A 0.1 M solution of acid was used to titrate 10 ml of 0.

1 ml of M solution of alkali and the following

volumes of acid were recorded.
9.88 10.18 10.23 10.39 10.21 ml
Calculate the 95% confidence limits of the mean and use them to deiced whether there is any evidence
of systematic error.
In reading a burette to 0.01 ml the final figure has to be estimated. The following frequency table gives
the final figures of 50 such readings. Carry out an appropriate significance test to determine whether
some digits are preferred to others.
Digit 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Frequency 1 6 4 5 3 11 2 8 3 7
The following table gives further results from the paper cited in Example 3.3.1 (Sahuquillo, A., Rubio, R.
and Rauret, G., 1999, Analyst, 124: 1), in which the results of the determination of chromium in organic
materials were compared for two different methods.

In each case the mean is the average of five values. For each material test whether the mean
results obtained by the two methods differ significantly.
The data given in the example in Section 3.11 for the number of breakages by four different
workers are reproduced below:
24 17 11 9
Test whether
(a) the number of breakages by the first worker differs significantly from those
of the other three workers;
(b) the second, third and fourth workers differ significantly from each other in
carefulness.