbxÕ
KweZv iPbv K‡ib| 2012 mv‡ji 18 AvM÷ 97 eQi eq‡m †R‡b ivLv fvj
Avmgvbx gviv hvq| o e¨vwióvi gI`y` Avng` Zuvi RvgvZv|
o Dcb¨vm- MÖš’cwiwPwZ
†evev Kvwnbx (1964)| dwi`cy‡ii GKwU we‡kl A‡ji RxebwPÎ b·xKvu_vi gvV :- RmxgD`&`x‡bi Agi m„wó Ôb·xKuv_vi gvVÕ| b·x Kuv_vi gvV
G Dcb¨v‡mi DcRxe¨| Dcb¨v‡mi bvqK AvRv‡ni GK wQbœg~j Kv‡e¨vcb¨vmwU iƒcvB I mvRy bvgK `yB MÖvgxY hyeK-hyewZi Awebk¦i †cÖg Kvwnwb|
PvlxmšÍvb| evj¨Kvj †_‡K jvÃbv eÂbv Zvi wbZ¨m½x| ZeyI †m ¯^cœ b·x Kuv_vi gvV-Gi bvqK iƒcvB Muv‡qi †Q‡j, K…òKvq, Kuva ch©šÍ Pzj Ges cÖwm×
†`‡L myLx Rxe‡bi wKš‘ bvbv cÖwZK~jZvq Zvi ¯^cœ ev¯Íevqb nq bv| jvwVqvj| iƒcvBi m‡½ mvRyi fvjevmv nq Ges c‡i we‡q K‡i msmvi ïiæ K‡i|
eDUzevwbi dzj (1990) wKQzw`b ci eb‡Mu‡qv‡`i mv‡_ jovB K‡i Ly‡bi Avmvgx n‡q †divix nq| mvRy
iƒcvB‡qi A‡cÿvq †_‡K mg¯Í AZxZ ¯§„wZ myuB-myZv w`‡q Kuv_vi Ici dywU‡q
o MíMÖš’- evOvwji nvwmi Mí| G MÖšw’ U BD‡b‡¯‹vi D‡`¨v‡M ÔFolk Tales Zzj‡Z _v‡K| Kuv_v †evbv †kl n‡j †mUv gv‡qi nv‡Z Zz‡j w`‡q e‡j Avgvi Ke‡ii
of Bangladesh Õ bv‡g Ab~w`Z nq| Dci G Kvu_vUv wewQ‡q w`I Avi iƒcvB hw` †Kvb w`b Avgvi †Lvu‡R Av‡m Zv‡K
o bvUK e‡jv Avwg Zvi Avkvq Ke‡ii wb‡P AvwQ| eûw`b ci Mvu‡qi K…lKiv Mfxi iv‡Z
cÙvcvo (1950)
kxKi evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨
†e`bvZ© GK euvkxi myi ïb‡Z cvq, Avi †fvi †`‡L mvRyi Ke‡ii cv‡k GK
wfb‡`wk †jvK g‡i c‡o Av‡Q|
G Kve¨MÖ‡š’i iƒcvB PwiÎwU ev¯Í‡ei GK e¨w³‡K DcRxe¨ K‡i †bIqv| hvi cÖKZ
… K‡ib|
bvg iƒcv| Zvi evwo gqgbwms‡qi MdiMvuI Dc‡Rjvi wkjvmx MÖv‡g| 1928 mv‡ji
†kl w`‡K gqgbwmsn MxwZKv msMÖn Ki‡Z RmxgD`&`xb MdiMvuI‡q G‡mwQ‡jb|
†mLv‡bB iƒcvi mv‡_ cwiPq|
`xbeÜz wgÎ (1830-1873)
`xbeÜz wgÎ 1830 mv‡j cwðge‡½i b`xqv †Rjvi †PŠ‡ewoqv MÖv‡g GK `wi`ª
cwiev‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zvi wcZ…cÖ`Ë bvg ÔMÜe© bvivqYÕ cwieZ©b K‡i wb‡R bvg
iv‡Lb ØxbeÜz| Dcvwa Ôivq evnv`yiÕ| wZwb bvU¨Kviiƒ‡cB mgwaK L¨vZ| wcZvi bvg
KvjvPuv` wgÎ|
o MÖvg¨ cvVkvjvq cvV †k‡l wcZvi B”Qvq ¯’vbxq Rwg`v‡ii †m‡i¯Ívq PvKzix
†bb| wKš‘ wZwb wcZv‡K bv Rvwb‡q D”Pwkÿvi Rb¨ KjKvZv P‡j Av‡mb|
†mLv‡b wcZ…e¨ bxjgwY wg‡Îi evmvq _vK‡Zb|
o KjKvZvq cov‡kvbvi LiP †RvMvo Ki‡Z M„nf…‡Z¨i KvR Ki‡Zb|
o K‡j‡Ri †kl cixÿv mgvwßi Av‡MB †cvó gv÷vi c‡` wb‡qvM (1855)
jvf K‡ib| PvKzixi myev‡` b`xqv I XvKv wefv‡M `xN©w`b `vwqZ¡ cvjb
K‡ib| jymvB hy‡×i (1871) mgq wZwb KvQv‡o †cÖwiZ nb| G mgq Zvi
Z`viwK K‡g© mš‘ó n‡q miKvi Zv‡K Ôivq evnv`yiÕ Dcvwa †`b| cieZx©‡Z
1872 mv‡j wZwb BwÛqvb †ijI‡qi B݇c±i c` jvf K‡ib|
o Zvi mvwnZ¨ Rxeb ïiæ KweZv w`‡q |
o Ck¦iP›`ª ¸‡ßi Aby‡cÖiYvq KweZv wj‡L Ômsev` cÖfvKiÕ I Ômsev`
mvayiÄbÕ cwÎKvq cÖKvk K‡ib|
o 1 b‡f¤^i 1873 mv‡j gviv hvb|
mvwnZ¨Kg©
o bvUK -
bxj`c©Y (1860) evsjv‡`‡ki †g‡nicyi A‡ji bxjPvlx‡`i `yie¯’v
Aej¤^‡b iwPZ| G bvUK cÖ_g cÖKv‡ki mgq `xbeÜzi bvg wQj bv| ÔbxjKi-
welai-`skb-KvZi-cÖRvwbKi-†ÿg¼‡iY-†KbwPr-cw_‡Kbvwf cÖYxZgÕ QÙbv‡g iPbv
K‡ib| G bvUK gvB‡Kj gaym~ab `Ë A Native QÙbv‡g Nil Durpan, or The
Indigo Planting Mirror wk‡ivbv‡g Abyev` K‡ib| D‡jøL¨ GwUB cÖ_g evsjv
bvUK hv Bs‡iwR‡Z Ab~w`Z nq| G Abyev` cÖKvwkZ n‡j evOvwj gn‡j hZUv
cÖkswmZ, †kZv½gn‡j wVK ZZUvB N„wYZ n‡qwQj| G Abyev` cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨
cvw`ª †efv‡iÛ †Rgm jO‡K GK nvRvi UvKv Rvwigvbv Kiv nq| G Rwigvbvi UvKv
KvjxcÖmbœ wmsn Av`vj‡ZB w`‡q †`b| Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi G bvU‡Ki Awfbq †`‡L
Awf‡bZv‡K Ry‡Zv Qz‡o gv‡ib| kw³gvb †mB Awf‡bZv A‡a©›`y‡kLi gy¯vÍ wdI
19 20 kxKi evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨
Awfb‡qi m¤§vb wn‡m‡e †mB RyZv‡K Zz‡j wb‡qwQ‡jb hZœ K‡i| ew¼gP›`ª
P‡Ævcva¨vq cieZ©xKv‡j G bvU‡Ki m‡½ †÷v-Gi Av¼j Ugm †Kweb MÖ‡š’i Zzjbv
XvKv †_‡K cÖKvwkZ cÖ_g bvUK Ôbxj`c©YÕ| GwU XvKvi cÖ_g †cÖm Ôevsjv
†cÖmÕ †_‡K Qvcv nq| G bvUKwUi NUbv, iPbv, gy`ªY, cÖKvk I cÖ_g gÂvqb meB
evsjv‡`‡k, ZvB G‡K Ôevsjv‡`‡ki bvUKÕ ejv nq|
bexb Zcw¯^bx (1863)
jxjveZx (1867)
RvgvB evwiK (1872)
Kg‡j Kvwgbx (1873)
o cÖnmb-
maevi GKv`kx (1866)
we‡q cvMjv ey‡ov (1866)|
o Kve¨-
myiaybx Kve¨ (1g fvM-1871, 2q fvM-1876)| wngvjq †_‡K
M½v‡`exi mvMim½‡g hvÎvi Q‡›`ve× eY©bv|
Øv`k KweZv (1872)
MÖš’cwiwPwZ
bxj`c©Y :- ØxbeÜz wg‡Îi cÖ_g I †kÖô bvUK Ôbxj`c©bÕ (1860)| G bvU‡K ØxbeÜz
wgÎ evsjvi K…lK‡`i Dci weªwUk bxjKi‡`i wbôzi AZ¨vPv‡ii ¯^iƒc dzwU‡q
Zz‡j‡Qb| ØxbeÜz wgÎ XvKv †Rjvi †cv÷vj wefv‡Mi B݇cw±s †cv÷ gv÷vi wn‡m‡e
KvR Ki‡Z wM‡q wewfbœ †Rjvq Ny‡i †eo‡bvi mgq MÖvgxY K…l‡Ki Dci bxjKi‡`i
AZ¨vPvi †`‡Lb Ges wj‡Lb bvUK bxj`c©b| Kxfv‡e m¤úbœ K…lK †MvjK gva‡ei
cwievi bxjK‡`i AZ¨vPv‡i aŸsm n‡q †Mj Ges mvayPi‡Yi Kb¨v †ÿÎgwYi g„Zz¨ nj
Zvi GK gg©¯úk©x wPÎ dz‡U D‡V‡Q GB bvU‡K| †Zvivc PwiÎwU GB bvU‡Ki AZ¨šÍ
kw³kvjx GK PwiÎ| Gi g‡a¨ w`‡qB †k¦Zv½ bxjKi‡`i ee©i PwiÎ D`NvwUZ nq|
bxj`c©b bvU‡Ki Bs‡iwR Abyev` Bsj¨v‡Ûi cvj©v‡g‡›U †cÖwiZ nq| ¯^‡`‡k I
we‡`‡k bxjKi‡`i weiæ‡× Av‡›`vjb ïiæ nq| d‡j miKvi BwÛ‡Mv Kwgkb ev bxj
Kwgkb MVb Ki‡Z eva¨ nb| AvBb K‡i bxjKi‡`i ee©iZv e‡Üi e¨e¯’v Kiv nq|
maevi GKv`kx:- ØxbeÜz wg‡Îi cÖnmb Ômaevi GKv`kxÕ (1866) evsjv M`¨
mvwn‡Z¨i GKwU DrK…ó wb`k©b| Av‡jvP¨ G cÖnm‡b Dbwesk kZvãxi ga¨fv‡M myiv
cvb Ges †ek¨ve„wË hyeK‡`i Rxe‡b †h wech©q m„wó K‡iwQj †mB Kvwnwb ewY©Z
n‡q‡Q| we‡kl K‡i Bqs †e½j mgv‡Ri AatcZ‡bi ev¯Íe wPÎ Aw¼Z n‡q‡Q| GwU
GKwU cÖnmb bvUK| GwU bvwZ`xN©| G‡Z wZbwU A¼ i‡q‡Q| cÖ_g A‡¼ 2wU, wØZxq
A‡¼ 4wU Ges Z…Zxq A‡¼ 3wU Mf©v¼ i‡q‡Q|
G bvU‡Ki †K›`ªxq PwiÎ AUj abvX¨ e¨w³i mšÍvb| Zvi AšÍi½ eÜz‡`i cÖ‡ivPbvq
†m g‡` Avm³ nq Ges †ek¨vj‡q Mgb ïiæ K‡i| KvÂb bv‡gi GK †ek¨v‡K ¯^M„‡n
iwÿZv wn‡m‡e ivL‡Z D`¨Z n‡j wcZv AvcwË K‡ib| wKš‘ gv cyÎ nviv‡bvi f‡q
iwÿZvi e¨vcv‡i m¤§wZ Ávcb K‡i| AU‡ji eÜz-evÜe we‡kl K‡i wbgPvu` Gme
Kg©Kv‡Û Zv‡K mvnvh¨ K‡i| GK ch©v‡q KvÂb AUj‡K cwiZ¨vM K‡i| AU‡ji
eÜziv gvby‡li nv‡Z wbM„nxZ nq|
kxKi evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨ 21
diiæL Avng` (1918-1974)
Kwe diiæL Avng` 1918 mv‡j 10 Ryb gv¸iv †Rjvi (ZrKvjxb h‡kvi) kÖxcyi
Dc‡Rjvi gvSAvBj MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| cÖKZ … bvg ˆmq` diiæL Avng`| `v`x
WvK‡Zb ÔigRvbÕ e‡j| Dcvwa Ôgymwjg †i‡bmuvi KweÕ| wcZv ˆmq` nv‡Zg Avjx|
o Lyjbv †Rjv ¯‹zj †_‡K †gwUªK (1937), KjKvZv wicb K‡jR †_‡K
AvB.G. (1939) I ¯‹wUk PvP© K‡jR †_‡K ¯œvZK wWwMÖ jvf K‡ib|
o ¯‹zj Rxe‡b Kwe †Mvjvg †gv¯Ídv, K_v mvwnwZ¨K Aveyj dRj I Kwe Aveyj
nvwkg Ges KjKvZv wicb K‡j‡R weòz †`, eyׇ`e emy, cÖg_bv_ wekx
cÖgyL mvwnwZ¨K‡`i wkÿK wn‡m‡e †c‡qwQ‡jb|
o gvwmK †gvnv¤§`x cwÎKvi fvicÖvß m¤úv`K I XvKv †eZv‡i Ô÷vd ivBUviÕ
wQ‡jb|
o cÖ_g Rxe‡b evgcš’x ivRbxwZwe` Kg‡iW Gg,Gb. iv‡qi wkl¨ wQ‡jb|
cieZx©‡Z Bmjvgx Av`k©‡K MÖnY K‡ib|
o 1952 mv‡j fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi mg_©K wQ‡jb|
o cvwK¯Ívbx miKvi †iwWI I †Uwjwfk‡b iex›`ª msMxZ cÖPvi e‡Üi wm×všÍ
MÖnY Ki‡j wZwb G wm×v‡šÍi mg_©b Ávcb K‡ib|
o wZwb cwK¯Ív‡bi ALÐZvq wek¦vmx wQ‡jb| ZvB evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡×i
we‡ivwaZv K‡i e³…Zv I wee„wZ cÖ`vb K‡ib|
o 1974 mv‡j 19 A‡±vei XvKvq gviv hvb|
mvwnZ¨Kg©
o Lyjbv †Rjv ¯‹zj g¨vMvwR‡b (1936) cÖ_g KweZv cÖKvwkZ nq|
o 1937 mv‡j ÔivwÎÕ KweZv eyjeyj cÖwÎKv I Ôcvc-Rb¥Õ KweZv †gvnv¤§`x
cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ nq|
o Kve¨MÖš’
mvZ mvM‡ii gvwS (1944)| G‡Z †gvU 19wU KweZv Av‡Q| weL¨vZ
KweZv- cv‡Äix, mvZ mvM‡ii gvwS, wm›`vev`, jvk G Kv‡e¨i AšÍMZ
© |
Gi A_©vqb K‡ib Kwe †ebwRi Avng`|
wmivRvg gybxiv (1952)|
†bŠ‡dj I nv‡Zg (1961, Kve¨bvU¨)
gyn~‡Z©i KweZv (1963, m‡bU msKjb)
nv‡ZgZvqx (1966, Kvwnwb Kve¨)
bZzb †jLv (1969)
nv‡e`v giæi Kvwnwb (1981)
wm›`vev` (1983)
22 kxKi evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨
o weL¨vZ KweZv-
Dcnvi| wb‡Ri we‡q Dcj‡ÿ wj‡Lb| hv cieZ©x‡Z mIMvZ cwÎKvq
cÖKvwkZ nq|
¯§iYx| (Kwe Avjøvgv BKev‡ji BwšÍKv‡j wb‡ew`Z)|
cv‡Äix| cv‡Äix dviwm kã evsjv A_© Rvnv‡Ri AMÖfv‡e iwÿZ
c_wb‡`©kK Av‡jvKewZ©Zv ev Av‡jvKewZ©Zvavix e¨w³| hvi gva¨‡g
bvweKMY mgy‡`ªi `yM©g c_ AwZµg K‡i e›`‡i †cuŠQ‡e †hLv‡b
gbwR‡j gKmy‡` †cuŠQvi Rb¨ A‡cÿv Ki‡Q nvRv‡iv gvbyl| Kwe kãwU
GLv‡b iƒcK A‡_© e¨envi K‡i‡Qb| Bs‡iR kvm‡bi hvZvK‡j wcó
fviZe‡l©i ¯^vaxbZv Av‡›`vj‡b †bZ…Z¡`vbKvix †bZv‡K cv‡Äix wn‡m‡e
AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb|
o wkï‡Zvl
cvwLi evmv (1965)
ni‡di Qov (1970)
Pvu‡`i Avmi (1970)
Qovi Avmi (1970)
dz‡ji Rjmv (1985)|
cyi¯‹vi
evsjv GKv‡Wwg mvwnZ¨ cyi¯‹vi (1960)
cvwK¯Ívb miKv‡ii †cÖwm‡W›U cyi¯‹vi ÔcÖvBW Ae cvidi‡gÝÕ
(1961)
Av`gRx cyi¯‹vi (1966, nv‡ZgZvqx MÖ‡š’i Rb¨)
BD‡b‡¯‹v cyi¯‹vi (1966, cvwLi evmv MÖ‡š’i Rb¨)
gi‡YvËi GKz‡k c`K (1977), gi‡YvËi ¯^vaxbZv c`K (1980)|
MÖš’cwiwPwZ
mvZ mvM‡ii gvwS :- ÔmvZ mvM‡ii gvwSÕ(1944) Kwe diiæL Avng‡`i cÖ_g
Kve¨MÖš’| G‡Z 19wU KweZv i‡q‡Q| weL¨vZ D`y© Kwe Avjøvgv BKevj‡K Kve¨wU
DrmM© Kiv nq| AwkwÿZ, Ae‡nwjZ I `y`©kvi c‡¼ wbgw¾Z evOvwj
gymjgvb‡`i‡K D¾xweZ Kivi gvb‡mB iwPZ n‡q‡Q ÔmvZ mvM‡ii gvwSÕ| gymwjg
m¤úª`v‡qi Rxeb I Rxe‡bi Abyl½¸wj ¯^cœv‡jv‡K I Av`k©‡K †ivgvw›UKZv I
Av`wk©KZvi mgš^‡q dzwU‡q Zz‡j‡Qb Kwe Zvi mvZ mvM‡ii gvwS‡Z| evsjv KweZvq
†i‡bmuvi †h myiwU we‡`ªvnx Kwe KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg m„wó K‡iwQ‡jb Kwe diiæ‡Li
mvZ mvM‡ii gvwS ZviB cwic~iK|
kxKi evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨ 23 24 kxKi evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨
Bw›`iv (1873)
hyMjv½ixq (1874)
ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq (1838-1894) P›`ª‡kLi (1875)
iRbx (1877)
ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq 1838 mv‡ji 26 Ryb (13 Avlvp, 1245) cwðge‡½i PweŸk K…òKv‡šÍi DBj (1878)
ciMYv †Rjvi KuvVvjcvov MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Avw`wbevm- ûMjx †Rjvi †`kgy‡Lv ivRwmsn (1882)| GKwU ivR‰bwZK HwZnvwmK Dcb¨vm| †gvMj
MÖvg| QÙbvg- KgjvKvšÍ| evsjv mv_©K Dcb¨vm mvwn‡Z¨i ¯’cwZ| wcZv hv`e P›`ª m¤ªvU AvIi½‡Re I ivRcyZ ivRv ivYv ivRwms‡ni g‡a¨ †h hy×
P‡Ævcva¨vq| n‡qwQj, †mUvB Dcb¨v‡mi g~j welq| A‡b‡KB g‡b K‡ib G‡Z
o 1857 mv‡j KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡q G›UªvÝ cixÿv cÖewZ©Z n‡j Zv‡Z ew½‡gi m¤úªv`vwqK g‡bvfve cwidzó n‡q D‡V| Gi Rev‡e BmgvBj
AskMÖnY K‡i cÖ_g wefv‡M DËxY© nb| 1858 mv‡j KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡q †nv‡mb wmivRx ÔZvivevCÕ Dcb¨vm wj‡Lb|
cÖ_g e¨v‡Pi `kRb cixÿv_©xi g‡a¨ gvÎ `yRb QvÎ we.G. cvk K‡ib| Avb›`gV (1882)| wQqvˇii gš^šÍ‡ii cUf~wgKvq mbœ¨vmx we‡`ªv‡ni
ew¼gP›`ª I h`ybv_ emy| †mm~‡Î wZwb KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi cÖ_g Kvwnwb Aej¤^‡b iwPZ| G‡Z Ôe‡›` gvZigÕ m½xZwU ms‡hvwRZ Av‡Q|
MÖvRy‡qU| G Dcb¨v‡m gymjgvb m¤ú‡K© e‡µvw³i Rev‡e BmgvBj †nv‡mb wmivRx
Ôew¼g `ywnZvÕ Dcb¨vm wj‡Lb|
o evsjv Dcb¨v‡mi RbK| Kvib wZwbB cÖ_g cvðvZ¨ixwZ Aej¤^b K‡i mv_©K
†`ex †PŠayivYx (1884)| †`ex †PŠayivYx n‡”Qb iscy‡ii cxiMvQvi
Dcb¨vm iPbv K‡ib| gš’bvi Rwg`vi| iscyi A‡ji K…lK we‡`ªvn, dwKi mbœ¨vmx Av‡›`vjb
o 1858 mv‡jB h‡kv‡ii †WcywU g¨vwR‡÷ªU c‡` wb‡qvM jvf K‡ib| 33 eQi †bÎx| Bs‡iR we‡ivax A‡bK¸‡jv mdj Awfhv‡bi ci 1783 mv‡j
PvKzix Kivi ci 1891 mv‡j Aemi MÖnY K‡ib| ¯^qs Iqv‡ib †nw÷s‡mi mv‡_ m¤§yL hy‡× wZwb wbnZ nb| cieZ©x‡Z
o 1894 mv‡ji 8 GwcÖj (26 ˆPÎ 1300) eûg~·iv‡M AvµvšÍ n‡q KjKvZvq ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq iscyi †Rjvi g¨vwR‡÷ª‡Ui `vwqZ¡ cvjbKv‡j G
NUbv Rvb‡Z cv‡ib Ges iPbv K‡ib Ô†`ex †PŠayivYxÕ Dcb¨vm|
gviv hvb| Dcb¨vmwU Ôe½`k©bÕ cwÎKvi 1289 e½v‡ãi ˆekvL msL¨v †_‡K
mvwnZ¨Kg© avivevwnKfv‡e cÖKvwkZ nq| MÖšv’ Kv‡i cÖKvwkZ nq 1884 mv‡j|
o Ck¦iP›`ª ¸‡ßi Ômsev` cÖfvKiÕ cwÎKvq KweZv cÖKv‡ki gva¨‡g mvwnwZ¨K ivavivYx (1886)
wn‡m‡e hvÎv ïiæ| mxZvivg (1887, me©‡kl Dcb¨vm)
o Dcb¨vm : Zvi †gvU 14 wU Dcb¨vm cÖKvwkZ nq| o Îqx Dcb¨vm- Avb›`gV (1882), †`ex †PŠayivYx (1884), mxZvivg (1887)
Rajmohan`s Wife (1862, Bs‡iwR Dcb¨vm) o Kve¨MÖš’- jwjZv Z_v gvbm (1856)
`y‡M©kbw›`bx (1865)| evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g mv_©K Dcb¨vm| o cÖeÜMÖš’
Ô`y‡M©kbw›`bxÕ k‡ãi A_© `yM© cÖav‡bi Kb¨v| G Dcb¨v‡mi cÖwZwµqvq †jvKinm¨ (1874)
BmgvBj †nv‡mb wmivRx Ôivqbw›`bxÕ Dcb¨vm wj‡Lb| weÁvbinm¨ (1975)
KcvjKzÐjv (1866)| evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g †ivgvw›UK Dcb¨vm| wewea mgv‡jvPbv (1876)
†K›`ªxq PwiÎ- beKzgvi I KcvjKzÐjv| KcvjKzÐjvi Aci bvg mvg¨ (1879)|
Ôg„b¥qxÕ| Gi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ msjvc-
K…òPwiÎ (1886)
Ôcw_K Zzwg c_ nvivBqvQÕ KcvjKzÐjv beKzgvi‡K e‡j|
ag©ZË¡ Abykxjb (1888)
Zzwg Aag, ZvB ewjqv Avwg DËg bv nBe †Kb?
kÖxg™¢Me`MxZv (1902)|
cÖ`xc wbweqv †Mj|
D‡jøL¨ ÔKcvjKzÐjvÕ Dcb¨v‡mi cwic~iK ejv nq `v‡gv`i gy‡Lvcva¨v‡qi o KgjvKvšÍ : ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi GKwU e¨wZµgag©x cÖeÜ msKjb
Ôg„b¥qxÕ Dcb¨vm‡K| ÔKgjvKvšÍÕ| GwU bKkv RvZxq ig¨iPbv| Gi wZbwU Ask-
g„Yvwjbx (1869)| ·qv`k kZvãx‡Z evsjvq ZzwK© Avµg‡Yi 1. KgjvKv‡šÍi `ßi (1875)
†cÖÿvc‡U iwPZ| 2. KgjvKv‡šÍi cÎ
wele„ÿ (1873) 3. KgjvKv‡šÍi Revbew›`|
kxKi evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨ 25
o m¤úvw`Z cwÎKv
Ôe½`k©bÕ (1872) cwÎKvi cÖwZôvZv m¤úv`K| cwÎKvwU gvÎ Pvi
eQi (1872-76) ¯’vqx wQj|
Dcvwa
mvwnZ¨ im‡ev×v‡`i KvQ †_‡K mvwnZ¨ m¤ªvU|
wn›`y ag©vbyivMx‡`i KvQ †_‡K Fwl AvL¨v jvf K‡ib|
wbôvi mv‡_ g¨vwR‡÷ª‡Ui `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi ¯^xK…wZ ¯^iƒc e„wUk miKvi
Ôivq evnv`yiÕ (1891)
ÔCompanion of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian
Empire’ (1894)|
†R‡b ivLv fvj : K_vmvwnwZ¨K mÄxe P‡Ævcva¨vq Zuvi m‡nv`i|
evsjvi ¯‹U Ôew¼gP›`ªÕ
Iqvëvi ¯‹U ¯‹Uj¨v‡Ûi weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm iPwqZv Ges Kwe| cy‡iv BD‡ivc Ry‡o Zvi
RbwcÖqZv wQj| Iqvëvi ¯‹‡Ui Bs‡iwR Dcb¨v‡mi Av`j‡K Av`k© a‡iB ew¼gP›`ª
evsjv Dcb¨vm iPbv K‡i‡Qb| GRb¨ Zv‡K Ôevsjvi ¯‹UÕ ejv nq|
MÖš’cwiwPwZ
`y‡M©kbw›`bx :- evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g mv_©K Dcb¨vm Ô`y‡M©kbw›`bxÕ (1865)| 1962
mv‡j QvweŸk eQi eq‡m ew¼gP›`ª `y‡M©kbw›`bx Dcb¨vm iPbvq nvZ †`b| 1863
mv‡j Lyjbvi †WcywU g¨vwR‡óª‡Ui `vwqZ¡ cvjbKv‡j G Dcb¨vm iPbv †kl K‡ib Ges
GwU cÖKvwkZ nq 1865 mv‡j| Dcb¨v‡mi Kvwnwb Giƒc- w`jøxk¦‡ii †mbvcwZ
gvbwms‡ni cyÎ Kzgvi RMrwmsn weòzcyi †_‡K gv›`viY hvÎvKv‡j S‡oi Ke‡j c‡o
ˆk‡jk¦i gnv‡`‡ei gw›`‡i AvkÖq †bb| †mLv‡b NUbvP‡µ gv›`viY `yMv© wacwZ
gnvivR ex‡i›`ª wms‡ni Kb¨v wZ‡jvËgvi mv‡_ mvÿvZ nq| RMrwmsn I wZ‡jvËgv
wb‡R‡`i cÖKZ … cwiPq †Mvcb ivL‡jI `yRb `yR‡bi cÖwZ AvK…ó n‡q c‡o| c‡i
cvVvb †mbvcwZ Imgvb Lvu my‡KŠk‡j gv›`viY `~M© `Lj K‡i ex‡i›`ª wmsn, ¯¿x wegjv
I Kb¨v wZ‡jvËgv‡K e›`x K‡i| cvVvb beve cÖnm‡bi wePv‡ii bv‡g KZj~ Lvi
gva¨‡g ex‡i›`ª wmsn‡K nZ¨v K‡i| Gw`‡K wegjv KZj~ Lvu‡K nZ¨v K‡i ¯^vgx nZ¨vi
cÖwZ‡kva †bq| cvVv‡biv Kzgvi RMrwms‡ni gva¨‡g A¤^iivR gvbwmsn Z_v
w`jøxk¦‡ii m‡½ mwÜ K‡i| cwi‡k‡l gv›`viY cybivq ¯^vaxb nq I w`jøxk¦‡ii cÖavb
†mbvcwZ A¤^iivR gvbwms‡ni gva¨‡g gnvivbx wegjvi n‡¯Í ivR¨cvV n¯ÍvšÍi K‡i
Ges gnvaygav‡gi mv‡_ KzgviRMr wmsn Ges `y‡M©kbw›`bxi wZ‡jvËgvi wgjb N‡U|
Dcb¨v‡mi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Pwi‡Îi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q- ex‡i›`ª wmsn, Imgvb, wZ‡jvËgv,
Av‡qkv, wegjv cÖg~L|
KcvjKzÐjv :- ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq iwPZ evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i wØZxq mv_©K Dcb¨vm
KcvjKzÛjv (1866)| Ai‡Y¨ KvcvwjK cvwjZv KcvjKzÐjv mvgvwRK ms¯‹v‡ii
m‡½ AcwiwPZv, beKzgv‡ii mv‡_ we‡q Ges Zvi mgvR e܇bi mv‡_ Ø›ØB Gi g~j
Kvwnwb| Zx_© hvÎx‡`i †bŠKv c_ nvwi‡q GK †gvnbvq Dcw¯’Z n‡j beKzgvi e‡bi
g‡a¨ KvV Avb‡Z hvq| wKš‘ †Rvqvi G‡m †bŠKv fvwm‡q wb‡j beKzgvi †m e‡b
GKvB †_‡K hvq| †mLv‡b Zvi †`Lv nq GK Kvcvwj‡Ki mv‡_| KvcvwjK Zv‡K
26 kxKi evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨
ˆfiexi Kv‡Q ewj w`‡Z Pvq| wKš‘ Kvcvwj‡Ki AvwkÖZv Kb¨v KcvjKzÐjvi mnvqZvq
beKzgvi cvwj‡q euv‡P| c‡i beKzgvi KcvjKzÐjv‡K ¯¿xi gh©v`v w`‡q Zvi evoxi
c‡_ hvÎv ïiæ K‡i| cw_g‡a¨ beKygv‡ii ag©všÍwiZ c~e© ¯¿x gwZ Zv‡`i †`‡L wPb‡Z
cv‡i| Gici †_‡K †m †Póv K‡i KcvjKzÐjv I beKzgv‡ii g‡a¨ we‡”Q` NUv‡Z|
Gw`‡K KvcvwjKI Av‡m KcvjKÐjv‡K ewj †`Iqvi Rb¨ wb‡q †h‡Z| gwZ
Kvcvwj‡Ki mv‡_ nvZ wgwj‡q bvbv †KŠk‡j KcvjKzÐjv‡K Zv nv‡Z Zz‡j w`‡Z Pvq|
GKch©v‡q beKzgvi me eyS‡Z cv‡i| Dcb¨v‡mi †k‡l †`Lv‡bv nq †¯ªvZgq b`xi
Zxi †_‡K KcvjKzÐjv nvwi‡q hvq, Avi Zv‡K LuyR‡Z beKzgvi b`x‡Z bv‡g| Zv‡`i
†KD Avi wd‡i Av‡m bv- GLv‡bB Dcb¨vm †kl nq|
wele„ÿ :- ew¼gP‡›`ªi PZz_© Dcb¨vm Ôwele„ÿÕ| GwU mvgvwRK Dcb¨vm| Dcb¨vmwU
1872 mv‡j e½`k©b cwÎKvq eviwU wKw¯Í‡Z cÖKvwkZ nq| MÖšv’ Kv‡i cÖKvwkZ nq
1873 mv‡ji 1 Ryb| Ôwele„ÿÕ Dcb¨v‡mi cUf~wg weaevweevn AvBb cvk nIqvi
mgmvgwqK Kvj| Dcb¨v‡mi Kvwnwb Giƒc- †Mvwe›`cy‡ii Rwg`vi b‡M›`ªbv_ `Ë
KjKvZv hvÎvi c‡_ Abv_v evwjKv Kz›`bw›`bx‡K Amnvq Ae¯’v †_‡K D×vi K‡i
KjKvZvq †evb Kgjgwbi Kv‡Q †i‡L Av‡m| c‡i ¯¿x m~h©gyLxi Aby‡iv‡a Zv‡K
†Mvwe›`cy‡i wb‡q Av‡m| m~h©gyLxi `yim¤úK©xq fvB ZvivPi‡Yi m‡½ we‡q nIqvi
wKQyw`‡bi g‡a¨B Kz›` weaev nq| Gici NUbvµ‡g Kz›`-b‡M›`ª `yÕRb `yÕRbvi cÖwZ
AvK…ó nq| Ab¨w`‡K †`excy‡ii `yðwiÎ Rwg`vi †`‡e›`ª nwi`vmx ˆeòexi †e‡k
b‡M›`ªi evwo‡Z G‡m Kz›`‡K Kzc¯ Ö vÍ e †`q| nwi`vmx ˆeòexi NUbvq myh©gyLx KZ©„K
AcgvwbZv n‡q Kz›` AvZ¥nZ¨v Ki‡Z †P‡qI e¨_© nq, c‡i M„nZ¨vM K‡i| Zvi
A`k©‡b b‡M›`ª m~h©gyLxi cÖwZ iæó nb Ges M„nZ¨v‡Mi msKí K‡ib| GgZve¯Ívq Kz›`
wd‡i G‡j m~h©gyLx ¯^vgxi m‡½ Kz›`‡K we‡q w`‡q M„nZ¨vM K‡i Nyi‡Z Nyi‡Z
†ivMvµvšÍ n‡j GK eªþPvix Zv‡K my¯’ K‡i b‡M›`ªbv_‡K msev` cvVvq| c‡i
Df‡qi c~bw© gjb N‡U| Aciw`‡K b‡M›`ªbv_ M„‡n wd‡i Kz›`i m‡½ †`Lv bv Kivq
Kz›` welcvb K‡i| ciw`b mKv‡j m~h©gyLx hLb Kz›`‡K †`L‡Z Av‡mb, ZLb Zvi
AwšÍg mgq Avmbœ| †k‡l b‡M›`ªbv‡_i cv‡q gv_v †i‡L Kz›` Bn‡jvK Z¨vM K‡i|
K…òKv‡šÍi DBj :- ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi mvgvwRK Dcb¨vm ÔK…òKv‡šÍi DBjÕ
(1878)| Dcb¨v‡m †ivwnbx, †Mvwe›`jvj I åg‡ii wÎf~R †cÖ‡gi Kvwnwb ewY©Z
n‡q‡Q| ¯¿xi eZ©gv‡b weaev bvixi cÖwZ cyiæ‡li †cÖgvmw³i Kzdj G Dcb¨v‡mi g~j
cÖwZcv`¨| G Dcb¨v‡mi Ab¨Zg Av‡jvwPZ Z_v evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i GK Agi PwiÎ
Ô†ivwnbxÕ| cÖ_‡gB †m m¤úwËi DBj Pzwi K‡i K…òKv‡šÍi mv‡_ cÖZviYv K‡i
nijvj‡K we‡q Kivi Rb¨ wKš‘ nijvjI †ivwnbxi mv‡_ cÖZviYv K‡i| Zvici †m
†cÖ‡g c‡o K…òKvšÍ iv‡qi fvZz®úyÎ, åg‡ii ¯^vgx †Mvwe›`jv‡ji| †Mvwe›`jvj Zv‡K
wdwi‡q w`‡j e¨_© †hŠe‡bi nvnvKv‡i †m evi evi AvZ¥nZ¨vi †Póv K‡i| Z‡e GK
mgq evj¨weaev †ivwnbxi AmvaviY iƒc I me Kv‡Ri cUzZv †Mvwe›`jvj‡K AvKl©Y
K‡i| †m †ivwnbxi †cÖ‡g mvov w`‡q Zv‡K wb‡q cvwj‡q hvq| Ab¨w`‡K Zvi k¦kyi
Kb¨v åg‡ii msmvi I Rxeb euvPv‡bvi Rb¨ †ivwnbx I †Mvwe›`jvj‡K Avjv`v Kivi
†KŠkj Aej¤^b K‡i| †m wbkvK‡ii gva¨‡g GKwU dvu` cv‡Z| †ivwnbx †m dvu‡` cv
w`‡q aiv c‡o Ges †Mvwe›`jv‡ji wc¯Í‡ji ¸wj‡Z cÖvY nvivq| ZLb †Mvwe›`jvj
ågi‡K wd‡i cvevi AvKv•ÿv †cvlY K‡i wKš‘ ZZw`‡b A‡cÿvq RR©wiZ I Amy¯’
åg‡ii Rxebvemvb N‡U‡Q| †Mvwe›`jvj mbœ¨vm MÖnY K‡i|
kxKi evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨ 27
†eMg †iv‡Kqv (1880-1932)
†eMg †iv‡Kqv mvLvIqvZ †nv‡mb 1880 mv‡ji 9 wW‡m¤^i iscyi †Rjvi wgVvcyKzi
Dc‡Rjvi cvqive›` MÖv‡gi Rwg`vi mv‡ei cwiev‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| ˆcZ…K bvg
†iv‡Kqv LvZzb| wZwb mvwnwZ¨K I mgvR‡mex| wcZv RwniDÏxb †gvnv¤§` Avey Avjx
nvq`vi mv‡ei m¤£všÍ f~¯^vgx wQ‡jb| gvZv ivnvZz‡bœmv †PŠayix|
o GK iÿYkxj gymwjg cwiev‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| eo fvB Beªvwng mv‡ei
I †evb Kwigy‡bœmvi Kv‡Q mvgvb¨ evsjv I Bs‡iwR wkÿv jvf K‡ib|
o gymwjg bvix gyw³ Av‡›`vj‡bi cw_K…r|
o 1898 mv‡j D`©yfvlx wecZœxK ˆmq` mvLvIqvZ †nv‡m‡bi mv‡_ weevn e܇b
Ave× nb| d‡j †iv‡Kqv †eMg †_‡K †iv‡Kqv mvLvIqvZ †nv‡mb nb|
†WcywU g¨vwR‡÷ªU ¯^vgxi Drmv‡n fvMjcy‡i evmKv‡j mvwnZ¨ mvabvq
AvZ¥wb‡qvM K‡ib| 1909 mv‡ji 3 †g mvLvIqvZ †nv‡mb gviv hvb|
o ¯^vgxi g„Zz¨i cvuP gvm ci 1909 mv‡j 1 A‡±vei cuvP Rb QvÎx wb‡q
fvMjcy‡i ÔmvLvIqvZ †g‡gvwiqvj Mvj©m ¯‹zjÕ cÖwZôv K‡ib| 1910 mv‡j
cvwicvwk¦©K wKQz mgm¨vi Kvi‡Y ¯‹zj eÜ K‡i KjKvZvq P‡j hvb| 1911
mv‡j AvU Rb QvÎx wb‡q ¯‹zjwU KjKvZvq cyYivq Pvjy K‡ib|
o 1916 mgv‡R bvix‡`i AwaKvi cÖwZôvi D‡Ï‡k¨ KjKvZvq ÔAvÄygv‡b
LvIqvZx‡b BmjvgÕ (gymwjg gwnjv mwgwZ) cÖwZôv K‡ib|
o 1927 mv‡j KjKvZvq AbywôZ evsjvi bvix wkÿv welqK m‡¤§j‡b
mfvcwZZ¡ K‡ib| G m‡¤§j‡b evsjv fvlvi c‡ÿ †Rviv‡jv e³e¨ iv‡Lb hv
†m hy‡Mi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z wQj `ytmvnwmK KvR| KviY †m hy‡M AwfRvZ †kÖwYi
gymjgvb‡`i fvlv wQj D`y©|
o 9 wW‡m¤^i 1932 mv‡j KjKvZvq g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib| †m mgq wZwb Ôbvixi
AwaKviÕ bv‡g GKwU cÖeÜ wjLwQ‡jb| 9 wW‡m¤^i †iv‡Kqv w`em wn‡m‡e
D`&hvcb Kiv nq|
mvwnZ¨Kg©
o 1902 mv‡j ÔwccvmvÕ bvgK M‡íi gva¨‡g mvwnZ¨ RM‡Z c`vc©b| MíwU
beb~i cwÎKv gZvšÍ‡i becÖfv cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ nq|
o MÖš’
gwZPzi (cÖeÜ, 1g LÐ 1904, 2q LÐ 1922)| gwZPzi 2q L‡Ð
Av‡Q- †mŠiRMr, †Wwjwmqv nZ¨v, Ávb-dj, bvix-m„wó, bvm© †bjx,
gyw³dj cÖf…wZ Mí I iƒcK_v|
Sultana`s Dream (bKkvag©x iPbv, 1908)| G MÖšw’ U wZwb
wb‡RB evsjvq Abyev` K‡ib ÔmyjZvbvi ¯^cœÕ bv‡g| GwU GKwU
cÖZxKx iPbv|
28 kxKi evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨
Ae‡ivaevwmbx (bKkvag©x M`¨MÖš’, 1931)| G‡Z bvix‡`i Ae‡iv‡ai
wewfbœ Kvwnbx bKkv AvKv‡i dzwU‡q †Zvjv n‡q‡Q| G‡Z 47wU
bKkvag©x Kvwnbx i‡q‡Q|
o Dcb¨vm- cÙivM (1924)
o beb~i, †gvnv¤§`x cwÎKvq eû Mí, KweZv, cÖeÜ I imiPbv cÖKvwkZ nq|
GmKj cwÎKv mvgwqK c‡Î wg‡mm Avi. Gm †nv‡mb bv‡g †jLv cÖKvwkZ
n‡Zv|
o ÔmIMvZÕ cwÎKvi mv‡_ Zvi wbweo m¤ú„³Zv wQj| G cwÎKvi cÖ_g msL¨vq
†iv‡Kqvi ÔmIMvZÕ KweZvwU Qvcv nq| mIMv‡Zi m¤úv`K †gvnv¤§`
bvwmiDÏxb Zvu‡K ¯^vaxb gZ cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ DrmvwnZ K‡ib|
MÖš’cwiwPwZ
myjZvbvi ¯^cœ -†eMg †iv‡Kqvi GKwU bKkvag©x iPbv ÔmyjZvbvm wWªg ev myjZvbvi
¯^cœÕ| †m GK Kí‡jv‡Ki Kvwnwb| KvwnwbwU whwb e‡j‡Qb Zvi bvg myjZvbv| G
MÖ‡š’ †eMg †iv‡Kqv GKwU bvixi ¯^cœ ivR¨ ev BD‡Uvwcqvi eY©bv w`‡q‡Qb, †hLv‡b
†`k kvmb †_‡K ïiæ K‡i hy× mewKQy K‡i bvixiv| Avi cyiæ‡liv K‡i N‡ii KvR|
G MÖ‡š’i Av‡iKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ w`K nj, GLv‡b †jwLKv ivbœvevbœv †_‡K ïiæ K‡i hy×
Kivi Kv‡RI †mŠikw³ e¨env‡ii K_v e‡j‡Qb| cvkvcwk wegvb c‡_ hvZvqvZ,
ˆeÁvwbK Dcv‡q Pvlvev` Ges †mŠiPzwjø‡Z ˆeÁvwbK Dcv‡q ivbœevbœvi K_v e‡j‡Qb|
hv †iv‡Kqvi ÔmyjZvbvi ¯^cœÕ‡K ˆeÁvwbK BD‡Uvwcqvq cwiYZ K‡i‡Q| †iv‡Kqvi
ˆeÁvwbK I ˆecøweK wPšÍvi ewn:cÖKv†k ewY©Z G bvix¯’v‡b †Kvb Avw`g ¯^Y©hyM m„wó
K‡ib wb| m„wó K‡i‡Qb fwel¨‡Zi weÁvb wbf©i mgvR|
cÙivM : †iv‡Kqv mvLvIqvZ †nv‡mb iwPZ Dcb¨vm ÔcÙivMÕ (1924)| Z‡e mvwnZ¨
mgv‡jvPKMY G‡K Dcb¨vm bv e‡j Dcb¨v‡mvcg M`¨-AvL¨vwqKv e‡j AwfwnZ
K‡i‡Qb| 28 cwi‡”Q‡` wef³ G MÖ‡š’i ïiæwU AZ¨šÍ bvUKxq wKš‘ mvejxj I
cÖvÄj| Dcb¨v‡mi †K›`ªxq PwiÎ wmwÏKv, hvi cÖYqcÖv_©x jwZd| GQvov D‡jøL‡hvM¨
PwiÎ Zvwibx, iwdKv, †mŠ`vwgbx, mwKbv, †n‡jb, Elv cÖgyL| G Dcb¨v‡m NUbvi
Ave‡Z© Avgv‡`i mvg‡b dy‡U D‡V‡Q GKB m‡½ bvix Pwi‡Îi KwVb I †Kvgj,
†cÖggqx I wbôzi, D`¨gx I cðv`c` cÖfw… Z bvbv w`K| `xb ZvwiYxi AvkÖg ZvwiYx
feb, msjMœ we`¨vjq I †K¬k wbeviYx mwgwZi weeiY †_‡K Rvbv hvq bvix D‡`¨vMx
I cwikªgx n‡q wKfv‡e wb‡Ri cðv`c`Zv‡K AwZµg Ki‡Z cv‡i| AwZµg Ki‡Z
cv‡i mgv‡Ri wfwËnxb weavb¸‡jv‡K|
kxKi evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨ 29
gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë (1824-1873)
gaym~`b `Ë 1824 mv‡ji 25 Rvbyqvwi K‡cvZvÿ b`xi ZxieZx© h‡kv‡ii †Kkecyi
Dc‡Rjvi mvMo`uvwo MÖv‡g GK Kvq¯Í cwiev‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| QÙbvg Timothy
Penpoem (gv`ªvR µwbKj cwÎKvq GB QÙbv‡g KweZv wjL‡Zb|) wZwb gnvKwe
I bvU¨Kvi| wcZv ivRbivqY `Ë, gvZv Rvýex †`ex|
o mvMi`vwoi cv‡ki MÖvg †kLcyiv gmwR‡`i Bgvg gydwZ jyrdzj n‡Ki Kv‡Q
cÖv_wgK wkÿv ïiæ K‡ib| Zvi Kv‡Q evsjv, Aviwe, dviwm c‡o‡Qb| wn›`y
K‡jR Z¨vM K‡i wkecy‡ii wekc&m K‡j‡R fwZ© n‡j †mLv‡b wMÖK, jwZb I
wneªæ fvlv wkÿv jvf K‡ib| GQvov Bs‡iwR I ms¯‹…Zmn divwm, Rvg©vb Ges
BZvjxq fvlvq `ÿ wQ‡jb| gaym~`b e¨yrcbœ wQ‡jb eû fvlvq| gvZ…fvlv
QvovI wZwb 12 wU fvlv Rvb‡Zb|
o cÖ_g Rxe‡b Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Z¨i cÖwZ †SuvK wQj| wZwb fvwR©j, `v‡šÍ I
wgë‡bi gZ Kwe nIqvi ¯^cœ †`L‡Zb| we‡klfv‡e AbycÖvwYZ n‡qwQ‡jb
Kwe jW© evqi‡bi mvwnZ¨Kg© I Rxeb Øviv| G Rb¨ wZwb Bsj¨v‡Û wM‡q
mvwnZ¨ iPbv Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb|
o The Captive lady (1849), Visions of the Past iPbv K‡ib|
o 1862 mv‡j we‡jZ hvb| 1863 mv‡j e¨vwi÷vwi cov ev` w`‡q d«v‡Ýi
fvm©vB bMix‡Z emevm ïiæ K‡ib| 1867 mv‡j †`‡k wd‡i Av‡mb|
o mvwZn¨ PP©vi wØZxq c‡e© wZwb evsjvq mvwnZ¨ iPbv ïiæ K‡ib|
o gvgjv Dcj‡ÿ GKevi XvKvq G‡mwQ‡jb| ZLb XvKvi ¸YMÖvnx bvMwi‡Kiv
Zv‡K msea©bvi Dˇi wZwb e‡jb- ÔAvwg ïay evOvwj bB, Avwg evOvj| Avi
Zv hw` fz‡j hvB, †mB Rb¨ Avgvi †kvevi N‡i GKwU Avqbv †i‡LwQ †m
Avqbv e‡j †`q †h Avwg K…òKvq|Õ
o 29 Ryb 1873 mv‡j KjKvZv Avjxcyi nvmcvZv‡j gviv hvb| g„Zz¨i c‡bi
eQi ci Zuvi wb‡Ri †jLv mgvwa wjwc mgvwa‡ÿ‡Î DrKxY© Kiv nq| mgvwa
wjwcwU n‡jv-
Ò`uvovI cw_K-ei, Rb¥ hw` Ze
e‡½! wZô ÿYKvj! Gmgvwa ¯’‡j
(Rbbxi †Kv‡j wkï jf‡q †hgwZ
weivg) gnxi c‡` gnv wb`ªve„Z
`Ë Kz‡jv™¢e Kwe kÖx gaym~`b!
h‡kv‡i mvMi-`uvox KeZÿ Zx‡i
Rb¥f~wg, Rb¥`vZv `Ë gnvgwZ
ivR bvivqY bv‡g, Rbbx Rvýex!Ó
30 kxKi evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨
Ô`Ë Kz‡jv™¢eÕ Kwe
o gaym~`b `Ë Ô`Ë Kz‡jv™¢eÕ Kwe| Kzj A_© esk, D™¢e A_© DrcwË ev Rb¥|
Ô`Ë Kz‡jv™¢eÕ gv‡b `Ë es‡k DrcwË ev Rb¥| L„óxq AvVvi kZ‡K h‡kv‡ii
mvMi`uvwo MÖv‡gi `y`©všÍ cÖZvckvjx weËevb e¨w³ ivgwbwa `Ë| ivgwbwa `‡Ëi
Pvi cy‡Îi g‡a¨ Kwbô ivRbvivqY `Ë| †ckvq wQ‡jb DwKj| Rwg`vix‡ZI
Zvi e¨vcK mybvg wQj| ivRbvivqY `‡Ëi cyÎ n‡jb gaym~`b `Ë|
gaym~`b †_‡K gvB‡Kj gaym~`b
o Ôm~h© DV‡Z fz‡j †h‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ Avwg- Avwg Bsj¨v‡Ð hvIqvi K_v fzje bv,
fzj‡Z cvie bv| Avi GKevi Bsj¨v‡Ð †h‡Z cvi‡j †kÖô Kwe Avwg neB|Õ
gaym~`b G K_v¸‡jv wj‡LwQ‡jb eÜz †MŠwi`vm‡K| ZL‡bv wZwb wn›`y K‡j‡Ri
QvÎ|
o Bsj¨v‡Û hvIqv myweav n‡e GB Avkvq wZwb 1843 mv‡ji 9 †deªæqvwi Iì
wgkb Pv‡P© cv`ªx wWjwUªi Kv‡Q wn›`yag© Z¨vM K‡i wLª÷ag© MÖnY K‡ib| G w`b
†_‡K Zvi bv‡gi Av‡M ÔgvB‡KjÕ kãwU †hvM nq| Zvi ag©všÍKiY mgv‡R
e¨vcK Av‡jvob m„wó K‡i| wcZv ivRbvivqY `Ë Zv‡K Z¨vR¨cyÎ †NvlYv
K‡ib| wn›`y K‡j‡R wLªóvb‡`i Aa¨qb wbwl× _vK‡j wn›`y K‡jR †_‡KI
wZwb weZvwoZ nb|
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g we‡`ªvnx Kwe gaym~`b
o gaym~`b `Ë evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g we‡`ªvnx Kwe| KvRx bRiæj‡K Avgiv †h
A‡_© we‡`ªvnx ewj gaym~`b †m A‡_© we‡`ªvnx bq| KvRx bRiæj ivR‰bwZK
civaxbZv I mvgvwRK AbvPv‡ii weiæ‡× we‡`ªvn K‡i KweZv wj‡Lb| Avi
gaym~`b evsjv mvwnZ¨ iPbvi avivi †ÿ‡Î we‡`ªvnx| gaym~`b cÖvPxb I
ga¨hy‡Mi mvwnZ¨ iPbvi aviv †f‡½ bZzb aviv m„wó K‡ib| G‡K G‡K
AwgÎvÿi Q›`, evsjv m‡bU, mv_©K gnvKve¨, mv_©K Uªv‡RwW, mv_©K bvUK
iPbv K‡ib|
mvwnZ¨Kg©
o gnvKve¨ : †gNbv`ea Kve¨ (1861)| evsjv fvlvi cÖ_g mv_©K gnvKve¨|
Gi Kvwnwb ivgvqY †_‡K msM„nxZ| G‡Z 9wU mM© Av‡Q- Awf‡lK, A¯¿jvf,
mgvMg, A‡kvKeb, D‡`¨vM, ea, kw³wb‡f©`, †cÖZcyix I mswµqv| GwU
cvðvZ¨ gnvKv‡e¨i gZ exiimvwkÖZ| Kv‡e¨i ïiæ‡ZB †`ex e›`bvq Kwe
e‡j‡Qb- ÒMvBe, gv, exi i‡m fvwm, gnvMxZÓ| wKš‘ †kl ch©šÍ KiæYimB
cÖvavb¨ †c‡q‡Q| G MÖšw’ U gy`ª‡Yi e¨qenbKvix ivRv w`M¤^i wg·K DrmM©
Kiv nq| G gnvKve¨wU cÖ_g Bs‡iwR‡Z Abyev` K‡ib ivRvbvivqY emy|
o Kve¨
`¨ K¨vcwUf †jwW (1849)
wZ‡jvËgvm¤¢e Kve¨ (1860) : Zvi cÖ_g Kve¨MÖš’ Ges evsjv
mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g ÔAwgÎvÿi Q‡›`Õ iwPZ Kve¨| gnvfvi‡Zi my›` I
Dcmy›` Kvwnwb Aej¤^‡b iwPZ| G Kve¨wU hZx›`ª‡gvnb evMPx‡K
DrmM© Kiv nq|
kxKi evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨ 31
eªRv½bv Kve¨ (1861)| Kve¨wUi cÖ_g bvg wQj Ôivav weinÕ| `xN©w`b
ci cÖKvkKv‡j bZzb bvgKiY nq ÔeªRv½bvÕ|
exiv½bv Kve¨ (1862) : evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g cÎKve¨| GwU
BZvwjqvb Kwe IwfwWqvm-Gi The heroides or Epistle of the
Heroines MÖ‡š’i Av`‡j iwPZ| Iwf‡Wi Kv‡e¨ 21wU cÎ _vK‡jI
gaym~`b 11wU c‡Î Kve¨ mgvß K‡ib| cyiv‡bi GB GMviRb bvix
PwiÎ- kKzšÍjv (`y®§šÍ‡K), Zviv (†mvg‡K), iæw·Yx (ØviKvbv_),
ˆK‡Kqx (`ki_), m~cb© Lv (jÿY), fvbygwZ (`~‡h©vab), †`ªŠc`x
(AR©yb), `ytkjv (Rq`ª_), Rvýex (kvšÍby), De©kx (cybiev) I Rbv
(bxjaŸR) ¯^vgx ev †cÖwg‡Ki D‡Ï‡k¨ GB cθ‡jv wj‡Lb|
PZz`©kc`x KweZvejx (1866) : GwU evsjv fvlvq cÖ_g m‡bU Kve¨|
BZvjxq Kwe †cÎv‡Ki Abymi‡Yi G Kve¨ iwPZ nq| G‡Z cÖvq 102
wU m‡bU i‡q‡Q| hvi gva¨‡g gaym~`b `‡Ëi cÖej †`k‡cÖ‡gi cÖKvk
N‡U‡Q|
m‡bU BZvwjqvb kã| GKwUgvÎ ALÐ fveKíbv ev Abyf~wZ hLb 14 Aÿi mgwš^Z
14 wU csw³‡Z GKwU we‡kl Q›`ixwZ‡Z AvZ¥cÖKvk K‡i ZLb Zv‡K m‡bU bv‡g
AwfwnZ Kiv nq| m‡b‡Ui `yBwU Ask _v‡K| cÖ_g As‡k 8wU I wØZxq As‡k 6wU
csw³ _v‡K| m‡b‡Ui cÖ_g 8 csw³‡Zi †h fveKíbvi Bw½Z Kiv nq Zv‡K ÔAóKÕ
e‡j| cieZ©x 6 csw³ c~‡ev©³ fveKíbvi e¨vL¨v K‡i Zv‡K ÔlUKÕ e‡j| AóK I
lU‡Ki ga¨eZx© RvqMv‡K e‡j AveZ©b mwÜ|
m‡bU g~jZ wZb cÖKvi- †cÎvK©xq m‡bU, †k·cxqixq m‡bU, divwm m‡bU| G wZb
cÖKvi m‡b‡Ui cÖavb cv_©K¨ AšÍ¨wg‡j|
†n±iea (1871) : GwU GKwU Amgvß M`¨Kve¨| MÖšw’ U Amgvß
Ae¯’vqB cÖKvwkZ nq| G‡Z gnvKwe †nvgv‡ii BwjqW gnvKv‡e¨i
Kvwnwb mswÿß AvKv‡i Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| MÖšw’ U Abyev`ag©x n‡jI
AvÿwiK Abyev` bq| MÖšw’ U f~‡`e g‡Lvcva¨vq‡K DrmM© Kiv nq|
o bvUK
1858 mv‡j KjKvZvi †ejMvwQqv bvU¨g‡Â ivgbvivqY ZK©i‡Zœi ÔiZœveZxÕ
bvU‡Ki Awfbq †`‡L nZvk n‡q e‡jb G‡nb GK `ye©j bvU‡Ki Rb¨ ivRviv
wecyj A_© e¨q Ki‡Qb!| ZLb wZwb evsjv †gŠwjK bvUK iPbvi Afve‡eva
K‡ib| wZwb evsjv bvUK iPbvq AvMÖnx nb| †Kb wZwb evsjv bvU¨mvwn‡Z¨
cÖ‡ek Ki‡jb ZvI ej‡jb Ôkwg©ôvÕ bvU‡Ki cÖ¯Ívebvq| wjL‡jb-
†Kv_v evj¥xwK e¨vm †Kv_v Ze Kvwj`vm
†Kv_v fef~wZ g‡nv`q
AjxK K~bvU¨ i‡½ g‡R †jv‡K iv‡p I e‡½
wbiwLqv cÖv‡Y bvwn mq
myavim Abv`‡i welevwi cvb K‡i
Zv‡n nq Zby gbtÿq
gaye‡j Rv‡Mv gv †Mv wefz ¯’v‡b GB gvM
myi‡m cÖeË„ nDK Ze Zbq wbPq
32 kxKi evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨
kwg©ôv (1859) : evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g mv_©K bvUK| GwU AvaywbK
cvðvZ¨ ˆkjx‡Z iwPZ cÖ_g evsjv bvUK| Gi Kvwnwb gnvfvi‡Zi
Avw`c‡e© ewY©Z ivRv hhvwZ, kwg©ôv I †`ehvbxi w·KvY †cÖ‡gi Kvwnwb
†_‡K M„nxZ| GwU gnvKwe Kvwj`vm‡K DrmM© K‡ib|
cÙveZx (1860) : evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g mv_©K K‡gwW| G bvU‡K
cÖ_g ÔAwgÎvÿi Q›`Õ e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| wMÖK cyiv‡Yi cÖwm× Mí
Apple of Discord Gi Qvqv Aej¤^‡b iwPZ| wMÖK cyiv‡Yi †`ex
Ry‡bv, c¨v‡jm I †fbvm G bvU‡K n‡q‡Qb kPx, gyiRv I iwZ| †n‡jb
I c¨vwim n‡q‡Qb cÙveZx I B›`ªbxj| wZb †`exi g‡a¨ iwZ‡K †kÖô
my›`ix wbe©vPb Kivq Ab¨ `yB †`ex B›`ªbx‡ji Dci iæó nb Ges
B›`ªbx‡ji Rxe‡b wech©q †b‡g Av‡m| c‡i †`ex iwZi †Póvq B›`ªbxj
D×vi cvb Ges wew”Qbœ ¯¿x cÙveZxi mv‡_ Zvi wgjb N‡U|
K…òKzgvix (1861) : evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g mv_©K Uªv‡RwW| DBwjqvg
U‡Wi ÔivR¯’vbÕ bvgK MÖš’ †_‡K msM„nxZ|
gvqvKvbb (1874, Amgvß) : Zvi me©‡kl we‡qvMvšÍK bvUK| †e½j
w_‡qUv‡ii KY©avi kirP›`ª †Nv‡li Aby‡iv‡a wZwb bvUKwU iPbvq nvZ
†`b| wZwb †kl Ki‡Z cv‡ib wb| †kl K‡iwQ‡jb fyebP›`ª
gy‡Lvcva¨vq| g„Zz¨i ci cÖKvwkZ nq|
o cÖnmb
G‡KB wK e‡j mf¨Zv (1860)| G‡Z KjKvZvq be¨ Bs‡iwR wkwÿZ
Bqs †e½j‡`i AbvPv‡ii Kvwnwb nvm¨ †KŠZz‡Ki gva¨‡g Zz‡j aiv
n‡q‡Q|
ey‡ov mvwj‡Ki Nv‡o †iv (1861)| cÖ_g bvg wQj ÔfMœ wkegw›`iÕ|
ey‡ov eq‡m fxgiwZ‡K e¨½ K‡i †jLv GB cÖnmb| Gi g~j PwiÎ
ey‡ov Rwg`vi f³ cÖmv` evey| K_vq K_vq a‡g©i K_v e‡jb| wKš‘
cvovi †g‡q‡`i w`‡K †jvjyc `„wó‡Z ZvKvb| Zv‡K wkÿv †`Iqvi
Rb¨ K‡qKRb wg‡j GKUv dw›` Av‡U| iv‡Zi AÜKv‡i nvwb‡di ¯¿x
dv‡Zgvi gva¨‡g f³ cÖmv`‡K wkegw›`‡ii av‡i G‡b DËg ga¨g
†`q|
cÖnmb : cÖnmb bvU‡Ki gZB Z‡e bvU‡Ki †P‡q †QvU| G‡Z nvm¨ I e¨½ we`ªƒ‡ci
gva¨‡g mgv‡Ri ÎæwU-wePz¨wZ Zz‡j aiv nq| G‡Z bvU‡Ki gZ welqe¯‘i RwUjZv,
Mfxi Rxeb‡eva, Pwi‡Îi mgMÖZv _v‡K bv| cÖnmb nvwmi bvUK, nvjKv Pv‡ji
bvUK|
o KweZv
e½fvlv : evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g m‡bU|
K‡cvZvÿ b` : PZz`©kc`x KweZvejx Kv‡e¨i AšÍMZ © |
AvZ¥wejvc : cÖ_g I L¨vZZg MxwZKweZv|
o gaym~`b evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ cÖ_g -
mv_©K gnvKve¨ iPwqZv|
evsjv fvlvq m‡bU iPwqZv| (†cÎvKxq m‡bU)
AwgÎvÿi Q‡›`i cÖeZ©K|
kxKi evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨ 33
AvaywbK evsjv KweZvi iPwqZv/RbK|
cÖnmb iPwqZv|
o m¤úvw`Z cwÎKv (gv`ªvR †_‡K cÖKvwkZ)
wn›`y µwbKj (cÖKv‡ki wKQz w`b c‡iB A_©vfv‡e eÜ n‡q hvq|)
Eurasian
MÖš’cwiwPwZ
†gNbv`ea Kve¨ :- gnvKwe gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë iwPZ cÖ_g evsjv gnvKve¨
Ô†gNbv`ea Kve¨Õ| wn›`y cyivY ms¯‹…Z gnvKve¨ ÔivgvqYÕ-Gi ive‡Yi mxZv niY,
ivg-ive‡Yi j¼vhy× Ges hy‡× ive‡Yi civR‡qi Kvwnwb wb‡q G gnvKve¨ iwPZ
n‡q‡Q| Kwe 1857 mv‡j msNwUZ wmcvnx wecø‡ei ¯^vaxbZvg‡š¿ D¾xweZ n‡q
ivgvq‡Yi wecixZ `„wófw½‡Z A_©vr iveY‡K bvqK I ivg‡K LjbvqK wn‡m‡e iƒc
w`‡q iPbv Ki‡jb ¯^vaxbZvwejvmx Kve¨| bq m‡M© wef³ Ô†gNbv`ea Kv‡e¨Õ
exievûi g„Zz¨msev` †_‡K †gNbv` nZ¨v, cÖgxjvi wPZv‡ivnY ch©šÍ †gvU wZb w`b `yB
iv‡Zi NUbv ewY©Z| G Kv‡e¨i welqe¯‘ evj¥xwKi ivgvqY †_‡K MÖnY Ki‡jI
`„wóf½x MÖnY K‡i‡Qb wgë‡bi c¨vivWvBR j÷ †_‡K| evj¥xwKi ivgvq‡Y †`Lv‡bv
n‡q‡Q j²Y I Zvi evbi evwnbxi Avµg‡Y cÖnix‡`i wech©¯Í n‡Z †`‡L hÁ Z¨vM
K‡i m¤§yL mg‡i wjß n‡q †gNbv` g„Zy¨eiY K‡i| wKš‘ gaym~`‡bi eY©bvq †`Lv hvq
wbi¯¿ †gNbv` hLb Aciv‡Rq nIqvi Rb¨ AwMœi cyuRv KiwQ‡jb, ZLb j²‡Yi nv‡Z
Ab¨vqfv‡e AcÖ¯Z ‘ †gNbv` wbnZ nq| Gi gva¨‡g ivÿm‡`i UªvwRK ex‡i cwiYZ
Kivi †h cwiKíbv K‡iwQ‡jb Zv mv_©Kfv‡e dzwU‡q †Zv‡jb| Gi m‡½ Zyjbxq
†nvgv‡ii BwjqW gnvKv‡e¨ †hgb MÖxK‡`i nv‡Z Uª‡qi cZb †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Kv‡e¨
wZwb wgë‡bi `„wóf½xi cvkvcvwk AwgÎvÿi Q‡›`i Av`k©I MÖnY K‡i‡Qb|
G‡KB wK e‡j mf¨Zv : evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g mv_©K cÖnmb ÔG‡KB wK e‡j mf¨ZvÕ|
ZrKvjxb Rwg`vi eveyiv MÖv‡g cÖRv‡`i †kvlY K‡i AvqK…Z A_© w`‡q cy·K
KjKvZvq cvVvb wkwÿZ K‡i †Zvjvi Rb¨| wKš‘ cyÎiv †gvmv‡ne‡`i wb‡q Drme
K‡i †eovq, g‡`i Avm‡i eviwejvwmbxi b~cy‡ii kã ïb‡Z hvq, ag© RvZ
gvbweKZv‡eva Avi gvbe m¤ú‡K©i wPivqZ k„sLjv nvivq †bkvi †Nv‡i, Bs‡iR
nIqvi †Póv K‡i| gaym~`b Gme Pwi·K dzwU‡q Zz‡j‡Qb ÔG‡KB wK e‡j mf¨ZvÕi
cÖavb PwiÎ beKzgv‡ii gva¨‡g| KjKvZvi AvaywbKZvi Av‡jv‡K beKzgvi wkwÿZ
n‡”Q| Zvi wcZv GKRb cig ˆeòe Ges wZwb e„›`ve‡bB _v‡Kb| GKmgq wZwb
KjKvZvq G‡m emZ M‡ob| GB my‡hv‡M beKzgvi KjKvZvi be¨wkwÿZ hyeK‡`i
wb‡q ÔÁvbZiw½bx mfvÕ bv‡g GKwU msMVb cÖwZôv K‡i- D‡Ïk¨ g`¨cvb I
eviewYZv m½jvf| GKw`b beKzgv‡ii wcZv m‡›`ncivqY n‡q AbyPi ˆeivMx‡K
cvVvb inm¨ D`NvU‡bi Rb¨| Zvi Kv‡Q me inm¨ cÖKvk n‡q co‡j beKzgvi
Dr‡KvP w`‡q gyL eÜ K‡i †`q| beKzgvi AwaK iv‡Î g`¨cvb K‡i gvZvj n‡q
cÖjvc eK‡Z eK‡Z N‡i wd‡i| cy‡Îi GB cwiYwZ †`‡L beKzgv‡ii wcZv KjKvZvi
emwZ DwV‡q wb‡Z gb¯’ K‡ib| GB n‡jv G‡KB wK e‡j mf¨Zvi g~j e³e¨|
K…òKzgvix : gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë iwPZ evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g mv_©K Uªv‡RwW bvUK
ÔK…òKygvixÕ| bxj`c©‡bi Ae¨ewnZ c‡iB GwU cÖKvwkZ nq| Gi Kvwnwb DBwjqvg
U‡Wi ivR¯’vb bvgK MÖš’ †_‡K †bIqv n‡q‡Q| gnvivRv cÖZvcwms‡qi eskai,
D`qcyivwacwZ gnvivRv fxgwms‡ni `ywnZv K…òKzgvixi welv`gq RxebB bvU‡Ki
34 kxKi evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨
welqe¯‘| K…òKygvixi iƒ‡c¸‡Y †gvwnZ n‡q Rqcy‡ii j¤úUcÖK…wZi ivRv RMrwmsn
Ges giæ‡`‡ki Aaxk¦i ivRv gvbwmsn Zvi cvwYcÖv_x© nb| Zviv DfqB cÖwZÁv K‡ib
†h K…òKzgvix‡K bv †c‡j D`qcyi aŸsm K‡i w`‡eb| civµgkvjx ivRv‡`i AvµgY
†_‡K wb‡Ri ivR¨ iÿv Kivi mvg_© ZLb K…òvKzgvixi wcZv fxgwms‡ni wQj bv|
K…òKzgvixB mKj mgm¨vi g~j g‡b K‡i wZwb K„òKzgvix‡K nZ¨vi Av‡`k †`b|
wcZvi gZ Rvb‡Z †c‡i Pviækxjv K…òv es‡ki gh©v`v iÿvi Rb¨ QzwiKvNvZ K‡i
AvZ¥nZ¨v K‡ib| BnvB K…òKzgvixi HwZnvwmK K_v| bvUKwU gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë
†Kkeevey‡K DrmM© K‡ib|
gxi gkviid †nv‡mb (1847-1911)
gxi gkviid †nv‡mb 1847 mv‡ji 13 b‡f¤^i Kzwóqvi KzgviLvjx Dc‡Rjvi
jvwnbxcvovi GK abvX¨ cwiev‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb Jcb¨vwmK, bvU¨Kvi I
cÖvewÜK| QÙbvg- MvRx wgquv| wcZv gxi †gvqv‡¾g †nv‡mb wQ‡jb Rwg`vi| Zvi
c~e©cyiæl ˆmq` mvÕ`yjøvn Biv‡Ki evM`v` †_‡K w`wjø‡Z G‡m †gvMj †mbvevwnbx‡Z
PvKzix †bb| †gvMj mv¤ªv‡R¨i cZb NU‡j evsjv‡`‡ki dwi`cy‡i P‡j Av‡mb|
o ¯‹zj Rxeb Kv‡U cÖ_‡g Kzwóqvq, c‡i c`g`x Ges †k‡l K…òbM‡i| wcZ…eÜz
bvw`i †nv‡m‡bi evmvq †_‡K KjKvZv KvjxNvU ¯‹z‡j wKQzw`b covïbv
K‡ib|
o KjKvZvq _vKvKv‡j bvw`i †nv‡m‡bi my›`ix Kb¨v jwZdb‡bmvi mv‡_ cÖ_‡g
†cÖg Ges c‡i we‡q wVK nq| wKš‘ weevn Abyôv‡b Kb¨v e`j K‡i eyw×
cÖwZeÜx AvwRRyb‡bmvi mv‡_ Zvi we‡q (1865) †`Iqv nq| cwiYv‡g
jwZdb‡bmv AvZ¥nZ¨v Ki‡j wZwb AvwRRyb‡bmv‡K ÿgv Ki‡Z cv‡ib wb|
`v¤úZ¨ Rxeb myLx nq wb|
o we‡qi AvU eQi ci 1873 mv‡j mvIZuv MÖv‡gi GK weaev Kvjx Ii‡d wewe
Kzjmyg‡K we‡q K‡ib| Uv½vB‡ji ÔkvwšÍKz‡ÄÕ wewe Kzjmyg‡K wb‡q emevm
Ki‡Zb|
o KvOvj nwibv_ wQ‡jb Zvi mvwnZ¨ ¸iæ|
o 1911 mv‡ji 19 wW‡m¤^i ivRevox †Rjvi evwjqvKvw›`i c`g`x‡Z g„Zz¨eiY
K‡ib|
mvwnZ¨Kg©
o gxi gkviid †nv‡mb mvwn‡Z¨i wewfbœ avivi †gvU 37wU MÖš’ iPbv K‡i‡Qb|
o Dcb¨vm
iZœeZx (1869, cÖ_g MÖš’)| gymwjg iwPZ cÖ_g evsjv Dcb¨vm|
¸RivU bM‡ii ivRcyÎ I gš¿xcy‡Îi KwíZ Kvwnwb Aej¤^‡b
Dcb¨vmwU iwPZ| GwU iƒcK_vi gva¨‡g wkÿvg~jK GKwU `xN© Mí|
ivRcyÎ myKzgvi I gš¿xcyÎ myg‡šÍi g‡a¨ Ôab eo bv we`¨v eoÕ G
weZK© I weZ‡K©i mgvavbB G MÖ‡š’i Av‡jvP¨ welq|
kxKi evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨
welv` wmÜz (1885-91)| Zvi †kÖô iPbv| Kvievjvi we‡qvMvšÍK
NUbvB Gi g~j DcRxe¨| Gi cÖavb PwiÎ GwR`| Zvi Kvgbv
evmbv‡K †K›`ª K‡iB Dcb¨v‡mi m~Pbv Ges †kvPbxq wech©‡qi
gva¨‡g Kvwnwbi mgvwß|
D`vmxb cw_‡Ki g‡bi K_v (1890)| AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK iPbv|
D`vmxb cw_K QÙbv‡g wj‡L‡Qb| G‡Z bxjKi †Kwbi AZ¨vPvi I
K…lK f~¯v^ gx‡`i cÖwZ‡iv‡ai gy‡L wg. †Kwbi †kvPbxq civRq G
MÖ‡š’i cÖavb welq| Gi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ PwiÎ- bxjKi Ugvm AvBfvb
(wUAvB) †Kwb, gwnjv Rwg`vi c¨vixmy›`ix, gxi †gvqv‡¾g †nv‡mb,
mv †Mvjvg cÖgyL|
Znwgbv (1897)|
MvRx wgquvi e¯Ívbx (1899)| AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK iPbv|
o bvUK
emšÍKzgvix (1873) : evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ gymwjg iwPZ cÖ_g bvUK|
Rwg`vi `c©Y (1873)|
†eûjv MxZvwfbq (1898)| G‡Z Bs‡iR kvmK‡`i cÖKZ … ¯^iƒc
D‡¤§vPb K‡i Zv‡`i cÖwZ‡iva Kivi Avnevb Rvwb‡q‡Qb|
wbqwZ wK AebwZ (1898)|
o cÖeÜ
†Mv-Rxeb (1889)| G MÖ‡š’ wZwb wn›`y gymwjg HK¨ `„p Ki‡Z Miæ
†Kvievbxi wec‡ÿ gZ †`b| d‡j Zvi weiæ‡× gvgjv nq| †kl ch©šÍ
Av`vj‡Zi wb‡`©k †`q cÖeÜwU cybgy©`ªY bv Kivi Rb¨|
Gmjv‡gi Rq (1908)
o cÖnmb
Gi Dcvq wK? (1875)| G‡Z Dwbk kZ‡K kû‡i ga¨weË †kÖwYi
D”Q…sLjZv e¨½vKv‡i Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q|
Uvjv Awfbq (1897)
fvB fvB GB‡Zv PvB (1899)
duvm KvMR (1899)
euvav LvZv (1899)
o Kve¨
MovB weªR ev †MŠix †mZz (1873)
cÂbvix (1899)
g`xbvi †MŠie (1906)
†gvm‡jg exiZ¡ (1907)
evRxgvZ (1908, bKkv RvZxq Kve¨)
o AvZ¥Rxebx
Avgvi Rxebx (1908-10)| G MÖšw’ U evi L‡Ð mgvß nq| G‡Z
†jL‡Ki 18 eQ‡ii Rxebx Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q|
35 36 kxKi evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨
Avgvi Rxebxi Rxebx ev Kzjmyg Rxebx (1910, me©‡kl MÖš’)|
o Mv‡bi msKjb : m½xZ jnix (1887)|
o weL¨vZ Dw³ -
gvZ…fvlvq hvnvi fw³ bvB †m gvbyl b‡n|
o m¤úvw`Z cwÎKv
QvÎve¯’vqB msev` cÖfvKi (1831) I MÖvgevZ©v cÖKvwkKv (1863)
cwÎKvq gdt¯^j mvsevw`‡Ki `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib|
AvwRRb‡bnvi (1874) I wnZKix (1890) cwÎKv m¤úv`bv K‡ib|
†R‡b ivLv fvj
gxi gkviid †nv‡m‡bi cÖ_g Rxebx wj‡L‡Qb eª‡R›`ªbv_
e‡›`¨vcva¨vq| wZwb gxi gkviid †nv‡mb‡K Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvM‡ii
mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb|
MÖš’cwiwPwZ
welv` wmÜz :- welv`-wmÜz gxi gkviid †nv‡m‡bi BwZnvm AvwkÖZ Dcb¨vm| wnRwi
61 mv‡ji gniig gv‡m bex bw›`bx nqiZ dv‡Zgv (iv.)-i †Q‡j †nvmvB‡bi m‡½
DgvBqv Lwjdv gyqvweivi GKgvÎ cyÎ GwR‡`i Kvievjvi cÖvšÍ‡i i³ÿqx msNl© Ges
Bgvg †nvmvB‡bi ¯^cwiev‡i kvnv`v‡Zi KvwnwbB Ôwelv` wmÜzÕi gyj Av‡jvP¨ welq|
Uv½vB‡ji †`j`yqvi Ae¯’vbKv‡j Dcb¨vmwU iPbv K‡ib| Dcb¨vmwU wZb c‡e©
wef³- gniig ce©, D×vi ce© I GwR`ea ce©| G‡Z Dcmsnvimn me©‡gvU 63wU
Aa¨vq i‡q‡Q| welv`-wmÜzi m~Pbv n‡q‡Q- nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv.)-Gi GK fwel¨ØvYx
w`‡q Ges fwel¨ØvYx m‡Z¨ cwiYZ nIqvi m‡½ m‡½ MÖ‡š’i Dcmsnvi N‡U| welv`-
wmÜzi AwaKvsk NUbvB Rqbe‡K †K›`ª K‡i| gyqvweqv cyÎ GwR‡`i cÖYqvmw³i
e¨_©Zv I cwiYwZi GB Kvwnwb wb‡q cÖ_g ce© (gniig)| wØZxq L‡Ð (D×vi ce©)
Av‡Q wecbœ †nv‡mb cwiev‡ii Aw¯ÍZ¡iÿv I `yR©q exi nvwbdvi cÖwZ‡kva MÖn‡Yi
weeiY Ges Z…Zxq L‡Ð (GwR` ea ce©) Av‡Q nvwbdvi GwR` nZ¨vi cÖ‡Póv, ˆ`e
wb‡`©‡k eû cÖvYÿqKvix nvwbdvi cÖvK…wZK ew›`Z¡ Ges †nv‡mb eskai Rqbv‡ji
ivR¨jv‡fi Kvwnwbi eY©bv| †jLK g~j NUbvi HwZnvwmK mZ¨Zv iÿv K‡i‡Qb wKš‘
BwZnv‡mi AÜ AbyKiY K‡ibwb| nvmvb †nv‡m‡bi m‡½ GwR‡`i we‡iva ivR‰bwZK
ÿgZvi Ø›ØcÖm~Z G K_v HwZnvwmK mZ¨|
Rwg`vi `c©b :- gxi gkviid †nv‡mb ÔRwg`vi `c©bÕ (1873) bvU‡K mvaviY
gvby‡li Dci Rwg`vi †kÖwYi wbg©g AZ¨vPv‡ii ¯^iƒc dzwU‡q Zz‡j‡Qb| bvU‡Ki
Kvwnwb n‡”Q- K…lK Avey †gvjøv I Zvi my›`ix ¯¿x byiæ‡bœnv‡ii myLx msmvi| Rwg`vi
nvqIqvb Avjxi KzbRi c‡i byiæ‡bœnv‡ii Dci| †KŠk‡j †m Avey †gvjøv‡K me©mvšÍ
K‡i wg_¨v gvgjvq †R‡j cvVvq| AšÍtmË¡v byiæ‡bœnvi eva¨ n‡q ¯^vgxi gyw³i Rb¨
nvqIqvb Avjxi Kv‡Q hvq| wM‡q Zv‡K evev e‡j m‡¤^vab K‡i| wKš‘ cïi †_‡KI
Aag nvqIqvb Avjx Zvi cvkweKZv PwiZv_© Ki‡j AšÍtmË¡v byiæ‡bœnv‡ii AwZwi³
i³ÿiY RwbZ Kvi‡Y g„Zy¨ nq| GB g„Zy¨i `vq Gov‡Z nvqIqvb Avjx weªwUk
kvmK‡`i Dr‡KvP cÖ`vb K‡i| Avi Zv‡K g„Zz¨i `vq †_‡K euvPv‡bvi Rb¨ weªwUk
Wv³vi, cywjk I wePviK mevB me iKg mnvqZv K‡i| Zviv D‡ëv ¯^vgx Avey
kxKi evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨ 37
†gvjøv‡KB Lybx mve¨¯Í Ki‡Z Pvq| Gfv‡e G bvU‡K gxi gkviid Rwg`vi I
kvmK‡kªYxi `vjvj‡`i N„Y¨ PwiÎ dzwU‡q Zz‡j‡Qb|
emšÍKzgvix : gxi gkviid †nv‡m‡bi cÖ_g bvUK emšÍKzgvix (1873)| B›`ªcy‡ii
wecZœxK ivRv e„× eq‡m gš¿xi cÖ‡ivPbvq †ieZx bv‡g GK hyeZx‡K we‡q K‡i| wKš‘
†ieZxi AvKl©Y ivRvKzgvi b‡i‡›`ªi cÖwZ| †m †cÖg wb‡e`b K‡i b‡i›`ª‡K| Gw`‡K
emšÍ Kzgvix ivRKzgvi b‡i›`ª‡K gvj¨`vb K‡i| wegvZv †ieZxi Kzc¯ Ö vÍ e ivRKzgvi
cÖZ¨vL¨vb Ki‡j †ieZx lohš¿ K‡i ivRvi Kv‡Q bvwjk K‡i| ivRv ivRKzgvi‡K
R¡jšÍ AwMœ‡Z wb‡ÿ‡ci wb‡`©k †`b| emšÍ Kzgvix ¯^vgxi mv‡_ mng„Zv nq| c‡i
ivRv †ieZxi †jLv †cÖgcÎ D×vi K‡i mZ¨ Rvb‡Z cv‡ib Ges Zievwi AvNv‡Z
†ieZxi g¯ÍK †`n †_‡K wew”Qbœ K‡ib| bvU‡Ki bvg emšÍKzgvix n‡jI †ieZx‡K
wN‡iB G bvU‡Ki Kvwnbx AvewZ©Z|
D`vmxb cw_‡Ki g‡bi K_v :- D`vmxb cw_‡Ki g‡bi K_v (1890) gxi gkviid
†nv‡m‡bi AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK iPbv| G‡K wb‡f©Rvj Dcb¨vm ev wbQK AvZ¥Rxebx
†KvbwUB ejv hvq bv| Dcb¨v‡mi Av`‡j ev¯Íe NUbvi Av‡jv‡K gxi gkviid GwU
iPbv K‡i‡Qb| G‡Z Kzwóqv A‡ji bxjPvl I bxj ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡gi Kvwnwb wee„Z
n‡q‡Q| Gi Kvwnwb `ywU Avjv`v avivq e‡q †M‡Q| GKw`‡K i‡q‡Q bxjKi Ugvm
AvBfvb (wUAvB) †Kwbi m‡½ Kzwóqvi my›`icy‡ii (m`icyi) gwnjv Rwg`vi
c¨vixmy›`ixi Ø›Ø, ivqZ-cÖRvi Ici †Kwbi AZ¨vPvi, bxj ¯^vaxbZv msMÖvg I †Kwbi
cwiYwZ| Kvwnwbi wØZxq avivwU M‡o D‡V‡Q gxi gkviid †nv‡m‡bi wcZv gxi
†gvqv‡¾g †nv‡m‡bi mv‡_ Zvi fvBwR RvgvB mv †Mvjv‡gi wZ³ m¤úK©‡K †K›`ª K‡i
Ges Gi m‡½ hy³ n‡q‡Q †gvqv‡¾g †nv‡m‡b `v¤úZ¨Rxe‡bi NUbv| Z‡e gv‡Sg‡a¨
`y avivi Kvwnwb GK‡Î wg‡k †M‡Q| gxi †gvqv‡¾g †nv‡mb GB `yB Kvwnwbi †hvMm~Î
wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i‡Qb|
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi (1861-1941)
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi 1861 mv‡ji 7†g (25†k ˆekvL, 1268) KjKvZvi †Rvovmvu‡Kvi
VvKzi evwo‡Z Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zvi 9wU QÙbvg cvIqv hvq- fvbywmsn VvKzi, AKcU
P›`ª fv¯‹i, AvbœvKvjx cvKovkx, lôxPiY †`ekg©v, evbxwe‡bv` we`¨vwe‡bv`, kÖxgZx
Kwbôv, kÖxgZx ga¨gv, w`Kk~b¨ fÆvPvh©, bexb wK‡kvi kg©b| Dcvwa ¸iæ‡`e ev
Kwe¸iæ| wcZv †`‡e›`ªbv_ VvKzi, gvZv mvi`vmy›`ix †`ex| wZwb wQ‡jb wcZv gvZvi
PZz`©k mšÍvb|
o cÖ_vMZfv‡e we`¨vj‡qi wkÿv jvf K‡ib wb| M„nwkÿK †i‡LB evwo‡Z
wkÿvi e¨e¯’v Kiv n‡qwQj|
o Zvi iwPZ ÔAvgvi †mvbvi evsjvÕ MvbwU evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq msMxZ|
o cÖ_g Rxe‡b wenvixjvj PµeZ©xi Abymvix wQ‡jb| Zvi ÔKweKvwnbxÕ
(1878), ebdzj (1880), fMœü`q (1881) Kve¨ wZbwU‡Z wenvixjv‡ji
cÖfve my¯úó|
38 kxKi evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨
o Zv‡K cÖ_g Ôwek¦KweÕ Dcvwa †`b cwÛZ †ivgvb K¨v_wjK eªþevÜe
Dcva¨vq|
o 1878 mv‡j cÖ_gevi Bsj¨vÛ ågY K‡ib|
o 1883 mv‡ji 9 wW‡m¤^i VvKzievwoi Aa¯Íb Kg©Pvix †eYxgvae ivq †PŠayixi
Kb¨v feZvwiYxi m‡½ we‡q nq| weevwnZ Rxe‡b fiZvwiYxi bvg n‡qwQj
Ôg„Yvwjbx †`exÕ|
o 1901 mv‡j kvwšÍwb‡KZ‡b ÔeªþPh©vkÖgÕ bv‡g GKwU AvevwmK we`¨vjq ¯’vcb
K‡ib hv 1921 mv‡j Ôwek¦fviZxÕ wek¦we`¨vj‡q cwiYZ nq|
o wn›`y gymjgv‡bi wgj‡bi Rb¨ ÔivwL eÜbÕ Drm‡ei cÖPjb K‡ib|
o 1941 mv‡ji 7 AvM÷ (22 kÖveY 1348) gviv hvb|
mvwnZ¨Kg©
o iex›`ªbv_ AvU eQi eq‡m cÖ_g KweZv wj‡Lb| 1874 mv‡j †Zi eQi
eq‡m Zuvi KweZv ÔAwfjvlÕ ZË¡‡evwabx cwÎKvq (m~Î : evsjvwcwWqv),
Ôwn›`y‡gjvi DcnviÕ Ag„ZevRvi cwÎKvq (m~Î : evsjv GKv‡Wwg
PwiZvwfavb) cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq| 1878 mv‡j m‡Zi eQi eq‡m cÖ_g
Kve¨MÖš’ ÔKwe-KvwnbxÕ cÖKvwkZ nq|
o iex›`ªbv‡_i mvwnZ¨K‡g©i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q- 52wU Kve¨, 13wU Dcb¨vm, 38wU
bvUK, 36wU cÖeÜ, 95wU †QvUMí, 1915wU Mvb|
o Kve¨MÖš-’
Kwe-Kvwnbx (1878) cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ MÖš’| fviZx cwÎKvq †cŠl-‰PÎ
1284 msL¨vq Gi KweZv¸wj cÖKvwkZ nq|
ebdzj (1880/1286 e½vã)| GwU iex›`ªbv_ wjwLZ me©cÖ_g m¤ú~Y©
Kve¨| wKš‘ wØZxq cÖKvwkZ Kve¨| MÖšv’ Kv‡i cÖKvwkZ nIqvi Av‡iv
Pvi eQi c~‡e© iwPZ nq| A_©vr iex›`ªbv_ c‡bi eQi eq‡m Kve¨wU
wj‡Lb Ges avivevwnKfv‡e 1282 AMÖnvqY †_‡K 1283 Avwk¦b-
KvwZ©K ch©šÍ ÔÁvbv¼zi I cÖwZwe¤^Õ (m¤úv`K kÖxK…ò `vm) bvgK
gvwmK cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ nq, Pvi eQi ci hLb MÖšv’ Kv‡i cÖKvwkZ
nq ZLb Zuvi eqm Dwbk|
mܨv msMxZ (1882)
fvbywmsn VvKz‡ii c`vejx (1889)| eªReywj fvlvq iwPZ c`vejx|
†mvbvi Zix (1894)| G‡Z Kwe Zvi Rxeb I KxwZ©i ÿY¯’vqx
Aw¯Í‡Z¡i K_v e‡j‡Qb|
ˆPZvjx (1896)
wPÎv (1896)| Gi weL¨vZ KweZv- 1400 mvj, De©kx|
Kíbv (1900)
ÿwYKv (1900)
ˆb‡e`¨ (1901)
kxKi evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨ 39 40 kxKi evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨
†Lqv (1906)| weÁvbx RM`xkP›`ª emy‡K DrmM© Kiv nq| ivRwl© (1887)| wÎcyivi ivRcwiev‡ii BwZnvm wb‡q iwPZ
MxZvÄwj (1910)| G Kv‡e¨i Rb¨ †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡ib| HwZnvwmK Dcb¨vm| ÔevjKÕ cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ nq| G Dcb¨v‡mi
Kve¨wU iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi wb‡RB Song Offerings bv‡g Bs‡iwR‡Z cÖ_gvsk wb‡q ÔwemR©bÕ bvUK iwPZ nq|
Abyev` K‡ib| Bs‡iR Kwe W.B. Yeats Gi f~wgKv wj‡L †`b| hv †Pv‡Li evwj (1903)| evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g gb¯ÍvwË¡K Dcb¨vm|
1912 mv‡j Bsj¨vÛ †_‡K cÖKvwkZ nq| †bŠKvWzwe (1906) mvgvwRK Dcb¨vm Ôe½`k©bÕ cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ
ejvKv (1916)| MwZ‡PZbv welqK Kve¨| Kve¨wU DBwjqvg nq|
wcqimb‡K DrmM© Kiv nq| G‡Z †gvU 45wU KweZv i‡q‡Q| cÖRvcwZi wbe©Ü (1908) GKwU nvm¨imvZ¥K Dcb¨vm| Gi bvU¨iƒc
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ KweZv- mey‡Ri Awfhvb, k•L, Qwe, mvRvnvb, ejvKv ÔwPiKzgvi mfvÕ cÖnmb|
BZ¨vw`| †Mviv (1910) iex›`ªbv‡_i `xN©Zg Dcb¨vm|
cjvZKv (1918)| G‡Z bvixRxe‡bi mgmvgwqK mgm¨v¸wj Zz‡j N‡i evB‡i (1916)| GwU PwjZ fvlvq †jLv iex›`ªbv‡_i cÖ_g
aiv n‡q‡Q| Dcb¨vm| e„wUk fvi‡Zi ivRbxwZi †cÖÿvc‡U iwPZ| ÔmyeRcÎÕ
gvbmx (1920) cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ nq| Gi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ PwiÎ- wbwL‡jk, wegjv I
K_v I Kvwnbx (1920) m›`xc| wbwL‡jk ivRes‡ki hyeK AwZgvÎvq ï×vPvix, wegjv mvaviY
c~iex (1925)| Av‡R©w›Ubvi Kwe wf‡±vwiqv IKv‡¤úv‡K DrmM© Kiv N‡ii †g‡q, m›`xc ¯^‡`kx Av‡›`vj‡bi †bZv|
nq| iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi Zv‡K ÔweRqvÕ e‡j m‡¤^vab Ki‡Zb| PZzi½ (1916)| mvay fvlvq wjwLZ me©‡kl Dcb¨vm|
†jLb (1927) †hvMv‡hvM (1929)| mvgvwRK gb¯ÍvwË¡K Dcb¨vm| gvwmK wewPÎvq
gûqv (1929) avivevwnKfv‡e cÖKvwkZ nq| cwÎKvq cÖKvkKv‡j bvg wQj ÔwZb
cybð (1932) cyiælÕ| D‡jøL‡hvM¨ PwiÎ- gaym~`b I Kzgyw`bx|
cwi‡kl (1932) †k‡li KweZv (1929)| GwU 1928 mv‡j ÔcÖevmxÕ cwÎKvq Qvcv
wewPÎZv (1933) nq| G Dcb¨v‡m fvlvwe` W. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi bvg D‡jøL
†klmßK (1935) Av‡Q|
k¨vgjx (1936) `yB‡evb (1933)| PwiÎ- kwg©jv, Dwg©jv, kkv¼|
cÎcyU (1936) gvj (1934)
Qovi Qwe (1937) Pvi Aa¨vq (1934, †kl Dcb¨vm)| mgmvgwqK wecøex Av‡›`vj‡bi
†ivMkh¨vq (1940) †cÖÿvc‡U iwPZ GKwU we‡qvMvšÍ †cÖ‡gi Dcb¨vm|
Av‡ivM¨ (1941)
o bvUK
Rb¥w`‡b (1941)
iæ`ªPÐ (1881)| [A‡b‡Ki g‡Z GwU bvUK bq, G‡Z mvgvb¨
†kl‡jLv (1941) Zvi †kl MÖš’| g„Zz¨i ci cÖKvwkZ|
bvUKxqZv Av‡Q gvÎ]
o Dcb¨vm
evj¥xwK cÖwZfv (1881)| cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ bvUK|
KiæYv (1877) : cÖ_g †jLv Dcb¨vm| Dcb¨vmwU Amgvß, ZvB G‡K
ivRv I ivYx (1889)
c~Yv©½ Dcb¨vm wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq bv| fviZx cwÎKvq GK eQi
a‡i avivevwnKfv‡e cÖKvwkZ nq| wemR©b (1890) : ivRwl© Dcb¨v‡mi Mívsk iwPZ|
†eŠVvKzivYxi nvU (1883) cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ Dcb¨vm| h‡kv‡ii ivRv kvi‡`vrme (1908)
cÖZvcvw`Z¨ I evKjvi Rwg`vi ivgP‡›`ªi weev`‡K DcRxe¨ K‡i WvKNi (1912)
iwPZ GKwU HwZnvwmK Dcb¨vm| GwU fviZx cwÎKvq cÖ_g Qvcv APjvqZb (1912)
nq| †mŠ`vwgbx †`ex‡K MÖšw’ U DrmM© Kiv nq| cieZ©x‡Z Gi Kvwnwb gy³aviv (1922)
Aej¤^‡b ÔcÖvqwðËÕ bvUK iPbv K‡ib|
emšÍ (1923)| GwU KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg‡K DrmM© K‡ib|
kxKi evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨ 41 42 kxKi evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨
i³Kiex (1926) j¨ve‡iUwi
Kv‡ji hvÎv (1932)| bvUKwU kirP›`ª‡K DrmM© K‡ib| mgvwß| PwiÎ- g„b¥qx| weL¨vZ Dw³- Ôwkïiv‡R¨ GB †g‡qwU GKwU
†QvULvU ewM©i Dc`ªe ewj‡jB nq|Õ
o b„Z¨bvU¨ : b„Z¨bvU¨ n‡jv MxwZwbf©i bvU¨agx© b„Z¨| bvbv Kvwnwb Aej¤^‡b G
¯¿xi cÎ
b„Z¨ wbwg©Z nq|
†klK_v
wPÎv½`v (1892)
mvgvwRK Mí
bUxi c~Rv (1926)| G bvU‡K cÖ_g Awfb‡qi mv‡_ bvP I Mv‡bi
cÖ‡qvM NUvb| †cv÷ gv÷vi| PwiÎ- iZb| kvnRv`cyi KvPvwi evwoi GKZjvq
GKwU †cv÷ Awdm wQj| iex›`ªbv_ kvnRv`cy‡i Avm‡j †mLvbKvi
Zv‡mi †`k (1933) : †bZvRx myfvlP›`ªemy‡K DrmM© K‡ib|
†cv÷ gv÷v‡ii mv‡_ K_vevZ©v Mí¸Re n‡Zv| g~~jZ GB †cv÷
PÐvwjKv (1933) gv÷v‡ii Rxe‡bi bvbv w`K wb‡qB MíwU iwPZ|
k¨vgv (1939) ˆngšÍx| PwiÎ- ˆngšÍx, Acy| G‡Z †hŠZzK cÖ_v cÖvavb¨ †c‡q‡Q|
gvqvi †Ljv KveywjIqvjv| PwiÎ- ingZ, LywK| weL¨vZ Dw³- ...ÔwKš‘ g½j
o cÖnmb Av‡jv‡K Avgvi ïf Drme D¾¡j nBqv DwVj|Õ
†Mvovq Mj` (1892) gymjgvbxi Mí| G‡Z wn›`y gymjgvb we‡iv‡ai g~j KviY¸‡jv
ˆeKz‡Úi LvZv (1897) AbymÜvb K‡i‡Qb|
nvm¨‡KŠZzK (1907) QzwU| PwiÎ- dwUK| wK‡kvi PwiÎ
wPiKzgvi mfv (1926)| GwU ÔcÖRvcÖwZ wbe©ÜÕ Dcb¨v‡mi bvU¨iƒc| †`bv cvIbv
†kl iÿv| †gN I †iŠ`ª
o cÖeÜ- wewea cÖm½ (1883), KvjvšÍi (1937, ivR‰bwZK cÖeÜ msKjb)| `vb cÖwZ`vb
o †QvUMí :- iex›`ªbv_ evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ †QvUM‡íi RbK| Zvi †QvUMí¸‡jv e¨eavb
Kve¨ag©x| iwPZ †QvUM‡íi msL¨v 95wU| AwZcÖvK…Z Mí
wfLvwiYx (1874) evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g †QvUMí| K¼vj
†`bv cvIbv (1890)| evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g mv_©K †QvUMí| ÿywaZ cvlvY|
¸ßab
†cÖ‡gi Mí- RxweZ I g„Z| weL¨vZ Dw³- Kv`w¤^bx gwiqv cÖgvY Kwij, †m g‡i bvB|
kvw¯Í (1893)| GB M‡íi bvwqKv P›`iv| mgv‡Ri cÖvwšÍK †kÖwYi, wbkx‡_
Z‡e Zxeª e¨w³Z¡m¤úbœ bvix PwiÎ GB P›`iv| gwYnvi
Aa¨vcK cÖK…wZ I gvbem¤úwK©Z Mí
GKivwÎ| PwiÎ- myievjv| ïfv
bóbxo| PwiÎ- PviæjZv (Pviæ)| AwZw_
cvÎ I cvÎx Avc`
ga¨ewZ©bx o ågYKvwnwb :- iex›`ªbv_ †gvU 12 evi wek¦ åg‡Y †ei n‡q‡Qb| 30wUiI
gnvgvqv †ewk †`k ågY K‡ib| me©‡kl wmsnj ågY (1934) K‡ib| Gme åg‡Yi
gvj¨`vb| AwfÁZv¸‡jv wewfbœ eB‡q wjwce× K‡i ‡i‡L‡Qb|
`„wó`vb
kxKi evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨ 43 44 kxKi evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨
qy‡ivc cÖevmxi cÎ (1881)| GwU iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ o 1913 mv‡j KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K wW-wjU wWwMÖ jvf K‡ib|
M`¨MÖš’ Z_v PwjZ fvlvq †jLv cÖ_g MÖš’| o 1915 mv‡j e„wUk miKvi Zv‡K ÔbvBUÕ Dcvwa †`q| wKš‘
qy‡ivc cÖevmxi Wvqwi (1891) RvwjqvbIqvjvevM nZ¨vKv‡Ûi (1919) cÖwZev‡` wZwb †m Dcvwa eR©b
Rvfv-hvÎxi cÎ (1929) K‡ib| Dcvwa cÖZ¨vL¨vb c‡Î wZwb jW© †Pgm‡dvW©‡K wj‡LwQ‡jb- ÔAvgvi
ivwkqvi wPwV (1931) GB cÖwZev` Avgvi AvZw¼Z †`kevmxi †gŠbhš¿Yvi Awfe¨w³|Õ
cvi‡m¨ (1936) o 1936 mv‡j XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K wW-wjU wWwMÖ jvf K‡ib| ZLb XvKv
c‡_i mÂq (1939)| wek¦we`¨vj‡qi DcvPvh© wQ‡jb m¨vi G Gd ingvb|
o 1940 mv‡j A·‡dvW© wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K wW-wjU wWwMÖ jvf K‡ib|
o cÎ msKjb
ÔwQbœcÎÕ (1912)| G‡Z †gvU 153 wU cÎ Av‡Q| Gi cÖ_g 8wU cÎ iex›`ªbv‡_i c~e©cyiæl
kÖxkP›`ª gRyg`vi‡K Ges 145wU cÎ åvZz®úyÎx Bw›`iv †`ex‡K †jLv| iex›`ªbv‡_i c~e©cyiæl wQ‡jb cxivwj eªvþY (weag©x‡`i ms¯ú‡k© G‡m RvZ nviv‡bv
Ôfvbywms‡ni cÎvejxÕ ivby AwaKvix‡K †jLv| eªvþYiv n‡jb cxivwj eªvþY)| Zuvi c~e©cyiæl RMbœv_ Kzkvix‡K wcivjx eªvþY †g‡q
Ôc‡_ I c‡_i cÖv‡šÍÕ wbg©jKzgvix gnjvbwek‡K †jLv| we‡qi `v‡q wn›`y mgvRPz¨Z Kiv nq| Zvi †Q‡j cÂvbb Kzkvix 18 kZ‡Ki ïiæ‡Z
o wPÎKjv Lyjbvi `wÿYwWwn †_‡K KjKvZvi †Mvwe›`cy‡i G‡m †R‡j cvovi cy‡ivwnZ wn‡m‡e
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi Qwe AuvKv ïiæ K‡ib cÖvq 70 DaŸ© eq‡m | KvR Ki‡j A‡b‡K VvKzi e‡j Wv‡Kb| G Kv‡Ri cvkvcvwk wZwb Bs‡iR‡`i evwYR¨
1928 †_‡K 1939 Gi g‡a¨ Aw¼Z Qwe I †¯‹‡Pi msL¨v cÖvq Zix‡Z `ªe¨ DVv-bvgv‡bvi wVKv`vwii KvR Ki‡j Bs‡iR‡`i Kv‡QI VvKzi wn‡m‡e
2000| cwiwPwZ jvf K‡ib Ges Zv‡`i AvbyK~j¨ jvf K‡ib| ZviB GKRb DËi cyiæl
wb‡Ri AuvKv Qwe¸‡jv‡K Ô†kl eq‡mi wcÖqvÕ e‡j AvL¨vwqZ Ki‡Zb| ØviKvbv_ VvKzi Bs‡iR‡`i KvQ †_‡K A‡_©i cvkvcvwk wcÖÝ Dcvwa jvf K‡iwQ‡jb|
o AvZ¥Rxebx Gfv‡e kZ eQ‡ii e¨eav‡b †R‡j‡`i cy‡ivwnZ †_‡K KjKvZvi cÖfvekvjx cwiev‡i
Rxeb¯§„wZ (1912) cwiYZ nq|
†Q‡j‡ejv (1940)
AvZ¥cwiPq (1943) iex›`ªbv‡_i XvKvq AvMgb
o m¤úvw`Z cwÎKv o iex›`ªbv_ XvKvq Av‡mb `yB evi|
mvabv (1891)| G cwÎKvi Avqy wQj gvÎ Pvi eQi| cÖ_g wZb eQi o 1898 mv‡j cÖ_g evi Av‡mb XvKvq AbywôZ e½xq cÖv‡`wkK m‡¤§j‡b †hvM
m¤úv`‡Ki bvg wQj iex›`ªbv‡_i eo fvB w؇R›`ªbv‡_i †Q‡j w`‡Z| m‡¤§jbwU n‡qwQj XvKvi µvDb w_‡qUv‡i| Zuvi mdi m½x wQ‡jb
myax›`ªbv‡_i| PZz_© eQ‡i m¤úv‡`i bvg †`Iqv nq iex›`ªbv‡_i| Z‡e my‡i›`ªbv_, †hv‡M›`ªbv_ †PŠayix cÖgyL|
ïiæ †_‡KB G cwÎKvi PvwjKv kw³ wQ‡jb iex›`ªbv_| o 1926 mv‡j wØZxq evi Av‡mb XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq KZ©„cÿ I XvKvevmxi
fviZx Avgš¿‡Y| 7 †deªæqvwi XvKvi D‡Ï‡k¨ mdim½xmn bvivqYM‡Ä †cuŠ‡Qb Ges
e½`k©b 15 †deªæqvwi ch©šÍ XvKvq Ae¯’vb K‡ib| G mgq XvKvi wewfbœ msNV‡bi
ZË¡‡evwabx †`Iqv msea©bv Abyôv‡b e³…Zv K‡ib|
fvÐvi o 10 †deªæqvwi we‡K‡j XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq QvÎ msm` KvR©b n‡j Zv‡K msea©bv
†bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi †`q| G‡Z mfvcwZZ¡ K‡ib XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wfwm wR. GBP. j¨vswj|
o 1913 mv‡ji b‡f¤^i gv‡m MxZvÄjx Kv‡e¨i Rb¨ mvwn‡Z¨ †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi msea©bvcÎ cvV K‡ib RMbœv_ n‡ji cÖ‡fv÷ W. Avi wm gRyg`vi| mܨvq
jvf K‡ib| iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi e³…Zv †`b| e³…Zvi welqeš‘ wQj- The meaning of Art.
o 2004 mv‡ji 24 †k gvP© kvwšÍwb‡KZ‡b iex›`ªbv‡_i evwo DËivq‡bi o 13 †deªæqvwi KvR©b n‡j wØZxq e³…Zv †`b| welqe¯‘ wQj- The Rule of
Rv`yNi †_‡K †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi c`K Pzwi nq| Av‡Rv Zv D×vi Kiv m¤¢e nq
the Gaint.
wb|
m¤§vbbv
kxKi evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨
o 15 †deªæqvwi we`vq w`‡b RMbœv_ n‡ji Qv·`i Aby‡iv‡a nj evwl©Kx
ÔevmwšÍKvÕi Rb¨ GKwU Mvb wj‡L †`b| MvbwU wQj-
GB K_vwU g‡b †i‡Lv
†Zvgv‡`i GB nvwm †Ljvq
Avwg GB Mvb †M‡qwQ‡jg
RxY© cvZv Sivi †ejvq|
iex›`ªbv_ ¯§„wZ weRwoZ RvqMv
o iex›`ªbv‡_i c~e©cyiæl‡`i Avw` wbevm wQj evsjv‡`‡ki Lyjbvq| GQvovI
evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ A‡j †Rvovmuv‡Kvi VvKzi cwiev‡ii Rvwg`vwi wQj| G
Rwg`vix †`Lvi Rb¨B iex›`ªbv_ evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ A‡j G‡m‡Qb, Ae¯’vb
K‡i‡Qb Ges mvwnZ¨ iPbv K‡i‡Qb| Av‡bvqviæj Kwig Zvi Ôiex›`ªbv_ I
evsjv‡`kÕ MÖ‡š’ wj‡L‡Qb- Ô¯’vqxfv‡e _vKvi mgq e¨ZxZ iex›`ªbv_ †gvU 50
evi evsjv‡`‡k G‡m‡Qb|Õ
o `wÿYwWwn : Lyjbvi dzjZjv Dc‡Rjvi GKwU MÖvg| iex›`ªbv‡_i gv
mvi`vmy›`ix †`exi Rb¥ GB MÖv‡g| ZvQvov iwe VvKz‡ii ¯¿x g„Yvwjbx †`exI
GB MÖv‡gi †g‡q| Zv‡`i we‡qI n‡qwQj GB MÖv‡g|
o wkjvB`n : eZ©gvb Kzwóqv †Rjvi KzgviLvjx Dc‡Rjvi GKwU MÖvg| 1889
mv‡ji b‡f¤^i gv‡m cÖ_g wkjvB`‡n Av‡mb| wkjvB`n KzwUevwo‡Z `xN© mgq
AwZevwnZ K‡i‡Qb| †mLv‡bB Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib| 1901 mv‡j
wkjvB`n †Q‡o kvwšÍ wb‡KZ‡b D‡Vb|
o kvnRv`cyi : wmivRMÄ †Rjvi GKwU _vbv| 1890 mv‡j cÖ_g Rwg`vix
G‡÷‡U cwi`k©‡b kvnRv`cy‡i Av‡mb|
o cwZmi : bIMv †Rjvi AvÎvB Dc‡Rjvi GKwU MÖvg| VvKzi Rwg`vwii
KvwjMÖvg ciMYvi m`i KvPvwi wQj cwZm‡i| 1891 mv‡j cÖ_g cwZm‡i
Av‡mb| 1937 mv‡j †klevi cwZmi cwi`k©b K‡ib|
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi‡K wb‡q KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg
o bRiæj Zvi ÔmwÂZvÕ Kve¨ msKjbwU iex›`ªbv_‡K DrmM© K‡ib|
o iex›`ªbv_‡K wb‡q bRiæ‡ji KweZvi msL¨v me©‡gvU 8wU| G¸‡jv nj- Zx_©
cw_K, wK‡kvi iwe, AkÖæ-cy®úvÄwj, 1400 mvj, g„Zz¨nxb iex›`ªbv_, iwenviv,
iwei Rb¥ wZw_ Ges we`vq|
o iex›`ªbv‡_i AvwkZg Rb¥evwl©Kx Dcj‡ÿ bRiæj Bmjvg ÔAkÖæ-cy®úvÄjxÕ
KweZvwU wj‡Lb|
o iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii g„Zz¨ msev` ïbvi mv‡_ mv‡_ bRiæj wj‡Lb KweZv
ÔiwenvivÕ (`ycy‡ii iwe cwoqv‡Q X‡j A¯Í c‡_i †Kv‡j, kÖve‡Yi †gN Qz‡U
Gj `‡j `‡j)
45 46 kxKi evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨
o iex›`ªbv_‡K wb‡q bRiæ‡ji †jLv Mvb- ÔNygvB‡Z `vI, kvšÍ iwe‡i
RvMv‡qvbv.....Õ
iex›`ªbv_ I AvBb÷vBb
o iex›`ªbv_ I AvB÷vB‡bi mvÿvr nq †gvU 4 evi|
o cÖ_gevi †`Lv nq 1926 mv‡ji 14 †m‡Þ¤^i Rvg©vwb‡Z| †m w`b AvBb÷vBb
iex‡K Pv-P‡µ Avgš¿Y Rvwb‡qwQ‡jb| iex›`ªbv_ we‡K‡j Kcy‡_ Aew¯’Z
AvBb÷vB‡bi evmfeb ÔAvBb÷vBb wfjvqÕ hvb| †m w`‡b K‡_vcK_‡bi
GKUv Ask New York Times cwÎKvq ÔEinstein and Tagore
Plumb the TruthÕ wk‡ivbv‡g cÖKvwkZ nq| cÖwZ‡e`K wQ‡jb Rvg©vbxi
weL¨vZ mvsevw`K, AvBb÷vB‡bi †g‡qi RvgvB w`wgwÎ gvwiqvbd|
o wØZxq evi 1930 mv‡ji 14 RyjvB gv‡m Rvg©vbx‡Z, Z…Zxqevi 1930 mv‡ji
†m‡Þ¤^i gv‡m Ges †klevi 1930 mv‡ji 15 wW‡m¤^i Av‡gwiKvi wbD
Bq‡K©| GQvovI `yR‡bi g‡a¨ A‡bKevi cÎ wewbgq nq|
iex›`ªbv‡_i Mvb Avgv‡`i RvZxq m½xZ
o ÔAvgvi †mvbvi evsjvÕ MvbwU iex›`ªbv_ 1905 mv‡j e½f‡½i †cÖÿvc‡U iPbv
K‡ib| Ô¯^iweZvbÕ MxwZKve¨ MÖ‡š’ msKwjZ|
o 1971 mv‡ji 3 gvP© cëb gq`v‡b ¯^vaxbZvi Bk‡Znv‡i G Mvb RvZxq
m½xZ wn‡m‡e †NvlYv nq|
o 1972 mv‡ji 12 Rvbyqvwi ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki gš¿xmfvi cÖ_g ˆeV‡K GB
Mv‡bi cÖ_g `k jvBb‡K evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq m½xZ wn‡m‡e wbe©vPb Kiv nq|
iex VvKz‡ii †`Iqv Aby‡cÖiYv Dcnvi
o KvRx bRiæj Bmjv‡gi Ôa~g‡KZyÕ cwÎKvq `yÕjvB‡bi GKwU Awfb›`b evYx
†cÖiY K‡iwQ‡jb- ÔAvq‡i Avq a~g‡KZz/ Avuav‡i euva †i AwMœ‡mZz/`yw`©‡b
GB `yMw© k‡i/Dwo‡q †` †Zvi weRq‡KZbÕ|
o Kwe m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ `ˇK ÔQ‡›`i Rv`yKiÕ Dcvwa †`b|
o wenvixjvj PµeZx©‡K Ô†fv‡ii cvwLÕ e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡ib|
o W. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq‡K ÔfvlvPvh©Õ Dcvwa †`b|
o †Mvjvg †gv¯Ídvi cÖ_g Kve¨ Ôi³ivMÕ cÖKvwkZ n‡j `yÕjvB‡bi KweZvi
gva¨‡g Zv‡K Awfbw›`Z K‡ib- ÔZe be cÖfv‡Zi i³ivMLvwb ga¨v‡ý
RvMvq †hb †R¨vwZgq evYxÕ|
o Rxebvb›` `v‡ki KweZv m¤ú‡K© e‡j‡Qb ÔwPÎiƒcgqÕ|
o `wÿYviÄb wg‡Îi ÔVvKyigvi SzwjÕi f~wgKv wj‡L †`b|
o gyn¤§` gbmyi DÏx‡bi ÔnvivgwbÕi bvgwU wbe©vPb K‡i †`b|
o †gvnv¤§` bvwmiDÏx‡bi cwÎKvi bvg ÔmIMvZÕ wbe©vPb K‡i †`b|
o we`¨vcwZi Kve¨‡K ÔivRK‡Úi gwYgvjvÕ e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb|
kxKi evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨ 47
o Awgq PµeZx©i ¯¿x W¨vwbk Kb¨v wn‡qvwW©m wmMvW©-Gi bvg w`‡qwQ‡jb
ÔˆngšÍxÕ|
o Abœ`vk¼i iv‡qi ¯¿x hy³iv‡óªi †U·v‡mi ZiæYx A¨vwjm fvwR©wbqv Ib©Wd©-
Gi bvg †`b Ôjxjv ivqÕ|
o AwPšÍ¨Kzgvi †mb¸ß‡K Ô†e‡`Õ Dcb¨v‡mi Rb¨ cÎ gva¨‡g Awfb›`b Rvbvb|
o gv÷vi`v m~h©‡m‡bi mn‡hvMx wecøex Kíbv `Ë †hvkx‡K ÔAwMœKb¨vÕ Dcvwa †`b|
MÖš’ cwiwPwZ
†Pv‡Li evwj :- iex›`ªbv‡_i gb¯ÍvwË¡K Dcb¨vm Ô†Pv‡Li evwjÕ (1903)| Dcb¨vmwU
55wU cwi‡”Q‡` web¨¯Í| cÖ_‡g Ôe½`k©bÕ cwÎKvq avivevwnKfv‡e cÖKvwkZ nq|
mgvR I hyMhyMvšÍivMZ ms¯‹v‡ii m‡½ e¨w³Rxe‡bi we‡iva G Dcb¨v‡mi g~j
Av‡jvP¨ welq| †Pv‡Li evwj Dcb¨v‡mi bvwqKv we‡bvw`bxi g‡n›`ªi mv‡_ we‡q
nIqvi K_v _vK‡jI g‡n›`ª ivwR bv nIqvq Ab¨Î we‡q nq Ges Aí w`‡bi g‡a¨B
†m weaev nq| cov‡kvbv Kiv ms¯‹…wZevb †g‡q we‡bvw`bx| NUbvP‡µ we‡bvw`bx
g‡n›`ª‡`i evwo‡Z Avm‡j Zv‡K †`‡L g‡n›`ª gy» nq Ges Dcjwä K‡i mg‡PZbv
m¤úbœ Rxebm½xi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv| wkwÿZ, my›`ix I Kg©`ÿ we‡bvw`bx Pwi·K
iex›`ªbv_ wenvix Pwi‡Îi gva¨‡g Rxe‡bi ¯^vfvweK Q‡›` wdwi‡q Avb‡Z PvB‡jI †kl
ch©šÍ Rxe‡bi mKj †Kvjvnj Gwo‡q Kvkxi wbwj©ß Rxe‡b wb‡ÿc K‡i‡Qb|
Dcb¨v‡mi Ab¨vb¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ PwiÎ- AvkvjZv, ivRj²x I Abœc~Yv© |
†Mviv :- iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii gnvKvwe¨K Dcb¨vm Ô†MvivÕ| cÖevmx cwÎKvq 1908-10
mvj ch©šÍ avivevwnKfv‡e cÖKvwkZ nq| MÖš’vKv‡i cÖKvwkZ nq 1910 mv‡j| G
Dcb¨v‡mi bvqK Ô†MvivÕ wmcvnx we‡`ªv‡ni mgq wbnZ GK AvBwik `¤úwZi mšÍvb|
GK eªvþY cwiev‡ii †Mvqv‡j Zvi Rb¥| R‡b¥i ciciB gv gviv †M‡j wn›`y eªvþY
`¤úwZ K…ò`qvj I Avb›`gqx Zv‡K wcZv-gvZv cwiP‡q eo K‡i| Rb¥-cwiPq
AÁvZ †Mviv Zvi cvwjZ wcZv-gvZv bv PvB‡jI wn›`y a‡g©i AÜ mg_©K n‡q D‡V|
†Mviv Kvjµ‡g Bs‡iR we‡ivax eo wn›`y †bZv n‡q hvq| Áv‡bi bvbv kvLvq wePiY
m‡Ë¡I eY©cÖ_vi KÆi Abymvix †m| GKmgq †m Zvi Rb¥ cwiPq Rvb‡Z cv‡i| c‡i
wbw`©ó ag© †_‡K gvbeZvi a‡g© wb‡R‡K †m bZzbfv‡e Avwe®‹vi K‡i| ïiæ nq
Rxe‡bi GK bZzb Aa¨vq|
†k‡li KweZv :- Ô†k‡li KweZvÕ (1929) †jLv I cÖKv‡ki w`K †_‡K iex›`ªbv_
VvKz‡ii `kg Dcb¨vm| 1928 mv‡j cÖevmx cwÎKvq Qvcv nq| G‡Z i‡q‡Q 16wU
KweZv Ges 394wU Kve¨PiY| ZvQvov G Dcb¨v‡mi M‡`¨I i‡q‡Q Kve¨gqZv| ZvB
G‡K Kve¨‡cvb¨vmI ejv nq| Dcb¨v‡mi cÖavb PwiÎ AwgZ ivq| e¨vwi÷vwi co‡Z
we‡jZ wM‡qwQj| Zvi eÜzi †P‡q evÜexi msL¨vB †ewk wQj| G‡`i g‡a¨ †KZKxi
mv‡_ †cÖg nq Ges †KZKx AwgZi †`Iqv AvswUI c‡i| e¨vwi÷vi n‡q †`‡k wd‡i
AwgZ wkjs‡q †eov‡Z †M‡j Dcb¨v‡mi g~j bvwqKv jveY¨i mv‡_ cwiPq nq|
AwP‡iB ev¯Íeev`x jveY¨ eyS‡Z cv‡i AwgZ †ivgvw›UK RM‡Zi gvbyl, hvi m‡½
cÖwZw`‡bi msmv‡ii wn‡me wb‡Kk P‡j bv| Zey Zv‡`i we‡qi ÿY wVK nq|
B‡Zvg‡a¨ wkjs‡q nvwRi nq †KZKx| †fs‡M hvq Zv‡`i weevn Av‡qvRb| †kl
ch©šÍ AwgZ ¯^xKvi K‡i †h jve‡Y¨i mv‡_ Zvi †cÖg †hb SiYvi Rj cÖwZw`‡bi
e¨env‡ii Rb¨ bq| Avi †KZKxi mv‡_ m¤úK© Novq †Zvjv Rj, hv cÖwZw`‡bi
cv‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨| AwgZ-†KZKx msmvi ïiæ K‡i| Avi jveY¨ MÖnY K‡i Zvi wcZvi
48 kxKi evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨
QvÎ †kvfbjvj‡K| Dcb¨vmwUi hewbKvcvZ n‡q‡Q cÖvY¯úkx© GKwU KweZv w`‡q ....
ÔKv‡ji hvÎvi aŸwb ïwb‡Z wK cvIÕ|
Dcb¨v‡mi K‡qKwU evK¨ AvR cÖev‡` cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| †hgb- Ôd¨vkbUv n‡jv gy‡Lvk
÷vBjUv n‡jv gyLkÖxÕ, Ôcyiæl AvwacZ¨ †Q‡o w`‡jB †g‡q AvwacZ¨ ïiæ Ki‡eÕ,
ÔweavZvi iv‡R¨ fv‡jv wRwbm Aí nq e‡jB Zv fv‡jvÕ, Ôfv‡jvevmv LvwbKUv
AZ¨vPvi Pvq AZ¨vPvi K‡iIÕ BZ¨vw`| 1946 mv‡j Ô†k‡li KweZvÕ Dcb¨vmwU
Bs‡iwR‡Z cÖKvwkZ nq Farewell, My Friend wk‡ivbv‡g|
MxZvÄwj :- iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii weL¨vZ Kve¨MÖš’ ÔMxZvÄwjÕ| GB MÖ‡š’ †gvU 157wU
MxwZKweZv msKwjZ n‡q‡Q| KweZv¸‡jv eªvþ fvevcbœ fw³g~jK iPbv| 1908-09
mv‡ji g‡a¨ wewfbœ cwÎKvq KweZv¸‡jv cÖKvwkZ nq| Gici 1910 mv‡j MxZvÄwj
Kve¨MÖši’ ƒ‡c cªKvwkZ nq| cyRvi QzwU‡Z wkjvB`n I cieZ©x‡Z kvwšÍwb‡KZb I
VvKzi evwo‡Z Ae¯’vb Kivi mg‡q wj‡LwQ‡jb MxZvÄwj Kv‡e¨i KweZv¸wj| Mx‡Zi
gva¨‡g ¯ªóvi D‡Ï‡k¨ AÄwj cÖ`vb Kiv nq e‡j Gi bvg ÔMxZvÄwjÕ| G‡Z Mv‡b
Mv‡b ¯ªóvi cÖwZ cÖv_©bv wb‡e`b Kiv n‡q‡Q|
WvKNi : iex›`ªbv‡_i Ava¨vwZ¥KZv m¤úwK©Z iƒcK mvs‡KwZK bvUK ÔWvKNiÕ
(1912)| G bvU‡Ki bvqK N‡ii g‡a¨ ew›` evjK Agj| KweivR Zvi Avqy †ewk
w`b †bB e‡j g‡b Ki‡Q| Kweiv‡Ri eviY gvb‡Z †m Avi ¯‹z‡j †h‡Z cv‡i bv|
Rvbvjvi mvg‡b e‡m †_‡K Zvi w`b Kv‡U| Zvi gbcvwL‡K Dwo‡q wb‡q hvq Zvui
wcÖq `BIqvjv| Øviiÿxi Kv‡Q †m †kv‡b †cvó Awd‡mi Mí| †m ¯^cœ †`‡L †cv÷
gvóvi nIqvi Ges †m A‡cÿv Ki‡Z _v‡K ivRvi wPwVi| Gw`‡K Kweiv‡Ri Jlya
Zvi kix‡i wbw®Œq n‡q P‡j‡Q µgk| bZzb KweivR G‡m me `iRv Rvbvjv Ly‡j
w`‡Z wb‡`©k †`q| wKš‘ Zv‡ZI Avi Agj‡K a‡i ivLv m¤¢eci nq bv| G bvU‡Ki
cÖZxwK e¨Äbvq G‡m‡Q gyw³i K_v| bvU‡Ki D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Pwiθ‡jv nj- Agj,
VvKz`v© , mav, `BIqvjv cÖgyL|
i³Kiex : iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi iwPZ Ôi³KiexÕ GKwU mvs‡KwZK bvUK| GB bvU‡K
iƒcvwqZ n‡q‡Q gvby‡li †jvf wKfv‡e Rxe‡bi me †mŠ›`h© I ¯^vfvweKZv‡K A¯^xKvi
K‡i gvbyl‡K Drcv`‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKi‡Y Z_v wbQK h‡š¿ cwiYZ K‡i Ges Zvi
weiæ‡× gvby‡li cÖwZev` wKiƒc aviY K‡i| bvU‡Ki mswÿß Kvwnwb- hÿcyixi ivRvi
ivRag© cÖRv‡kvlY| Zvi A_©‡jvf `y`©g| Zvi †m †jv‡fi Av¸‡b cy‡o g‡i †mvbvi
Lwbi Kzwjiv| ivRvi `„wó‡Z Kzwjiv gvbyl bv, Zviv ¯^Y©jv‡fi hš¿ gvÎ| hÿcyixi
†jvnvi Rv‡ji evB‡i †cªg I †mŠ›`‡h©i cÖZxK bw›`bx mevB‡K nvZQvwb w`‡q Wv‡K|
GK gyn~‡Z© mevB PÂj n‡q DVj| ivRv bw›`bx‡K †c‡Z PvB‡jb †hgb K‡i †mvbv
AvniY K‡ib, kw³i e‡j †K‡o wb‡q| wKš‘ †cÖg I †mŠ›`h© Gfv‡e jvf Kiv hvq
bv| bw›`bx iÄb‡K fvj‡e‡m ZvB Zvi g‡a¨ †cÖg RvwM‡q Zz‡j‡Q| wKš‘ iÄb h‡š¿i
e܇b euvav| G hš¿ Zvi †cÖg‡K Rxeb †_‡K wew”Qbœ K‡i w`j GUvB hvwš¿KZvi ag©|