Network Theorems (Part I)-Numerical Problems

Key points: - The problems considered in this set are involving both dependent and
independent sources. Following points may be noted
 Dependent sources are voltage or current sources whose output is function of
another parameter in the circuit.
 Dependent sources only produce a voltage or current when an independent
voltage or current source is in the circuit.
 Dependent sources are treated like independent sources when using nodal or mesh
analysis but not with superposition.

1. In the following circuit find the value of vTH and RTH isc

2 2

8V vTH, RTH
DC 6

𝟖
Ans. 𝑽𝒕𝒉 = (𝟐+𝟔) × 𝟔 = 𝟔𝑽

𝑹𝒕𝒉 = (𝟐‖𝟔) + 𝟐 = 𝟑. 𝟓Ω (Replacing voltage source by it’s internal impedance)

2. In the following circuit find the value of iN and RN

2 v1 2

15V iN, RN
DC 4
 Ans. 𝑹𝑵 = 𝟐‖𝟒 + 𝟐
𝟏𝟎
= Ω
𝟑

𝒊𝑵 = short circuit current (𝒊𝒔𝒄 ), By source transformation the equivalent

circuit is

isc
7.5A 2 4

𝟕.𝟓×(𝟐‖𝟒) 𝟕.𝟓×𝟒 𝟑𝟎
𝒊𝒔𝒄 = = 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟑 𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒔
𝟐+𝟐‖𝟒 𝟑( )
𝟑

3. In the following circuit find the value of vTH and RTH

vTH, RTH
2A 3 1

𝟐×𝟑
Ans. Current through 1Ω resistor (using current division) = 𝟑+𝟑 = 𝟏𝒂𝒎𝒑

𝑽𝒕𝒉 = 𝟏 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕
𝟏×𝟓 𝟓
𝑹𝒕𝒉 = 𝟏‖𝟓 = = 𝟔Ω
𝟔

(Replacing current source by it’s internal impedance i.e. open circuit)

 4. For the following circuit find the value of vTH and RTH

30 P 25

20 vTH, RTH
5V
DC

5A

Ans. To calculate 𝑹𝒕𝒉 , deactivate all independent sources i.e, replace them
by their internal impedances.

30 25

RTH

𝑹𝒕𝒉 = 𝟑𝟎 + 𝟐𝟓 = 𝟓𝟓Ω
𝑽𝒕𝒉 = 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒂𝒕 𝒏𝒐𝒅𝒆 𝑷
= 𝟓 × 𝟑𝟎 + 𝟓
= 𝟏𝟓𝟓 𝑽

5. In the following circuit find its Thevenin and Norton equivalent

2 3

4V DC 2A

Ans. 𝑽𝒕𝒉 = 𝟒 + 𝟐 × 𝟐

= 𝟖𝑽
 𝑹𝒕𝒉 = 𝟐 + 𝟑 = 𝟓Ω

2 3

DC 2A Isc

2 3

RTH

Short circuit current is due to voltage source (4 Volts) and current source(2
Amp.)

Using superposition
𝟒
Short circuit current due to voltage source = 𝟓

𝟐×𝟐 𝟒
Short circuit current due to current source = 𝟐+𝟑 = 𝟓

𝟒 𝟒 𝟖
𝑰𝒔𝒄 = 𝟓 + 𝟓 = 𝟓 𝒂𝒎𝒑

Thevenin’s and Norton’s equivalents are shown below:

Rth

VTH
DC Isc Rth

Thevenin s equivalent Norton s equivalent

6. For the following circuit find the value of vTH and RTH

6 i1

3i1 vTH, RTH

+ 4
-

Ans. Circuit does not have any independent source, So, 𝑽𝒕𝒉 = 𝟎.

For finding 𝑹𝒕𝒉 connect test voltage source Vtest at terminals XY supplying
1A

𝒊𝟏 = −𝟏𝑨

6 i1
P

3i1
+ 4 DC Vtest
- 1A

Writing node equation at node P

𝑽𝒕𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝑽𝒕𝒆𝒔𝒕 −𝟑𝒊𝒊
+ + 𝒊𝟏 = 𝟎
𝟒 𝟔

𝟓 𝑽𝒕𝒆𝒔𝒕 = −𝟔 𝒊𝟏 = 𝟔
𝟔
𝑽𝒕𝒆𝒔𝒕 = 𝟓

𝑽𝒕𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝟔
𝑹𝒕𝒉 = = 𝟓 = 𝟏. 𝟐Ω
𝟏
7. In the circuit shown in following figure find the value vTH and RTH

4V
-+ +
0.1v1 vTH, RTH
5 v1

-
Ans. By source transformation

5v1 5 4V
- + -+ X

v1

𝑽𝒕𝒉 = 𝒗𝟏

𝟎. 𝟓 𝒗𝟏 + 𝟒 = 𝒗𝟏

𝟎. 𝟓 𝒗𝟏 − 𝒗𝟏 = −𝟒
𝟒
𝒗𝟏 = 𝟎.𝟓 = 𝟖

𝑽𝒕𝒉 = 𝟖 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒔
𝑽𝒕𝒉
𝑹𝒕𝒉 = , 𝒊𝒔𝒄 is short circuit current.
𝑰𝑺𝑪

By putting short across 𝑿𝒀, 𝒗𝟏 = 𝟎, so dependent voltage source 𝟎. 𝟓 𝒗𝟏 =

𝟒 𝑽𝒕𝒉 𝟖
𝟎 , 𝒊𝒔𝒄 = 𝟓 𝒔𝒐 𝑹𝒕𝒉 = = 𝟒⁄ = 𝟏𝟎Ω
𝒊𝒔𝒄 𝟓
 8. In the following circuit find the effective resistance faced by the voltage source

vS i
DC
i/4

𝑽𝑺 𝒊
Ans. 𝒊= +𝟒
𝟒

𝟒𝒊 = 𝑽𝑺 + 𝒊

𝟑𝒊 = 𝑽𝑺
𝑽𝑺
𝒊= 𝟑

The effective resistance faced by the voltage source is 3Ω

9. Find the value of R (in ohms) for maximum power transfer in the network shown in
the figure.

5 4

20 3A R
25V

Ans. For maximum power transfer 𝑹𝑳 = 𝑹𝑺 (resistance looking into the

network)

Replacing independent sources by their internal impedances.

 5 4

20 R

𝑹𝑺 = 𝟓‖𝟐𝟎 + 𝟒

=𝟒+𝟒

= 𝟖Ω

𝑹 = 𝟖Ω

10. Find the Thevenin equivalent impedance ZTh between the nodes P and Q in the
following circuit

1H 1F

1
1

DC Q 1A
10V

Ans. For finding 𝒁𝒕𝒉 deactivate all the active sources

S 1/S

P
1 1
Q
1A

𝒁𝒕𝒉 (Between P & Q nodes)

 𝟏
= (𝑺 + 𝟏) ‖(𝟏 + 𝑺)

= 𝟏Ω

11. Find the value of RL such that the power transferred to RL is maximum.
10 10

10

DC RL
DC 1A

Ans. For maximum power transfer 𝑹𝑳 = 𝑹𝒕𝒉

10 10

10

1A Rth

𝑹𝒕𝒉 = 𝟏𝟎‖𝟏𝟎 + 𝟏𝟎

= 𝟓 + 𝟏𝟎

= 𝟏𝟓Ω

𝑹𝑳 = 𝟏𝟓Ω

12. A source vs(t)=Vcos100 πt has an internal impedance of (4+j3)Ω. If an purely

resistive load connected to this source has to extract the maximum power out of the
source, find it’s value

Ans. For pure resistive load RL to extract the maximum power

𝑹𝑳 = √𝑹𝟐𝑺 + 𝑿𝟐𝑺

= √𝟒𝟐 + 𝟑𝟐

= 𝟓Ω