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COURSE OUTLINE
• INTRODUCTION TO FIRE
• LEGAL BASIS
• FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
• FIRE SCIENCE
• FIRE PROPAGATION
• FIRE CLASSIFICATION
• FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT THEORIES
• FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
• FIRE HOSES
• BASIC FIREFIGHTING
 INTRODUCTION
 Controlled fire is useful and necessary while
uncontrolled fire is destructive. It causes loss of
lives, severe damage to property and affects
business diversely. An early response and
correct action in the event of fire occurrence do
not limit losses in terms of property, but in most
cases minimize the dangers to human lives as
well. Prompt action of employees and adequate
preparation in the event of fires can only be
attained through anticipation of efforts and careful
planning. However, the best situation is where
everyone in the corporation is safety conscious
and prevent the occurrence of destructive
fires.
PURPOSE:
01. To define fire and its primary purpose.

02. Learn the legal

03. Learn all the basics of fire science

04. Be able to identify fire safety hardwares

05. To be able to draft an entity fire safety

plan

The ultimate purpose of this exercise is to prepare /

protect the employees and building equipment / facilities from
harm as a result of fire.
OBJECTIVES :
01. To equip the participants with the basic knowledge and
skills on Fire Prevention and Control in order for them
to be conscious on the ill-effects of fire.
2. To equip the learners with knowledge and skills through:
a) identification of potential fire hazards;
b) tools and equipment, and
c) demonstration of fire fighting techniques and
activities required to safeguard plant personnel and
equipment.
This will in turn complement an effective and self-confident
fire brigade in their respective plant complex.

The ultimate purpose of this exercise is to prepare / protect

the employees and building equipment / facilities from harm as
a result of fire.
 OBJECTIVES :
03. To promote awareness on the importance of fire
safety and its practice for fire protection and
prevention; to establish safeguards against loss of
life and property resulting from fire; and to be able
to learn the operation and maintenance of portable
fire extinguishers.,

No matter how committed a company may be in

terms of occupational health and safety program
implementation, the probability of an emergency
may arise at the least expected scenario. Should this
happen, do we know what to do? Are we aware of
our very own emergency procedure? Or do we
have any?
01. To understand the importance and promote
increased awareness on fire safety, fire
protection and fire prevention.

02. To establish safeguards against injury / loss

of life and / or damage to property resulting
from fire.

03. To acquire information on the different

firefighting equipments available to us.

04. To learn and familiarize on the use of these

basic firefighting equipments.
TRAINING OBJECTIVES
To prepare / protect the employees and
plant / building facilities from any
untoward incident resulting from fire.

To provide the participants with the

basics knowledge of FIRE SCIENCE,
such that they may better understand
the behavior of fire such that they may
learn how to respond appropriately.

To educate the participants with the

basic knowledge and skills on Fire
Prevention and Control in order for them
to be conscious on the benefits and the
ill - effects of fire.

To equip the participants with the basic

knowledge and skills necessary when
responding to fire emergency.
 INTRODUCTION
• Since ancient times, fires has been
one of the most important life-
sustaining components
• Fire has played a major role as a tool
in the development of society
• Sometimes an ally, sometimes an
enemy
• Much has been learned about fire in
the last fifty years
4.10
 DESIRED OUTPUT
One • Participants will be able to respond
more appropriately and safely.

• Decision – making is more responsive to

Two the situation on hand
• Acquired knowledge and skills in
identification of potential fire hazards;
firefighting tools and equipment and fire
Three fighting techniques to effectively safeguard
plant personnel and equipments.

• To increase awareness and understanding on

the importance of fire safety and increase
Four vigilance on potential fire hazards in their
respective workplace.
May 17, 2005
 RECENT TRAGIC FIRES
1. 0708520H January 2018 (Sunday) till 070958H January 2018 (Sunday)- The
Data Center of the Davao Light and Power Co. (DLPC). No casualties were
reported.

2. 052130H January 2018 (Friday) till 081245H January 2018 (Sunday) - Metro
Department Store and Supermarket owned by Metro Gaisano located at
Ayala Mall, Cebu Business Park, Cebu. The fire started from the third floor
of the department store and quickly spread. Fire sprinkler did not
operate due to defective generator.

3. 230930H December 2017 (Saturday) till 0515H24December 2017 (Sunday)-

The 14 year-old New City Commercial Center (NCCC) Mall on Don Julian
Rodriguez Avenue in the village of Ma-a, Davao City was gutted by a
massive fire wherein thirty eight (38) employees of Connecticut-based
market research company Research Now and Survey Sampling International
(SSI), a BPO (Business Process Outsourcing) company was leasing the
fourth floor died of possible suffocation as a result of toxic cyanide and
carbon monoxide released during the fire. The mall owner was Lim Tian
Siu Trading Inc., among the founders of the Davao City Volunteer Fire Brigade
and was registered with the Philippine Economic Zone Authority (PEZA).
 RECENT TRAGIC FIRES
MAJOR FINDINGS
• The fire started in a short circuit at the ceiling portion of the alley between the fabric
and furniture sections at the third level of the mall.
• The fire blazed for 32 hours.
• The building failed to comply with the requirement of an automatic fire suppression
system.
• Manual, not automatic Every floor had a control valve for its sprinkler system, but it was
turned off as the third floor was undergoing repair when the fire incident happened.
• Authorities found that there was no functioning sprinkler system at the third floor of the
building, where the fire started. “There was no water, not even a sprinkler head. Without a
sprinkler head, the sprinkler system will not function,” Superintendent Jerry Candido, who
speaks for the Interagency Anti-Arson Task Force, said during a telephone interview with
reporters on Tuesday, January 2.
• The control valve at the fourth level had long been turned off as SSI was occupying the said
floor.
• The exits of the building were also found to be not smoke and heat-proof. Investigators saw
exits have several “openings” which would allow smoke and heat to pass through easily. “The
law requires that fire exits are protected. How can you use the exits if the smoke and heat
got in first before the person?” he said.
• The fire exit has no self-closing system.
• Based on the documents they acquired, Fire Officer 2 Joel Quizmundo, fire safety inspector
who conducted the inspection of the NCCC Mall last April, only recommended the
conduct of fire safety drills in his after inspection report and did not include the apparent
violations they saw and the fire rating.
 FIRE LOSS CONTROL
Encompasses the following:

1. Fire Safety
2. Fire Prevention
3. Fire Control
4. Life Safety
Fire prevention and Fire Control
are the foremost key elements to an
effective Fire Loss Control Program
EVALUATION of the structure features that will assure a safe
exit for occupants during a hostile fire.
Efforts to reduce the likelihood of ignition and effects of fire.
It also considers methods to warn occupants threatened by fire.

• Fire pump test run regularly

• Inspection of FIREX
• Inspection of Hydrants and hoses
• Fire Alarm periodic testing
• Fire Drills conducted at least annually
• Clearing of fire exits obstructions
• Installation of emergency lighting system
• Installation of emergency lights
• Installation of lighted exit signs
• Inspection of PPE’s (firemen’s suit, SCABA, escape hoods, etc.)
 FIRE PREVENTION
Actions taken by people to reduce the
probability of a fire.
Fire prevention activities
 Separate ignition source / heat
 Move fuel away from heat
source
 Clean areas of litter
 Replace / repair faulty electric
system
FIRE PREVENTION – is
defined as actions taken
to reduce the probability
of fire. Refers primarily to
measures directed
towards avoiding the
occurrence of fire.
FIRE CONTROL – is defined
as actions taken to reduce fire
spread and severity of fire
losses.
 FIRE CONTROL
 Actions taken by people, either before a
fire starts or after the event, to reduce
the spread of fire and its damage.
 Actions to prevent fires are only
meaningful before a fire erupts.
 Fire control on the other hand, can and
should be practiced both before and
after a fire starts
 Designed to eliminate or reduce the
risk
 List several options
 Reduce the likelihood of fire Fire Prevention

FIRE SAFETY
Reduce effects of fire
Fire Control

Fire Safety is defined as efforts to reduce the likelihood of

ignition and effects of fire.
 LIFE SAFETY
• Actions taken to protect the people
occupying a building
THE DISCIPLINE OF FIRE SAFETY OR FIRE LOSS CONTROL AND
INDUSTRIAL SAFETY SHARE THE SAME OBJECTIVE:

CONSERVATION OF
RESOURCES
POTENTIAL LOSSES AT WORK

PEOPLE

PROPERTY TOTAL LOSS

BY
MANAGEMENT
LIABILITY

NET INCOME

THE DISCIPLINE OF FIRE SAFETY OR FIRE LOSS CONTROL AND INDUSTRIAL SAFETY
SHARE THE SAME OBJECTIVE: THE CONSERVATION OF RESOURCES :
OTHER FIRE IGNITORS

PEOPLE (Carelessness, workmanship)

ENVIRONMENT (presence of fuel)

MATERIALS (properties, characteristics)

EQUIPMENT (unsafe, improper, unsuitable)

 FIRE HAZARD
Any condition or act which increases
or may cause an increase in the
probability of the occurrence of fire,
or which may obstruct, delay, hinder
or interfere with the fire fighting
operations and the safeguarding of
life and property.
LEGAL BASIS
 LEGAL
MANDATE
 Republic of the Philippines
Congress of the Philippines
Metro Manila
Fourteenth Congress
Second Regular Session

[REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9514]

AN ACT ESTABLISHING A COMPREHENSIVE
FIRE CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES,
REPEALING PRESIDENTIAL DECREE
NO. 1185 AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES

SECTION 1. This Act shall be known as the ”Revised Fire Code

of the Philippines of 2008”.
2/27/2018 42
6:06 PM
•••••••••••••••••••••••••
DIVISION 1. SCOPE
This Rule shall govern the organization, equipage, operation,
and proficiency training of company and community fire
brigades as well as continuous training and competency
evaluation of fire volunteers and fire volunteer organizations in
the country who shall undergo mandatory fire suppression,
inspection, rescue, emergency medical services and other related
emergency response training programs and competency
evaluations to be conducted by the BFP. This also prescribes the
continuous professional education, competency evaluation and
recognition of Fire Safety Practitioners, to be conducted by the
BFP. For this purpose, the term “company” shall include
government and / or private offices and buildings.
DIVISION 2. ORGANIZATION OF FIRE BRIGADES

SECTION 6.0.2.1 REQUIREMENTS

A. All business establishments employing at least fifty (50) persons
shall, in addition to the requirements set forth under Section 7
of RA 9514 for the grant of Fire Safety Inspection Certificate
(FSIC), establish an organization of fire brigade to deal with fire
and other related emergencies. The head of the company,
through its duly designated safety officer shall evaluate the
potential magnitude of a fire emergency within the company,
and the availability of firefighting assistance from the BFP to
determine the nature of the organization to be established.
B. For buildings having various occupancies, the Building Administrator and /
or owner shall initiate the organization of a fire brigade in the premises
irrespective of the number of occupants.
C. In cases where a fire brigade is already established for a building, said
fire brigade shall be sufficient to comply with the requirements of Para
“A” of this Section.
D. All barangays shall likewise endeavor to organize their own Fire
Brigades.
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH HANDBOOK

2/27/2018 45
6:06 PM
RULE 1412.05: Fire Protection (OSHS)

Fire protection
equipment

Shall be At the site

provided at all times
 REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
DEPARTMENT OF LABOR AND EMPLOYMENT
Bureau of Working Conditions
Intramuros, Manila

[PROCEDURAL GUIDELINES
DEPARTMENT ORDER NO. 13,
SERIES OF 1998,]
otherwise known as the
GUIDELINES GOVERNING OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY
AND HEALTH IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

SECTION 1. This Act shall be known as the ”Revised Fire Code

of the Philippines of 2008”.
•••••••••••••••••••••••••

The following rule shall apply:

a. Fire protection facilities and equipment
as required under Rule 1940 of the
OSHS
b. Proposed structure and membership of
fire brigade
c. Provision for training on emergency
preparedness
 FIRE HAZARD

Any condition or act which increases

or may cause an increase in the
probability of the occurrence of fire,
or which may obstruct, delay, hinder
or interfere with the fire fighting
operations and the safeguarding of
life and property.
OBJECTIVES OF A FIRE BRIGADE ORGANIZATION
03. To minimize potential l oss by anticipating
01. To enable management to possibilities and instituting appropriate
conduct an effective safety procedures
04. To imbibe people with responsibilities for dealing
program with fires & other disasters a sense of having
02. To promote the most effective taken all possible steps to meet likely situation
and timely personnel response 05. To re – establish normal conditions as
in dealing with emergencies. promptly as possible
06. To secure better employee/mngt. relations by
obvious preparations for emergencies;

07. To establish
necessary liaison
with appropriate
agencies
 INDIRECT CONSEQUENCES
OF FIRE:
01. Suspension of operation or activity can force your customers
to seek alternate business partners with whom they eventually
remain even after the damage from the fire has been corrected
and operation / production has been resumed.
02. Business records may be destroyed, requiring a costly, time-
consuming process of reconstructing accounts, mailing lists,
operation records, maintenance history, library / reference
materials, inventories, etc.
03. While repairs are in progress, employees who are temporary
laid off may find permanent employment elsewhere.
04. Insurance may be insufficient to cover property reconstruction
and equipment replacement thus forcing the plant
management to draw from its other assets to finance these
costs.
05. If the fire spreads to neighbouring properties, the owners may
sue to recover damages.
 INDIRECT CONSEQUENCES
OF FIRE:
06. Large claims paid by insurance companies are often the stimuli
for increasing insurance premiums.
07. In some cases, the cumulative effect of these possibilities may
leave no alternative but declaring bankruptcy and permanently
closure.
08. The community also may directly suffer from industrial fire, from
the initial cost of extinguishment to other, more long - lasting
results, such as environmental damage, lost corporate taxes,
personal income remove from the local economy, and
unemployment compensation payments.

Sound fire prevention practices help to protect the

company and the fire community from the many
difficulties that can result from an industrial or
commercial or manufacturing or residential building
fire.
 FIRE SAFETY PLAN
The fire safety plan is a very important part of the
overall fire and life safety program within the
plant complex.
Its purpose is to prevent potential injuries and
deaths and to protect your company from
damage or loss due to fire.
Every business establishment should have a fire
safety plan, which should be explained to all
new employees when they begin their job and
with all employees when the plan is changed /
revised.
FIRE IGNITORS

PEOPLE (Carelessness, workmanship)

ENVIRONMENT (presence of fuel)

MATERIALS (properties, characteristics)

EQUIPMENT (unsafe, improper, unsuitable)

 FIRE PROTECTION
SYSTEM COMPONENTS

FIRE ALARM

FIRE DETECTIO
FIRE SUPPRESSION
SOURCES OF IGNITION OF FIRES
IN INDUSTRIAL PREMISES
 Electrical ignition (apparatus, wiring installation)
 Rubbish burning
 Employee lighting matches or lighters
 Mechanical heat or sparks
 Gas appliances, stoves (LPG)
 Spontaneous ignition
 Malicious ignition (arson) - caused by the deliberate
and dubious intent of disgruntled employees or
by socially undesirable elements of the
community
 INTEGRATED FIRE
PROTECTION SYSTEM
a. Fire Alarm
b. Fire Detection System
c. Fire Suppression System
F. D. A. S. S.
d. Smoke Extraction System
 BEHAVIOR OF FIRE
 Controlled fire is useful and necessary while
uncontrolled fire is destructive. Fire has been both a
help and a hindrance to mankind throughout history.
Fire helped us to become technologically advanced
and in its hostile mode, has also endangered us. It
causes loss of lives, severe damage to property and
affects business diversely.
 An early response and correct action in the event of
fire occurrence do not limit losses in terms of property,
but in most cases minimize the dangers to human lives
as well. Prompt action of employees and adequate
preparation in the event of fires can only be attained
through anticipation of efforts and careful planning.
However, the best situation is where everyone in the
corporation is safety conscious and prevent the
occurrence of destructive fires.
 REGULAR FIRE PROTECTION ACTIVITIES
ROAD MAP TO BUILDING OUR
Weekly Heat Run of Fire Pumps
IN-PLACE FIRE PROTECTION
Routine Inspection of Fire Alarm System
SYSTEM CONFIDENCE LEVEL. Monthly Visual Inspection and Quarterly
Physical Examination of FirEx.
Routine Visual Inspection of Fire Hydrants
including accessories.
Routine Fire Hazard Identification.
ECGalindez
Is a rapid, self - sustaining oxidation process accompanied
by the evolution of heat and light of varying intensities.

Is the result of chemical combination of combustible

materials (fuel) with oxygen in the presence of enough
heat.

Is frequently referred to as “rapid oxidation” and persistent

chemical reaction that releases light and heat.

Is the phenomenon of combustion manifested in light,

flame and heat.
 ELEMENTS OF FIRE
1.Fuel
2.Heat
3.Oxygen
4.Chemical Chain Reaction
Each component of the tetrahedron must be in place for
combustion to occur. Remove one of the three components and
combustion will not occur. If ignition has already occurred, the
fire is extinguished when one of the components is removed
from the reaction.
FIRE TRIANGLE
For many years, the fire triangle
(oxygen, fuel and heat) was used to
teach the components of fire. While
this simple example is useful, it is
NOT technically correct.

OXYGEN
 FIRE TRIANGLE
For many years, the fire triangle (oxygen, fuel and heat) was used to
teach the components of fire. While this simple example is useful, it is
NOT technically correct.

FUEL OXYGEN

HEAT

THE ELEMENTS MUST BE AT THE RIGHT PROPORTION

AND RIGHT STATES BEFORE FIRE CAN BE IGNITED AND
BEFORE IT CAN CONTINUE TO BURN
FIRE TETRAHEDRON
FUEL HEAT

CHEMICAL
CHAIN
REACTION

OXYGEN
 Fire Tetrahedron
• Oxygen or Oxidizing agents are those
materials that yield oxygen or other oxidizing
gases during the course of a chemical
reaction. Oxidizers are not themselves
combustible, but they support combustion
when combined with a fuel.

• Fuel is the material or substance being

oxidized or burned in the combustion process.
 Fire Tetrahedron
• Heat is the energy component of the fire tetrahedron. When
heat comes into contact with a fuel, the energy supports the
combustion reaction.

• Combustion is a complex reaction that requires a fuel (in the

gaseous or vapor state), an oxidizer, and a heat energy to
come together in a very specific way. Once flaming
combustion or fire occurs, it can only continue when enough
heat energy is produced to cause the continued development
of fuel vapors or gases. Scientists call this type of reaction a
“chain reaction”. A chain reaction is a series of reactions that
occur in sequence with the result of each individual reaction
being added to the rest.
 PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION
(FIRE)

THERMAL

 Flame – or light - visible luminous body of burning gases

– form of energy which is measured in degrees of

 Heat temperature to signify its intensity. It is a form of
energy which if sufficiently intense, will ignite
a combustible material

NON-THERMAL

 Smoke – consist of mixture of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon

dioxide, and some carbon monoxide

 Fire Gases - vaporized product of combustion (CO, CO2, NH3,

HCl, SO2)
HEAT TRANSFER MECHANISMS

• Conduction
• Convection
• Radiation
• Contact
 MECHANISM OF HEAT
TRANSFER

Conduction
• the point-to-point
transmission of
heat energy
• result of direct
contact with a
heat source
CONDUCTION – transmission of heat from one substance to another by
direct contact from molecules or there is physical
contact.
Conduction
 MECHANISM OF HEAT
TRANSFER
Convection
• the transfer of
heat energy by the
movement of
heated liquids or
gases
• there is movement
or circulation of a
fluid
CONVECTION – transmission of heat through contact with molecules of hot
gases when molecules of gases move upward and transmits to
any other surface or heat is transferred due to circulation.
Transmission of Fire

Convection
Transmission of Fire

Contact

- -
RADIATION – transmission of heat from a source even through space or
heat is transferred through electromagnetic waves.
 MECHANISM OF HEAT
TRANSFER
Radiation
• the transmission
of energy as an
electromagnetic
wave without an
intervening
medium
Transmission of Fire

Radiation
 VERTICAL FIRE SPREAD

 HORIZONTAL FIRE SPREAD

Note: Fire spread depends of how it moves or how

heat is being transferred.
STAGES OF FIRE
• Ignition
• Growth
• Flashover
• Fully-Developed
• Decay
 STAGES OF FIRE
• Ignition. Describes the period when the four elements of the
fire tetrahedron come together and combustion begins

• Growth. Shortly after ignition, a fire plume begins to form

above the burning fuel. As the plume develops, it begins to
draw or entrain air from the surrounding space into the
column

• Flashover. Is the transition between the growth and the fully

developed fire stages and is not a specific event such as
ignition. During flashover, conditions in the compartment
change very rapidly as the fire changes from one that is
dominated by the burning of the materials first ignited to one
that involves all of the exposed combustible surfaces within
the compartment
 STAGES OF FIRE (continued. . .)

• Fully developed Stage. Occurs when all

combustible materials in the compartment are
involved in the fire.

• Decay. As the fire consumes the available fuel

in the compartment, the rate of heat released
begins to decline
 TEMPERATURE FULLY
RISE DEVELOPED FIRE

FLASH-OVER
POST FLASH-OVER

GROWTH

DECAY

IGNITION

TIME
INCIPIENT PHASE – beginning of fire - nagsisimula

• Oxygen content in the air is

plentiful and has not been
significantly reduced.
• Fire may be producing a
flame temperature well above
1000oF (537oC)
• Room Temperature may be
only slightly increased or has
not built to high peak
• Breathing not difficult
• Direct water application
• Ventilation: not a problem
• Little steam production
 Stages of Fire
(1) Incipient Stage

There is no visible smoke or flame

FREE BURNING PHASE – fire begins to deplete the room’s oxygen supply
and temperature greatly increased – kusang nag-aapoy.

• Fire has involved more fuels

• Oxygen supply is being
depleted SCBA is a must.
• Oxygen-rich air is drawn into
the flame as convection carries
the heat to the uppermost
regions of the confined area.
• Temperature in the upper
regions can exceed 1300OF
(700OC).
• It continues to consume the
free oxygen until it reaches the
point where there is insufficient
oxygen to react with the fuel.
• Heat accumulates at ceiling
• Ventilation: not a definite need
• Good steam production
Stages of Fire
(3) Flame Stage

There is smoke and flame.

SMOLDERING PHASE – after oxygen content of the air falls below 15%,
the fire enters a smoldering phase where flame may cease but dense
smoke and heat completely fill the room. – nagbabaga.

• Oxygen supply is below 15%

• Temperature is very high
• Normal breathing is not possible
• Fire extinguishment: indirect method
• Ventilation is a must
• Flame may cease to exist if the area of confinement is
sufficiently air-tight.
• Burning is reduced to glowing embers.
• Fire will continue to smolder and the room will completely
fill with dense smoke and gases of combustion at a
temperature of well over 1000OF (537OC).
• Creates the possibility of a backdraft (an explosive ignition
resulting from the combination of air with hot gases).
 Stages of Fire

(2) Smoldering Stage

There is smoke but no flame.

(4) Heat Stage

There is uncontrolled superheated air.

 Physiological Effects of Reduced Oxygen (Hypoxia)
Oxygen in Air (Percent) Symptoms
21 None – Normal Conditions

Some impairment of muscular

coordination; increase in respiratory
17 rate to compensate for lower oxygen
content

12 Dizziness, headache, rapid fatigue

9 Unconsciousness

6 Death within a few minutes and

concurrent heart failure
FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT THEORY
Fire is extinguished by limiting or interrupting one
or more of the essential elements in the combustion
process (fire tetrahedron). A fire may be extinguished
by the following FIRE CONTROL METHODS:

› COOLING - Reduction of its Temperature

› STARVATION - Removal of fuel

› SMOTHERING - Exclusion of Oxygen

› FLAME INHIBITION - Inhibition of Self – Sustained

Chemical Chain Reaction
 A fire may be extinguished by reducing its temperature,
eliminating available fuel or oxygen, or stopping the self-sustained
chemical chain reaction.
 Fire Extinguishment Theory
Fire is extinguished by limiting or interrupting
one or more of the essential elements in the
combustion process (fire tetrahedron). A fire may
be extinguished by:

* Reducing its Temperature

* Exclusion of Oxygen
*Removal of available Fuel
* Inhibition of Self-Sustained Chemical
Chain Reaction.
 FIRE CONTROL

Heat

Eliminate the Presence or Reduce the Concentration of

any of the 3 Elements of the Fire Triangle.
 FIRE CONTROL METHODS
HOW TO CONTROL FIRE
Four (4) Methods of Fire Control:

 Cooling - removal of heat

 Smothering - removal of oxygen
 Starvation - removal of fuel
 Flame Inhibition - interruption of the “CHAIN
REACTION”

Fire is extinguished by limiting or interrupting

one or more of the essential elements in the
combustion process (fire tetrahedron).
 A fire may be extinguished by reducing its temperature,
eliminating available fuel or oxygen, or stopping the self-sustained
chemical chain reaction.
 Method of Extinguishing
COOLING or QUENCHING - Removing
the heat of the burning substance to a point
below the ignition temperature by using
water as the best cooling agent
 Method of Extinguishing
 SMOTHERING – Keeping oxygen
(air) from the burning substance or
diluting the supply of oxygen
contributing to the combustion or
Blanketing by using wet blanket
or foam
Method of Extinguishing
 STARVING - Removal of Fuel or
shutting or cutting off the fuel supply,
relocating flammable / combustible
materials away from the fire.
 Method of Extinguishing
INHIBITING CHEMICAL REACTION
- Breaking the chain reaction or cooling of
fuel by using dry chemical fire extinguisher
 A fire may be extinguished by reducing its temperature,
eliminating available fuel or oxygen, or stopping the self-sustained
chemical chain reaction.
FIRE IN 5 MINUTES
 IMPORTANCE OF FIRE
CLASSIFICATIONS :
 The type or nature of the
material burning that is, its
fuel, defines the fire.
 The classes of fire are used to
identify the extinguishers and
extinguishing agents that will be
used to put them out.
 Classification of Fires

CLASS “A” FIRES

Involves ordinary combustible
materials . These are fires occurring
in materials such as paper, rags,
wood, clothes, textiles, rubber, trash
and some plastics
It can be extinguished with water, water - based agents
or foam, and multi - purpose dry chemicals. Used as
cooling or quenching effect to reduce the temperature.
Classification of Fires
CLASS “B” FIRES
these are fires arising from
flammable, combustible liquids
and gases, vapor – air mixtures
found in gasoline, LPG, oils,
propane, alcohol, grease, paints,
thinners, xylene and cooking oils.
Solid stream of water are likely to spread the
fire.

Smothering or blanketing effect of oxygen

exclusion is most effective for extinguishment.
Common extinguishing agents are carbon
dioxide (CO2), regular and multi - purpose dry
chemical and foam.
Classification of Fires
CLASS “C’ FIRES
these are electrical fires or fires occurring in
or near ENERGIZED electrical equipment thereby
presenting the additional hazard of electric
shock. (Ex. motors, outlets, panelboards, load centers,
overhead transmission lines, distribution lines, household
appliances, computers, transformers).
These fires can sometimes be controlled by a non - conducting extinguishing
agent such as halotron or dry chemical. Carbon Dioxide is also applicable.
The safest procedure is to turn - off or disconnect the electrical power and
then treat the fire as CLASS A.
Do not use foam or a stream of water
because both are good conductor of
electricity and can expose the operator to a
severe shock hazard
Classification of Fires
CLASS “D” FIRES
these are fires that involve combustible metals
and alloys such as sodium, titanium, lithium,
magnesium, potassium and zirconium. These
metals burn at high temperatures and gives off
sufficient oxygen to support combustion.

They may react violently with water or

other chemicals and must be
handled with care. Great care must
be used. Specialized techniques and
extinguishing agents have been
developed to control and extinguish
fires of this type. (Ex. Dry Powder
Extinguisher not Dry Chemical)
Classification of Fires
CLASS “E” FIRES (Old)
these are fires that involve electrical
appliances. This is no longer used since a de
– energized electrical appliances can fall into
other categories

CLASS “E” FIRES (New)

these are fires related to Nuclear
installation / reactor / nuclear chemical
fires.
 Classification of Fires
CLASS “F” or “K” FIRES
This is a new classification of fire as of 1998 named as
“kitchen fires”. Class-K or class F fires are fires that
involve combustible cooking fuels, vegetable or
animals fats and cooking oils.

It is a sub-class of Class-B fires, the special

characteristics of these types of fires are considered
important enough to recognize.

The high temperature of the oils when on fire far

exceeds that of other flammable liquids making normal
extinguishing agents ineffective. Class K or F agents
are usually wet chemicals.
 Classes Of Fires
A B C D
Paper / wood Fuel oils Power cable Special metals
Fabrics / rags Lubricating oils Switchboards Reactive to water
Insulation Grease Wiring / Switches Magnesium
Plastics Paint Motors / generators Lithium
Furniture Tar Electronics Engine parts

Ignition Sources

• Hot machinery - boilers, generators, piping systems

• Cooking - ovens, griddles, oils, grease
• Laundry - washers, dryers, presses
• Hot work - welding, cutting, grinding
• Smoking - cigarettes, lighters
• Electrical - defective wiring, bad connections, overloads, static electricity
• Friction - portable tools, shop machines, falling objects, lubricant failures
 Extinguishers
Types
C02 Reduces oxygen concentration

FOAM (AFFF) Blanket combustible vapors

HALON Breaks fuel / oxygen chemical reaction

WATER Quenching / cooling

DRY POWDER Use on Class D fires

Dry Chemical (ABC - acidic) Multipurpose

Dry Chemical (Purple K - alkaline) Use on Class C & Oil Spray fires

Fire Extinguisher Operation

• Pull Pin Different types of
• Stand back about 10 feet fire extinguishers
used on different
• Aim at base of fire types of fires
• Squeeze lever
• Sweep side to side
 Geometric
Fire Class Pictogram Intended Use Mnemonic
Symbol

Garbage can and Ordinary solid

A Green Triangle A for "Ash"
wood pile burning combustibles

Fuel container
Flammable
B Red Square and burning B for "Barrel"
liquids and gases
puddle

Energized
Electric plug and
C Blue Circle electrical C for "Current"
burning outlet
equipment

Yellow Decagon Burning Gear and Combustible

D --
(Star) Bearing metals

K Black Hexagon -- Oils and fats K for "Kitchen"

Fire Safety: FIRE PREVENTION
Prevention, Exit Drills
and Hazards
 FUNDAMENTALS OF
PROTECTION, PREVENTION
AND CONTROL
 Provide for early fire detection
 Prevent the spread of fire
 Provide for prompt extinguishing of
fire
 Prevention of the outbreak of fire
 Provide for the immediate evacuation
of personnel.
 P EOPLE
ULTIMATE
P ROPERTY
OBJECTIVES OF FIRE
PREVENTION P RODUCT
P ROCESS
To protect the 5 P’s
P ROFIT
 Fire Prevention

• The “Fire Triangle” identifies the three

components of any fire:
– Fuel paper, wood, flammable gas, energized electrical
equipment, etc...
– Energy (heat), sufficient to support combustion.
Often referred to as the ignition source.
– Oxidizer (air)
IF ANY ONE OF THESE IS MISSING, A FIRE
CANNOT CONTINUE.
THEREFORE…
 Prevention
•Prevention is based on
eliminating or
minimizing one of the
components of the
“Fire Triangle”.
 Prevention
• Other fire prevention
methods include:
– Heat and/or smoke
detectors.
– Automatic fire sprinkler
systems.
– Kitchen hood systems.
– Building codes and
materials.
– Flame retardant
furnishings and materials.
 Exit Drills
• The monthly or quarterly
fire drills shall be conducted
in all occupied locations of
the facility including school
buildings/areas.

• The fire drills should include

staff from all shifts on a
rotating basis (i.e. one per
shift per quarter).
 Evacuation
• Primary and secondary
evacuation routes
should be established,
and all employees and
juveniles should be
drilled to use either
route.
• Exits should be clearly
marked and all signs lit
and unobstructed.
Remember to RACE during a fire
• R escue – rescue occupants in
immediate danger.
• A lert – yell out “Code Red”/”Fire” (or
whatever your facility implementing procedure dictates), pull
fire alarm, dial emergency phone
number (local Fire Department).
• C ontain – Close all doors and windows.
• E xtinguish/Evacuate – Extinguish small
fires, evacuate clients, if appropriate.
 Fire Evacuation Drill

Twice a year (minimum)

Evacuation Plan
Exit
Route
Assembly Area
Fire X Location
First Aid Location
Evacuation Procedure
Permits
Announced / Unannounced
Paraphernalia
 TWO WAYS IN ADDRESSING
FIRE IN CONSTRUCTION

1. PREVENTION. Prevent it from

happening

2. PREPARATION. Prepare for and

deal with the consequences
 FIRE SAFETY PLAN
The fire safety plan is a very important part of the
overall fire and life safety program of a company.
Its purpose is to prevent potential injuries and deaths
and to protect your company from damage or loss
due to fire.
Every business establishment should have a fire
safety plan, which should be explained to all new
employees when they begin their job and with all
employees when the plan is changed / revised.
PRE-FIRE AND OTHER
EMERGENCY PLANNING
Fire Hazard

Any condition or act which increases or may

cause an increase in the probability of the
occurrence of fire, or which may obstruct,
delay, hinder or interfere with the fire fighting
operations and the safeguarding of life and
property.
 PROCEDURES

1. Identify Problem Areas (Potential Hazard)

a. People Action (Smoking area)
b. Sources of Ignition
c. Flammable, Combustible & other Hazardous Materials (Toxic
Materials)
d. Equipment Failures

2. Availability of Fire Fighting Equipment and Fire Protection

Devices/Systems
a. Where is it located?
b. How it works?
c. How to use it?

3. Preparing Emergency Action Plan

FIRE FIGHTING and EMERGENCY
ESCAPE and EVACUATION
Included in the Plan

1. How to call the Local Fire Station

2. Emergency Escape and Evacuation Procedure
3. Listing of Workplace Hazard
4. How to properly store Flammable, Combustible
Toxic & Other Hazards
5. Availability and conditions of Fire Fighting
Equipment & Other Devices
6. Who will be maintaining and operating the
following Fire Fighting Equipment
7. Standard Housekeeping Procedures
 THE FOLLOWING SECTIONS SHOULD BE ESTABLISHED
WITHIN THE FIRE SAFETY PLAN.

 Map the complete layout of the building, verifying all

the exit locations, occupied rooms, offices, incorporating
the property lot and building size measurement,
highlighting street access and names, noting any other vital
firefighter entry information.

 Document the locations of the onsite fire extinguishers,

fire hoses, standpipe stations, fire alarm system & detection
devices, emergency lighting, fire pumps, sprinkler risers &
Siamese connections, etc.

 Describe fire alarm system specifications, including the

operation sequence of the control panel and layout of all
fire detection devices (i.e.. heat and smoke detectors, fire
bells, pull stations, also any auxiliary shut downs, door
releases and monitoring agency functions and information).
 THE FOLLOWING SECTIONS SHOULD BE
ESTABLISHED WITHIN THE FIRE SAFETY PLAN.

 Outline the preventative maintenance program, including servicing

requirements, monthly inspections and tests, performance details, and fire
logging methods pertaining to the audit of all the fire protection equipment
within the building.

 Provide sample signage indicating overall floor plans, each exit within the
building and the location of the fire extinguishers, fire hoses and stations, fire
alarm & devices, emergency lighting, sprinklers systems, emergency gas and
water shut off valves and electrical disconnect switches.

 Outline fire drills intervals, occupant emergency evacuation procedures and

alternative measures in fire emergency situations.

 Indicate of all on-site fire hazards and measures to be taken by the supervisory
staff and fire wardens.
THE
END
THE
END
WHY DO PEOPLE
PANIC?
 A sudden, unreasoning, hysterical fear, often spreading quickly
 A highly emotional behavior, which is induced by the presence
of an immediate severe threat and which results in increasing
the danger for the self and for others rather than reducing it.

 Too young
 Asleep
 Intoxicated or under the influence of liquor
 Bedridden or Handicapped
 Failed to act properly
 Mentally ill
 No alarm system
 Failed to sound the alarm
 Automatic detection system failed

 Poorly trained in evacuation procedures

 Overcome by smoke or heat
 Trapped in “TRAPPED ZONES”
 RESPONSIBLE OR FAILURE OF
PERSONS TO ESCAPE FROM
FIRES
 Inadequate number
 Improperly designed exits
 Door swing the wrong way
 Door locked
 Inadequately marked
 Blocked by furnishings, etc.
 Person under restraint
 Unfamiliarity with the place
 ALL THESE HAVE
ONE FEATURE
IN COMMON

“ FAILURE TO COPE WITH

THE

UNFAMILIAR”
 BUREAU OF FIRE PROTECTION
Fire Alarm Code
1st Alarm - 1st responder (the nearest) – Sub-Station
Commander / Team Leader
2nd Alarm – Sr. Officer Incident Commander – to give the 2nd
alarm
3rd Alarm – Sr. Inspector / Fire Marshal (City / Municipality)
4th Alarm - same
5th Alarm - same
Task Force ALPHA – (NCR / Provincial Marshal) NCR Level / Provincial
Level
Task Force BRAVO - (Regional Fire Marshal)
Task Force CHARLIE - (Regional Fire Marshal)
Task Force DELTA - Asst. Staff Director
GENERAL ALARM - Fire Chief (almost 24 hrs. fire)
CONFLAGRATION - needs all the resources (big area of fire)
 Presented By:

EDGARDO C. GALINDEZ, PME, PEE, MBA, PA(R)

Quality & Safety Officer and concurrently Training & Qualification Officer
Bataan Combined Cycle Power Plant – Panasia Energy, Inc.