Mone DreraieUTGN terROD aan Single bay portal frames. When the frame is symmetrical about centre dine and loaded sym. metrically, the frat ean be analys- ed by considering the stiffaess of tho central portion as half of the actual stiffness and*finding out the distribution factors, The process .of moment distribution is oarried ‘ out for half tho fremo with these distribution factors The equivalent frame 1s shown in Fig, 834 (5), wx Z he. 8 34 (a), (b) Box-type frames When the frame ia symmetrical and symmetrioall. loaded, the distribution factors are work- ed out by considering the stiffness of central members as half of the actual value, The process of moment dis- tribution 18 carried out for half the frame, The equi- valent frame is shown in Fig 8 35 (4), In case the closed frame is symmetrical and symmetri- cally loaded about both the 4 axer, moment distribution is carried out for quarter por- tion by taking stiffness of the ae members at joint equal to Fig, 8 85 (a), (6). half of the actual value. Th Symmetrical single bay single storey frame under sway. cn symmetrical single bay single storey frame is subjected to uzontal loads, the distribution factors are worked ont by taking *uffness of the horizontal Span as} of the actual stiffacas of the irmber and process of moment distribution carried out for half the frame,322 “ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES Ex. 818. Analyse the frame shown in Fig. 8°36 by ekort-cw moment distribution method.. Solution. oc = —20x8xe = —6000 Nic = +6000 Taking stiffness of member BC y half of the actual value distribution facton at Bare rea = t Process of moment distribution is carried out for half th frame as shown in Table 8°37. TABLE 8°37 Joints i | A B Members | AB BA | Bo DF. | inal | 1/2 | a2 | Se co, | +1500 | | Final moments | +1500 | +8090 | 3000 Ex. 819. Analyse the box type frame of-Ez. 8°17 by short mathod of moment distribution. eee ees Solution. Fixed end moments are Wee = —2000 kg. m., Hcp = +200 kg. Wire = —720 kg. m., Wag m= 4480 kg. m. Wap = +1333°3 kg, m. vx = —1283-3 kg. m,Taking values, ‘tieteibation factors are 1 +3 lar L Sila eh i aul wee Ta 1 TT BXrty @ roa = & Similerly ras= 4, rap =} MOMMY DISTHIRUTION METgOD 1 “Fv stiffness of members AD and BC as half of actual Process of moment distribution is shown in Table 8°38. TABLE 8-38 Joints 4 B Membora 4D AB | BA BO br ys 2/3 2/3 | ys POM. 413383 | —720 480 2000 Balance 20443 | —408'87 | +1014-33 | +508 67 £0 +650716 | Balance 16905 | —838-11 +68 14 leo, 40815 | —169°06 ; Bolance 2272 | 4543 | 411271 | +5635 | co +596 | —2272 Balance —1879 | —87°57 +1515 | 47°87 co +758 —18°78 Balance —253 = 5:05 +1202 | +626 co +626 2°68 Balance ~209 —«1t +168 +086 HF co 40°84 208 Balance 0-28 056 +139 +0°80 co, +069 —028 Balance 098 —oe8 +010 +0700 eben +915-18 | 018-18 | +3383'39B24 ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES Ex. 8:20. Analyse the frame shown in Fig. 8 distriion metnod UF 9. 8°37 by money Solution. As the load is acting at joint there will be no fixed end moments due to load- ing. Moments will be only due to sway of the frame. As the frame is symmetri- cal the moment distribution for sway moments will be carried out for half the frame and staff- ness of BC will be taken as recta m rey 3 ior 3, ‘i i Xe He } / Distribution factors at B { \ are 1 J A . 2 0 aeackzm teookg m tea = poy ent a 45 M, Diagram 458 ag 337 (a) and (%), tec = 1—04=06, Sway moments aro —— 6EI8 Was=Mox = — a Assumo Mas = Jiga = —1090 kg. m Tho process of moment distribution 1s shown in Table 8 39. TABLE 8 30 Soints | 4 | B Members | AB BA | Bo DY, | | o4 | 06 FEM. —1000 1000 Balance 400 _ +609 0.0. | +210 | | EE EC CCE EEEEEE Eee Eee EEEEEE eee PEE eee Fivel moments | —800 —600 | +600 Let actual sway motents be 2 times the moments {or assumed sway, Hy, +Hy+P =0MOMENT DISTBIBUTION METHOD 328 Myo+Maa , Moet+Men Be EeeeeeedeeEeECee Eee Mig +Meay +Myg +4 op +5600 0 — 8002 —6002 ~— 800z+-6002+5600 «0 i p= 5000 23800 t-1400 = 0 Final moments are Myy = —1600 kg, m, = My = +1200 kg. m. My, = —1200 ky. m. Mop = —1200 kg. m, Myg = +1200kg.m, My, —1600 kg, m, BM. diageam is shown in Fig. 8°37 (5). 810. Gable Frames (1) Consider a symmetrical gable frame ABCDE, symm>tri- nly losded Lat @ be the angle mad» by sloping membors with hou7ontal, Under the load the joint at apes will be displaced vertically and yonts Band D will bo displaced in the oppostte direction by equal amount, en cet OL. Tixed end moments due to bidig are calculated assuming that fame does not sway, and process of noment distribution is carricd out. Lit the moments for members be ays My, and ao on. Next tho ‘amis allowed to sway. For the fig. 8.38 orizontal displacement ,\ of & and ‘,d splioomont of members BO and CD is caloulated, vhs co ocr =A, Proportionate fixed end momenta due to sway are assumed for 4B, BC, CD and DB Hog Mee and process of moment distribution is carried out, Let these moments bem’ sp» i ‘Ba m',, and so on, Let the actual ewsy ‘oa BA moments be 2 times the moments for assumed sway. Final moments will be Alen, My, mytem',, Fig, 8°89 My, = my, +2m’y, and so on, pialANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES Horizontal reaction at B, body diagram of AB. Next considering free body diagram of BC, the horizonts} reaction at B is found out. Let it be H,,, Ay, +Hgo = 0 The value of x can be found from the above equation. (ii) Consider an unsymmetrical gable frame ABODE. Unde: avy loading joints B, C and D are displaced and thus there is relative movements of all the members, Hy, is found by considering free Fixed end moments due to load ing are caloulated, assuming that t) frame does not sway, and process « moment distribution is carried ou! Tet the moments for members b ‘hays My, ond 80 on. Next Bis held in position and portion BONE 1s allowed to sway 8 that D is displaced by an amount / The displacements of members BC and CD will be A, and A, Ar As Gon # — vos o A.=/ A wn Sway moments will be Msc = Mcp = —SaE AL Ee 6EI A =—"P *Fan Mov = Moo = + SHI L 6h: = +h Xai ine = Man = — a Whe BAN fo IBY, . The sway moments for the me bers BC, CD und DE are assumed an of moment distribution 1s carried out, Let the actual sv moments be z tines the moments for assumed eway. Let tl moments be m’,,, m',, 8nd 80 on. Next the joint D is not ellowed to sway and portion ABC de aftawed to f aese Lat the displacement ‘of joint B be .MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METNOD 327 delative displacements of B with respect to O, and C with respect D will be Tao Sway moments for members AR, BC and oD ere assumed and process of moment distribution carried out, Jet the actual sway moments be y times the moments for assumed sway. Let the moments be m’,,,™",, and so on, ‘Tbe total moments for members will be Myy = May F2 gy t¥M' gy Nyy Ma tem yg tom’ ay, ‘Tho values of x and y can be found from the equations H,+Hgt+P=0 VitV, W where, 7, and Hg are the horizontal ehears at A and Zand P is the total horizontal external force, taken +ve when acting to- wards right. Va and Vg are the reactions at A and H, taken +ve when acting upwards and WV is the tots] downward load, Ex. 8:21. Analyse the frame shown in Fig. 841 by moment distrbution method All the’ members have same value of moment of inertia. Solution. The fixed end moments will be 2a0hgin . Fig 8°41 wl? 1800 x4 x4 Myom— TE" ~ oe = —2400 kg. m. : Wyn + Em 42100 bg. m wht 2” ja = 2400 kg. m.328 ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES 1s Woo at 42400 kg. m. Distribution factors will be Joint B te IL i Teo 5 Te, Tea 7 fac * las B15 =}. BA = 4. Similarly = roc = } and rpe = 4. Distribution factors at U will be ro, = Top = 4 a8 the mem bers BC and CPD bave rame moment of inertia and same length. \ The distribution of fixed end moments 1s shown in Tabi 8°40, Table 540 Boints | 4 | X | o | D | p Members | an | na | no ob | oD | D? pe | gp DF Pea bobs (acer KEM. | —24001 4 2400] 2400] | Balance | 120 04) —1200 on. [a0 | | I «om |-a| | | -« Final moments +600 | + 1200] + 1200) ; 3090|—s000) + 1200 —1200 On The trame will away as shown in Fig b-al (6). Relative displacement of members B and C will be fo a 5 “i=ino we 34 a 6EI Aan May +e a z 6EI £D Hy, ae a 7 — 8 o. 6H. « M30 Mes=— 555° =~ 5xBX eA a 6EI A, {OBIT 6 o + 3x6 tex5X 34 I i) DOMOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD 329 Mas: Mac = + > bala. SET 5 ex5 ' ~bxo™% FA =8;— Assume Sian=Mgq = +300, Mep=Mpg=— 300 ec= dics = — 500, Mpc=Mcp= +500. The distribution of sway moments is shown in Tablo 841, TABLE 8-41 Joints | 4 | B | o | D | a Members [2 | 24 | no cB | cp | pe | De | BD be. \ - | 4 | | i | a foad- IPM +300 | +300 | —50u |—7 00 | | 500 +700 —300 —300 bilane +109 | +100 -100 —100 co | +50 | | | +F0 | -10 | | | —50 | Pinu moments, 13 a feat 400 | -450 1450) +400 —400 —350 Total momenta will bs Map =600+360 x, 4800 kg/m anaacabo Waa=+1200 4 400 2 gc —1200—400 x, YS * Mca= +3000 -450 « Mey =—3000+450 zx, IM pno=+1200+400 x Me ec Mpe=—1200—400 x, Mep =—600 -330 x. Brey Hey “onsidering {ree body diagram of AB, [™ Hy, = SfeatMan ° “onwidc ring free body diagram of BC, Uca+Muc+Hacx3+1800x4%4 aH ny —1800x 4x2=0 “Hage — Ment Mac+1800x4x 2 Repoorakg, 3 Fig, 642 :— (Mca+Mocd -4800330 ANALYSIS OF STRUCIUEBES Aaat+Hac=0 Moet Man __ Ment Mre) — 4509-09 411200400 4.600.850} — (180 == 1200-4002) _, = 0 . #[1800-++ 750 2j—4[1800—850 z]--4800=0 360-+150 «—600-+283'33 z—4800=0 433°33 2= 5040 5040 2 = p95 11°63 Final momenta are given in Table 8°42 TABLE 8°42 Members | 4B | Ba | BC | os | oD | DO | DE | ED Non-sway | +60 [ram “il +3060 | —3000 | 20 iz —ov0 moments 11-68xSway | 140705 [+ os -t - 6223 5]-+6238 £] +4052 ~08 |-vs moments Final + 4670°5 +s, —2238°5 | + 2288 5] 4 5852|-5852|—4070 > momenta Ex. 822. Analyse the frame shown wn Fig, 8°43 by moment distribution method. All the memers huve the same section, x sh + , : som dt - 24m Fig, 8°43 Solution. Fixed end moments aro : _ wit 1500x1010 Wae= ee #4 = —12,500 kg. m. Maa=+ ~ = +12,500 kg, m. — a Macm — 10O%5%8 __ 3105 kg, mw. ee 1800x 5x 5 aces 72 =x -+3125 kg. m, Distribution factors are,MOMENT DIS) RIBUTION METHOD 331 Joint C rea=t, tco=t I 10 1 Joint B tec = T™ ape 0485 TS 710 roam 0'565, Similarly rpc=0'495, rpg= 0" Distribution of fixed end moments is shown in Table 8°43, TABLE 843 Joints 4 BR oO Db Bg Members | AB BA BO op | op | po | pe | ap DR oes =| 0435 =| 12 | ae | 0435 | 0500 KEM | 19,500 +3125 | Balance j—1562 5 co, | 26495 =791°3 | ~ 2030 —781'3 Balanco saars | 3399 [4 lolys|; 1019 5] +3304 | +4414 60, 12207 +5098 | +4170 | +170 | +8098 +2207 Balanco —288| -9218 | —170| —170 | 2218] —288 co ltt —83 |-1109|—1109) —86 Mt Balance +48) 387 | ¢liow| stiog| 437] 448 co +4 4555 | $185 | +185 | +555 +24 Belanes 307] —242 | -180 | -185 | -242 | -313 co -157 —93 -93 —15'T Balance +53 +470) +40 | 458 ssaasan po co, +27 +60 z +27 Balance 35 26 35 co -18 -10 | -13 | -13] -10 18 Belance +06 +04 +13) +13] +04) +06 co $03 +08 ——| WIESE LOREAL SL Final Monente |—15,062°3| +73756|—7875°6 | +543] —543|—1725/ +1725] +862 cE cn Se Se332 ANALYSIS OF ST2UOTUBES The joint Dis held in position and joint B is allow-d ty sway by Aj. The deflected form of the frame is shown iy Fig, 8 44 (a). Relative displacement of joints B and C will bo Ai A, 18 13 Fang = 2 Xo = igo Sway moments will be =: > 6EI A 6EI 13x13) 13 X Fg on SEI Ay 13x10 6EI 13x13 13, x To _ 6BT A, “13x 10 digs : Mec: Hcp GET A, , , SETA, Mic= Mca= + =+ Mep= ipce= ~~ Fig 844(), =~ loxto * Trax , _ OHI A * 18xT Deere =O BT = —13;10: —10. Assume fixed end moments due to sway as Tae = "Mea = —1300 kg. m, Toc = Hcg = +1000 kg. m. Mop = Mpc =—1000 kg. m. The distribution of sway moments is shown in Table 8°44.MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD 333 TABLE 8 44 saw | A B | eee B uintes| AaB | BA | BO | oR | op | 20 | pe | ap DL | - 0565 | 0435 12 12 | 0 485 0 505 - . Ae RLM —1300 | —1300 | +1000 | +1000 | —1090 | ~1¢00 Balace +169 6 | +1305 +435 865 co + 848 +053 | 2176 +282 6 Bilan e } —141 4] —1414 ‘a a eee ! pee Eee co | =707 107 Palarce | 4399 | +308 |B | 4399 eo 420 Hl64 | 4154 420 pio | -154 | 154 = i —77 77 Hea Cy 443 | fod +34] 443 q2 7 +17 42k Rian c | 17 —17 \ =o =u te | 40>) poe 104] +05 | $02 | +02 wal | | pone te 72192 7] —1085 8) + 1u85 | +9259 | ~923 9} —6097} +6097 /+2048 RE WAY Let the actual sway momezts be 4 times tho moments for vsumed sway. Next the ont B15 hold in position and jot Dis allowed to by \, The deficcted form of the frame 13 shown in Big 44 (u). The relative displace ment of joints C and D will be patil get petivaa! Beno 5 ~ i048 2x Sway moments will be Wag = Wop = - SF, ,, = — SFL As 13x73" 10 ~T 3A lu334 ANALYSIS OF STRUCIURES 6zI 13 6EI Ay Heo = Une = + iss 9% io 49 + isso" — 6£. 6. Ms = Bao = — sgp* 4s = — Tot GEI A. , GET Ay, GET Mec : Hep : Moe = — 18xi0'* 13x10 ? Toxo" = —10: +410: —13. Assume fixed end moments due to sway as Mac = Mca = —1000 kg. m. Mcp = Mpc = +1000 kg. m. “Mpa = Wap = —1300 kg. m. The distribution of moments is shown in Table 8°45. TABLE 8:45 Balance | | =14t4| —1414 | vd, wi WT Balance +309 | 4308 | +308 | +390 | GO: tH | ptoa | $164 1 +h Balance ~154 | —154 C0, = =rI Balance +43 | tne | +34 | +43 | C0, Fat +7, +17 pai bate ool Fa Uw, } uy uy Balance +08 +04 | | +04 | +06 | 0. | +02 | | | | +08 final moments | +8048 | 4600-7 | 6007 | —923-0| 4028-9 [+1053 noesMOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD 338 Let the actual sway moments be y times the moments for awumed sway. The total moments will be Mag = —15,062 3—1192-7 2+308'8 y Moa = +7315°8—1035°8 24.6097 y Moc = —7375°6+1085'8 «6097 y Mca = +643+923-92—923-9y Mep = —543—923-02-4.923-0y Mpc = —172 5—609'7r+1046-8y Mpe = +172 5-+609 7r—1085-8y Men = +86°24304:82—1192-7y ‘Tne values of x and y are found from the equations. Bast HeptP = i VatVe = y Hs a 7 Bye § iB ‘DD he : 8 , yee Meo B vt yen, Asi Ing } % Fiz, 8°45 Consider free body diagram of AB, shown in Fig, 8°45. Moa+Mas—HapX 10— 1500 x 10x 10 =0 Hae — 1500+ Hat Moa Considering free body diagram of DE Mpe+Mev—Hepx 10 = 0 . Bap = + Moet Meo Aavt+Hept+P = 0 Moa , Moor Mem + 1500x185 = 0 Man t+Maa+Hys+ Yep = —150,000, Substituting values of Mas, Mea, Mpe and Map 15,0623 —1192°7 2-+304 8y+7375°6—1085 82 +-609°7y-+172'5 +609'72—1085'8y +-86'2-+-304'82 11927 y = —150,000396 ANALY SI8 OF STRUCTURES 7428—12642—1364y = — 150,000 —13642~.1364y = 142,572 oty 142 572 1364 104°5, -(y! Consider free body diagram of ABC, Taking moments abou Mas+Meat+Vax 12—Hagx 15—1500 x 15* ape 0 ; EELS 1500< 15X15 Men Man * Yam Guat exis ee 7 Mas Moa 5 Men Map = —93754- a +3 + 140625-—) 9 a Man, Moa Meo s goa7 5, 24 g 12 Consider free body diagram of CDE Vex 124+Hep /15--Mcp—Mep = 0 - Mev , Mnn_ 5 0 Ves sp i yg Meo _ Mon, Mer 8 (pe + Mr p® He ree Nee Mcp | Meo Moe Men eat ate areata _— Mcp Men Moe 12 8 Va+Ve = 0 as there 18 no vertical load Man Moa Mee Men Mev _ Mow _ “ge te ag TATE ETE ag : 24 8 Mand 8M@pa—2Mcp+2Mcpo— Mep—38M ped 112,500 = 0 —15,062 3—1192 7.r4-304 8y +22126°8—3257 4x + 1820°1y -1086 — 1847 8x — 1847 8y+1086—1847 Sx +1847 8y—86°2 —304 8r4+1192°7y—517 5-—1829 lz $3257-4y+ 116,820 = 0 eo 4288 8— 10279 6x+ 10,279 6y+112,500-—= 0 7 —10279°6x410279 Gy = —116,788°8 * z—y = 11°36 «8 Eq. 1+Eq, 2 gives 22 = 115°86 a z= BTS i y = 67-93-1138 = 46:57, ysBinal moments are shown in Table 8 46,837 MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD | ee = . . | ; s86LLe— Uo'I~ | Lo'st+ oro orotntt eur'ist | 6.2ii'ze— | s0r6'eo— eyuewoa | | | | | — ‘ ‘ i equamom Bya'so— segc'og— —[ $ £99‘u9t Foose + ye0'eF— 9.908'83— soonest | 61H | feagx 98.1) | ' | | evo 90) a A 1 7 * ‘, _ Teg9'Lt + ose'set+ eaE— Tes‘eg— Tes*ea+ | 008'20+ 006'29— B60'e6o— | Aue g x06-14 7 ‘ | | i | syuewour 30st 9.LI+ 9 eLI— erg— | erot 9.9182— 9.oLeL+ €.200'9T— | Keus-0 | aa | aa oa ao ao oa | va ay | soqureyy fl ' ors GTAVL338 ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES Ex. 8:23, Analyse the fixed beam shown in Fig. 846 (a woacolg n by moment distribution ee E Solution. When thy |}-—-sm—— 6m beam is loaded pomt ¢ will deflect. Assume ey ooookga Poe A imaginary support at (. 8o that C does not deflee when moment of 10,0 kg. m. is applied, a Distribution factor Ahi, at Care aa 4 $ me Ica Mac zl re Toa 6 7 Tea Joa abe ae lca Ica I Merida ine 3933-3k9.m Fog. 8°46 rca=}. Distribution of moments is shown in Table 8°47. TABLE 8 47 Joints \ A e | B Members ft AC | CA | cB | BO DF. \ | 12 | 42 | FEM, F000 Faun CO 4.2500 | 22510 Total moments | 2500 +5000 | +5000 | +250" Actually C does not remain at same position but gets defle ed. Now ( 18 allowed to deflect by 8. Due to settlement 8 of sup ort C fixed end moments will be, Wye~Hea=— $2 Ee 2, Hyo=Meo=+ SEXS8 —— 8 12H1. Mine: Hye=— RB PRB 921 Assume Mec=Mca=—200 kg. m. and Mac=Mac=+100 kg. m. Distribution of assumed sway moments is shown in Table 8°MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD 339 TABLE 948 Jointa | 4 Qo | B Mombers | 4c | CA | CB | BO DF | | 12 | R | Fe. | 200 = 200 +100 100 Balance +50 EO | co, | +25 | | | +25 final moments | 15 | ~150 | +150 $125 Tat antnel oman m: ~~ suvuuouus Ur assumed sway Mac=+2500—175 «, Hca=+5000—1502 Mcp=+50004150 z Mac=+26004125 x. The value of z can be calculated from tho condition thas “ation of C should be zero aa there is no external toad acting ue. Considering free body of AC, Rex 3—Mac—Mea=0 : Row 28 ‘act Mea o eer Considering free body of OB, R’cxX6+MactMca=0 Msct M Ric=— ae cB Rect Bie=0 MactMca _ MsctMca _9 Mact Men _ act Men _ 2(Mact Mca)—Mac—Mca=0 2[2500—175 x 6000 —150 z]—2500—125 z—5000—150 z=0 15000 — 650 2—7500—375 z=0 7500=925 x 7500 _.. = G55 78108. Final moments are Myc=2500—1418-9=+1081'1 kg. m. Myc=2500+1013'5=3518'50 kg. m.340 ANALYSI8 OF £TRUOTURES 8-24. Find the ficing moments at A and Band draw Butera for the ‘team shun in lig. 8-47. There iat moment of 6 t.m. applied atc. (AMLE. May, 196% al 6m I. Solution. A support at Cy B assumed which will deflect by say 4, 243m The reaction at C will be zero, OE Fie, 8°47 Due to deflection A, - 7 —6(8ED) A _ —108 ET A ao c= 213) ere GEI A 54EI A Mon = Mao “Gye = | TABLE 83 TABLE 8°50 sr 8 3 = -400 =400 [200 +200 SCA ee OG +160 |+40, sie I b/3 3 +60 20 are 320 ~240 |240 +220 Ton = 1-0'2 = 02 Non-sway moment distribution is shown in Table 84i, and sway moment distribution is shown in Table 8 50. Final moments will be due to non-displacement of C, and times assumed displacement. Hyg =2°4—320z Mae Ms Mo, =48—240z E Hy 1 ac cA Moy =1/24+-2402 ake 2 Mae @ My 06+ 2202 cB eC Fig. 848 Motor 3 Foa= a" = (12-5602) x 5 3MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD 341 Mes + M50) Fes “4 3 Ro = Fos +Fos =0= -} (7'2—5602)— 5-84-4602) (7-2— 660x)—~(3 64-8202) = 0 3°6—1480r =: 0 36 = -+ (1'8-+-4602) Py r= Taso 7 36 ‘ac = 24~320x ST 24-779 = 1621 tan. 3-6 Mec = 0 6 4-220x T7eG = 06+0°535 = +1°135 t.m. Final moments are shown in Fig. 8°43, 4216 n35, rigs FINAL BM. DIAGRAM Fig, 849 Ex. 8:25. Draw the B.M. diagram for the following portal frame given in Fig, 850. Hnd A is fixed and Dia hinged, There is load of 3°28 t/mon BC, The values of relevant M.1. are given against the members, (A.4.LE. May, 1967) Solution. Let A be-eway to the right. 3 81 6I ah a _ 3 B 328 4fm stub top = TT, TIT = 81 = va 7 C- aX*a ta TF 2a, oh 1 “2 Top = 1— gat 4 486m ar) = 4 | ta = = ge nos ol apt ae 139 = 1-08 = 0-2 — (42. 96HI Has =U = - SOR AL _ SETA Qa342 ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES a BSED) A 24 ET A Mcp =— te ae Map _ —96 SAPO oe 4d Me 24 TABLE 8°51 Non-sway moments 1614 +1614 4323, = 404 + +646 — 20°F 16z + 162)+ 040. = > 040 [+ oe +02 F 02 +016 |++004 = ~-005 — -- 3°28 (1/2)? 3 Mos=—Mec = 38x 0/0 7 . +862 526 #56 _ 1-614 tm. Non-sway moment distribution is shown in Table 8°51. Sway moment distribution is shown in Table 8°52, TABLE 8 52 Sway moments Final moments willbe sum of non-sway moments plus ‘z' times assumed sway moments. Maa = 0735—2:43z Mpa = 1:469—-86z cp = — 1-347 —"54e . My, tM, Moy atin 0 1 4 4MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD 343 o [Maat Myalt oy = 0 * 2[2204—3'29x]—1'347—0'5 42 = 0 4-408 —6 582—~1°347—-0'542 = 0 3061 = 7127 3061 TR Myy =0735—249 x “429807351035 z= =0°4208 0-300 € My = 1460-086 0'4208=1'460- 0°369 | ' +1100 W 030 — 1347 —0°54 » 4298 —1 347—0°233 Moy —1:580 vi Fig, 8°51 Final mom: nts are shown in Fig. 8°51 on tension side. Ex. 8°26. Analyse the continuous beam shown in Fig. 852 and draw the bending moment and ehear force diagrams. Relevant talucs of moment of nerlia are shown against the members. (4.MLLB, Nov, 1967) Solution. 3t 4t Mae=+3x0915 = FLA ifm 122m 42°745 tm. So 3 I 2 p Fey a — SX ERE ALIS nl 3m 451 im naa Fig, 8 =—-1'18t.m. Vinc= + fedex Te 1-72 t.m, ar an 75 3 mac = ay 8 a YT gota” s if 4 3 ta l- peaANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES 0u9 NS 2745 2538 2269 2896 Fi . 858 TABLE 8:53 Joints | 4 B | e D Members | 4B | AB | BA | BO cB | cp | vo —! eee cee DF. | | 37 | iz | aya | a7 | ¥EM +2°745 (93) 41688] —1-178 | 417 1 Belance 4, 2745 release D ©.0. —1373 ~0.85¥ Total moments nm 745 | 2-745 | 1-873 | —1 688| +1688|—2037 0 Petes noes i +1312 | +1°749 | +0 199 | 407150 Carry over } 0°10 | +0°875. ‘Balance —0'043 | —0 057 | —0-500 | —0 375 Carry over aie 02 0| —0°029 ‘Balance 1 +0 107] +0143] +0017| -uOI2 Carry over +0009] 4072 Balance —0-004 | —0°005 | 0-041 | —0 031 Carry over —0-021 | —0-003 Balance +0°009| +0012] +0-0c2 | +0-001 Larry over | +0 001 | + 0-006 Balance I 0 — | -0-001 | —0-003 | - 0-003 Garry over | -oo2 ° Balance 40°01 | +0001 Final Moments | +2°746 | ~2°745| +0 009/ —0 000 | +2223 |~2-283] 0MOMENT DISTRIBUTION MaTHOD 345 Ex. 8°27. Analyse the frame shown in Fig, 8:54 and draw the | dendsng moment diagram, The end Ais fixed and C rests on rollers, The moment of Inertia of BC is twice the moment of inertia of AB. (4.0,..2, Nov, 1967) Solution. I I Bo 7 Tv at BE BA = E - 2 TT 3! ve Thee Tt te 1 t 4 86mal 0 5t/m gt 13 wt/m rac = 1— 77 i, Myr, 88% 486 yo, Harwl pa =—Wag: 32 7 2290t.m, Fig. 8 54 Moment distribution for non-eway is shown in Table 8°54. TABLE 8 54 Non away Jota | a B | oO fombers | AB | AB | BO | oB or | 1/4 3/4 | PRM —12 99 +120 | 0 0 Bilance 3248 | 9 742 co | 102 | | | tinal moments | —14 614 | +9°742 | —9 742 0 Sway moments Sway moments of —10 are applied at A and B. Correct sway Moments will be z times the assumed sway momente, Moment distribution 1s shown 1n Table 8°55, Map = —14°614—8°75 x May = 9°742—7'5 x wit Hjl+Mast+ Mex -> Hy, wi316 ANALYSI8 OF STRUCTURES wl? 66x 4:86" Mast+Mna = ae . 77-93 2 -4°812—-1626 2 = -t- 17930 TABLE 8°55 Joints | A | B | Cc Membors AB | BA | BO | CR DF. | | ie | Bit | L F.E.M. —10 10 0 0 Balance +25 $75 ¢,0, | 41°25, | | | tinal Moments | 875 | 750 | +75 | 0 73058 1625 = #495 Myg = —14 614—8-75x 4-495 = —14 614-3933 = —53-054 t.m, Maa = 9°742-75 x 4495 =9-742 —937. M4 3388 = 23-978 tm, Fig. 855 BM. diagram is drawn on tension side in Fig. 8 55. Ex. 8°28. Analyse the continuous heam ABC shown in Fi $56. It carries a unsformly distributed load of 66 t/m, on AB a BC, The support B sinks by 6:35 mm, below 4 and. EI constant. E = 200 tjcm*. I == 33,200 em', (AM.LE. May 196 Solution. 2000 x 33,000 ae El rine B tin 36m. 48m- 6,640 t.m.* Fig, 8°66MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD 66 Ta = — Haga 8X3 pot i, = Ff - 8 Ica = — Mpo= — =: 12670 tm, 7 7 —S8EIS 6 “3 Tyn.= Ugan= Re ieem es == — 19540 t.m, Dypt Moan = — 26657 Wat Mong = —12-413 Deon" Wspo= $e 10990 t m, Tho + Msz0 = —1°680 Wog + Mop = +23°660 +OEIS _ 6x 6,640% 635% 10-3 oe Set 347 ounts A | B | oO lombera AB | BA | » ad | 050 | 050 eT fm | EM, ~26607 | —12413 | —1-680 +23°060 eloase A +26 687 arty over | +13:394 ! tal moments 0 +921 1580 = +28 660 ane Sane i +379, ! +380 7 RY over | | | +0190 tal Moments 0 | +1300 | 1300 | +23°850 BLM. Diagram is shown in Fig, 8°57,348 Ex. 8:29. Analy) and D are hinged. gram. ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES se the portal frame shown in Fig. 8°58. Bnd, 1 is constant, Draw the bending moment dig (4.0.08, May 1963 TABLE 857 Non-sway Joints Members BA BO cB cD DF. 3/7 4/7 2/8 1/3 FEM, —1-800 +1-800 Balance +m +1029 —1-200 —0 600 Carry-over —"800, 4515 Balance +°267 +343 "343 — 12 Catry-ov or "172 172 Balance + 074 4098 “5 "067 Carry-over +040 Balance +1025 +033 "033 016 Carry-over 017 +017 Balance +007 +010 oll "006 Carry -over "008 +005 Balance 1-003, + 003 —008 —002 Final Moments +1137 ~1137 +858 — 853 Solution. ‘There will be eway of the oe frame. tis assumed sway takes placeto _ rom E e the right B c il a ay -18m- Hos=—Msco= 4 =18tm, 1am 1 ea eiae tad a *Ts A ma 3 TT 2 *retTs ép Fig. 8°58MOMENT DISTRIBUT.ON METROD Sway TABLE 8:58 Jomts B | Members BA Bo OB oD DF 3/7 47 2/3 ys FuM. —9 000 0 0 —4-000 Balance +3 867 +5143 +2667 | ++1°333 Carry-over +1334 +2 572 Balance "572 "762 17s “867 Carry-over "858 —"381 Balance +368 +7490 +7254 +127 Carry-over +127 +245 Balance —"054 "073 163 "082, Corry-over 082 —"037 Balance + 085 +1087 +7025 +7012 Catry-over +013 +7024 Balance —"006 —"007 — 016 008 Carry-over "008 "004 Balance +004 +004 +°003 +001 48474 —3'478350 ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES Assumed Mona —9, Mgop = —4 Mpa =: 1°137—5°3482 Moy = —0'853—34742 Moa _,Mcv_ 4 ber 27 6 8My +2 gp = 0 3[1-137—5-3482]-+4-2[—-853—3-a742] = 0 3-411 —16:0442—1-706—6°9482 = 0 22-9922 = 1705. 6. 1:705 aii BF og 2 = sepgy=0 07416 : My = 1°137—5'348 x 0'07416 = 1:1370—0-3966 = 0°7404 tm. Moy —0°853—3:474x 0-074l --0°8530—0°2576 Fig, 860 = —1-1106 t.m. The B.M. is drawn on tension side in Fig. 8:59, PROBLEMS 1. Solve the problems at the end of Chepter 2 by moment distribution method. 2. Solve continuous beam problems at the end of Chapter by moment distribution method. 3. Bolve problems at the end of Chapter 6 by moment distri bution method,MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METAOD 351 4 Solve problems at theend of Chapter7 by moment {distribution method, i 5. Analyse the frame shown in Fig. 8:60 by moment distri- i pation method. {Ans. Man=—2t.m., Moc=+2 t.m., Mas=—1 t.m.] ade, I i em— em l Fig. 8 60 6. Analyse the frame shown in Fig. 8°61 by moment distri- ution, All the members have same value of moment of inertia, (Ans. Map=33°5 kg. m. Moa=- +1246-2 kg. m., Mac=—23°05 kg. m. Mop =—1223'15 kg. m , Mpp=-+6938°7 kg, m, Mro=—455°6 kg m., Mrp=—6489'l kg, m, M.p=—768 84 kg. m, Mep=-+763'84 kg, m, Mpc=—310 27 kg. m., Mcp=+433 kg. m. Mop=—8248 kg. m.] Fig. 861 7. A beam ABOD , 9°15 m long is simply supported at A, B id C such that span 4B is 3°05 m, span BC is 4°58 m, and the ‘ethang CD is 152 m. It carries & uniformly distributed load of ‘kg/m in span AB and a point load of 908kg at the froo ‘dD. The moment of inertia of the beam in span AB is J and at in span BO is 21, Draw the B.M. and 8.F. diagrams for e beam, (4.M.LE, Nov, 1968)352 ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES 8. A beam ABCD is 9 m long and is simply supported at 4 Band 0. Span AB is 3 m, BC is 4:5 m and overhang CD is 15q Moment of inertia of beam in span 4B is J and that in span 3¢ 27. It is loaded with a uniformly distributed load of 200 kgin in span 4B and with a point load of 1000 kg at the free end 5 Draw the bending moment and shear force diagrams for beam. (A MLE. May, 1969 9. A rectangular portal frame has a span of 6 mand a heigh of 45 m. Its two vertical members are fixed to the groundy their bottom ends. Lhe horizontal member of the portal carrie aloadof 3t(m, The moment of inertia of vertical members is and that of horizontal member is 2J. Caloulate support reaction and draw the B.M. diagram for the portal frame, (A.M.LE, Nov, 1965“9 DIOS SRE RO I =—DeReReR COLUMN ANALOGY METHOD 91. Stress at any point in a short column, loaded eccentri+ cally, varies linearly with the position of the pomt, At any point ‘A having 00-ordinates (x, y) the stress is given by f=atbe+cy, where a,b and ¢ are constants, Consider small area 54 at point A, Force on elementary area will be SP=fS4. Total force on the section p= [ya Hd eA OU ED I = j (a+ba+cy) d4 : \ add+ foe ass fey aA, x Fig. 911 In case axes of reference pass through the centre of gravity of acetion, i.e, point 0 coincides with centre of gravity. | xt4—Oanal yaa =o ve P = |adA=a A, where A ia the total area of the section . ant (1) a a ond The moment of elementary force 5P about z-axis is 6M, = y 6P «*. Total moment Max fy aP -| uf da = | y(atbe+cy)dA maf y dt | ay date [yaa = O46 Iegt (le eo) "here J,, is the product moment of inertia and J, is the moment. fmertia about z-axis, Moment of elementary force 8P about y-axis 3M, = 2bPaaf 5A 353354 AMALYSIS OF STRUCTURRA .". Total moment M,= j & (a+bx+ey) dA == af wdA+b \ 2 dA+e {ow dA = O46 Type Ley Solving equations 2 and 3 for b and c. bie M,1,—Me!,, Lhe ee Mela Me Iw levee tae Me le- My lov, 11 Je- Poy! where, P =Sum of vertical forces acting on th section = Pi+Pyt Pet AM, =Sum of the moments of vertical forea about rams = Py, Peet Payst- M, =Sum of the moments of vertical fois about y-axis =PyrtPrig+Pytgt ne ind (24, Mi) (a ads (tay Yadeveee re the co-ordinates My Pa Pa. If the reference aacs are principal axcs, aw = 0 Pp My, My a f at xat 7 »y 92. Bending of Curved Bars In the ourved bar ACB, the portion CB 18 rotated about! by 50, to take position CB', OT and CT" are tangents at C before rota- tion and after rotation respectively The angle TCT’ w equal to 58, Let BT and B’T’ be the tangents at B and 3’ respectively. The rotation being small B’ will be at might angles to CB. Let Sy and $y be the vertioal and honzontal displacements of 5° with respect to B. Let 7 BTC be. Z2B’7"C will alsoCOLUMN ANALOGY wenHOD 36m Draw at B, @ line parallel to 2’7", Let the angle betwoon this lime and BY be 86. 84 will be equal to 39. The 7 BB" will be 58. BB’ = BO 80 (nearly) 3y = BBY cos 9 = BO cos 0 50 = 280 3g = BB’ sind = BO sin 980 = 988, Considering whole bar as rigid excepting emall length Ss at "the change in slope 89 at C will bo 7%", where Mf is the B.Ms wey The change in slope at B will aleo be 45% MBs op = AEs Meds bye er My ba ja aT 3° Theory of Column Analogy Tudetermimate structures of a single span or single bay or «d rings can be analysed by this method, Tae beading m »ment any point in such structures will consist of bending moment M,, sidering the structure as‘a statically determinate one, #,e. anving the redualancy of the structure, and M, bending ment due to redundancy, BLM, at any section=,-+ My. Let @ be the relative rotation of the ends of the structure, Le the relative horizontal displacement of the ends, V be the alive vertical displacement of the ends, . M ds oe b= -er7 aa ( ee ve Mz da =r In case relative rotation and displacements of {the ends are 0 om at af eta de886 ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES M, ds M, ds j ET -f ~TRT (Mayda ( (M+ M )yta. mei a ORT ct M May ae de Mey de (wes M, da V=0u0 passe de 4 Chet Mais [ge ft xe Consider short column of width at any’section equal to and the load intensity as —M,. P = Total load \-- M, ds Uy, ds _ : Mids “er Pf. dP= = Mi yae = [yar [gee =| =( ap. Compare these expressions with the expressions for stress columns with eccentric load, (7 dA=P [rvaa 7 Mem yaP [seca m am[ ear. In the anslogous column,-7$ will be the elementary a M, will be the stress at any point due to the load of inter di —4M, or total toad [ fe . - P Me Mil, “Men Gt aoe Tt74 COLUMN ANALOGY METHOD 387 Ly Putting M', = M,—M, My = MM, 3 By r,= 1, ( th Lp nat (1-73) Po Mm, U,= at rr, Xe Te xy here i M, will be positive if it induces tension in the inside bres, M, will be negative if it induces tension in the outer fibres. P will be tensile for positive M, and will be considered negative. : P will be compressive for negative M, and will be considered positive. M, will be positive if f is compressive M, will be negative it f is tensile. Final BM. = M = M,+My In a structure, a hinge is considered as having zero flexural gidity as there can be any rotation and therefore a is taken as ifinity, A fixed end is considered as having infinite flexural igidity ag there can be no rotation and, therefore iT is taken 3 uero, q 1 94. Stiffness and carry-over factors by method of columo aalogy. Stiffness is the value of moment to be applied at an end to use slope of one radian. Carry-over factor is the ratio of the moment produced ab r oo to the applied moment. onsider a prismatic beam of xural rigidity HI. Let 0, be "4 wslope atone end and siocpe = “fe other end be zero. The width iat aly 1 ~ nalogous column will be EI a 1 1 loading on the column will ‘Oat A. For the clockwise pe at left hand the loading — ~~ ll be positive and for the ANALOGOUS COLUMN rkwise slope at right hand Fig. 98 4 the loading will be negative.me f ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES P , Pxexy {erera aioe i ee . fa SA 2 2 7 amy Ta Er 12k = El0y , 3EI6, _ 4E10y PEC eee ae eee 4HI8, Ma = 0+f,s= +74 When 64 = 1, My = ae 7 ., 401 “Stiffness is —— P Pxexy fat GP El6, 3EI0y See 2E10, == 2UT8, 1 Ms = 04 fa = — L -- Carry-over factor is — }. (It is evident that if the moment at A is clockwise, the moment at B will also be clockwise, thus carry-over factor will 4 if moment distribution conventions are considered.) 9°5. Fixed end moments due to settlement of support. Consider a prismatic beam AB having flexural rigidity Zl. Let the support B sink by A with respect to support 4, The slope of the line joining 4 to BY will be @ = —, The loading on analogous column will be Ajl at B dowr wards and /\/I at 4 upwards,COLUMN 4NaLoey METHOD 350 Total load on column = P = 0 ¥,= 4 xl Po M,xz foo4at A xi/2 PET GLI, = oer GEI\ 6EIA Preet eeeeaaeeeee ga =O+ Mg =0| Axle L Ia = 0 aigeT ~(@=- 4) 6EIA (If moment distribution sign conventions are considered Ms jnd Wp will have the same sign, In this case —ve, as moments pre arti clock wise), Ex. 91. ind the fixed end moments for the beam loaded as Prown in Fig, 95 (a), Solution. Basic deter- mnatr structure is taken as anti veras shown in Fig. 95 = 7 }). The BM diagram for + iterminate structure 3s shown fulu 950). The width of tnalogous column 18 1. The i loading intensity on colamn = 24°¢ LE7 VNATE STRUCTURE ulbe —%, and hence com- a —— (e) pressive, tae 4 1 = ET 1z ty A= Jt bh= (@) EI ~ FA os ht T2ET Fig. 9°5 Wat (31-20). a pile tha +. Wa’ L 2zT 7 2EIX yy Tekr Wa? | Wat/al—20) a TT ee =+300 ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES = ta (t4 30-20) + Fe eta) Mya= MM, : = fat Fe coi) - _* (4—2al +a) = -7F oy = ~ _ Wat Wat 1 fo=+ Sr gs Gl-20) (==~$) 2 - yin [J-31 +20] Wats =— "ar ‘ Mp — o— Yat Wats = * Ex. 9°2. Find the fixed end moments for the ficed beam loadei | as shown sn Fig. 9 6 (a). Solution. The basic determinate structure is taken a cantilever shown in Fig 9°6 16) The M B, diagram for determinate struoture is shown in Fig. 9 6 (c). (W]UNIT LENGTH 4p ve @ -e EL CONSTANT A POE ® BASIC DETERMINATE STRUCTURE A (c) BM DIAGRAM sUADING ON ANALOGOUS COLLMO Fig. 96 be width of anslogous colomn will bo fy. ‘The losdi Saeitalaity 6a colamn will be —Jf, and hence Sggapressiv,QOLUMH ANaLOGY METHOD 361 » 1s = RT 1 4-31 a e= 8 potty dt me =o *%o “gar ~ + aah P , Pey soa, wl wil? tee 7 t 48EI 48kI™ 8X 2 i he ( zets ET 12EI wit 3 =+7 +a? 1B =+ige 2 1 te = Met My = — Ey wt llwit Aye Pxex+ 5 2 wt 3. pepe fom -— R-geet (2-3 ) bul? ‘Ty Bult built Ms = 0- igy = —Tuz" Ex. 93. Find the stiffness and carry-over factors for the fixed beam shown int Fig. 9-7 (a). Solution. As the beam is symmetrical about centre line, the stfness and carry-over factors for both the ends 4 and B will be “>, The analogous column is shown in Fig. 9°7 (6). Let @, be the rotation at A. The loading on analogous column will be 64 as shown, Area of analogous column i 6 10 Am 6x coor + EI™ BT 1 1 1 1 1 1 = oy Xam X12 oe (a7 ~ rem) ** 96 6 162 Ree362 ANALYSIS OF EYRUOTURRG. Pe : Eooontrivity # s =6m. a,x6 fam . +t *8 e “I FI 1 67_71bL Bol 3 +i7 S* 10x17 151 or 'B a a on me ay 1 1 Br m7 map? ne anatosous COLUMN 1c LOADING ON ANALOGOUS COLUMN Fig. 07. 17 Eloy 4 Ma ‘i ~ when ri 11 Ma = El 4. Stiffness is 27 ET OA _OAx6X6 ue B= to ~~ toe elec Er ET “If sign convention of moment distribution is adopted, carly pret factor is +8 15, @outiios AVALOGY weTHOD Ex. 94. #4na ere. as wown in Pig, #83 * Solution. Basic determinate structure AB, BM. diagram for determinate structure i| The loading on analogous column will be —M,, te. downwards as shown in Fi 9$(d) The analogous column ie shown in Fig, 9°8 (e), FER ena moments for the fixed beam loaded is taken as cantilever is shown in Fig. §°8(c). ‘The distance of C.G. of ea “ (ay yous column A, t 1 bua. ri 9 —,I+4ay 191 OV a ae ke txt 4g 4 ARB TAX i B @) a = 25m, oe at ad” + BE yl ver 1 i ae ze P+ of x16 2H y 2 45 8 45 \ nr, ski! Br tsar} Br et come WwW 9 Cates fo > 3611 ET ig erp eit 12 333, ade EI~ 6000 “ar * fa oe XEs See aa iad et o @ = $2'5) == 1500-42229 7 == 3729°7 My = 8720-7,364 ANALYSIS OF STRUCTORES Po Pxexz f= yt lea £000 6000 55 Wr BX x35 =To 0 reesy (= 8 Er Fr = 1500- 3121°6 = —1621'6 M, = —1621°6 Ma = 44M, == —6000+4+3729'7 = —2270°3 kg m. Me = 0—1621°6 = —1621'5 kg. m. Ex.9'5. Analyse the propped cantilever shown in Fig. 99 ly ‘ column analoay. Solution. Basic determinate structure is taken ax cantilever AB. B.M. diagram for determi Boia 4a) EI CONSTANT 4 4) 2m—_+ -3m- BASIC DETERMINATE CSTRUCTURE © @ Es 8M DIAGRAM ?lm,— @ LOADING ON ANALOGOUS COLUMN © inate structure is shown in Fig. t°9 (9, ‘The loading intensity on an logous column will be —H, and 18 shown in Fig. 99 (d), As the end B is hinged, analogous column will have infinite area concentrated a B. Thus the centre of gr vity of analogous volumn wil be at 3. Total area of analogou column will be infinite. IT a Fig. 9°9 9000 21 EL x x6 = 0+ a 431375, (v= +6 Er Ma = MAM, = —9900+3937'5 = —5062'5 kg, m,COLUMN aNaLogy METHOD 365 Ex. 9°6. Analyse the iwo hinged portal frame shown in Fig, 9°10 by column anclogy. f “4 Solution. The basic determinate structure is taken as hinged ¥ at A and on rollers at B. B.M. diagram for determinate structure ie shown in Bug, 9°10 (c). TONNES Asthe ends A and Dare binged, analogous column will B havc infinite areas at A and D. Thus z-z axis Will pase through A 20 aod J and y-y axis will be midway bitween A and D as shown in on Fig 910 (4), or The loading intensity on analogous column will be —Jf, #.¢. negative as shown 1n Fig, 9°10 (d). 1 conse Area of analogous column (2) will be infinite. I, = Infinite eee = xe L, a2xg x By x6 +8x pO -en- Le 144 288 432 Ert gt ~ Er pa ty sxe te i 2 EI ~ EI CG, of load on column = * i from B, BASIC DETERMINATE STRUCTURE 1 2 1 ® 2 X2x6x Z X24) x6x6 x(242) JE axexet 1 x6x6 : F X2x6+ 5 x8x 8472 80 10 61s “Ba 1 2 ag 6 She P ney PX pay , PxXegxx ‘8M DIAGRAM &Mu, Me fe Mc = 0-2 = —2t.m. B.M. diagram is shown in Fig. 9°10 (e) Ex.97. Analyse the fixed base portal frame shown in Fy. 911 (a) by column analogy. Solution. The basio dcter- minate structure is taken a8 hinged at A and on rollers at D. BM. diagram for detcrminate structure is shown in Fig. 9-11(c). The analogous column 4 shown in Fig. 9°11 (d). y-y axis will be midway bl esi b between 4 and D as the frame 18 symmetrical, Big. 911 (a) Taking moments about BC. 2x6x + x3 36 soe ee 18 m, j= —_ 4 __- 2xOx py +8Xy 20COLUMN ANALOGY METHOD 387 6 8 8 20 A= py tar + aT ~ ET 8 ob 1a 6 = Sxrenl a Xa XO + ar xb ] 2502 | 2 1 4 TONNES : 2598 4 [ss+8s] 25-924+53-28 : 2. ¢ nt EI 2m—>} 7920 = “EI oe xi xepexh xa y 13 “BT “XE _ 128 , 392 = 3614 FI 704 ~ BET * The loading intensity on wzous column will be Fy —M,, ie. —ve. ie xe 201 2 4 kT 1 2 ; pay (Ex. 96) ‘8m, ae wig. 0 8) wetac? *368 ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES ’ —24 2 2 24 7 xy x4 x18x42 a aL i” *3 *" “ay * *"* 20/8 704/861 19 2/ Ei (em +4,y = ~4 4x8 | 24x18x42 or 19" = —12—0'272+42-201 = +0°819 Ma = U,+M, = 040819 = 0819 t.m. 4 x Lax1e fom — 1202724 py yy (= Hh yt) 8) == —1'2+40'272—0°9820 = —2 454 Mp = M,+M, = 0—2'454 = —2 454 t.m. aH lexis Jom 12402724 “Sag y GT (@=—4y = +18) e+ 1-240-272-0982 = —191 Mc= 01-91 = —1-91 tm. = —12~— ae x18x42 fo= —1:2+0 272— 19 2JeT — @=—y = -42) = —1:240°2724+2 201 = 1 363 Mp = M,+M, = 041383 = 1363 t.m, Ex.98. Analyse the frame shown in Fig. 9°12 (a) by colus analogy. HI ts same for ali members, Solution. Basic determinate structure is taken as fixcd ut and free at D. The equivalent loading 1s shown in Fig. 912 (c) and( and B.M. diagram for the determinate structure is shown Fig. 9:12 (f).COLUMN aNaLocy METHOD 3690 accel =| 00kg. 7 = + 4000kg. 2,000k9. (e) (a) ee) 2o00kg Basi determinate atructur’ for (d) Mm (9) Fig, 912 Analogous column is shown in Fig 9°12 (g).370 ANALYSIS ( F STRUCTURES As the frame is tymmetrical about YY axis, CG, will, through the contre of BC, Taking moments about BC, 1 4X pp X2x2 1604 j= tie 1 4° 12 3 4Xpy X24 py Area of analogous column 112 1 1 4 2\% 4 4.2 I= yy ark tx(Z) ta (3 ) Total load on column = 00 x4— a x4 = 0. M,N Axa EP x 4x : 16,900/H1. My 2x2 18,000 Values of 4 MsXy, wexe » M, and M, and final mo . at various points are shown in Table 9°].OOLUMN ANALOGY METHOD 871 TABLE 91 ——— rea M= mu, | 2 Mexy Myxa ae xu taxes MyptMy s | a 2 i, a aes —— —————— __ a 16000. 8 |__16000x2_ Ag \+2000| 0 |~srag xy 3733 ~28571 1857-1 23 == —20000 | = ~—B857°1 oe —---— — of AB 16000, 4 | 16000x2 | , 4) +2000} 0 | +ei33 X% 37°33 +1429 + 21422 aes = +1000) | = —807'1 Pr HEeeEEEtE | Gbe o | +1000 —8571 | +1429 7 18571 ACB 4.16000 4), 3 lees 2] » $4 Y—2000] 0 [+2033 XZ +1867'1 | -142-0 ay = +1000 +8571 : rr I | aep | 0 | 0 | 41900 +857°1 18571 lp ags71 | 16000. 8 | _16000x%2, 0 © [21393 * 3 [+3733 —142°9 j—1142°0 = 2000 | +8571 | 96. Moment of inertia about any axis. Consider a section shown in Fig, 9°13, Let X-X and ¥-¥ be * principal axes, Let X’-X’ be the axis, inoli- edat « to X-X axis, about hich moment of inertia is quired. Consider elementary area .at point P, having coordinates Awe With reference to new ares, 'e co-ordinates of point P are “y). From P, PN is drawn per- icularon OX and PM on From WN, NL is drawn tpendicular on OX’, Let PN tOX' at Q. Fig. 9°13 a’ = OM = OL+LQ+QM =ON cos 2+QN sin «+-PQ sin « = 2 008 &+y ain a.872 ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES y' = PM = PQ cos a = (PN—NQ) cos « = y 008 a—z tan a cosa = y 008 a—z sin a, Ts! = DBaly')? = T8a(y cos a—a sin a)*® = Z8,(y% cos? a—2Qry ein « cos a+ 2? sin? a) = cost aZ8ay*- sin 2aF8q zy+ain® aF8, 2? = cos* a J,—sin 20 1,y+8in? @ Jy. As OX and OY are principal axes, J, = 0. eat I,’ = J, cos* a4], sin? « a” = 28a (x')? = F8alx cos a+y sin a)® = 28,(2* cos* a-+p? sin 2a+ 2ary sin a cos o) = 00s? a F8q at +-sin 2 38, ry-+sin® aF8, y* = cos? a J,+sin 2a J,,+8n* a Ig. 0 I, ein? a+1, 005? a. 9°7. Moment of inertia of thin strip about any axis. Let I be the length of the strip and 6 be the width of tl strip, ‘b’ is very small as comparcd tol, Lot « be the inchnati of the strip to horizontal. Principal axis of str XX will be at mght ang to strip AB, Te = fy tt Moment of inertia abo horizontal axis X’X’ 18 Te! = Iq! cos? a+ J, a0 I=0 as width b is very small. But cos « at Te gg i, Moment of inertis about horizontal axis passing through bs will be 1g, = e+ Ake blh? hy 4p toxix (7) Une | Une m4 eth? 3 Ex. 99. Analyse the frame shown in Fig, 915 (a) by colusCOLUME ANALOGY METHOD 378 Solution. Basic determinate structure taken as fixed at Dand free at Aas shown Fig 915 (6) B.M. diagram for determinate ructure 18 shown in Fig. 9°15 (c), The analogous column with — ae loading shown in Fig, 9°15 (d), As the end A is hinged, area of analogous lumn at Awill be infimite. Thus centre of ‘avity of analogous column will be at 4. J} aus will be along 4B and XX axis Il be at right angles to AB, passing through Fig. 9°15 (a) The resultant loading on analogous column is shown in g 15 (e). om i COSULTANT 123d asl? Col WALOGO.n3 COLUMN (@) Fig, O15 © : i 4000 4000 . Lead on portion CB = P, =F XE X2q— Fy acting at, from @, i i i ee ilae toa tae portion OBS is divided in two parte—r ct374 ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES Load of rectangular portion Py, = ae x62 A800 act- ing at 3 m, from D. Pisce 3 i EEE 8 6,000 Load of parabolic portion = P, =3-x —j7—~ X 6: “HL acting at }x6= 3 m. from D. Area of analogous column is infinite. 1 1 1 } 3 1 2 eateed 3 ee rere oes Qe Tam 5% ay 284 pp 8%) + eae XO ag 1 x4x 3? 225 675 | 18 8 “prt ar tart ar ee Er: ay texas ony 8 eg re * gpr * 4+? spy X4x* + py x4 2667 8, oh rt art ar 106667 Preece ee 1 Tew = 37 X4* (2X3) 12 =+ GT _ 36,000 uM, =: 54,000 , 12,000 EI EI My = 1 44 F000 seg 4000 10 45 x 106°667 = 45 pe (4+12)3 == 45(1- 0°03) 48°65 Pe Py 1,(1~#) 106-6071 -0-03) aly = 1034er- 2,000 349,333 x (+12 + eM Meoley _ —42,000 349,333 x (-+12) My =M~ T ET 106" _ —42,000 39,300 er ET = —81,300/E1 My = HM = 340,383/8/+1),200/81 = 360,533/ET 349,333 —42,000(+12) pl ~~ EY45———OULUMN ANALOGY METHOD S78: A PM .xu, MyxX% M, at any section will be a + 7 a a Values of- , , » Mex ® ar, Mand M,+Mf, for A ¥ various members are shown in Table 9-2, TABLE 0-2 P tay Miyxe | . M, Pop M yyy y M, Point » |e i ney om n | o o | 1.8003 ° — 3598 rane 43.68 = —5588 H 81,300 5! | ce ~800 | 9 | 8808 369.5934 | 4 e351 +351 (43) 43 05, 103 463 . = 55383 = $13,939 i 8 cs p_| 26900} 0 | ,81 300% 300,58 x 4 + 19,628 | 6472 (4 4,-3)| 5 Tos 463 = +5588 =+413 40 Ex. 9°10. Analyse the frame «hcwn in Fig. 9°16 (a) by column anilogy. The frame is hinged at the bare. Solution. Basic determi- nate structure is taken es hinged at 4 and on rollers at D as shown in Fig 9°16 (5). B.M. diagram for basic determinate structure is shown in Vig. 9°16(c) 6 As the ends A and D are hinged, analogous column will have infinite area at A and D Centre of gravity of analogous + B, -em~ 3m, ue" 4 rk 50cm. 50k. BASIC DETERMIATE soy. o Fiz, 9°18, @ column will lie on lino joining A and D. X-X axis will be along the line joining 4 and D and Y-Y axis will be at right angles to it and mid-way betwoen A and D, .376 ANALYSIS OF STEUCTURES omtan-13. =6 cos 0=6x A. 562m. Ms v70 8 ¥,=3 cos O=3X Rear m. Area of analogous column will be infin.te, Moment of inertia of analogous column about }-Y aais J, will also be infinite, 1, 6 Spee M aaa anteater ee ee 8 1.= 3K px 562 +3%* BX? 8! ty x pp 284 xe if 2x 662 2812 BI 4s ADIN 14457 ~#I ED Std Kt Er - 6000 —4000, Hie ue 0" x5 62 }e=4 (28t+ x 2a ) aR DUGRASY LOADING el ON COLUMN td) Resultant loading on analogous column is showa in Fig 416 (f). Values of M,, M, and M,+M,are shown in Table 94 Fig. 916 (fOOLUME ANALOGY METAOD 377 TABLE 03 Pe mM pane | My, z= Mexy | My? | at, | Mj+My 0 0 —1709 | +201 c 0 OF HE aLeear io 0 854-5 | 8565 y 2st 14417 | =-8545 D | e | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | o yao Ex. 9°11. Analyse the frame shown in Fig. 9:17 (a) by column analogy. Solution. Basic determinate structure is taken as fixed at A mokgn and freo at D as shown in Fig, 9°17 (hb). BAM. d-agramn for determinate structure is shown in Jig. 917 (c). The loading on the ana- ogous column is — fe and is, « hown in Fig. 9°17 (d), Load on p ortion BC is parabolic acting at 1-25 m. from B. Load on portion AB consists of rectangular loading 3 : 125, yA D 1M, DIAGRAM D ® Fig. 917 (378 ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES acting at mid point AB, und triangular loading 1. 7500 < =Pyayx Ty x 3.25 _ 12,188 ~ EI acting at one-third of AB fe) Fig. 9:17 The analogous column ix shown in Fig. 9 17 (e). Area of analogous column =4=5x - 45x 1, 825x1 2e7 1 —py- an 825 it El To find centre of gravity of analogous column, take moments about 4, a Eexe4 a xBx3+4 ay X 5x t = #25 KI 14 875 =" 826COLUMN ANALOGY METHOD 879 325 125 aT Xx 5 he X34 yor x75 a 8e5 ET 30°781 = S35 = 3731 m. 1 3:25 B25 io 5 Le= yx x gap X5BX3x4 5 . F + gpr (— 0803) (4019) = (1°016-+3°058+-0°0563—-2°5 —8-063)/£1 = —6-437/EI V',=I, ( 1s ‘s i th 1 6:4372 ( TPR x T9884 11-273 075 = gy (1-0 0488) = or 7380 ANALYS18 OF STRUCTURES 6437 ry = 79244 (1 span cqea0 = 79'244x0 9536 = 75°66, M, = 12,600 x (- 1-231) + 48,760 x (—3 106)+12,188 == —15,388—151,417- 40,301 eee = --207,196, My = 12,188 x (—0-803) + 48,750 » (— 0°31 3) +12,500 x 1-197 = —9787—14,771 414,982 = —9,596, , My Vow : (= 207,198) Mes My TE = — 9596 -(— 6437) Ts = —9596—16,850 = —26,446, Mm —207,196— (= 8497) (— 9508) iL27i = —207,198—5487 = —212,683 Values of 4. Mey a M,and M,+M, are given in Table 9-4, TABLE 94 m= P Mxy Miaxe +x y| Mat M Points | M, ant Fee =~ +e + Me 4416x1803 | | 212,688 13,498 ai bya [+ 0 +376 50 **781 +.23,898°9 | +1338" = | 8001-6) = 44435-4 =-+10501'0 Beeanx ioe | 212,088 2482) | aoag -* 3 12,040°3 |— 2 (2 2451 | ~16,000) + 8001 6 HE eens hen == 29116 = +6983'3 : 20446X1-197 | 212,683x2 619) eae 0 | 89016 | a | ag | 132 |aias +1197) == 20446 = ~7090'2 26,348 2°003 | 2,2.689% 4-519 sien ° 480018 + 17 56 «| +2627 |4262-7 —2 803)" = +0805°4OCOLUME AFALOGY METHOD gsr Ex. 912. Analyse the frame shown in Fig. 9-18 (a) by column analogy. Solution. Basic determinate structure i at A and on rollers at Z as shown in tig neon laa Le | %vdhg ‘7200k ‘€1 CONSTANT SASiC DETERMINATE STRUCTURE (a) (b) 14400kg.m, 4400 a BM. DIAGRAM AE d) au Fig. 918 2 , BM. diagram for determinate structure is shown in Fig, 9°18 (c). The loading analogous column will be — Hs. The analogous coluen is shown in Fig. 9°18 (e). The analogous column is symmetricsl about Y-Y exis hence Y-Y axis will be mid-way between d and £, passing through C.awarvare ny emorarre ra Fig, 918 Taking moments about 4 2x Be KE TEX By XOD Ei ET j= 7 e = 45m, Er? a7 *? 1 20 Area of column = 5X Prretsxexg i= i xB X24+2x oxo aoe “1 ET +55 2 xa x5x 3% negra 15 40. 15 = oer + ar tegrt aT # 108-33 “ET = 2x 5x yy «at TeX gyros? +oxg- x22xX2 160 1333 -art arte 213-38 EI *OOLUMN ANALOGY METHOD 383 2 (-4, Total load on BO 3x6 34,400) “5 ae — 48,000 4 Total load on CD is also ed —48,000 Ma=2x Ey X (0 541-875) =~228,000'E1 My=0 P__48,000%2 A 20uL =— 4,800/EI. Values of a wx 4, iM, and M,+2f, are given in Table 9'5, TABLE 9-5 Point My, PIA Moy_ M, lee le | 228,000 x4°5 + 108°33 4 ° —4,800 | =+9470°7 448707 |44670-7 (4, = #5) : 228,000 x0's 10835 B 0 4,800 | 10523 58528 | -5872'°3 (—4, +0°5) 228,000%3°5. lass 20833 ao | 14400 | 4,800 | =—7366-1 12,1661 |4+-2288°0 0, +3°5) 228 0COx3'5 ~ Tess D ° 4,800 | 10522 58523 | —5852°3 (44, 405) oo eer rer eer Emer reer error fee eerer eet Eee EEPE Peer Teer eeeeee eee 000% 4 53ee ANALYSI6 OF STRUCTURES Ex. 9:13. Analyse the frame shown in Fig. 9°19 (a) by column analogy. Take EI constant throughout, Solution. Basic determinate structuro | is taken as fixed et om and free at E aa shown in Fig, 9 19()) The B,M, diagram for tho determinate structure 18 shovn om in Fig. 919 (c). The Joading on the analo- | gous column will be wsa0kg|m — ee as shown Cee AU IE I EAHEeEH Fete necone ad (a) Analogous column sr ction 1s shown_in Fig. 919 (e), FREE END BASIC DETERWINATE STRUCTURE Ares of analogous column 46_ kL* The column seotion is symmetrical about centre line, hence ¥-Y axis will paas through the centre of 4# and C. 1001 Ee 2x arty x Bx2=OOLUMN ANALOGY METHOD Sg ren —______ LOADING ON COLUMN @ Analogous Column © Fig. 919 Taking moments about AE, 2x Au “i42™x 18 x 125 eel ea eae 46/81 = 9°24 m.aan ARALY#I8 OF STRUCTURES 1 1 10 I. Ty X gp X10°x2+2x Ey X (924-5) 1 i 1 H2x Tx Bp X 1S KOM2X FF coal x (21 ia 76) , 188-6 959.56 54-16 276-31 i tr +r + ar , 856 62 Al _, = BX1OK gx set a he %13x 12?» 242% Hxot = 2889 x 15e 936 TeX er __ 4128 = 18, Total load on portion BC of column 1 18750 Pi= 3 XR SETCOLUMN ANALOGY METHOD 39) Md a al 8 mw TXT is 6 (3) +) 3 a pi i (4 r) As) L ‘ae Lye 1,= igxentt3xsuiLis 3 + paartase 7*(ie-3) gr ote je 4 86M——>* 2.43m™ n —~ 2ih——t7 -Ia—4 (a) i 1=729m 61) vet Bib) BASIC DETERMINATE STRUCTURE 6h SS BM anal r—a="%51 pst =e ; {+ ) (a) () tA YL BT; C anmvoggus BEL Ai COLUMN Fig. 921 B v4 e war iexarer + 12x ET iBXET X pq * 3x igeT T 3x 100ET ze a oxatel T60ET we 7x O0RT @ M, = Pxe =; er ne n f x15! TRET 27x60EI =1 2X 1246421 7621 1 rt 2EI ber il 2 fe “5, +7 376 15 THI 27x 60k! =|: ae - since Jt Pi rg Ga aH poo - 12-2895 = 1-135392 ANALYSIS OF HTRUSTURES My = —647021 = +1-621 tm, in AC, Mc = —64+1784 = - 4216 tm, in CB, Mc = 041784 = + 1°784t.m. Me =0-11388 = -1135tm. 4216 uns 162) 1784 Final B M. dia tem Fig 922 Ex. 9°16. Draw the BM. diagram for the following portal frame given in Fig. 9 23. End 4 is fired and D ts hinged. Thire ts load of 328 t/m on BO. The valucs cf rel-vant MI. are given against the members (A MILE May 1967) Solution. Determinate structure and B M. diagram are shown in Fig. 923 (a) and (b) — Analugous 326 column 18 shown in Fig 9 23 (c}, Area Belin € at Dwillbe infiniie Therefor C.G. of anak gous column will be at D. 2437 fy ~243m pla Pah Look 1 at aA ay 496" PL +3 Xmy | whe @) ar Feu7 acting at 3. wp (tm: D x = from B whe 1 Pea +e 3 XGRT 13 ia =+ wa acting at aE OOND DM AGRA from B, Aza 1 WoL kolo 2 P El L=3 x ger +5 aX" raw yet a 18 12 * 487 48 i h 1 3 + A (eer +3 *aarx(Z* ) @ 2K . vow Hear SaeT + 381+ 32x 1Rh1 ANALOGOUS COLUM _ ont +3xi6eT Fig. 9°23COLUMN ANALOOY METHOD 393 ” = gin i8e, 250% BOAT = Zax 1Hi 96hT tte FLVZ+2 | 27j ie BAF ae = O+ shr+ Gini o4FI 3 wht Sache Me = PLAAPYX Gh yyy be5CET M,— Px hap } Buh! wht 2wht wht = asxse) +OEx26T ~ 12887 6¥ET” ii Mey [y—-Me Toy M, 1,—M f a+C ane dsa met (G P Zao. wht — bOns 1s osns XueeT ~3 ox aR xg7] eit ath? 5? 61£1 26roh* ThS— wht TAS) ROX SBT *% 0887 ~ 68T * GET nuke The Laas SEL * 90ET ~\6¥ET GET) Multiply each term by ae a y 3x 59wh 25x 3300 | \Gwh — 99wh > Sire reer Pae ite 8 4 ut iixs Ox 7 sox7—1X wh [-26242 — 02043y]ans AWALYRTA OF ATRUCTURES fe wf 2624 02048 x 4 ] — ‘121 wh? h fo :wh| 2624 5. - ganas | == 11077 wht Sg = wh [2624 x 0—-02043 x h} = —'02043 wh? *121wh?—-125wh* —'004wh* = —31 t.m. Mog = *11077wh?—-126wh? —'01423wh? = —1:1 tm, Mcp = —'02043wh? = —158 tm. Final B.M, diagram is shown in Fig, 9.4 Fig. 9 24, PROBLEMS 1. Analyse the fixed beam shown in Fig. 9°25 by column analoov. Ua nat [eran i —on Fig, 9°25 [Ans. Ma=-—2577tm, Ma=—8°'52 tm. 2. Solve problem 2, given at the end of Chapter 2 by column analogy. 3. Solve problems at the end of Chapter 6 by column analogy 4, A rectangelar closed frame is 9 15 m wide and 5°49 m high. It carries a point load of 27,200 kg at mid span of its horizontal member and 1s acted upon by horizontal earth pressure on the twe vertical members varying in mtensity from zero at top to 84 kg/m at bottom. The upward ground reaction acts on the bottom horizontal member. The moment of inertia of top and bottom members 18 J and that ot side membirs is 0 4 J. Calculate the B.M. at the corners of tho frame. (A M1E, Nov 1 968) 5 A rcotangular portal frame haga span of 6 m and a height of 4:5 m. Its two vertical members are fixed to_the ground at their bottom ends. The horizontal members of thé portal carries a load of 3t/m. The moment of inertia of vertical members 1¢ 7 and that of horizontal member 1s 2/. Calculate the support reactions and draw the BM. diagram for the portal frame, (4.M 1B. Nov, 1969, 6. A beam AB of span L has a uniform section throughout and is fixed at ends A and B. It 1s subjected to a clock wise couple M at distence KL from A. Draw the bending moment and shea! force diagrams for the beam. (4.6L. May 197010 REDUNDANT FRAMES HE THEI Oahg Peri MUI amin BANE emene THIN tet told aa 101. Analysis of determinate frames has been dealt in Chapter 11 of Analysis of Structures Volume I, A frame is deter- minate if it satisfics the following conditions : (i) In case the frame is simple and starts with basic tri- angle m=2j—3, (ii) In case the frame is simple and starts from rigid foundation m=2j, (iii) m+r=2j where ‘m’ is the number of members, r is the number of reaction components and ‘)’ is the number of joints. (iv) The frame should be stable. In case the number of members is moro or number of reaction cor por ents is more than minimum required, the frame becomes indeterminate, In case the reaction components are more yes Ag K Lb MON 7 ¢ 4 «cy tay Fig. 1071 395396 ANALYtIS OF STRUCTURES than those that can be found by equations of atatios, tho frame is aid to be externally redundant, If one reaction component 1s # J Kk L M N o D F : (e) Jag. 101 more than those that can be found by statistics, the frame 13 indeterminate to first degree If there ‘arc nm extra unknown reaction components the frame 18 said to be redundant to nth desice. In case in tne frame there are more members than can le analyscd by the ataties, the frame 13 said to be internally redundant. A frame may be redundant both externally and interually. Framo in Fig. 10 1 (2) consists of three members and there is only one jot and thus there is one eatra member, The frame is internally redundant to first degree. Tre frame in Fig 10 1d) has hing's at both ends giving four rvaction components and hence frame is externally redundant The frame in Pig. 10-1() 14 redundant internally as there are 6 members and 4 joints, Any member van beremoved to make the trussdetermimate. The frame in Fig 101 (d) 15 supported at 4, ) and G, and there are 4 reaction components, 23 members and 13 joints, m+r=23 + 4=27 2j-2x13=28, Therefore, the frame is redundant to first degree. Any of the reactions at D and @ can bo taken as redundant and thus the frame ie extern ily redundant, If any of the members WJ, JK, KL or £M, MN is removed, the frame becomes determinate and thus the frame is intetnally redundant, Tho frame in Fig 10° (¢) 1 indeterminate to fourth degrec as there are 5 reaction component, 27 members and 1+ joints, mtr=274+5=32 I=2x ld—oe. By removing two reactions at C, F or @ and by removing two diagonals CLand FL, the frame can be nade determinate, Also the members JAK, CL, EL and MN may be removed to make the trugs determinate, 102 Analysis of frames redundant to first degree. (i) Internally redundant. The trame shown in Fig. 10-2 (a) is jaternally redundant, Any member can be taken as redundant mémber, Momber BC is taken os redundant and the frame isRELUNCANT FRAMES 8u7 made determinate. The forces in various members of the determinate frame duc to external loading are found. Let force in a any member be F, Actual force in redundant member BC is assumed as coms pressive force X. Unit forces are applied at B and @ along BC as B shown in Fig 10°2(c), Let the 4, foree in any member due to the unit forces be ‘kh’, Due to force Xin 8C, the force ina member wil be kX. Total force on a member due to external loading and force in BO will be F--kX. Total strain energy of the members excluding the member BC will be yp (F—RXy* U=8 ap Partial derivative of U with rexpect to X will give the displace- ment in the direction of force X, ‘Tho displacement of joints B and C will be due to foreo in BC and will be equal to Aly where Ly 13 the length of the member BC and 4o 18 the area of the member BC, B a ) au ox Lp (FERX RL sth ee aguanle «op Fh yg phtl fag tit2aB vs x= c 2 int ae Fig. 102 we(0-1) The above results can also be obtained by theorem of least work, will bi Total strain energy of all the members including member BC e . (FLEX Om 2 aEean ANALYSTS OF STRUCTURES av Lo ox i (FLEX) | Xl _ s ie 0 (ss) Externally redundant frames. The frame shown in Fig. 10°3 (a) has four unknown reaction components, two at A andtwoat D and thus itis externally redundant to first degree, The horizontal force X at D is taken as redundant. The frame is made determinate by providing rollers at D as shown in Fig 10 3 (b). Forecs in various members of the frame are found due to external load- ing. Let F be foree in any member, A unit load is applied at D as shown in Fig. 10 3 (c). Let & be the force in a member due to unit load applied at D. Be F G Total toree in any member will be P+kX, A D B Cc Total strain cnergy rr) 2 pan PeER 7 2) Tn case the support D does not yield sx7' (PRX) z many) =0 ZFKUAK te =" Spyae a+(10°2) In case the support D yields by 8 in the direction of X any ya? (FHERX)KI_, sees! heen ¥a- ay .- 108,REDUNDANT FEAMES 308 The same reault oan aleo be obtained by unit load method. F 13 the force in any member of the determinate frame due to exter- nal load and & ie the force in the member due to unit load *pplied, Horizontal movement of roller D due to external load will Fu bat Te If X is the horizontal force at D, force in any member will be LX, Horizontal movement of rollers caused by the force will be kX xk kX 2 a: ‘As horizontal movement at D is zero, Fkl keXL 2 ya tan 7° * aE Ex. 10°. Analyse the frame shown in Fig. 10 4 (a). Members AB id AD have area of 8 cm? and member AC kas area of 4 cm*, Solution. Member AC is tahen as redundant member. D terminate frame consists of members 4B and AD, Consider yomt at, Pag cos 30=Pap cos 60 3 Papx VY" sPapx Paa=Panl V3 Pan sin 30+Pap sin 60+2000=0 £. 1 3 Paax > +Panx =—2C00, Pap yh v3 in v3 %2 +PapXx z kg =—2000, TERMINATE FRAME DETERMINA' 3 3 E+E a1 a acacia Pap=—1000 3 Pag=—1000. Due init load applied at A and C' as shown in Fig. 10°4 Co ‘ (0), forces will be Fig. 10-4,400 ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES —V/3 1 kaa= Be » kap=—y Values of /, 4, P, 128 and . are given in Table 10°1. TARLE 101 FAL KL Final Mem! L 4 P = force a ey) 4B 4 8 1000 | 4 +250 118 6155 4 4D | v3 8 —100073) v3 | 4250v3} 8 | — 67-38 x i AsO Phil aPhL xe ar 619 oO eT tg By WH fab age |Z at = — 649 wt. Member AC will bo in tension, Final forces in membcra AB and AD are given in Table 101. Ex. 10:2. All the members of the frame shown in Fig, 10 5, have same cross-sectional arca of 20¢m, Find the forces in atl membcrs due to applied loading, E13 same for all memters. BR c a | | 1 s A a _D eek 7e0kg «by aolg Fig. 10°5 EEE Solution. Member BC is taken as redundant member. The determinate frame is shown in Fig 10°6 (b', The forces in various members of determinate frame are shown in Fig 10°5 (6) and also in Table 102. Next unit forers are applied at B and C in the direction as chown in Fig. 1068 (c). ‘The fi rces in various members due to unit applicd forces are given in Table 10 2. The values of 1, k, k*, Fkl and &'l for vario given ia Table 102, Teer Tet