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4. LANDFORMS (Major Rivers)

Map of Middle East Rivers - Indus River Map, Tigris


River Map, Euphrates River Map

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Dozens of rivers are found in the Middle East (Asia). Most are small, so here we
highlight the four major ones, and offer a brief description.
Amu Darya:
This river flows from a high plateau in the Pamir Mountains of central Asia,
across southern Tajikistan, forming its border with Afghanistan, then northwest,
forming parts of the borders between Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan and on into
the Aral Sea. It's (1,578 miles) (2,539 km) in length. In ancient times the Amu
Darya was called the Oxus. It was part of Persia, and played a significant role in
the military campaigns of Alexander the Great.
Euphrates:
From the Caucasus Mtns of Armenia, it flows southwesterly across east-central
Turkey, then generally southeast through Syria and Iraq, ending in the waters of
the Persian Gulf. It joins with the Tigris in southern Iraq, and from that junction
continues on as the Shatt al Arab. Overall it's (2,235 miles) (3,596 km) in length,
and is certainly the longest river in the Middle East. Historically important in
ancient history, the once great city of Babylon stood on its banks.

Indus:
It begins in the high mountains of Tibet (southwestern China), flowing northwest
through the Jammu & Kashmir region of India and Pakistan, then generally south
through Pakistan, ending in the Arabian Sea. The Indus, through a series of dams
and canals, provides much of the irrigation and power for central Pakistan. It's
(1,800 miles) (2,896 km) in length.
Tigris:
Rising in the mountains of southern Turkey, the Tigris flows southeast through
Iraq, where in the southern part of that country it merges with the Euphrates to
become the Shatt al Arab, which then flows to the Persian Gulf. The river has
numerous small tributaries running from its eastern bank, and is (1,180 miles)
(1,899 km) in length.
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