Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Katarzyna Żelazny
West Pomeranian University of Technology, Faculty of Maritime Technology and Transport
71-065 Szczecin, al. Piastów 41, e-mail: katarzyna.zelazny@zut.edu.pl
Key words: approximate method of resistance calculation, bulk carrier, multiple linear regression
Abstract
During preliminary stages of ship design, decisions on ship properties are made only with little knowledge on
ship hull geometry – a ship designer has only the basis dimensions at his disposal. Therefore on these initial
stages of ship design, methods of calculation of ship properties (eg. resistance) on the basis of basic design
criteria are indispensable. The article presents a new method of calculation of bulk carriers resistance which
proves exact even with a minimum number of geometrical parameters of a ship’s hull.
Ranges for which the Holtrop-Mennen’s method The following general form of a model of ap-
has been worked out: proximating function has been accepted:
– bulk carriers L/B = 5.1–7.1 CP = 0.73–0.85
RT/V2 = f (LWL, B, T, CB, ) (5)
Determining exemplary resistance values – Based on analyses of the influence of individual
dependent variable
parameters (ship resistance on calm water) a de-
Exemplary resistance values have been calcu- tailed form of approximating function can be ex-
lated using Holtrop-Mennen’s method for a select- pressed as:
ed group of built ships on the basis of available ship
RT
data. In this case it is necessary to know around 30 2
a0 a1L3WL a2 B 2 ln(B) a3T 3
parameters describing ship geometry. V (6)
a4 (ln(CB ))2 a5 ln( )
Searching for a model of approximating function
Coefficient values of a model of approximating
Models of approximate function examined here,
function model have been estimated using the
have been drawn up on the basis of experience and
method of least squares, with Statistica computer
intuition having analysed the influence of ship de-
programme.
sign parameters on its resistance. Approximating
Results obtained by estimation of coefficient of
function (in the form below) has been chosen from
regression model for a selected form of approximat-
the analysis carried out:
ing function in Statistica programme have been
RT shown in table 2.
f ( LWL , B,T , CB , ) (2)
V2 Tabela 2. Estimation of regression model coefficients –
a summary
where dependent variable has the form of:
Regression Summary for Dependent Variable: R/V2 (bulk carriers
R Vekor)
y T2 (3) N= R = 0.99371198 R2 = 0.98746351 Adjusted R2 = 0.98731908
V 440 F(5.435) = 6837.0 p < 0.0000 Std. Error of estimate: 1.5090
Std.Err. Std.Err.
Determining function approximating resistance Beta B t(434) p-level
of Beta of B
on calm water on the basis of selected design Inter-
parameters – an estimation cept
a0 3.75096504 0.447197 8.38773 0.000000
Verification of a model
Each obtained model of regression should un-
dergo verification. The most important steps at this
stage are statistical and factual verification.
Table 3. Basic parameters of exemplary ships used for verifica- Table 4. Results of verification of a model
tion of a model
Relative error
Bulk carrier Ship
Parameter speed M1 M2 M3 M4
M1 M2 M3 M4 [m/s] VE = 7.3 VE = 7.5 VE = 8.7 VE = 7.7
Ship length on the line m/s m/s m/s m/s
141.5 189.9 180.0 242.6
of floatation LWL [m] 1 15.55% 20.34% 12.87% 2.52%
Ship breadth B [m] 23.0 25.3 32.2 32.2 2 6.48% 12.32% 4.42% 7.32%
draught T [m] 8.5 10.6 12.0 11.6 3 1.86% 6.91% 1.04% 13.61%
bulk coefficient CB 0.804 0.820 0.805 0.815 4 1.75% 2.54% 5.62% 18.17%
waterplane coefficient CWP 0.892 0.854 0.873 0.872 5 2.67% 0.60% 9.19% 21.51%
displacement [m3] 21 441 40 831 56 396 73 910 6 1.31% 1.88% 10.89% 23.00%
Ship speed V [m/s] 7.33 7.51 8.69 7.72 7 12.09% 0.31% 9.11% 22.12%
Adjusted R2 0.987
Standard error
RT [kN] 1.509
M1 of estimate
600
approximation
exemplary calculations (H-M method) Conclusions
400
The method presented here is simple, based on
a few rudimentary design parameters but at the
200
same exact, hence its high usability in bulk carriers
design and optimisation. It is also more exact that
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 other methods quoted in literature on this subject,
V [m/s] e.g. than in [3] where a method using neuron net-
RT [kN] M2
works has been used to calculate hauling power
600 (which allows us to determine resistance values on
approximation
calm water) also based on ship parameters known
exemplary calculations (H-M method)
400 at initial stages of design. Comparison of the results
from the approximation presented here and the ones
200 from the method described in [3] is given in figure
5.
0 RT [kN]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 M1
400
V [m/s] approximation
300
RT [kN] M3 metod H-M
200
pulication [1]
800 approximation 100
exemplary calculations (H-M method)
600 0
0 2 4 6 V [m/s] 8
400
M2
200 500
400 method H-M
0 publication [1]
300
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 approximation
V [m/s] 200
100
RT [kN]
M4 0
1000 0 2 4 6 V [m/s] 8
apprximation
800
exemplary calculations (H-M method) M3
600 1000
800 method H-M
400 publication [1]
600
200 400 approximation
200
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0
V [m/s] 0 2 4 6 8 V [m/s] 10
Fig. 4. Graphs showing resistance relationship on calm water – Fig. 5. Relationship graphs of resistance on calm water – for
for an obtained model and for calculations made using the obtained model, for the Holtrop-Mennen’s method and other
Holtropa-Mennen’s method publications [3]