BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCES

UNIT 1 – INTRODUCTION

1. Define psychology (2 marks) (page no:. 2,Jacob A.)

Answer :-
According to William James (1842 -1910), “Psychology is defined as the scientific
study of behaviour and mental process”.

2. Scope of psychology. (4 marks) (Page no:. 6, Bhatia and Craig’s)

Or

Branches of psychology. (4 marks )

Answer :-
The scope of psychology is so wide that it has been divided into special fields or
branches for purposes of detailed and accurate study.

Branches of psychology

PURE Applied
PSYCHOLOGY psychology

 General psychology  Clinical psychology

 Comparative and animal  Neuropsychology
psychology  Counselling
 Physiological psychology  Health psychology
 Developmental psychology  Community psychology
 Abnormal psychology  Educational psychology
 Social psychology  Industrial/ organisational
 Experimental psychology psychology
 Consumer psychology
 Environmental psychology
 Sports psychology
 Legal psychology
 School psychology
 Military psychology
3. Importance of psychology in nursing. ( 6 marks)
(page no:. 9, Bhatia and Craig’s)

The study of psychology will be importance in nursing for the following reasons :

1) Psychology will enable the nurse to understand herself.

 Insight into her own behaviour

 Attain self – discipline

2) It will help her understand other people

 She has to work with health care team and patients and their families.
 Allowances for others and develop attitudes of tolerance,
 Essential for all kinds of human adjustment.

3) The study of psychology will help her gain better understanding of the
communication process

 It help to overcome communication barriers.

4) Nurse’s attitude towards her work affects the nurse – patient relationship and
illness outcomes.
 Ability to encourage positive thinking
 Collaboration is through mutual respect and honest communication.
 Nurse provides clear explanation and shows empathy and increase
patient satisfaction.

Illness/ Health

Patient Nurse
The nurse – patient relationship

5) The study of psychology will help her appreciate the need to change the
environment or surroundings.
  Making this change in the environment for better adjustment and
happiness.

6) A study of psychology will enable the nurse to identify the factors which
affect the way patients cope with their illness, pain or loss.\

7) It will help the nurse understand the influence of lifestyle on health and the
factors that motivate health related behaviour like smoking, exercising etc..

4. Difference between pure and applied psychology.

(page no. 6, Bhatia and Craig’s)

Field or pure psychology Applied psychology

1. Theoretical science 1. It is practical science.

2. Aim – extend and improve 2. Aim – extend and improve the

human knowledge conditions and phases of human
life and conduct.

3. Deal with formulation of 3. Dealt with the application of

principles, theories and psychological principles and
suggest different methods for techniques for approaching the
the assessment of behaviour. problems in different fields of life.

4. Branches of pure psychology 4. Branches of applied sciences

 General psychology
- Understand the
theoretical & applied of
psychology.
 Comparative and animal
psychology
- different and similarities
in the behaviour of
animals of different
species.
 Physiological or biological
psychology
- structure and function of
the sense organ ,the
nervous system, muscles
and glands.
 Developmental psychology
 Clinical psychology
- Diagnosis, treatment of
psychiatric illness
- Child guidance, kearning
disability and rehabilitation.
- Therapies and counselling
 Neuropsychology
- Structure and function of the
brain
- Contributed to the
development of cognitive
psychology
 Counselling
- Focuses on helping individuals
resolve personal and social
issues related their work,
school and family.
 Health psychology
 - Studies behaviour across - Application of psychological
an individual’s lifespan, theory and research to health,
from conception to old illness and health care
age.  Community psychology
 Abnormal psychology - Applies psychological theories
- Deals with and research findings to solve
psychopathology and social problem.
abnormal behaviour - Improve the quality of life of
 Social psychology individuals and communities.
- Deals with behaviour of  Educational psychology
an individual as it is - Understanding the teaching
influenced by others . learning process and improve
- Cover attitudes, social those methods
cognition and leadership  Industrial
 Experimental psychology psychology/organisational
- Concerned with - It is concerned with people at
employing empirical work
principles and procedures  Consumer psychology
in the study of - How people relate to the
psychological products and services that they
phenomena. are purchase or use
 Environmental psychology \
- Interrelationship between
environment and human
behaviours.
 Sport psychology
- New developing field . studies
the psychological and mental
factors that influence and
influenced by participation and
performance
 Legal psychology
- Practice of psychology to legal
institutions and laws
 School psychology
- Diagnosis and treatment of
behavioural and learning
problems ocf children and
adolescents.
 Military psychology
- Research , assessment and
treatment of personnel who are
emotionally unfit to face the
pressure of military life.
 UNIT- II

STRUCTURE OF MIND

Ques. Explain concept of Structure Of Mind? (Pg.242, Bhatia & Craig)

Ans. Sigmund Freud divided human personality into three significant components

ID

EGO

SUPEREGO

ID:- Id operates on pleasure principle. Id is unconscious part of mind. Id demands

immediate gratification of needs. Only part of the personality that is present at the
time of birth.

Eg:- New-born cries out when he is hungry and until he is fed

EGO- Ego operates on reality principle. Ego is mostly conscious. It acts a mediator
between id and superego. With the formation of ego, individual becomes self

Eg:- Child wanted video game but parents asked him to wait till his board exams get
over. The child waited patiently and studied harder in the board exams.

SUPEREGO:- Superego operates on morality principle. It includes conscience and

the ego ideal. Develops around the age of 5. Last function of personality to develop

Eg:- Shweta knew that she could steal money from work when there is no one near the
cashier’s counter but she knew that stealing is wrong so she decided not to steal
 UNIT- VI

INTELLIGENCE

Ques.1 Define Intelligence. Explain the nature of Intelligence?

Ans.1 According to David Wechsler (1994)

Intelligence is aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think

rationally, and to deal effectively with environment.

1. One’s capacity to comprehend

2. One’s ability to solve a problem
3. One’s ability to choose between two things
4. One’s ability to resolve different conflicts.
5. Growth of intelligence is orderly and cumulative
6. Intelligence consists of more than ability
7. Intelligence is enhanced through experience
8. Ability to apply acquired knowledge to new situation
9. Ability to learn
10. Ability to learn and adapt to new environment

Ques.2 Explain IQ test/ Explain Measurement of Intelligence? (Pg. 147, Bhatia & Craig)

Ans.2

IQ stands for Intelligence Quotient which is designed to assess human intelligence. The term
IQ was coined by William Stern.

IQ= MA/CA * 100

Where MA is Mental Age

CA is Chronological Age

Classification of IQ based on Wechsler Scale

Classification IQ Range
Very Superior 130 & above
Superior 120-129
High Average 110-119
Average 90-109
Low Average 80-89
Borderline 70-79
Extremely Low Below 69
 UNIT- V

PERSONALITY

Que.1 Define personality. (page no. 34, Jacob AnthiKad)

Answer :

According to Munn NL, “Personality may be defined as the most characteristic integration of
an individual’s structure, modes of behaviour, interest, attitude, capacities, abilities and
aptitude”.

Que.2 classification of personality (page no. 240, Bhatia & Craig’s)

Answer :

1) William H. Sheldon
He also measured personality by using a temperament scale. He classified his subjects
into three types by correlating the measurement of the body.

Body type and its characteristics Temperament and its characteristics

1. Endomorphy 1. Viscerotonia
- Large viscera, soft body - easy going, love of comfort,
contours sociable, gluttony
2. Mesomorphy 2. Somatotonia
- Strong and muscular - Assertive, energetic, self –
confident, risk taking
3. Ectomorphy 3. Cerebrotonia
- Tall, thin and fragile - Pessimistic, introverted,
thoughtful, artistic

2) Hans and Sybil Eysenck (page no. 238, Bhatia & Craig’s )
He used factor analysis to identify clusters.

• being sociable and outgoing, impulsive

Extraversion • having desire for novalty and preferring

activities involving others

• quiet and reserved, introspective

Introversion • inhibited and prefering solitary

activities.
Que.3 Characteristics of various age groups. ( page no. 243 & 245, Bhatia & Craig’s)

Answer :-

1. CHILD
According to Freud’s psychosexual stages ….
 Phallic stage ( 3 to 6 years) - gratification centred around the genitals ;
oedipal conflicts.
Consequences of fixation – girls may dominate men or become overseductive;
boys can become overambitious.
 Latency (6 to 12 yrs) – sexual drives are dormant
Consequences of fixation – sexual unfulfillment

According to Erikson’s psychosocial stages ……

 Early childhood (2 to 3 yrs) – Autonomy versus Shame and doubts

Developmental tasks - assess their independence & want to make choices
Learning motor skills, attaining self control
Virtue – Willpower or determination

 Middle childhood ( 4 to 5 yrs) – initiative versus guilt

Developmental tasks - children take the initiative and plan their own
activities. it is period of inquisitiveness. Sense of
initiative and Feel secure. If they are excessively
criticised, they can develop a sense of guilt.
Virtue – action despite past failing

 Late childhood (6 to 11yrs) – industry versus inferiority

Developmental tasks – develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments and
gain self -confidence. Attaining academic skills , peer
group become more important for their self - esteem..
Virtue – competence

2. ADOLSCENTS
According to Freud’s psychosexual stages ….
 Genital (12 yrs onwards) – interest turns to heterosexual relationships
Consequences of fixation - frigidity, impotence, unsatisfactory relationship

According to Erikson’s psychosocial stages ……

 Adolescence (12 to 19 yrs) – ego identity versus Role confusion

Developmental tasks - More independent, begin to look at the future in terms
of career and relationship. It is period during which
bpdy image changes and they achieve ego identity.
Sense of identity is hindered, it results in confusion
about their role.
 Virtue – fidelity

3. ADULT
According to Erikson’s psychosocial stages ……

 Young adulthood (18 to 35 yrs) – intimacy versus isolation

Developmental tasks – Degree of intimacy or Ability to close to others.
successfully attained, lead to warm relationship with
commitment. Failure can lead to isolation, loneliness,
and even depression.
Virtue – love

 Middle adulthood (35 to 60 yrs) – Generativity versus stagnation

Developmental tasks – being productive at work and involved in community
activities, family are impotent tasks to be accomplished.
Failure in these tasks can result in stagnation, self -
absorption and feeling of being unproductive.
Virtue – care

4. OLD AGE
According to Erikson’s psychosocial stages ……

 Old age (60 + yrs) – Ego integrity versus Despair

Developmental tasks – period of slowing of one’s productivity which comes
with retirement. Take stock of one’s accomplishments
and develop a sense of ego integrity by coming to terms
with life. Feelings of despair, often causing depression.
Virtue – Wisdom

Que.4 Factors affecting personality (page no. 247, Bhatia & Craig’s)

Answer :-

Personality is dynamic and growing. Each individual has a different personality. These
difference become complex with increasing age and maturity and interaction with the
environment.
Factors affecting personality

• include the psysique, health and physiological aspects such as hormonal

influence and the nervous system.
• chronic illness - depressed and unsocialable for exa. physical handicaps
• endocrien glands - emotional behaviour changes in physical appearance,
motor function, intelligence, emotional stability. for eample.
hypothyrodism may cause dullness or slowness. hyperthyrodism may
biological or cause nervous tension, excitement and overactivity.
• physiological conditions - influenced by drugs, dusease, diet,
physical factors toxins,bacterial infection
• nervous system - injury to the brain , affecting learning capacity,
responds to stimuli.

• Social aspects of anindividual's affect personality.

• identification occurs within the family system. major factor in
personality development.
• school that mst children first learn to adjust to large groups of
people.
• develops the child socially and emotionally.
enviornmentsor • child grow educationally and mentally.
Social factors • influence our personality are the cinema, the newspaper and
the radio.

• Mental factors includ our motives, acquired interest, our

attitudes, our will and character
• intellectual capacities - intelligence, reasoning,
attention,perception and imagination.
• self concept becomes the core of the personality.
psychological • these factors determine our reactions in various situations ,
factors affect our personality personality growth and direction.
 UNIT - III
PSYCHOLOGY OF HUMAN BEHAIOUR

QUE.1. Body mind relationship. (Page no. 28, Bhatia and craig's)

Answer :-

 Ancient systems of healing had shown that there is a connection between the
mind and body in healing. That mental function and physical states affect each
other.
 Our nervous system and glands are responsible, to great extent, for our ways
of thinking, feeling and wishing.

EFFECT OF THE BODY ON EFFECT OF THE MIND ON

MENTAL FUNCTIONING BODILY FUNCTIONS

for examples,
1. increased in blood for examples,
pressure leads to mental 1. The mind motives all
over - activity. physical and motor
2. constipation can cause activities.
irritability and 2. deep thinking and
depresssion concentration can cause
3. Lack of sleep can physical fatigue.
disturb our cognitive
functioning.
Que.2 Characteristics Of Mental Health? (KP NEERJA PG- 3)

Ans.2 Derived from different dimension of Mental Health proposed by Jahoda (1958)
characteristics of mental health are as foillows:[-

A. Positive attitude towards self

B. Acceptance of strength and weakness

C. Self-realization

D. Integration of personality involving a balance

E.Autonomy of Action

F. Perception of reality

G. Mastery of Enviornment

Que.3 Characteristics of mentally healthy person. (page no. 293 Bhatia)

Answer :- Certain characteristics that a mentally healthy individual or a well – adjusted

person possesses or develops. These characteristics can serve as criteria for optimum mental
health.

-Insight
Characteristics of mentally

- personal worth
- personal security
healthy individual

- confidence

- get along with other people

- face realities rationally
- gives meaning and purpose
- worKs in
- reality
tolerate frustration
- emotional matiurity
- good health habits
- make her own dicisions
- well balanced life of work, rest
& recreations
Que.4 Effect of emotion on health. (Page no. 202, Bhatia)

Answer :

Emotion play an important role in our life.

Positive outlook can improve your quality of life and improve health.

People who are emotionally healthy are in control of their thoughts feelings and behaviour.

Depressed people are more vulnerable to heart disease.

Negative emotions prevent us from seeing and accepting life situations naturally.

 Anger, fear, shame, guilt, arrogance, envy, jealousy, resentment, sadness or

disappointment are negative emotions through aggression and violence, as well as self
– pity, loneliness, boredom, and inadequency.
 Chronic illness produces emotional reactions such as anger, sadness, frustration and
especially fear.
 The psychosomatic disorder, also called psychophysiologic disorder, is usually
person has physical symptoms that appear to be caused or worsened by psychological
factors, underlying physical disease.
For example, Increased acid secretion results from a generally higher level of stress.
Hypertension has been associated with anxiety and anger.

Que.5 Dealing with stress. (Page no. 215, Bhatia)

Answer :

It is impossible to eradicate stress in our daily life. Individual have to take care of their own
stress levels. It is, first of all, necessary to identity sources of stresses and one’s current
coping strategies.

 Relaxing : listening music, breathing exercise, yoga, meditation, reading a book, just
taking a walk
 Humour : laughter lightens both mind and body.
 Exercise : regular exercise
 Diet : nutritious food
 Avoiding self medication
 Learning more assertive
 Social support : build a social support
 Time management
 Practising positive thinking
 Giving up unrealistic expectations
 Learning to accept situations which cannot be changed
Que.6 Dealing with conflict (Page no. 188, Bhatia)

Answer :

Conflict occurs whenever people disagree over values, interests, perception, ideas for from
having different expectations.

Conflict resolution refers to the process of ending a disagreement between two or more
people in a constructive fashion for all parties involved.

Conflict resolution :

Styles of conflict resolution Characteristic features

Competitive Aggressive communication, low regard for

relationship

Avoiding Delegating controversial decisions,

accepting default decisions

Compromising Give and take of resources and splitting the

difference between the two positions.

Collaborating Working towards a common goal for

mutual satisfaction

Accommodating Maintaining the relationship is important

Que. 7 Sources of frustration (Page no. 183, Bhatia )

Answer :

1. Our frustration may be caused by minor obstacles in our environment.

2. Our frustration may be caused by conflicts with people.
3. Our frustration may be caused by environmental situation or conditions which we
cannot control.
4. Economic deprivation may also cause frustration in some cases.
5. Social customs, tradition, restriction, and taboos could be a source of frustration.
6. Even the realisation of our personal deficiencies.
7. High level of aspiration
8. Frustration is a conflict of motive within the individual.
Que.8 Defense mechanism ( Page no. 17, Townsend)

Answer :-

Definition of defence mechanism :- “A defence mechanism is an unconscious psychological

mechanism that reduces anxiety arising from unacceptable or potentially harmful stimuli.”

Defense mechanism Meaning Example

Compensation Overachievement in one area A handicapped boy who is

to make up for deficiency in
another
Denial Refusing to acknowledge the
existence of a real situation
or the feelings associated
with it.
unable to participate in
sports compensates by
becoming a great scholar.
Individuals continue to
smoke cigarettes even
though they have been told
of the health risk involved.

Rationalization Attempting to make excuses A young man is unable to

or formulate logical reasons
to justify unacceptable
feelings or behaviours.
Repression Repression is the involuntary
blocking of unpleasant
feelings and experiences
from one’s awareness
Suppression Suppression is the
voluntarily blocking of
unpleasant feelings and
experiences from one’s
awareness.
Intellectualization Intellectualization is an
attempt to avoid expressing
actual emotions associated
with a stressful situation by off their engagement. He
using the intellectual
processes of logic, reasoning, discussing this with his best
and analysis.
afford the sports car he wants
so desperately. He tells the
salesperson, “I’d buy this car
but I’ll be getting married
soon. This is really not the
car for a family man.
A teenage boy cannot
remember driving the car
that was involved in an
accident in which his best
friend was killed
A young woman who is
depressed about a pending
divorce proceeding tells the
nurse, “I just don’t want to
talk about the divorce.
There’s nothing I can do
about it anyway
A young psychology
professor receives a letter
from his fiancée breaking
shows no emotion when
friend. Instead he analyzes
his fiancée’s behavior and
tries to reason why the
relationship failed.
Que.9 Relationship between attitude and nursing.

Answer:-

There is a positive relationship between attitude and Nursing.

Knowledge of attitude formation and change is very important for nurses.

POSITIVE ATTITUDE:- Positive attitiufde for work will increase motivation and interest.

NEGATIVE ATTITUDE:- Negative attitude makes a nurse judgemental which can lead to
poor decision making, discrimination between patients, conflictys

Negative attitude may also lead to neglect of duties, inattentiveness towards patient

Relationship of Nurse’s attitude and Patient’s Attitude

Understanding the patient’s attitude lead to good clinical outcomes

POSITIVE ATTITUDE OF PATIENT:- Patient’s positive attitude towards the staff and
treatment lead to acceptance and cooperation.

NEGATIVE ATTITUDE OF PATIENT:- Patients negative attitude may lead to resistance,

unwillingness, refusal to take treatment.

Nurses can change the negative attitude of patients. But this requires positive attitude of
nurses towards patient’s and her duties.

Que.10 Importance of positive attitude for nurse. (Page no. 228,Bhatia)

Answer:

 Nurses are uniquely placed to provide effective health education with the aim of
promoting attitude and behavioural changes.
 Ambition to do her task well
 Conformity with the rules and regulations of the profession for which she is
preparing.
 Willingness to work with effectiveness.
 Cheerfulness and optimism.
 Interest in their problems and difficulties of other people.
 Cooperativeness, industriousness, respect for the opinion and judgement of other.
 Increasing the knowledge underlying effective nursing care.
 Grow professionally.
 Maintaining poise and selfcontrol.
 Maintaining consistent pride in her profession.
 Rise to the unexpected without panic.
 Make patient comfortable and patients well being.
Que.11 Importance for good health habits for nurses. (page no:104 Bhatia)

Answer: Nurse has to realise the importance of Habit Formation

Habits are time saving and energy saving devices.

 Habits for Nurses are those which will

- increase her proficiency as an individual, as a worker
- enrich her character

For example, she has to cultivate the habit of being clean in a person, dress, hands,
nails, and hair and of being erect in a posture and easy in gait.

 Habits of muscle coordination and control and of promptness of reactions are worth
cultivating
 Good eating habits also prevents in fatigue and other gastro- intestinal problems such
as constipation, acidity, heartburn etc.
 Health promoting habits such as yoga, meditation, exercise promotes health and keeps
a person stress free
 By inculcating good habits the nurses can help patient to learn new behaviour

Ques. 12 Advantages and disadvantages of habit formation

Advantages:-

1. Habits helps for smooth functioning

2. Habitual efforts costs us little effort and less strain
3. Habits donot require our constant attention
4. Habitys actions saves our time
5. Habits makes our movements simpler , quicker
6. Good habits promote health
7. Good habits provide feelings of stableness and security

Disdavantages

1. No scope for thinking and creativity

2. New things can’t be learned
3. Our actions become mechanical
4. Habits interfere in other activities
5. Bad habits may affect our physical and psychological health
Que.12 Abraham Maslow theory of motivation.

Answer

Physiological
These refer to basic physical needs, such as drinking when thirsty or eating when
hungry. According to Maslow, some of these needs involve our efforts to meet the
body’s need for homeostasis; Maslow considered physiological needs to be the
most essential of our needs

Safety
Once people’s physiological requirements are met, the next need that arises is a
safe environment. Our safety needs are apparent even early in childhood, as
children have a need for safe and predictable environments and typically react
with fear or anxiety when these needs are not met.

Love and Belongingness

According to Maslow, the next need in the hierarchy involves feeling loved and
accepted. This need includes both romantic relationships as well as ties to friends
and family members.

Esteem
Our esteem needs involve the desire to feel good about ourselves. According to
Maslow, esteem needs include two components. The first involves feeling self-
confidence and feeling good about oneself. The second component involves
feeling valued by others; that is, feeling that our achievements and contributions
have been recognized by other people

Self-Actualization
Self-actualization refers to feeling fulfilled, or feeling that we are living up to our
potential.