general onstneton, and dit road maintenance A graders imi pepo is ‘ting moving marl with Bade non a moar (Soe gure 113) Ttewe miciner ae reunited To making shallow eu io edian-had roils they sould not be used for bevy excavation A groer can move Sal ans of material ut cannot perfomn dozs-ype work because of he ‘Sct! steagi and locaton of its meldboud11 rising Eason FIGURE 1.2 The consents la racer Graders are capable of progressively cating itches oa dep of 3 fart fee working slopes af seep as 3:1. However, itis not advsale oun ‘rade parte with such sep slopes because thy hve 1 comparavely high Sener of gravity abd apple’ pressure ata crite piston the moldhoad ‘all cause the machine toll over. te more economia ose ae ype ‘of equipment to et ditches deeper hun 3 Graders operate at slow speeds, ‘providing relatively high impal w et and scrape the tae. “rhe compete of th rade hat actually do the work se the moldboad (Glade) aad the scarier (Figure 113). The esis may be arcuate 1 ‘rovide an offset between the feet and rear whe! paths, This eal the bidet each farther int oft mater whe the rear wheels mai action con ier sera, ‘Molaboard ‘The moldboud, commonly refered t the Bae. s the working member of the grader A rang cele caries abd positows the oldbowd. Though {alcatehydraubes, the melsourd canbe placed ito many postions, eet oder the grade oro the ade (6 Figuee 114) lean beside shod horizon tll for inreased reach ouside ofthe ies. “The molar swe to sie-astthe materi it ncoanters, The ends of ‘be mpldhoad ean be rsd or lowered independent of ope anther. By con- ‘etn, he tei the erent ed of the malar inthe deco of ave the ee the changed ‘Moldboard Angle ‘The moldboud canbe postioned at almost any angle w the line of wave, allel othe deci Of wvel, shied to eter side, a abd int verteCons Penna. Eaupma an Mate Monon ie FLQURE 11.4 Moss pouone poston te Figues 11.4 an 115). near perpendclar angle to the ine of Travel ca scrape sul rsds to remove ruting snd wastoats, while fling Inbot vheel path rts A gtstr angi en spend sad cast material to the se. ‘Molabeard Piteh _Moldboas ith s the forward o backward ean ofthe Bae from its nora teva elt. For tormal work, the moldboad is Kept near de eter of the Pinhal, whch hepa the top of the molbord dey over the ete ting else However the topo the sda ean be pica or leaned Tora fr backward (oe Figure 1.8) When leaned fora the eating ality ofthe oldu is decreed ad hae more dragging aan Tt wll edt ide ‘hee mail ber han cut and po, and it as ess chasce of aching said ‘Sistas, A ecw pth sed fo make High, aps cts and 1 blend Innere When leaned the rea, the moldbord cts rei bot ed 1 et uel spool back over the molds‘ge FIGURE 11.6 Grace nel pich Scarifier Material oo hard oct withthe maldboard shel be broken op with he sar ile A scarier isa ataceat tug between the front ale and the mo ‘oar tis composed ofa caifer tog with removable eth The tah an be asjsed wo ett depth 12 in. Whe the scare logis eprating is ha ‘meal some of its ee nay ped tobe removed. A maxim of ve tat ‘may be removed from the og. IF more hun five teeth are remove, the force ‘pant the remaining teeth could shear them off When removing eth, tke {Me center one at fst spd then aleatly remove he other for tet This Tulane the cafe and stitutes the load evenly. With he topo eae fice pth to the rea, the tet it and earth teil being lotened. This poston is also wed for breaking up ashat pavement. The itch of he sear fies log ean be adjsed forthe parculr material eing manipulated Ripper CGraters canbe equipped witha ear ipperscarifer, shown in Figue 1 ‘he ear spper as a preter depth than the misma cri, wth ph ranging fom 12 to Ii. Mouted behind the ear ate ican ip teil the ‘wth ofthe grader. Adal am il nd Towers the pp nto place, GRADER OPERATIONS. ‘When dhe moldboan is set an ange, he load being posed spools and dis (Sto the tang endothe molded Hlling seen auted Oy on mold tard carve sees thit se movement. Av the moldbond is angled more sharply the sped ofthe sce dit iereass, soda mai st cad for ‘ved afar nd deeper ct can be made, To spe and malta mot ods,ka ht tf set the mpldbard at «25 to 30-depree angle. The angle shoul! be decreased fer seeacing wndrows, maining «hal road ni emoving ra and wash- tons adit should be nsesed for hard ct, thing. and so emo Planing Surfaces ‘A graeris often wed to plane o och off eto fil sues. To do this, the moka seta sh ange to seape off high ate and 6 in ow Spots The operator tite to ep enough of te et mail infront of the eldboad wo accomplish the necessary lng The loosened material moved Fowl ad idea to dst oval. ‘Ose next paste windraw sain a he tiling edge of the mold- toantissaugit and moved ston the blade tothe eel On he Hal pas, & Ter eu mode and te talingege thee of the moldoard sed 0 ‘lw the srs sates to pase ner rater th ff he cod. This ods Teaving« ide, Winirows shold not be pled in front of the rear wheels roams fy sill adver affect uti accuracy and tation. Roa atid erates nish werk ao shallow dich eu se asc grader ‘pean Thee operons tetany snes a lowe Diteh Cuts ‘Normal, diving cuts ae dose ia stcond gear at fll dot, Fo beter Prater cinol and sige dices, 3 t-4-n-doep masking cts ae at Ihe utes edge ofthe bank slope (tally Metified by slope stakes or with {GPS contol onthe fist pas. Te oe of he moldtoud shoud bin ne withthe ouside ee ofthe lea te. The marking cut provides guide for subse. ‘gent operations Cts are mae as dep 8 possible without stalin or losing ‘iol ofthe adr. Each successive cut trough ia fom the edge othe tank slope so that he te ofthe moldbard wil he i ine with the itch bee tom on he fil ot, Moving Windrows When a grader makes 2 it, a window wil form tetween the hee of the ‘moldbard aed ear hoc This window wl ist aside draft force, The font wheels of grader can be lad ho eft and righ The prader wheels ty inlined against the dnc of th ide dra ose Figure 118) and te ‘window can thea be shite acs the grade with successive cus Somaies ‘us prodace more material han is needed To the oudbed al shoulders. This ‘acess material cane ode fill at ober Icons the projet. that ‘ise, the excess materialised into window and picked up By an ckva- ing sper The sraper in hail the mater tothe Sppreprite frstom 09 the projet. Haul-Road Maintenance Hau ods shoul lays te hap in good conn wo improve aul eo- ction Graders are the st michines for malting bal roads. The most ‘ficen metho of road maintenance i to complete onesie of «rad with FIOURE 11.8 Loxing bowel! gud spare eden of san cat efor at he i cre‘conan tana, avn ste ‘ne pas. Nit his metho, one side of tho road is compet, wile the oer ‘Sel flop oa Weeks the material oss the road fom ene side to heater provides leveling and maintenance of the suace, However, © main a stisactory Surface in ry weather, tuficer meri should be worked fom the does and shoulders of the road toward the cee. The sac i eae to Sho iis damp therefore, after van is 2 good tie wo perf surface mera te tock iy be aecesay to dampen afl that st dry wbe worked ‘Smithing Pied Surfaces When fine materi s potent and misturecon tent appropriate, rough or Badly pled surfaces an be et smooth, The true ome ace don fespead over the south base. gin the time reshape eran grvel rnd aera Dry roads shoul be traced wing + water data. This ensures that he mate wil have sf Fichter content oreoompact realy ‘Correcting Corrugated Roads When coreg conrad road, exercise {ae to anid ig the sitaton worse, Dogp cus ca wasiboad surice trl cree ibour charter, which ebsies rer than eos eon Tons Sexiing maybe regres f he surface to hay eorugatd. With proper conten he surface cn be Teveled by exting across the com atte Te opertor shoal allt the mloa yo the cting edge wi ofall the rough siace and eat he srace wo tbe btn ofthe eres ‘ns Ten the ron suface can be reshape by speeding the windows Soe so tern. Compson ae aig res gen Spreading Grades ate ofen sed to spread and mix dumped los. Because of thir ‘esi stetre an operating characterises, pars ae ost effeive opeaing and mixing fieDowing maerils Cating or ripping well- ‘Sonate tral best accomplished wih ter equipment sich as doers ‘Gretersors Rubber ties and higher ael speeds on graders minimize an pl Ge Chapa 6) snd the abit ip tush mater. Tong ble, cou Pied wth omer hosopowter engine, els Tower horsepower prin oot Uhl the bade cage, Thas rads are best sited fr mati noose Se, or tank sine wih ial ressnce Proper Working Speeds [Always operate a fst 2 the sil of the operator atthe conn of te fade pet Grader shouldbe pert at fall uo in each goa. fess, hood fore if ter to ue a lower par, rater tuneup a ss ths Fit thie. Cort ger ranges for various grade operations, uoder noma ‘onions, ae Usted Tele 11Frisia Ene TABLE 111. Popa ou argo lr gat eerons ‘Operation (Geer Spreagna ‘i fot ang outa Bar pig Frat Drouna Fao eacend Pir Second bia, ‘Turns ‘When making number of passes over sort distance ess han 1,00, king te grader 1 the saving psn snail more efficent than ting Ae roud aol continuing to wt fem te fart. Torn shold never be made on newly aid asp ste, Number of Passes Grader ficiency isin drt proportion to he number of puses made. Opes: tor sil, covpled wit planing, mos important n eliminating uscesaty ses For example if or pases wil complete aj, every aol pass [eres th ime ae cat ofthe jo, ‘Tire Inflation ‘Overt tes case es emtct between the ties and the road sacs, ‘esling i ass of arton. Air pesure ifrences inthe rea es case ‘whe! slippage and grader bucking. To achieve good rot i neces ee es proper fated at al ies ‘TIME ESTIMATES: ‘The following formula can be wsed wo prepare estimates of the tl ime Gin rs or minutes irda comple grader operation: PXD ‘oul tine = 22 ua where P = number of pss reuied (B= esstance raed each as, es or eet '§ = sped of rae, in mph or fect pee mina (L mph = 88 fpm) = gar efciency fate250 crm Ming Ego on Moras Factorsin Formula ‘The number of pases depends on projet requirements ands etna before onatution bop. For example, five pases may be nec 10 Clean out 3 ich andseshpe a road, Travel stance per ass cepends onthe length othe Svek, Ane! number of pases with he final shaping hase llows the grader (0 reposion toa new seen Speed Grader vel sped isthe mos ful fcr nthe formula to est- iis sccertely. As work popes, condions may equ that speed et Ios be eressod or Jecrease Wark ouput shouldbe compat for each rite of ood sed in an operation. The sped depends largely onthe kil of the opertar and the (pe of ater being banded. ficiency Factor A resonable efficiency facto for grader operations is ‘0", Conier nefcenciesasscied with reposting, active haul rads, ‘ommaniation wih porsoaael, and operator Beaks ‘Avoicalion of Ea. (1441 with distance expressed in miles Nnence oso hal oad egutes cleaning ihe dichos and owlng an ‘eshosing te rosdway. Use an ficancy fcr of O60. Cong te des ‘eguter io passea Wt got (23 meh eng he read regis wo pastes ranean get (3,7 man al nang ths rel aque re pases ‘eum gu (7 re). 2x mis, 2x5miea_ 3% 5 mie Tote = 3 mgm xO * 3.7 mph x O80 * OT mph x O60 = 7+ 45m + 26h = 144 ‘Avplication of Ea. [471] with distance expressed in foot ‘Nhauloid of 559 regen lang ar reahaing Uso an olay face ct 1 The werk onion wo pace scand goa (7 mph) ane too Eases ie goa (9 MBN. otal i Z 2x 15008 sx 108 = Biipaiae eT eA Teh & 58 aOR = 18min + 145mi0 = 200m FINE GRADING PRODUCTION ‘When ws for Hashing and fine rang work sch athe inal shaping of surice yer, proton on 4 squmeyard-per hour basi ca be cleat tng By (11.2,19 Frisina Easement asm) SHBXEXWSE yyy ten 5 gelatin Ww nee pr pa Pa peivatomsy ba erento fe pee fe aig Ta coy ie oe censtut to subbaca. Uso an ficiency facto of 060. The gor wi ba ope ‘Sm sacond gear (5 mg ot werk Tolle blag wid per Basa 5% Eto tho prosucion te hess constone ng Ea. (112 520 x45 x9 x08 Preucon ayn) = S25 SEX OXO8 Proton = 1,088 yh Note atin the exarol, was sured hth fe gracing could be accom led wih ony ore grad pass. ha set usual tbe caso. Typical, Mute ostes ar equod to mast ho pects grade ltnce, whic can bed. per {Of (0 rn ors GRADER GPS CONTROL GPS technology as been widely adopted for assisting the grader operator a ‘onclingmoldbosed poo, GPS can achive centimeter evel acaracy fudance. With an itegraol GPS and moldboad guidance aod monitoring Systm, clvaion cota cin be sem-eutorte, With the help of a on-boud System displ, the grader oeatr monitors the cot grade abd makes nee- ‘Sar ajusinent in mokSoud postion. “To primary typeof OPS are axed in constrain: Kinematic nd fer ‘ia Kinematic GPS is widely sod with handed uit th cota ‘communicate wit slit wile the operator changes lotion Dilferenia ‘GPS, onthe oer hand, ae more scearate since they employ a bate ston ‘hat commncales with he satelite and exalts Known reference plat for interaction with Toclzed GPS recivers The localize receivers ae ‘mowsted on equipment ora the ok aller and cooly communi with the base sion. A. GPS reer equpped grader i shown in igae 119 {ogether with a feld-moaned bse stato 0 lesize the conto signal. One ‘onrctor stds the GPS du to the engncerng project office via a ik oe monitoring an analysisGRADER SAFETY ‘Work-zve safety efforts usally concent om Keeping workers aco striction ssuiment andthe pbc soparted, The National Ise of Occ ona Safty apd Healt (OSH) motes that we thas hl of wark-20ne Traits oer nade the wrk ren snd do ot vl the pbc Many work Zone fatate ce the eit of workers on foo inthe work roe Being Bit By ‘Sonsrcon vehicles moving in revere Sight Lines -N 32yeaoldconsiuction surveyor dled when hacked over by motor ado” I] Oprstor of large equipment inling mse grade, cent se teh i Sroctl Bebind their machines. Tins, Met marapers ae begining > {rmpayeear-vison camer on grades a othr machines (3). These stems Sruhle te operator ew a sal icab modi via a elosed-cret wide- ‘ow canca at the ea fhe yc, One eet maniger repo tht pie Copying the cera, accidents cece where nntor graders actly tacked w oer vehicle boos. Adjoining Activities Many ccestrostion projet involve work slong or casing rivoud wack. Pethpe he worst motor grade cident on rot ecu ts Novem 1961, whens grader wa diven onto a ral ighvay rade crossing immediatly in Tro ot m approaching tain. The csulingcillson abd decallnen of te (Chicago, Rook sad, ed Pcie passenger in caus injures to 110 peo le cing 82 passnges andthe der ofthe motor par.Satety Rules Listed ere ace specific sty rls for praer operations: ‘All grader shoud be equipped with accident prevention signs and taps 2s er the OSHA standard 29 CFR 1926.45 “Speciation for acide ‘reventn sigs and ta” and sould havea slow-moving vile ble, consisting of florescent yellow orange tangle with dark ‘ed reflective bode, per 29 CPR 19101451000), 1 Whea operating a grade slowly ona highway or coadway display aed flag oe ashing ight oa staf at east 6 Rabo te let ear whee 1 Never allow oer pernel to ride on the ns, mold crear of (he praer 1 Keep the meldbourd ale well der he machise when notin we GRADALLS GENERAL INFORMATION ‘The Graal is 8 wiltymochine hat combines the operating features of the I, drglne afd metoe der (ae Figure 11.10 The fll evolving sper- Stace of he ont can fe mounted on ether er ticks or es THe Units dexigned a versa machine for th exeavaing and ishing ork. Boing designed sa mura machine fects peoducuonefieny in fespec FIGURE $1.10 Gr pnngraton ale sing a foeunya ‘Coren Pang. unt nd aoe to indivi applications, wen compare to = wi esened specially for 3 arealarapcaton, "The bckst rm of = Graal can be tad 90 degrees or more, nuling it toe ffesive in reaching rested working areas and where spec shapng. ‘of slopes egued. The tree put eewoping bio ean be Hyslcally ‘tne ett to vay diging er shoping reach, Ieeanexart eeakout face ete above or tslow grown lve ‘Wher use ins hoe application to exesvae below the runmig ser, is production rate wil be les than ho equipped with an oga-sined bcket Sins cn perform draglin-ype tsk bt it as itd reach when Compact a dale. Recane the machine pave he opertor wih post lve hydealic coal ofthe bucket, ican be used sa finishing to or fie train pes and conned areas, sks normaly accomplished witha grader I itere were no space const SAFETY [As with ter oxcavtrs hat ely on a er counereigh to alae the xa “aung ar the danger exists of personne! being che beret the cuter tiga Sod worksite objects Bsen with pops tsa eave mi {orm the opentor cannot always see personel working bbind the machine ‘Good sty trsining tat makes operons ae of this danger i a manage ment resgonsiy TRIMMERS GENERAL INFORMATION 1a the cio of ear praets, 4 variety of large, hlgly speciaid, but ctemely onal machines ae availble to do fie ge timing. The Tel i beter accuracy and preter production compared Gae-radig with 1 ger Is been reported tthe production fom one dalfane mer is equal io thar achievable with Fur fo six graders. Another Deel sth uomaieuimmers enable gad contol lose erences. OPERATION Large, fcereack, mallane uimmess and smaller three srck machines (ee igure 1st) ae wl fer bide approach work and parking Jt eppicasons atthe ge aed small machines work using te sume general con] and ‘mocha systems. Train sieges apd more advanced OPS wextnol- ‘ay guide einer elevation,Grade Control ‘Automatic wimmers use a sensor cot system that eases the elevation lad crossslope ois cutig teh ase oa input Hom ether an a ding ot ‘grade wire oe asi riding on an established grade A tghly sttched wie Set ata known elevation abst the specie project rade ad having a kxown fet sistance fom the alignment establishes a referece forte Wimmer. A Iigntal movable arm, mouated on the ting machine and spring. ‘scuvatas con sigals for vertical movement ofthe timimer.A sina Yer alarm waves along the Wie, scoring the ume ‘On poets for which is pcesary to mulch an existing grade, a skitype ner taels over the existing ste and cools the vereal elevation of {he emer. this eave th operator uly contol the apne man “The Tranes of fourtnck mulilane Wimmer ean provide 9 timing ito 40 foe more. Tse machines typically have four crawletacks ne ‘teach comer. Each craw mount has a vertical member thas byauically ‘jusuble citer manually by the automate cone system. ‘Trimmer Assembly ‘The acu cating of the grade is accomplished by a series of cuting tet mounted ona ful-widh ater mandrel. The eter assembly i sully fixed athe ends, Buti can brea, allowing forthe programming a a crown intheCermetee Paring Equpmnt ae eto: eae, Ar sdjutuble moldboand assembly follows the caer sandel and Stites feces materia. An auger for etine the spl lows the meld Trad Typical, the spoil can be ast eer sie or Dod sides of the ‘machine, Dn many lege machines, the igh snd lef augers aetedependetly thiven There ae typically axepaes cated at each cod of the ner snd ‘jc the centrine of be tacit, These ae wed for deping exces ‘ier ns window the pate ‘A aheing and charge conveyor sytem canbe aed 1 many wim mer Tee atch fo the efor removing sad elalag mat fem the Tinsel pade, Te mate can be dc loaded int bl waits with thse ‘jtems cr depots on he shouier of the hed pate PRODUCTION “The large ful width ies have operating sponds of about 30 nin, but this depeds onthe amoont (rah nd dep fea) of meri being handed ihe cae of the smller single lane winner, operating spec increases sg rifesnty Some of thse macho ae atl at 128 finn, bot again speed onollee by the smouat of mule Being ul At eperaing speed Incressed. uty wualy decreases SUMMARY "The apd ot which grader can accomplish quality work depends Ine on the sk af th opersor and the type of mater being hue. Consider the ‘pectic pean andthe proper gear range fo the tk when cleans {der prfucion etna Te mime of pis, healed speed, he {Tan of the operation, and an efficiency Taco ze the inp varbles fr ‘he produto eaulion Ifa Goll weed oan excl, production canbe estimated by sing the gene excsvatr rodbcon Eq, (91). Trimmer pdetion isa fencion ‘of forward opening speed. Cia eaming objectives ince the owing: 1m An bility to estimate grate speed based on operational ask ‘An bility to caeultegeaterpredoton “These objectives are the basi fo the peolems ht fellow. PROBLEMS. 1A Pero Web search of cae say wing GS grade cutol Descibe shesysem wed by the enact 112 Perma Web earch f acidats involving Graal Report on oe of thoes in wach peonel wet ed bythe couneresight 113 A grader wl be wed o msnain 3 miles of al oad Its estimated tat thor wl que removing rte with vo pases in Tist ea, leveling‘he roa with two pases in Second gear, and final shaping ofthe rood ‘with ce passes in out gear. Use an efcencyTator of 60%, Grader ‘yee a provid nth chart Estimate the ie reuiement foe hs i Forward cers Maximum Wave speed (ph) a a {1A A grader will be used maintain 1.80 of hal oad tis stint at {tvs work il reo pss in secon ea ate pses in ied fesr_Use a eicieney factor of GP. Gade speeds a provide nthe ‘hart in Problem 113 Estimate the ane for his operation, 115 A grade willbe wed» mana 2 eso hal os estimated hat, this work will equi et scaring with vo pases in fst gear, evelng ‘he road requires two pss in second pea, nd fia ping of the rad. rogues tc ysis oth oat Us an enc facta of 6. (Gener pds te provided in the chat Esiat the ie for hs tk Forward gers Maximum Wave speed (mph) Fist 2a Seema a Theo aa Fourth ae 114 A grader wil wd mst 1.40 of hal ou, is stint da ‘hs work will gue four passes in second gear and dee passes in hid {ear Use a eficeny factor of 50S Grader speeds are provide inthe ‘har in Problem 1.5 Estimate the tine or thi sk, 11.7 You ar rogied o fe grade the bar of eaday before proceeding ‘omstrc the pvemeat etn, Ue an eliceny factor of 65% The ‘braer wil be opera ia seco gear (3.6 mpfr his work. The effective blade with er pas is 8 To mee th 10 mim specification, {tll te necessary tomake for pases onan ata. Estate the rodcton rate fr thse contions RESOURCES 1. "A Common Sarees an Overy Mier Grae That Ws osting Up" (2b Calta FACE Rep ICAU, Calfomia FACE Pope, Califia Seen Hens Oss Hes Ba 58 Ca Se 2. CaeplrPeformanee anos, Catrina ue ‘oy‘cone taming. aunt tide 2 MacDos Chyck 20 “NAPA Members th Extasy anh ying ay MAT at Tl, 4 Osu Retro, CPR Pr 2, Osupaoct Safy & Hess Adina, Son Caton Avs, WW, Waring, DC S ELRDuns Aol (206), roduc Gta! Posion Sse, Send sn, tech Hos PaMsing, Boson MA, WEBSITE RESOURCES 1. pune catcom Carp age mamta of onan nd mining ‘peste Prods econ ofthe website pre qeeiatos or ‘Cie nantacure pe, 2. usw treo Tex CME Corporation Othe iy, OK 3128.58 ‘Tereaiea map prof stam psig a vig machines 20, Teoracqued CMI Caprice | pln der coe Doe & Caan woe corporation Wh ‘eater ep and oar) ped vio, 4 itn gra com Cel, New Pla, OWS, 199, J. nases ic acqaed ral ists In Shin castce tom Case mance say of conection ene tengo ars Cae cntn cuit matey CM Ce In, Cae merge with New Holand tesa CNH Gla 6 hepsi gonconp nk in! Oxigtin Sey & Heat ‘Adtzon 200 Coston Aba, NW, Wasa, D.CDri ling Rock and Earth ‘The purposes for which dling is performed range wie from general Appleton 0 hight specized work he rte of diling rock wl vary ised on factors such athe 1p of di and tt size. the hardness of the sc, the deh ofthe helex the dling pater, the train. and an me lst Deca of sequencing wit oer perton. The it stp I exiting ding production io mate an azsmplon abo the pe of equipment tha will be Used and thn aceon for he total depth ob dried the penetration ae the tie for changing diva an bit, andthe fie to clean the hole. INTRODUCTION “The manner of making ale in hard mei did wot change from ancient timer ntl about the mil ofthe nneceth century. Across tht long spa af time, driligg was sccongishod by manpower—a ran singing 3 hammer ‘it « potted dil. In 861 he fir patel mechanical dling machine tee employe nthe Alps n the Moust Cen tunel wodk. The fst effective Poumatic dil wed inte United Ses was atthe easier header of the Hoosie Tunnel in wexer Wassachuses ia June of 1866. This chapter dese withthe equipment and methods ted bythe constuc- tion sd ng ints dil oes noth rock sn eth. rig may be performed to explore the pes of meri o be eacouniered on 3 project (exploratory ing), oe tn involve prauson werk such s dling oles for loading explosive chaps to blast rock. Ode purposes include creating hoes for proting cr rock bat sdillzaton work and borings forthe plce- ‘men of tity lines. Some jobs also require seep holes fr drinage to rece Fndostatie peste. Rock ling soe Figure 12.1) and earth dling (ee igure 122} willbe wet sepurately abogh ip some instances these or Sar equipnent may be wed fr dng bth teil. cate the purpose for which dling is perfonne vary a great deal fom prodetion work to phy speialoed spies, is necessary to