LDCOLLEGEOFENGI

NEERI
NG
AHMEDABAD–380015

MECHANICALENGINEERI
NG
DEPARTMENT

LABORATORYMANUAL

SUBJECT:
- DYNAMI
CSOF
MACHINERY

SUBJECTCODE:
- 2161901
 LI
STOFEXPERI
MENTS
Sr
.No. Ti
tl
eofExper
iment
s

Tost
udybal
anci
ngofsev
eral
massesr
otat
ingi
nsi
ngl
epl
ane(
Stat
ic
01
Bal
anci
ng)
,anal
yti
cal
l
yandexper
iment
all
y.

Tost
udybal
anci
ngofsev
eral
massesr
otat
ingi
ndi
ff
erentpl
anes(
Dynami
c
02
Bal
anci
ng)
,anal
yti
cal
l
yandexper
iment
all
y.

03 Tost
udybal
anci
ngofr
eci
procat
ingmassesanal
yti
cal
l
yandexper
iment
all
y.

Tost
udyl
ongi
tudi
nal
vibr
ati
onofhel
i
cal
spr
ingandt
odet
ermi
nenat
ural
04
f
requencyorper
iodofv
ibr
ati
on(
osci
l
lat
ion)anal
yti
cal
l
yandexper
iment
all
y.
Todet
ermi
net
henat
ural
frequencyofundampedt
orsi
onal
vibr
ati
onofa
05
si
ngl
erot
orshaf
tsy
stem
Todet
ermi
net
henat
ural
frequencyofundampedt
orsi
onal
vibr
ati
onoft
wo
06
r
otorshaf
tsy
stem
Todet
ermi
net
henat
ural
frequencyofsi
ngl
edegr
eef
reedampedv
ibr
ati
on
07
(
Singl
eRot
orSy
stem)
Todet
ermi
nenat
ural
frequencyoft
wodegr
eef
reeundampedv
ibr
ati
on
08
(
Doubl
ePendul
um)
Todet
ermi
net
hecr
it
ical
speedofgi
venshaf
tusi
ngWhi
rl
ingofshaf
t
09
appar
atus
St
udyoff
requencyandv
ibr
ati
onmeasur
ementi
nst
rument
s.(
Sei
smi
c
10
I
nst
rument
s)

11 Tut
ori
als
 EXPERI
MENTNO:
-1

Ai
m:- To st
udybal
anci
ngofsev
eralmassesbysi
ngl
emassr
otat
ingi
n
si
ngl
epl
ane(
Stat
icBal
anci
ng)anal
yti
cal
l
yandexper
iment
all
y.

I
ntr
oduct
ion:
-

Thehighspeedofengi nesandot hermachinesisacommonphenomenon

now-a-days.I
tis,t
herefore,veryessent
ial t
hatal
ltherotati
ngandr eciprocati
ng
partsshouldbecompl etelybalancedasf araspossibl
e.Ifthesepartsar enot
properl
ybalanced,thedy namicforcesaresetup.Thesef orcesnotonl yincrease
theloadsonbear i
ngsandst r
essesinthev ari
ousmember s,butal
sopr oduce
unpleasantandevendanger ousv ibr
ati
ons.

Bal
anci
ngofRot
ati
ngMasses
Wehav ealreadydi scussed,t hatwhenev eracert
ainmassi satt
achedt oa
rot
atingshaft,i
texer t
ssomecent r
ifugalfor
ce,whoseeffectistobendt heshaft
andt oproducev i
br ationsi ni t
.Inor dertopreventt
heef f
ectofcentri
fugalfor
ce,
anothermassi sattachedt ot heopposi t
esideoftheshaft
,atsuchaposi t
ionsoas
tobalancetheeffectoft hecent rif
ugalforceofthefi
rstmass.Thisisdoneinsuch
awayt hatthecent r i
fugalf orceofbot hthemassesar emadet obeequaland
opposit
e.Thepr ocessof pr ovidi
ngt hesecondmassi nor dertocounteractthe
eff
ectoft hecent ri
f ugalf orceoft hef i
rstmass,iscaled bal
l anci
ngofr otat
ing
masses.

Thef
oll
owi
ngcasesar
eimpor
tantf
rom t
hesubj
ectpoi
ntofv
iew:

1. Bal anci
ngofasinglerotati
ngmassbyasinglemassr otat
ingi
nthesame
pl
ane.
2. Bal anci
ngofasi ngl
er otat
ingmassbytwomassesr otati
ngindi
ff
erent
pl
anes.
3. Bal anci
ngofdi
ff
erentmassesrot
ati
ngi
nthesamepl ane.
4. Bal anci
ngofdi
ff
erentmassesrot
ati
ngi
ndif
ferentpl
anes.

St
ati
cBal
anci
ng:
Consi
deradi
stur ngmassm1at
bi t
achedtoashaftr
otat
ingatω r ad/
sasshownin
Fi
gure1Letr
1b ether
adi
usofr
otat
ionofthemassm1(i.e.di
stancebet
weenthe
axi
sofr
otat
ionoft
heshaf
tandt
hecent
reofgr
avi
t hemassm1)
yoft .

Weknowt
hatt
hecent
ri
fugal
for
ceexer
t hemassm1ont
edbyt heshaf
t,

FC1=m1×ω2×r
1 .…………………(
i)

Thiscentri
fugal f
orceact
sr adial
l
yout wardsandthuspr oducesbendi
ngmomenton
theshaft.I
nor dertocounteracttheeffectoft
hisforce,
abal anci
ngmass(m2)may
beattachedint hesameplaneofr ot
ati
onast hatofdist
urbingmass(m1)sucht
hat
thecentri
fugalforcesduetot hetwomassesar eequalandopposite.

Let r 2 =Radiusofr
otati
onofthebal ngmassm2 (
anci i
.e.di
stance
bet
weentheaxi
sofrotati
onoftheshaf
tandthecent
reofgr
avi
tyofmassm2) .

Cent
ri
fugal
for omassm2,
ceduet
FC2=m2×ω2×r2 ..…………………(
ii
)

Equat
ingequat
ions(
i)and(
ii
),

m1×ω2×r 2
1 = m2×ω ×r
2

m1×r
1 = m2×r
2

Fi
g1

Bal
anci
ngofSev
eralMassesRot
ati
ngi
nSamePl
ane:
-
Bal
anci
ngofsev
eral
massescanbedonebyt
womet
hods:
1. Anal
yti
cal
met
hod
2. Gr
aphi
cal
met
hod

Consideranynumberofmasses( sayfour
)ofmagni tudem1,m2,m3 andm4 at
di ancesofr
st 1,r2,r
3a ndr
4from t
heaxisofther otati
ngshaf .Letθ1,θ2,θ3,andθ4
t
bet heanglesoft hesemasseswiththehori
zontallineOX, asshowni nFig.2. Let
thesemassesr otateaboutanaxist oughO andper
hr pendi
cul
art othepl aneof
paper,withaconst antangul
arvel
ocityofω rad/sec.Themagni tudeandposi ti
on
ofthebalancingmassmaybef oundoutanalyt
icall
yor
graphical
l
yasdi scussedbelow:

Fi
g.2

Anal
yti
cal
Met
hod:
-
Themagnit
udeanddi
rect
ionoft
hebal
anci
ngmassmaybeobt
ained,
anal
yti
cal
l
y,
as
di
scussedbel
ow:

1. Fi r
stofal
l,f
indoutt
hecent
ri
fugal
force(ort
heproductoft
hemassandi
ts
radi
usof
rot
ati
on)exert
edbyeachmassont herot
ati
ngshaft
.
2. Resol
vet
hecent
ri
fugal
for
ceshor
izont
all
yandv
ert
ical
l
yandf
indt
hei
rsums,
i
.e. and

Weknowt hat
Sum ofhor
izont
alcomponent
soft
hecent
ri
fugal
for
ces,
andsum ofv
ert
ical
component
soft
hecent
ri
fugal
for
ces,

3. Magni
tudeoft
her
esul
tantcent
ri
fugal
for
ce

4. fθi
I stheangl
e,whi
cht
her
esul
tantf
orcemakeswi
tht
hehor
izont
al,
then

5. Thebal anci
ngfor
cei
sthenequalt
otheresul
tantf
orce,
butinopposi
te
di
rect
ion.
6. Nowf i
ndoutthemagni
tudeoft
hebalanci
ngmass,suchthat

her
e m = Bal
anci
ngmass,and
r= I
tsradi
usofr
otat
ion

Gr
aphi
cal
Met
hod:
-
The magnit
ude and posi
ti
on oft
he bal
anci
ng mass may al
so be obt
ained
graphi
cal
l
yas
di
scussedbel
ow:

1.Fi
rstofal
l
,drawthespacedi
agr
am wi
tht
heposi
ti
onsoft
hesev
eralmasses,
asshowninFig.2

2. Fi
ndoutt
hecent
ri
fugalf
orce(
orpr
oductoft
hemassandr
adi
usofr
otat
ion)
exer
tedbyeachmassont
her
otat
ingshaf
t.

3.Now dr aw t
hev ect
ordiagram withtheobtainedcentr
ifugalf orces( orthe
productoftheMassesandt heirr
adii
ofrotat
ion),
suchthatabr epresentsthe
centri
fugalf
orceexeredbyThemassm1(
t orm1r1)inmagnitudeanddi recti
on
tosomesui tabl
escale.Si
mi l
ary bc, cd and det
l orepr esentcentrifugal
forcesofothermassesm2,m3andm4( orm2r2,
m3r3andm4r 4)

4.Now,asperpol y
gon l
aw offor
ces,thecl
osing side ae r
epr
esent
sthe
r
esul
tantf
orcei
nMagnit
udeanddi
rect
ion,
asshowni nFig.3.
 5.Thebalanci
ngf
orcei
s,t
hen,equalt
other
esul
tantf
or nopposi
ce,buti te
di
rect
ion.

6.Nowf i
ndoutt
hemagni
tudeoft
hebal
anci m)atagi
ngmass( venr
adi
usof
r
otat
ion(
r)

Fi
g.3

Pr
ocedur
e:-

 Fir
stofal l,
ar r
anget hesetup
 From thegi vendat acal culatetherequi
redbal anci
ngmassatapar t
icul
ar
radiusforv i
bratingsy stem.
 Checkoutt hesy stem undernor malcondi
tions.
 Attachmassesatagi venr adi
usandatgi v
enangul arposi
tionf
rom thedata.
 Obser vetheunbal ancedf orcecausingthesy stem tovibr
ate.
 Nowat t
acht hebal ancingmasst hatwehav ecal culat
edfrom observat
ion
data
 Agai nobserv ethesy stem anddi ff
erenceofv ibrat
ionofsetupbef or
eand
afterattachingbalanci ngmass.
Obser
vat
ions:
-
Di
stancebet
weent
het
wopul
l
eys=200mm
(
1)Twowasher+t
wonut+f
ull
thr
eadst
ud=80gr
ams
Obser
vat
ionTabl
e:-

Sr
. Mass Radi
usof Angul
arposi
ti
on m *r
No. m(
kg) r
otat
ionr(
cm) θ(
degr
ees) (
kg-
cm)
1
2
3
4

Speci
menCal
cul
ati
on:
-

Resul
tTabl
e:-

Concl
usi
on:
-
Af
terat
tachi
ngt
hebal
anci
ngmasst
hesy
stem t
endst
obal
ancebutt
her
eisl
i
ttl
e
v
ibr
ati
onduet
otor
queoft
hemot
or.
 EXPERI
MENTNO:
-2

Ai
m:-Tost
udybal
anci
ngofsev
eralmassesbysev
eralmassesr
otat
ingi
ndi
ff
erent
pl
anes(
Dynami
cBal
anci
ng)
,anal
yti
cal
l
yandexper
iment
all
y.
I
ntr
oduct
ion:
-
Bal
anci
ngofSev
eral
MassesRot
ati
ngi
nDi
ff
erentPl
anes

Whensev eralmassesr evolveindi ff

erentpl anes,t heymaybet ransferredt o
ar eferencepl ane( br
iefl
ywr i
tt
enasR.P. ),whichmaybedef i
nedast hepl ane
passi ngthroughapoi ntontheaxi sofrot at
ionandper pendiculartoit
.Theef fectof
transferr
ingar ev olvi
ngmass( inonepl ane)t oar ef erencepl aneistocauseaf orce
ofmagni tudeequalt ot hecent r
ifugalforceoft her evolvingmasst oacti nt he
referencepl ane,t ogetherwit
hacoupl eofmagni tudeequalt otheproductoft he
forceandt hedi stancebet weent hepl aneofr otat ionandt heref
erencepl ane.I n
ordert ohav eacompl etebalanceoft hesev er alr evolvingmassesi ndi fferent
planes, t
hef ol
lowi ngtwoconditionsmustbesat isfied:

1. Theforcesintherefer
enceplanemustbalancei
.e.t
heresul
tantf
orce
must
bezero.
2. The couples aboutthe r
eference pl
ane mustbalance, i.
e. the
resul
tant
coupl
emustbezer o.

Letusnowconsi ourmassesm1,
derf m2,
m3andm4

Rev
olving inplanes1,2,3and4r espect
ivel
yasshowninFi
g.1( a)
.The
rel
ati
veangul arposit
ionsoft hesemassesareshownint heendvi
ew [
Fi b)
g.1( ]
.
Themagni tudeoft hebal ngmassesmL andmm i
anci nplanesLandM maybe
obtai
nedasdi scussedbelow:

1. Takeoneoft heplanes,sayLast heref

erenceplane(R.P.
).The
dist
ancesofallt
heot herplanestothelef
toftherefer
enceplanemay
beregardedasnegat i
ve,andthosetotheRightaspositiv
e.
2. Tabulat
et hedat
aasshowni nTable.Thepl anesaretabulat
edint
he
sameor derinwhi
cht heyoccur,r
eadingfrom l
efttori
ght.
 Fi
g.1 Bal
anci
ngofsev
eralmassesr
otat
ingi
ndi
ff
erentpl
anes.

3. Acoupl emayber epresent

edbyav ectordrawnper pendiculart
othe
planeoft hecouple.Thecoupl eC1 i ntr
oducedbyt r
ansferri
ngm1t o
ther ef
erenceplanethroughO ispr opor t
ionaltom1r 1l
1andact sina
planet hrough Om1 and perpendiculart othepaper . Thev ector
representi
ng thi
s coupleis drawn i nt he plane oft he paperand
perpendiculart
oasshownbyi nFig.1( c)

Thev orOm1 asshownbyOC1 i

ect nFig.1.(c)
.Simi
lar
ly,t
hevector
s
OC2,OC3 and OC4 ar
edr
awnper
pendicul
arto Om2,Om3 and Om4
 r
espect
ivel
yandi
nthepl
aneoft
hepaper
.

4. Thecoupl ev ect
orsasdi scussedabov earet urnedcountercl ockwise
throughar ightangl eforconv enienceofdr awingasshowni nFig.1(d)
.
Weseet hatt heirr
elati
veposi tionremainsunaf f
ected.Nowt he
vectorsOC2, OC3andOC4ar epar allel
andi nthesamedi recti
onas
Om2, Om3 andOm4whi lethev ectorOC1i spar al
leltoOm4 buti n
oppositedi rect i
ons.Hencet hecoupl evectorsar edrawnr adial
ly
outwar dsf ort hemassesononesi deofther eferenceplaneand
radial
lyinwar dforthemassesont heothersideoft heRef erence
plane.
. Nowdr awt hecoupl epolygonasshowni nFi g.1.(e).Thev ectord’o’
represent st hebalancedcoupl e.Sincethebal ancedcoupl eCM i s
proportional to mM r
MlM theref or
e

Fr
om t
hisexpr
essi
on,theval
ueofthebal ngmassmM i
anci nt aneM
hepl
maybeobtai
ned,i
ncl
i
nationφ oft
hismassmaybemeasur
edfr
om Fi
g.1.
(b)
.

6. Nowdr awtheforcepoly
gonasshowni g.1.(f)
nFi .Thev oreo(
ect in
thedirect
ionFrom etoo)r epr
esentsthebal
ancedfor
ce.Si
ncethe
balancedforceispropor
tional
totheref
ore

Fr
om t
hisexpr
essi
on,t
hev al
ueofthebal ngmassm i
anci ntheplaneLmay
beobt
ainedandtheangl
eofi ncl
i
nat
ionαofthi
smasswiththehori
zont
al
maybemeasuredfr
om Fi
g.1(b)

Pr
ocedur
e
Thef
oll
owi
ngpr
ocedur
eshoul
dbef
oll
owedt
over
if
ythebal
anci
ngcondi
ti
onscan
beachi
evedbyaddi
ngbal
anci
ngmass
 St
artt
hemot
orseet
hatt
hesy
stem r
otat
eswai
tunt
ilt
hei
nti
alv
ibr
ati
ons
st
opnow checkt
heunl
oadedsy
stem i
sinbal
ancedcondi
ti
on f
orceof
v
ibr
ati
onandosci
l
lat
ion
 St
opt
hemot
orandl
oadt
hedi
scAandBandDatdi
ff
erentpoi
nts wi
th
sui
tabl
eradi
usandwei
ghtt
ogetunbal
ancedcondi
ti
on.
 Swi
tchont
hemot
orandobser
vehesy
stem i
soutofbal
ance,
swi
tchof
fthe
mot
or
 Pl
acet
hebal
anci
ngwei
ght
sinpl
acesascal
cul
ated
 Nowst
artt
hemot
orandobser
vet
hatt
her
otorr
emai
nshor
izont
alhencet
her
i
snov
ibr
ati
onsandosci
l
lat
ions.
 OBSERVATI
ONS
Di
stancebet
weent
het
wopul
l
eys=200mm
OBSERVATI
ONTABLE

Angul
ar Di
stanc m*
r*si
nθ m*
r*cosθ M*
r*x*
sinθ M*
r*x*
cosθ
Radi
us
Mass posi
ti
on eof (
kg-cm) (
kg-cm) kg–cm2)
( kg–cm2)
(
Pl
ane of
m θ pl
anes
s r
otat
ion
(
kg) (
degr
ees f
rom RP
r(
cm)
) x(
cm)

SPECI
MENCALCULATI
ONS:

RESULTTABLE:
PLANE MASSES ANGLE

CONCLUSI
ON:
Fr
om abov
epr
act
icalwecanconcl
udet
hataf
terbal
anci
ngt
her
eisal
i
ttl
evi
brat
ion
duet
oer
rori
nsetupandappar
atus.
 EXPERI
MENTNO:
-3

Ai
m:-
Tost
udybal
anci
ngofr
eci
procat
ingmassesanal
yti
cal
l
yandexper
iment
all
y.

I
ntr
oduct
ion:
-
Consi
derahor
izont
alr
eci
procat
ingengi
nemechani
sm asshowni
nFi
g.1.

Fi
g.1

Wher
e FR =For cerequiredtoaccelerat
ether eci
procat
ingpart
s
FI =Iner
ti
af or
ceduet orecipr
ocati
ngparts,
FN =Forceont hesidesoft hecyl
inderwallsornormalforceact
ing
on
thecross-
headgui des
FB= Forceacti
ngont hecrankshaftbeari
ngormai nbeari
ng.

SinceFRandFIar eequali
nmagni tudebutopposi t
eindirection,t
herefore
theybalanceeachother.Thehor i
zontalcomponentofFB( i.
e.FBH)act i
ngalongthe
l
ineofr eci
procati
oni
sal soequalandopposi tetoFI.ThisforceFBH=FUi san
unbalancedforceorshakingforceandr equi
redtobepr operl
ybal anced.Thef orce
onthesi desofthecyl
inderwalls(FN)andthev er
ti
calcomponentofFB( i
.e.FBV)are
equalandopposi t
eandt husform ashakingcoupleofmagni t
udeFN ×xorFBV×x.

From aboveweseet hattheeff

ectofthereci
pr ocatingpartsistoproducea
shakingforceandashakingcouple.Sincetheshaki
ngf or ceandashaki ngcouple
varyinmagni t
udeanddirecti
onduringtheenginecycle,therefor
et heycausever
y
objecti
onablevibr
ati
ons.Thusthepurposeofbalancingt her eci
procati
ngmassesis
toeli
mi nat
etheshakingforceandashaki ngcoupl
e.
 I
nmostoft hemechanisms,wecanreducetheshaki
ngforceandashaki
ng
couplebyaddingappr
opri
atebalanci
ngmass,buti
tisusuall
ynotpract
ical
to
el
iminatethem compl
etel
y.I
notherwords,
thereci
procat
ingmassesareonly
part
ial
lybalanced

Pr
imar
yandSecondar
yUnbal
ancedFor
cesofReci
procat
ingMasses:
-

Consi
derar
eci
procat
ingengi
nemechani
sm asshowni
nFi
g.1

Let m = Massoft her eci

procat
ingparts,
l= Lengthoft heconnecti
ngrodPC,
r= Radiusoft hecrankOC,
θ= Angleofinclinat
ionofthecrankwitht
heli
neofst
rokePO,
ω= Angularspeedoft hecrank,
n= Rati
oofl engthoftheconnectingrodt
othecr
ankradi
us=l/r

Theaccel
erat
ionoft
her
eci
procat
ingpar
tsi
sappr
oxi
mat
elygi
venby

I
nerti
afor
ceduet
oreci
procat
ingpar
tsorf
orcer
equi
redt
oaccel
erat
ethe
r
eci
procat
ingpart
s

Thehori
zont
alcomponentoft
hef or
ceex ert
edont
hecrankshaftbear
ing(
i.
e.
FBH)i
sequal
andopposit
etoiner
ti
aforce(FI)
.Thisfor
cei
sanunbalancedoneand
i
sdenotedbyFU.

Pri
maryunbal
ancedf ce FP=m ω2rcosθ
or
Secondar
yunbal
ancedf ceFS=m ω2rcos2θ/n
or

Part
ial
Balanci
ngofUnbal
ancedPr
imar
yFor
cei
naReci
procat
ing
Engi
ne:-
 Thepri
mar yunbal
ancedfor m ω2rcosθ)maybeconsi
ce( deredasthe
componentofthecentr
if
ugalfor
ceproducedbyar
otat
ingmassm pl
acedatthe
crankr usr
adi ,asshowni nfi
g.2

Fi
g.2

Thepri
maryf orceact sfrom Ot oPal ongtheli
neofstr
oke.Hence,balanci
ng
ofprimaryfor
ceisconsi deredasequi valenttothebal ngofmassm r
anci otati
ngat
thecrankr usr
adi .Thisisbal ancedbyhav ingamassBatar adiusb,pl
aced
diametri
cal
lyoppositetothecr ankpin C.
Weknowt hatcent r
ifugal f
orceduet omassB= Bω2b
Hori
zontal
componentoft hisforceactinginopposi
tedi
recti
onofpri
mar y
force
=Bω2bcosθ
Thepri
maryf orceisbal anced,if
m ω rcosθ=Bω2bcosθ
2

so, B.b=m. r

Ali
ttl
econsiderati
onwillshow,thatthepri
mar yforceiscompletel
ybalanced
i
fB.b=m. r,butthecentr
if
ugalforceproducedduet other ev
olvngmassB,
i has
al
soav er
ti
cal component(per
pendicul
artot hel
i
neofst roke)ofmagniudeBbω2
t
si
nθ.Thisforceremainsunbalanced.Themaxi mum v al
ueoft hi
sforceisequalto
Bbω2 whenθ
i
s90°and270° ,
whichissameast hemaximum v al
ueoft hepr i
maryforcemrω2.

From t
heabov ediscussion,weseet hatinthefir
stcase,thepr i
mary
unbalanced
forceactsal
ongt heli
neofst r
okewher easint hesecondcase, theunbalanced
forceacts
alongtheperpendicul
artothelineofstroke.Themaxi mum v al
ueoft heforce
remains
samei nboththecases.Itisthusobvious,thattheeffectoftheabov emet hodof
balancingi
stochanget hedirecti
onofthemaxi mum unbalancedf orcefr
om theli
ne
ofstroketotheperpendicul
arofl i
neofstroke.Asacompr omi seletafracti
on‘c’
oft
her
eci
procat
ingmassesi
sbal
anced,
sucht
hat
c.
m. r=B.b

Unbal
ancedf
orceal
ongt
heli
neofstr
oke
=m ω2rcosθ-Bω2bcosθ
=m ω2rcosθ–c.m..ω2 cosθ
r
=(
1-c)m ω2rcosθ

andunbal
ancedf
orceal
ongt
heper
pendi
cul
art
othel
i
neofst
roke
=Bω2bsinθ
=cm ω2rsi
nθ

Resul
tantunbal
ancedf
orceatanyi
nst
anti
s

Obser
vat
ions:
-
1)Massofcrankpi
nonbot hrotors = 0.
12kg
2)Massofconnect
ingrodonbot hrot
ors = 0.
4kg
3)Massofpist
onrodonbot hrotor
s = 0.
638kg
4)MassoncrankpinatrotorA =
5)MassoncrankpinatrotorD =
6)MassattheendofpistonrodatA =
7)MassattheendofpistonrodatD =

Equi
valentmassatr
otorAatcr
ankpin=MeqA
=massofcrankpi
natA+massoncr ankpi
natA+½*massofconnect
ingr
od
+
2/
3* (
massofpi
stonr
od+massatt
heendofpi
stonr
od+½*massof
connecti
ngrod)

Equi
valentmassatr
otorDatcr
ankpin=MeqD
=massofcrankpi
natD+massoncr ankpi
natD+½*massofconnect
ingr
od
+
2/
3* (
massofpi
stonr
od+massatt
heendofpi
stonr
od+½*massof
connecti
ngrod)
Obser
vat
ionTabl
e:-

Mass Radi
usof Angul
ar
m*
r
Masses m r
otat
ionr posi
ti
on
(
kg-cm)
(
kg) (
cm) θ(
degr
ees)
A MeqA
B
C
D MeqD

Cal
cul
ati
ons:
-

Resul
ttabl
e:-
Radi
usof
Mass Angul
arposi
ti
on
Masses r
otat
ionr
m(
kg) θ(
degr
ees)
(
cm)
A MeqA
B
C
D MeqD

Concl
usi
on:
-
 EXPERI
MENTNO:
-4

Aim:To studyl
ongi
tudi
nalv i
brat
ionofhelicalspri
ngandt o deter
minenat
ural
fr
equencyorper
iodofvi
brat
ion(osci
ll
ati
on)anal
yti
call
yandexperi
mental
ly
.

Pr
ocedur
e:-

1.Measuret hefreelengt
hofspr i
ng
2.Putsomewei ghtonwei ghtpanandnot edownt hestret
chedlengthofspri
ng.
3.Take diff
erence ofst r
etched l ength and f
ree length ofspri
ng which i
s
defl
ecti
onofspr ing.
4.Repeatstep2and3f ordif f
erentv al
ueofwei ghtandnot edownr eadi
ngin
Observati
onTabl e1.
5.Nowt akewei ghtofanyv alueandputonwei ghtpan.
6.Pull
thewei ghtpandownandr el
easei t
.
7.Notedownt heti
met akenf or20,40, 50numberofosci ll
ati
on.
8.Fi
ndnat uralfr
equencybyanal yti
callyandcompar eitwithexper
imental
ly.

Obser
vai
onTabl
e1:
-

Sr. Mass Str

etch Def
lect
ion St
if
fness Mean
No. m Lengthof δ K=m /δ Sti
ff
nes
(kg) Spr
ing (cm) (
cm) (
kg/cm) s
(kg/
cm)
Obser
vai
onTabl
e2:
-

Numberof Ti
mer
equi
red Ti
mer
equi
red
Av
erage
Sr
. Osci
l
lat
ions f
or‘
N’ f
orone Fr
equency
Ti
ne‘
T’
No. ‘
N’ Osci
l
lat
ionsi
n Osci
l
lat
ion ‘
f’
(Hz)
(
Seconds)
(
Seconds) (
Seconds)
1
2
3

Cal
cul
ati
on:
-

Resul
tTabl
e:-
Nat
ural
Frequency Nat
ural
Frequency
SrNo Remar
ks
Anal
yti
cal
l
y(Hz) Exper
iment
all
y(Hz)

Concl
usi
on:
-
 EXPERI
MENTNO:
-5

AI
M:Todeter
minet
henat
ural
frequencyofundampedt
orsi
onal
vibr
ati
onofa
si
ngl
erot
orshaf
tsy
stem.

THEORY:
Whent heparti
clesoftheshaftordi scmov einaci r
cleaboutt heaxisoftheshaft,
thent hev i
brati
onsar eknownast or si
onalv i
brat
ions.Theshaf tistwistedand
untwistedalter
nativel
yandt hetorsionalshearst r
essesarei nducedi ntheshaft.
Sincethereisnodampi nginthesyst em theseareundampedv ibrati
ons.Alsother
e
i
snoext er
nalforceisacti
ngont hebodyaf tergivi
ngani ni
ti
alangulardispl
acement
thenthebodyi ssai dt
obeunderf reeornat uralvi
brati
ons.Hencet hegivensystem
i
sanundampedf r
eetorsi
onalvi
brator ysystem.

SPECIFICATIONS:
Shaftdi
ameter ,
d = 3mm
Diameterofdisc,D = 225mm
Wei
ghtoft
hedi
sc,
W = 2.
795kg
2
Modul
usofr
igi
dit
yforshaf
t,C 8*106kg/
= 0. cm

PROCEDURE:
1.Fi
xt hebracketsatconv enientposi ti
onalongt helowerbeam.
2.Gri
poneendoft heshaftatt hebr acketbychuck.
3.Fi
xt herotoront heotherendoft heshaf t
.
4.Twisttherotorthroughsomeangl eandr elease.
5.Notedownt hetimerequiredf or10t o20osci l
l
ati
ons.
6.Repeatthepr ocedurefordifferentlengthoft heshaft
.

CALCULATI
ONS:
4
Pol
armomentofi
ner
ti
aofshaf
t= Π *d /32
2
Momentofi
ner
ti
aofdisc,
I =(
W/ g)
*(D/ 8)

1.Tor
sional
sti
ff
nessKt
Kt=(
G*J)
/L

2.Per
iodi
cti
me,
T(t
heor
eti
cal
l
y)

3.Per
iodi
cti
me,T(expt
)
T=t/n
4.Fr
equency
,f(
expt)=1/T
 5.Fr
equency
,f(
theo)=/=

RESULTTABLE:

Sr
. LengthofTHEORETICAL EXPERIMENTAL
No. shaf
t,L VALUES VALUES
met I Tth ft
h No. ofTi merequi
redTexp = f
exp =
osci
ll
ati
ons forn n/t
m sel
ected,n osci
ll
ati
ons,tt/n
kg sec
 EXPERI
MENTNO:
-6

AIM:
Todeterminet
henat
uralf
requencyofundampedt
orsi
onalv
ibr
ati
onoft
wor
otor
shaf
tsystem.

APPARATUS:
Fi
gureshowst hegeneralarr
angementforcarry
ingouttheexperiment.Twodiscs
havi
ngdifferentmassmomentofi ner
ti
aareclampedoneateachendoft heshaft
bymeansofcol l
etschucks.Massmomentofi nert
iaofanydisccanbechangedby
att
aching the cross l
evermasses.Bot h di
sc arefree t
o oscil
lat
ei nthe bal
l
beari
ngs.Thisprov i
desnegli
gibl
edampingduri
ngexperiment.

THEORY:
Thesystem whichrequi
restwoco- or
dinatesindependent
lytodescribei
tsmot
ion
complet
elyiscalledat wodegr eeoff reedom system.Thesy stem havi
ngt
wo
degr
eeoffreedom hastwonaturalf
requencies.
Thetwor otorsystem consi
stsofashaf thavingtorsi
onalst
iffnessK andt
wo
rot
orshavingt heiriner
ti
asasI iandLati t
stwoends.Tor si
onalvi
brat
ionoccurs
onl
ywhent herotor1andr otor2rotatesint
heoppositedirecti
on.I
ftherotor1and
rot
or2r otatesint hesamedi recti
ont heni
thaszerof requency.Whent herot
ors
rot
ateintheopposi t
edirectionthentheampl i
tudeofvibrati
onatthetwoendswi l
l
beint heopposi tedi r
ectionandt hereexist
sapoi ntont heshafthav i
ngzero
ampli
tudeiscal l
ednodepoi nt.

FI
GURE:

SPECIFICATIONS:
DiameterofdiscA,DA = 190mm
DiameterofdiscB,DB = 225mm
Massofdi scA,mA = 2.015kg
Massofdi scB,me = 2.795kg
Massofar m withbolt
s,m = 0.166kg
Lengt
hofcr ossarm, R = 0.165m
Diameterofshaft,
d = 3mm
Lengt
hofshaftbetweenrot
ors,L = 1.03m
2
Momentofi nert
iaofdiscA,IA = kg-m
2
Momentofi nert
iaofdiscB,IB = kg-m
6 2
Modul
usofr
igi
dit
yoft
heshaf
t,C = 0.
8*10 kg/cm
PROCEDURE:
1.Fixtwodiscstot heshaftandfittheshaftinbear
ings.
2.Turnthediscinangularposi
ti
oni nopposit
edir
ecti
onbyhandandr elease.
3.Notedownt heti
mer equiredforparti
cularnumberofoscil
lat
ions.
4.Fitthecr
ossar mt ooneoft hediscsayAandagai nnotedownt het ime.
5.Repeatthepr ocedurewi t
hdifferentequalmassesattachedt ot heendsof
t
hecrossarm andnot edownt het i
me.
CONCLUSI ON:
Theexperi
mentalandtheor
eti
cal
val
uesofnat
ural
frequencyof
tor
sional
vibr
ati
onshouldbesame.
 EXPERI
MENTNO:
-9

AI
M:Todet
ermi
newhi
rl
ingspeedofshaf
ttheor
eti
cal
l
yandexper
iment
all
y.

APPARATUS:
Appar
atusf
ort
hedemonst
rat
ionofwhi
rl
ingspeedofshaf
t.

THEORY:
Atcertainspeed,ar otati
ngshaf torr
otorhasbeenf oundt oexhibitexcessiv
elateral
vi
brati
ons( t
ransversevibr
ations)
.Theangularvel
ocit
yoft heshaftatwhicht hi
soccurs
i
scal l
edacr it
icalspeedorwhi r
li
ngspeedorwhi ppi
ngspeed.Atacr i
ti
calspeed,the
shaftdef l
ecti
on becomes excessi ve and may cause per manentdef or
mat i
on or
str
ucturaldamage.Ther eforeiti
simportanttonotethatthemachi neshouldnev erbe
operatedforanylengthoft i
meataspeedcl osetoacrit
icalspeed.

FI
GURE:

PROCEDURE:
1.Decidethesupportendcondi t
ionoftheshaftinbear
ings.
2.Increasethespeedoft heshaftbyv ary
ingvolt
age.
3.Obser vethetr
ansv er
sev i
brat
ionsintheshaft.
4.Measur ethe speed oft he rotat
ing shaftwitht achometeratthe
maximum deflect
ionoftheshaf t
.
5.Repeatt heoperati
ont wo-t
hreetimes.
6.Sincebot htheendshav edoubl eballbeari
nghencebot htheendsar
eassumed
fi
xed.

SPECIFICATIONS:
Lengthofshaft,
L = 0.9m
Diameteroftheshaft
,D = 6.4mm
10
Young'smodulus,E = 2.06 * 10
2
Momentofi nert
iaoftheshaf
t, kg/m
12 4
IWeightoftheshaft
,W = 79.91* 10' m
= 0.28kg/ m
OBSERVATI
ONS:

Sr
.No. Suppor
tendcondi
ti
on Lengt
hofshaf
t Whi
rl
ingspeed

Threevari
ousv al
uesforkar
egi v
enbelow:
EndConditi
on Valueofk
st nd
1 mode 2 mode
Support
ed,support
ed 1.57 6.
28
Fi
xed,support
ed 2.45 9.
8
Fi
xed,fi
xed 3.56 14.
24
CALCULATIONS:
Thefr
equencyofvi
brat
ionf
ort
hev
ari
ousmodei
sgi
venbyt
heequat
ion.

f=k*E*I*g r
ps
4
W *L
CONCLUSION: st
1.Thetheor
eti
calspeedfotthe1 modei s rps.
st
2.Theexper
iment
al speedforthe1 modeisrps.
Theabovetwoarequiteclosetoeachot
her.
nd
Thet
heor
eti
calspeedf
ott
he2 modei
srps
nd
Thespeedoft
he2 modecoul
dnotbedeter
minedexperi
mental
ly,
asi
tisv
ery
hi
ghandbeyondt
hespeedl
i
mit
/rangeofmot
oroftheapparat
us.

PRECAUTIONS:
1.Thespeedoftheshaftshoul
dbei ncr
easedgr
aduall
y.
2.Ifthespeedoftheshafti
ncreasedlar
geitmayleadt
ov i
olenti
nst
abi
l
ity
.