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in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority,
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“The Right to Information, The Right to Live” “Step Out From the Old to the New”

IS 14448 (1997): Code of practice for reinforcement of rock

slopes with plane wedge failure [CED 48: Rock Mechanics]

“!ान $ एक न' भारत का +नम-ण”

Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda
“Invent a New India Using Knowledge”

“!ान एक ऐसा खजाना > जो कभी च0राया नहB जा सकता ह”

है”
ह
Bhartṛhari—Nītiśatakam
“Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen”
 IS 14448: 1997
(Reaffirmed - 2012)

Indian Standard
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
REINFORCEMENT OF ROCK SLOPES
WITH PLANE WEDGE FAILURE

ICS 93.020

1997

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002

October 1997 Price Group 5

 AMENDMENT NO.1 DECEMBER 2006
TO
IS 14448: 1997 CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
REINFORCEMENT OF ROCK SLOPES
WITH PLANE WEDGE FAILURE

(Page 1, clause 3.5.2, heading and line 1) - Substitute 'Tendon' for

'Tandon'.

(Page 2, clause 4.1, line S) - Substitute 'parameters affecting the slope

stability'lor 'slope parameters'.

(Page 2, clause 4.2.4, line 8) - Insert 'that. is' after 'parallel'.

(Page 3, clause 6.1, line 3) - Substitute 'occurs'lor 'occures'.

(Page 3, clause 6.3.6, line 7) - Substitute 'hydrofracturing' for

'hydrofacturing' .

(J)age 4, clause 6.4, line 1) - Delete '(F. A. L.)'.

(Page 4, clause 6.4.2.3, line 2) - Substitute '6' for '5'.

(Page 4, clause 7.1, lines 2 and 3) - Delete 'that is' and insert 'It should
beensured that.' after 'peovided' .

(Page 4, clause 7.1, line 4) - Substitute 'vegetation'lor 'vegitation'.

(Page 5, clause 8.1, line 1) - Substitute 'of for 'or'.

(Page 5, clause 8.4, line 3) - Substitute 'obtained' for 'obtianed'.

(Page 5, clause 9.2.1.1, line 4) - Substitute '9' for '; '.

[J)age 6, Fig. 2(a)] - Substitute ''tip' for ''Vb'.

(CED48)

• Reprolf&Pby Unit, 8IS, New Delhi,India

Rock Mechanics Sectional Committee, CED 48

FOREWORD

This IndianStandard was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards,after the draft finalized by Rock
Mechanics SectionalCommittee had been approved by the Ovil EngineeringDivision Council.

This Indian Standard is an attempt to bring more Indian Standardscovering typesof reinforcement and
its design in various rock engineeringapplications.

Landslides, slips, rockfalls are some of the terms Used to describe the movement of rocks under the
influence of the gravity. These movements sometimes become seriously damaging or even disastrous. In
highways, foundations and hydraulic engineeringstructuresin rock,there is a needforassessing the degree
of stability of man-made as well as natural slopes.

Stability can usually be improved by addinglimproving the shear resistance of the rock-mass or by
increasing the systems resistingforceagainstslidingbytying or anchoringlbolting the sliding rock wedge
or slab to the parent rock-mass.

Rock-reinforcement can be effectively used to stabilize the unstable natural or artificial slopes, which are
isolated byjointsand faults. The rock-reinforcement consisting ofrock-bolts,rockanchors/cable anchors,.
can be used more frequently with or without steel straps, welded mesh or chain link, mesh/fabric-link,
etc. The frequent useof rock-reinforcement to stabilizethe rock-slopes is due to its following advantages:

a) Versatility,
b) Simpleto applyin various rock conditions,
c) Relatively inexpensive,
d) Flexible performance, and
e) Easily combined with other control measures.

Technical Committee responsible for the formulationof this standard is given in AnnexA

In reporting the result of a test or analysis in accordance with thisstandard, if the finalvalue,observed or
calculated, is to be rounded off, it shall be done in accordance with IS 2 : 1960 'Rules for rounding off
numerical values (revised)'. The number of significant places retained in the rounded offvalue should be
the same as that of the Specified value in this standard.
 IS 14448: 1997

Indian Standard
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
REINFORCEMENT OF ROCK SLOPES
WITH PLANE WEDGE FAILURE
1 SCOPE anchoring/reinforcing. This term also includes
subterranean cavities and artificial as well as
Thisstandard covers the design aspects or'remtor- natural slopes.
cement of rock-slopes with plane wedge failure t •
Thisstandard does not coverthe type of rockbolts 3.4 Rock-Medium
and their installation. This will be covered by Rocks are understoodin their natural positionand
Indian Standard on 'Type of Rockbolts and their infills, and it includes solid rock-masses.
installation' (draft under preparation).
3.5 Anchor
2 REFERENCES
It is a device to transfer forces in a given direction
The Indian Standards given below contain from the structure to the rock-medium. An anchor
provisions which through reference in this text, is composed of three parts.
constitute provision of this standard. At the time
of publication, the editions indicated were valid. 3.5.1 The Anchor Head
All standardsare subjectto revision, and partiesto It is situated at the external (movable) end of the
agreements based on this standard are encouraged anchor,it is used forconnecting the face/base plate
to investigate the possibility of applying the most and transferring of anchoring forces to the rock-
recent editionsof the standardsindicated below: mass and also used for prestressing of the anchors.
IS No. Title 3.5.2 The Tandon
456 : 1978 Code of practice for plain and Tandon is the middle part of the anchor connect-
reinforced concrete (third ing the head and the root. The tandon usually
revision) allows, by its elastic deformation, establishing of
4031 Methods of physical test for permanent prestress of the anchor during the
(Part 5) : 1988 hydraulic cement : Part 5 Deter- anchoring process.
mination of initial and final 3.5.3 The Anchor Root
setting times (firs: revision) It is situated at the internal (distant) end of the
11309 : 1985 Method for conducting pull-out anchor and is used for fixing the anchor into the
test or anchor bars and rock bolts rock-mass.
3.5.4 AnchorRope/Cable
3 TERMINOLOGY It consists of strands of steel wires having high yield
3.1 For the purpose of this draft code, the follow- stress. Generally the steel wires have size 2-7 mm
ing definitions shall apply. diameter.
3.2 Anchoring 3.6 Anchoraae

By anchoring, a compressive force is introduced This ensures the co-operation of the rock-
into the rock-mass directly towards the critical medium with the structure, consisting of steel
joint. The anchoringcreates a compressive stress bars/bolts and bundles/strands of steel wires/
which increases the inherent strength of the rock- ropes/cables. The effect of anchoring is increased
mass and help the rock-mass to support itself by prestressing the anchorage in its free section,
againstsliding. that is between the end fixed in the rock and the
externalanchor flxed in the structure.
3.3 Structure 3.7 Fixed Anchor Length (F. A. 1.,.)
It denotes any construction work on or below the It is the length of that part of the rock-anchor
surface of slope whosestability is to be secured by farthestaway fromthe structuresoverwhich tensile
IS 14448: 1997
forces are transmitted to the surrounding rock- control measures depending upon the risk in-
mass. F. A. L. shall Dot be less than 60 and 100d. volved in it, in short term as well as in long term.
for deformed and plain bars respectively,
where
d. == dia of bar/bolt/cable.
The extensive field study has shown that F. A. L.
shall be as per Table 1:
Table 1 FIxed Anchor Lenath for Different Rock
Conditions
8) 2 m, for very aood rock condiliona (RMR - 81 to 1(0)
b) 3 m, for aood rockOODditionl (RNa • 61 to 80)
c) 4 m, for fairlpoor roe.* condilioDi (RMR - 21 to 60)
d) 6 m, for vay poor rock conditions (RMR. 0 to 20)
4 REQUIREMENT OF STABIU1Y
4.1 The stability of natural or artifidal slopes
generally depend upon the geometry, frequency
and orientation of joint sets, dip of slope and its
plane of weakness and condition of the slopes.
Other slope parameters are climate, hydrology,
tectonic movements, presence of breccia and
human activities in immediate and/or adjacent
area, underground openings. Blasting bring
about, years later. changes affecting the stability
of slopes.
4.1.1 When any slope (naturaVartificial) shows
the sign of instability, then it becomes essential
to stabilize the slope by adopting the effective
(0)
ee)
FIo.l P1...ANB WEDGB FAILURE GEOMETRY
4.2 Model of Failures
4.2.1 There are mainly three type of modes of
fallures in the rock slopes namely planar slide, 3
dimensional wedge failure andtoppling failure. In
this codeonlyone mode that is planewedge failure
is described (ste Fig. 1).
4.2.2 The plane wedge failureoccursunder gravity
alone when a rock-mass rests on an inclined
geological discontinuity, such as beddinglweakness
plane that daylights into the free slope face that is
'l'f > 'l'p [su Fig. 1(b»). In caseof 3 dimensional
wedge failure, plane may be assumed at apparent
dip of intersection of joints ( 'Pi).
4.2.3 Movement shown in Fig. l(c), supposes that
the restraint of slidinghas been overcome not only
along the surface of sliding/failure but along the
lateral sidesof the slide as well.
4.2.4 Sliding shall occur when the inclination of
the plane of Slip shall be greater than the friction
angle of that plane that is 'lip > tPJ [s~t Fig. 1(b)].
However, in the case of unreinforced steep slopes
('I'r > goo - 'lip + tPj - A), failure may occur by
over-toppling and the same is not considered here.
In topping failure. the strikesof slopeandjointsare
nearly parallel within ± ISO and the dip direction
of bedding planes/continuous joints is opposite to
(b)
(d)
2
 IS 14448: 1997

that of the slope.. The horizontal component of geological, climatic, hydrological, tectonic move-
earthquake acceleration Is accounted for by A ments and human activities in the immediate
which is equal to tan -aa. Safe cut slope angle to andlor adjacent area of thestructures.
check over-toppling is therefore equal to 6.2 ForstabilizJng the rock slopes, cement grouted
(cxf - 'l'p + tPj - A). safe cutslopeangle tocheck rock-anchors/bolts/cables should be used.
3dimensional wedge fanure is equal to the angle of
intersection of critical joint planes. 6.3 Cement Grout
4.2.5 The most likely plane of weakness/critical The delaybetweendrillingthe hole and its grouting
plane, along which sliding will occurin relation to shouldalways be kept minimum and asa policy, one
the orien18tion of the slopefaceshould be assesssed should always drill and grout the anchor on the
from the kinematic model analysis/stereographic same day. The possibility of significant shrinkage
plots, in the grout diminishing tbe intimate contact be-
tween the grout and rock might provide a weaker
S PRINCIPLE OF ROCK REINFORCEMENT surface than that adjacent to the steel. Hence, it
5.1 The rock reinforcement reinforces and mobil- should be ensured that the grout either includes a
zes the inherent strength of rock-medium which small amount of a suitable expanding element or
helps the slope to support itself. that the mix is such that the shrinkage would be
insignifican t.
5.2 The rock shall be reinforced by the steel
bolts/cables to take over the tensile stresses and The following specifications for a cement grout are
also a part of the shear stresseswhichincreases the recommended to provide tlowability, expansion on
stabilizing forceor decreasesthe disturbinglsliding hardening and higher shear strength to transfer
force. loadfromthe anchor throughthe grout to the rock.
5.3 The rock-medium shall be locked by induced 6.3.1 There shall be no indications of the falseset
prestressing in the bolts which activates/increases [see IS 4031 (Part 5»).
the frictional forces along the surfaceof separation 6.3.% A flow time of 2S to 30 seconds through the
in the anchorage zone and transfer the load of standard flow cone (volume 1 725 ml, orifice
unstable rock wedge to the deeper parent rock- diameter 12.5 mm).
mass.
6.3.3 Minimum compressive strength (on a 7.5em
-S.4 The density of rock-reinforcement can easily diameter cylinder and 15 em long) should be 285
be modified by changing its diameter, length and kwcm2, after 28 days. The watercementratio of the
spacingwhich is frequently required by local rock- grout should be 0.4 to 0.5.
massconditions. Another advantage is that it can
be easily combined with additional control 6.3.4 The amount of aluminiumpowdernecessary
measures such as shotcreting and drainagesystem, to obtain expansion (to avoldshrinkage)shouldnot
etc. be morethan 0.005 percent by weightof cement,for
a grout of 0.4 to 0.5 water cement ratio. Other
!.! Tests to be Conducted admixtures may also be used to reduce shrinkage.
!.5.1 Kinematic Test Excessi'le quantityof aluminiumpowdershould be
This test shall be a graphicalrepresentation of rock avoided because it produces foaming in the grout,
faults/joints, etc, on the spherical stereographic especially whenthe watercement ratio is also high.
plane from which the most likely unstable wedge/ Hence,both should be strictly controlled,
critical plane of weakness maybe assessed. '.3.5 FQr cement mortar grout, equal part of
!.5.2 Pull-out Test cement and sand are first mixed and sufficient
water is then added to bring the mortar to a stiff
The pull-out test should be conductedat site as per consistency. The maximum particle size of sand
IS 11309 for assessing the anchor load bearing should lot exceed 2 mm.
capacity and for the checking of the designed/as-
sumed F. A. L. of a particular anchor. 6.3.6 The situation where pressure grout is
required, the pressure should be limited to
, DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS OF 50-70 percent of overburden pressure, although
ROCK-REINFORCEMENT 15 percent overburden pressure should be applied
6.1 The rock-bolt or cable reinforcement system whenever need arises. The use of excessive
should be designedto stabilize the slippage of the pressure loading gives rise to possibility of
slope (naturaVartificial), which occures due to the hydrofacturing and surface heaving.

3
IS 14448: 1997

6.3.7 The diameter of drill-hole should be 30 mm 6.4.2.2 The rIXed anchor length shall not be less
more than diameter of the anchor so that sufficient tban 60 and 100 times the diameter of deformed
grout-cover prevents corrosion. Suitable preven- anchor barsand plain anchor barsrespectively.
tivemeasures shall be adopted to prevent corrosion
6.4.2.3 The fixed anchor length shall not be less
dependingupon aggressive nature of rockmass.
than 2. 3, 4, and S m for very good, good, fair/poor/
6.4 The rock-anchor (F. A 1.) may fail in oneor and very poor rock conditions respectively.
more of the following.
The anchorage length shall be obtained from the
6.4.1 Failure ofRock/Grout Bond
following espresston;
The following expression for thelength of anchorage
based on an equivalent uniform distribution for
. P.F .....(2)
L-~
bond stress as skin friction along the fixed anchor xu T.
maybe used:
where
L a P.F. /1'C.D.T .•..(1) L = Effective/fIXed anchor length, in mm;
where j
F = Factor ot safety;
L = Effective/rIXed anchor length (F. A. L.) in D :: (d. + 30 mm); d. =- Diameter of anchor
mm; bar, in mm;and
P = Pull-out force per anchor, in N; fa = Permissible shear stress in N/mm2•
F == Factor of safety; 6.4.3 Failure c[th« Anchor or TopAnchorage
T = Bond stress at failure, in N/mm2; and
D = Diameter of the borehole (d. + 30 mm), The diameter of the anchor bar shall be calculated
inmm. from the folloWing expression using yield stress of
steel (cry); which can be taken from IS 456
The actual distribution of bond stress is exponen-
tial and depends upon the elastic modulus of the P = A". Uy/ F .....(3)
rock, grout material, diameter and length of the
anchorage. However, the assumption of uniform where
2
distribution holds good for rocks of low elastic AI lIS Area of steel bar, in mm ;
modulus. Hence, a factor of safety of 3 to 5 is Of = Yield stress of steel used for anchor, in
recommended. mm2; .
F = Factor of safety whichwill be taken as
Thesafebond strength (TrlF) to be usedforprelimi- 1.30; and
nary design of rock anchors, is given in Table 2, if P = Pull force (both static and dynamic), in N.
test data is not available.
6.4.4 Bearing Failure of Rock-Mass at the Face of
Table 2 Safe Bond Strength for Different Anchorage
Rock Conditions In order to minimise bearing failure (which
Very poor to poor rock (RMR - 0 to 40) 0.35-0.70 NJmm2 depends upon the load carrying capacity of the
condition rock-mass), a largebearing plate foundedon a thin
F.ur,lO &ood rock (RMR - 41 to 80) 0.70-1.05 Nlmm 2 grout over a large contact area should be recom-
cpndltion mended.
Verylood rock (RMR - 81 to 1(0) 1.0S-1.40 Nlmm2
condition 7 PROCEDURE FOR INSTALlATION OF
ROCK ANCIIORS
However, the above safe bond strength should not
be more than one thirtieth of the minimumuniaxial 7.1 The site shall be made clear and clean where
compressive strength of rock material or the grout. the rock anchors/rockbolts are to be provided that
6.4.2 Failure a/the Grout/Anchor Bond is clayoverburden or loose piecesof rock or debris
or vegitation should be removedup to a clear rock
If the uniaxial compressive strength of the grout formation.
(fc) is known the permissible/allowable stress in
shear (fa) may be obtained from the following 7.2 The drill holes should be driven slightly of
expression: larger diameter (about 30 mm) than the diameter
T. - fellS < 1.2N/mm2 (for plain bars) of steel bars whichis to be providedas anchor bars.
2
T. - jJI0 < 2.5 N/mm (for deformed bars) 7.3 Drill hole should be washedwith water till the
6.4.2.1 .Someumes anchor bars are pulled out clear water flows out from it. Then the drill hole
because of insufficient fixed anchor length that is shouldbe filledwith cement grout. Plain or ribbed
length of anchor bars beyond criticaldiscontinuity. steel shall be driven into the drillhole filled with

4

cement grout either with a sledge hammer or a
powerhammer.
7.4 A base plate of 150 x 150 x 10 mm shan be
fitted on the protruding portion of the bolt and
tightened with a check nut before insertion in the
grout filled hole. Alternatively concrete/sbotcrete
base slab may be made at the bolt heads.
8 ASSESSMENT OF LOAD BEARING
CAPACI1Y OF ROCK-REINFORCEMENT
8.1 Failure or rock-reinforcementsystem shall be
dependent on the material properties of rock-bolts
and the quality of the rock-mass in which it is
provided. There are many causes whicheffect the
load bearing capacityof rock-bolts.
8.2 If the rockbolt is subjected to some com-
ponents of shear, the load bearingcapacity of bolt
shall be reduced, the reduction is due to type of
rockbolt and its angle between bolt and the joint
, surface. The cables bear the shear displacement
more effectively than the solid rockbolts,due to the
factthat on the application of shear force,the cable
wires can reorient themselves.
8.3 The pull-out· test on rock-anchors should be
done as specifiedin IS 11309.
8.4 The valuesof bond strength (T/) betweengrout
and rock or bond strength (fa) between grout and
steel anchor obtianed from pull-out test should be
used for redesigningrock-anchors.
9 DESIGN OF ROCK-REINFORCEMENT
9.1 For the analysis of the stabilityof slope, partial
factors of safety for each of the parameter should
be used instead of using the singlefactor of safety.
9.1.1 Higher factor of safety should be applied to
ill-defined parameters such as water pressure and
cohesivestrength. Low factor of safety should be
applied to those quantities (weight of wedge),
which is known to a greater degree of precision.
9.1.2 The following partial factors of safetyshould
be used:
Fe .= 1.5 (for cohesivestrength),
FtIJ= 1.2 (for frictional strength),
Fw = 1.0 (for weightof wedge),
F. = 1.5 (for steel and grout anchor), and
Fv = F« -= 2 (for water pressure).
9.2 Design of Rock Anchors
9.2.1 Static Case
By considering the condition of limiting equi-
librium of the plane wedgealong the sliding plane
(Fig. 2 without considering ah.W force), it is
found:
IS 14448 r 1997
Disturbing Poree • ReaistinB force
R (CosB (Tan;jIF;) + Sin8]
- [w. sin '1',. F.- + V.cos 'l'pFy - (w.cos 'II,.Fw -
~sin 'l'p. Fv-U.F.) x (Tan ;/F;) - (Cj/Fc)
(H-Zc) cosec'llp] ...(4)
where
'lip - dip of discontinuity
'Pr - dip of slope face
Zc - depth of tension crack
- H [1 - cot 'IIr tan 'Pr]
$H12
V = !"w Z2
2
Z. = depth of water in tension crack
W :II: weightof wedge
2
... ir H [Cot 'lip - Cot \IIf] - ~rZ~Cot\llp
tPj = Slidingangle of friction of discontinuity
Cj == cohesion along discontinuity
U = Uplift on discontinuity = ~ (H - Zc)
'Yw Z w cosec\lll'
y = Unit weightof rock mass
yw - Unit weight of water
From this expression, the total anchor capacity [R
per unit lengthof slope periphery] maybe obtained
as all other parameters are known,
In case of a tension crack developed on the
slope face, the above equation should be modified
accordingly.
9.2.1.1 Optimum onentation ofrockbolts
To provide the economicalrock reinforcement for
obtainingthe maximurnanchor bolt/cabIecapacity,
the anchors should be so provided that the angle
ep (angle between the bolt and normal to the plane
of discontinuity) is made equal to (9QO - 4>j),
where
=
4'i Sliding angle of friction of critical joint
plane. The angle between normal to the
slope and cableanchor should be kept less
than, qJj/l.2 for preventingsliding of base
plate along the plane of slope. Generally
dip of bars is about 100so that mortar does
not flow out.
9.2.1.2 Calculation ofanchor spacing
The spacingof the bolts is kept uniform along the
slope. The spacing (5) is given by the following
expression (see Fig. 2b):
S • [(H - Zc) cosec \lip cose/Rb
cos (8+'Pp - \IIf)] P ....(5)
where
R : I Total anchor force required to stabilize
the slope, ~ 0
5
IS 14448 : 1997

___H-[
A
(0)

( b)

~~_.~-i!iii:~' -
-.-~~"-.lR
e-ANGLE 8ETWEEN---"'_-'~r~ ~l.FAL
ROCK ANCHOR & . . - - . ~ .~::?Z?
NORMAL TO THE ===='~- eASE PLATE
/ROCK pLANE ~"-', .~~._,_~- N.S
R-TOTAL ROCK ~ ~
ANCHOR FORCE ......~~-- ~ •
l=-j "1::;1=- f
~;:; i
___ ,~'§=~~II'-==== LOCKMAN
(c) (d)

FIG. 2 ROCK REINFORCEMENT (PLANE WEDGE)

(R - Total anchor Coree and6 - angle between rock anchorand normal to the joint plane]

S = Spacingof bolt along the slope (generally 9.2.1.3 Number ofanchors

kept 1.5 to 2.5 m depending upon total
anchor force R), The number of anchors in a column along the dip
b = Spacingof bolt across the slope, direction of the slope face up to crack tip is given
P = Bolt force or safe anchor capacity, by the following expression (see Fig. 2B):
p .. ~~ (o,lF.> .... (6) N = (H - Zc) sin (8 + lJJp)/Sb cos 8 + 'lip - 'II,
...(7)
(10 to 60 tonnes)
= 0 ·ifR s o
where
d. = Diameter of the bolt (25- 40 mm) 9.2.1.4 Length ofthe rockbolts
oy = Yield strength of the steel bolt as per
15456 Uniform length of rock anchors/bolts is used for
ease of construction. The length of the bolt on the
Other terms are already defined earlier. It would slope [see Fig. 2(c)], is given by :
be better to staggeranchors.

6
 IS 14448 : 1997

L - (N S sin ('1'1 - \lip )/0058 ] + F. A L- ing or machine vibrations or road traffic,

and
.....(8)
A • (H - Zc) cosec 'lip
where
10.1.1 The term within bracket is normal force
F. A. L == Fixed anchor length obtained from across discontinuity and must be more than zero.
Table 1. Otherwise failure will take place by over-toppling
9.2.1 Design of Base Plate or Base Slab for Anchors
of wedge.
10.2 Drainage system should be provided if
The sizeof the baseplateor baseslab is determined
drainedslope (U= V= 0) has static factor of safety
on the basis of bearing capacity of the rock-mass.
more tban 1.2and dynamic factor of safety more
The size of square base plate/slab is given by [see
Fig. 2 (d»).
than 1.0. In the cases of smaller factors of safety,
both rock anchors and drainage system shall be
Bp= nrJ?l; ...(9) provided.
10.3 A drainage system consists of 38 mm dia
where drain holes dipping 10° towards valley, at
P .. Anchorcapacity or pretension, spacing of 3 m x 3 m fitted with rolled tube of
Q. = Allowable bearing pressure of rock- wire net.
mass,
Bp = Side length of the steel base plate (25-75 10.3.1 There should be a catch drain at the toe of
em) or base shotcrete concrete slab the cut slope to drain offwater.
(75 -100 em) NOTE -If ICepale is occurring even in normal season, it is
an indication that slope wiU live waysoon, Drainage is then
9.3 Rechecking or the Plane or Weakness (After immediately required.
Design of Rock- Anchors)
10.4 Rock reinforcement is needed if static factor
The stability of the slope at the end of the rock- safetyand dynamic factor of safety are less than 1.2
anchors (at the extended plane as shown dotted in and 1.0respectively evenafter complete drainage.
Fig. 2(c) shouldalsobeverified. Alternatively min-
imum length of anchor (Lr ) should be more than 10.4.1 Unreinforced rock slope or cut may be
O.2H. considered stable if static factor of safety is more
10 DRAINAGE SYSTEM
than 1.2and dynamic displacement is lessthan one
percent of height of slope or 1 m whichever is less.
There is no need of reinforcement if factor (static)
ofsafety of unreinforced slope is more than 1.2and 10.4.2 In case of toe cutting,expressions for W, S,
dynamic factorof safety is also more than 1.0. L, and N will change. Basic principles of design
will be same.
F cjA + ai, (WOOl 'lip - ab Wain 'Pp - Vain 'lip - U]
dyn - W sin 'lip + ab W cos 'l'p + V cos 'l'p u COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN
...(10) Computer eottwareesuch as SASP may alsobe used
where for the design. Computer programs like WEDGE
ah = 0 (static case ) or 0.10for blasting, may be used for the design of rock-reinforcement
= coefficient of horizontal component of of slopeswith 3 dimensional wedge failures.
acceleration due to earthquakes, blast-

7
IS 14448 : 1997

ANNEX A
(Foreword)
CO~CO~S~ON

Rock Mechanics Sectional Committee, CEO 4S

CJuUmaan ~
PROP BHAWANI SINOH UDivenityof Roorkee, Roorkee
Memben
AssISTANT RPsBARQi OPPlCBll Irription Deputment, UP
DR R. L. CHAUHAN Himacbal Pradab State Blectricity Board, Sbimla
oUEP ENOINBER (R & D) Irription Departmeot, Haryana
OIRBCTOR (ENo1NEBR) (Allmuue)
SHRJDADBSHWAR GANOADHAR. DHAYAOUDB Alia Foundatiooa and ConatructioDa Ltd, Mumbal
SHRI ARUN DA1TAntAYAJOSHI ~)
DRAK.DuB8 Centnl MiDlna Reaearcb IDatitute (CSIR), Roorkee
SHRJ A. K. SoNl, ~~)
DR G. S.1dBHROI'RA CeDtnl BuUdiDl Raearcb IDltitute (CSIR), Roorkee
SHRI A. GHOSH~)
DIRECTOR CJeoIoaical Survey of India, Lucknow
SHRJ KARNv1R IniptioD aDd Power Departmeot, Punjab
DIRECTOR Centnl Water and PowerRaearcb Station,Pune
SHRI B. M. RANA GoWDA (Allmuue)
ENoINEERlNO MANAOBR HiDdUitaD Construction Co Ltd, Mumbai
DRR. P. Ku1..XARN1 IniptioD Department. Maharubtn
MEMBER SBCRBTARY Central Board of lniptioD and Power. New Delhi
DIRBCfOR (C) (A~)
SHRJ D. N. NARESH Natiooal Thermal Power Corporation Ltd, New Delhi
SHlU M. D. NAIR Auociated IDitnamentManufacturers (I) Pvt Ltd, New Delhi
SHRJ B. Ie. SAJOAL(Allmuue)
SHRI D. M. PANOIOU Irription Depenment. Oovemmentof Oujant
DR U. D. DAna. Oujarat Bnpneerinl Research Institute, Gandhi Napr
SCJBNnsT IN CHAROB NadoDa1 Geophysical Re.earch Institute, Hyd"ubad
PRoP T. RAMANuRnIY IndianInstitute of TechnolOlY, New Delhi '
DR O. V. RAo (A~)
SHRI S. D. BHARA1HA Kamallka Enpneerinl Research Station, Kamataka
SHRI T. S. NARAYANADAS(A~)
ORA K. DHAWAN Central SOU and Materials Reaearch Station, New Delhi

SHRI JrnNDRA SINOH EDaiDeer-in-ehier. Branch,NewDeihl

SHRJ D. K. JAIN (A~)
SHRJ P. J. RAo CeDtraJ Road Research lnatitute,New Delhi
SHRI D. S. TOLlA (A~)
SHRl RANJoDH SINGH Naptha Jbakri PowerCorporation,Shimla
DR P. K. JAIN Univenity of Roortee, Roorkee
DR M. N. VILADEAR (AlImaau)
DIRBCI'OR AND SBCRBTARY Central Ground Water Board, New Delhi
DR V. Ie. SINHA Central Minin,Research lnatitute, Dhanbad
DR V. V. S.RAo Indian Geotechnical Society, NewDelhi .
SHRI U. S. RAJvANSHI In penonal capacity· (Ke-38, Ki:IviNlgor, GhazUUHul)

DR J. L. JE11iWA In penonal capacity (CMRl,Nagpur)

DR V. M. SHARMA In penonal capacity (A TES, NewDeIJu)

SHRJ Ie. It SHARMA, Director General, DIS (E,x..oIJldo MenIber)

Director (Civ Enll)
SecretIIIy
SHRI W. R. PAUL
Joint Director (Cv EDII), BIS
 IS 14448: 1997

Composition ofRock SlopeEngineering andFoundation on Rockand

RockMass Improvement Subcommittee. CED48: 4
Convener Rtpruenling
DR. P.It JAIN University of Roorkee, Roorkee
Memben
Oil A. It DHAWAN Central Soil and Materials ResearchStation,NewDelhi
SHlU A. M. NBRUKAR Asia Foundationsand Constructions Ltd, Mumbai
DRN. V. NAYAK (Altemate)
SHRl P. J. RAo Central Road Research Institute (CSIR), New Delhi
SHRJ O. P. YADAV (Altmaale)
SHRI P. S. SBNOUPI'A Trafalgar HOUle, Mumbai
SHRIV. V. NAYAK (Alleriuue)
DRYUDHBIR Indian Institute or Technology, Kanpur

DR U. N. SINHA Central BuildingResearch Institute (CSIR), Roorkee

SHRl A. GHOSH (Altemate)
DR V. K.. SINGH Central MiningResearch Institute (CSIR), Dhanbad

PROP T. RANAMuRnfY Indian Institute of Technology, NewDelhi

DR Ie.O. SHARMA (Altemate)
SHRJ D. O. ICADKADE Jaiprakalb Auociates Pvt Ltd, New Delhi
SHRI R. Ie. JAIN f1tltemate)
SHRJ B. Ie. SHARMA National Hydroelectric PowerLtd, Faridabad
SHlU R. V. RAMANuR11iY Directorate General Border Roads, New Delhi
DR V. Ie. MBHROTRA U.P. IniptioD Department (CDO), Dehradun
SHRI Y. A. Ie. SINOH P.W.D., Manipur
SHRI S. K.. MATHUR RITES, NewDelhi
SHiu V. Ie.KA1WALB Central MinePlannin,and Design Institute, Ranchi
SHRI D. SBNOUPTA (Altemate)
DR V. VENEATBSWARAW National Institute of Rock Mechanics, Kolar,Karnataka

9
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D. Indian Standard bas been developed from Doc: No. CED 48 (5183).

Ameadments Issued Since Publication

Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected

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