Embryology GIT (Dr.

Sardinas) Mesoderm

Organs of the Digestive Tract

- Esophagus
- Stomach
- Small Intestine
- Liver
- Pancreas
- Gallbladder
- Large Intestines
- Rectum

Gastrulation Forms: - Paraxial Mesoderm

o Axial and skeletal muscle
- Ectoderm - Intermediate Mesoderm
- Endoderm o Genitourinary systems
- Mesoderm - Lateral Plate Mesoderm
o Intraembryonic Coelom
Folding
Coelomic formation divides the mesoderm:
- Median/Longitudinal Plane
o Formation of the head and tail
fold
- Horizontal Plane

What else does the notochord do?

- Induce formation of the neural plate

from the thickened ectoderm

- Neural plate folds to form the neural

tube

- Neural tube crest cells from the tube

migrate along the length of the gut

- Formation of the smooth muscle wall of

the gut coincides with the formation of
the myenteric plexus
Yolk sac is incorporated as the primitive gut
- Foregut
o Celiac trunk
o Buccopharyngeal membrane to
the liver bud
- Midgut
o Superior mesenteric artery
o Commences after the liver bud
to the ascending colon
- Hindgut
o Inferior mesenteric artery
o Distal 3rd of the transverse
colon to the cloacal membrane
Lateral folding of the embryo
- Form the ventral body wall
- Embryo becomes round
- Splanchnic mesoderm is brought
around as the dorsal and ventral
mesenteries
- Ventral mesenteries
o Disappears except at the distal
part of the foregut to become
the stomach and proximal part
of the duodenum
o Remaining ventral mesentery
becomes the lesser omentum
and falciform ligament attaches
the liver to the ventral body
wall
Endodermal lining of the primitive gut
- Rise to the epithelial lining of the gut
and specific digestive glandular cells
- (Hepatocytes, exo and endocrine and
glands of the pancreas)
Esophagus
- Serve as passage for food from the
pharynx to the stomach
- Mucosa secretes mucus to aid
lubrication
- 4th week
o Lung bud arises from the
ventral wall of the foregut
o Tracheoesophageal septum
separates the diverticulum from
the dorsal foregut
th
- 6 week
o Epithelium proliferates to
protect the esophageal lumen
 o Recanalization and Formation
of stratified columnar
epithelium
th
- 18 week
o Formation of protective
stratified squamous epithelium
from the stratified columnar
epithelium
Tracheoesophageal Fistulas
Stomach
- Rotates 90 degrees in a clockwise
direction around its longitudinal axis
- 1. Lesser curvature moved to the right
and the greater border moves to the
left
- 2. Left side becomes the ventral
surface, right side becomes the dorsal
surface
- 3. Cranial region moves to the left and
slightly inferiorly and the caudal region
moves to the right and superiorly
- 4. Stomach eventually assumes final
position almost transverse to the body’s
long axis
- Right Vagus nerve = posterior wall
- Left Vagus nerve = anterior wall
Mesenteries
- Double layers of peritoneum that
enclose an organ and connect it to a
body wall
- Dorsal mesogastrium
o Suspends the stomach from the
dorsal wall of the abdominal
cavity
Dorsal Mesentery
- Extends from the lower end of the
esophagus to the cloacal region of the
hindgut
Ventral Mesentery
- Terminal part of the esophagus,
stomach and upper part of the
duodenum
- Lesser Omentum
- Falciform Ligament
Duodenum Molecular Regulation

- Terminal part of the foregut and - Regulated by hepatocyte nuclear

cephalic part of the midgut transcription factors
- Distal to the origin of the liver bud - Foregut endoderm can potentially
- Follows the rotation of the stomach to express liver specific genes to become
form a C – shaped loop liver tissues but blocked by inhibitors
- Together with the head of the pancreas
Pancreas
become fixed in the retroperitoneal
position
- Supplied by the branches of both the
celiac artery and the superior
mesenteric arteries

Liver and Gallbladder

- 3rd week, as an outgrowth of the

endodermal epithelium at the distal end
of the foregut
- Hepatic diverticulum
o Consists of rapidly proliferating
cells that penetrate the septum
transversum that is the
mesodermal plate between the
pericardial cavity and the stalk
of the yolk sac
o Bile duct formation
o Ventral outgrowth of the bile
duct gives rise to the Molecular Regulation of Pancreatic
gallbladder and the cystic duct Development
th
- 10 week
- Upregulation of Pancreatic and
o 10% of total body weight
duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX) gene
o Hematopoietic functions start
- Fibroblast growth factor and activating
and subsides during the last 2
repress SHH expression in gut
months of intrauterine life
endoderm destined to form the
Bile Duct Formation pancreas
- Expression of PAX 4 and 6 to specify the
- 12th weeks endocrine cell lineage
- Bile formation of the hepatic cells
- Gallbladder develops the cystic duct
which joins the hepatic duct to from the
bile duct
Midgut Derivatives Rotation of the midgut

- Counterclockwise at 270°
- Elongates and rotates simultaneously
- Occurs during herniation as well as
during the return of the intestinal loops
into the abdominal activity

Retraction of Herniated Loops

- 10th week
- Begin to return to the abdominal cavity
- Regression of the mesonephric kidney,
reduced liver growth, expansion of the
abdominal cavity

Proximal portion of the duodenum enter first

and lie on the left side
- Most of the duodenum - Other parts more to the right
- Cecum, appendix, ascending colon, right
half of 2/3 of the transverse colon Cecal bud
- Blood supply:
- Last part to reenter, initially at right
o Inferior Mesenteric artery
upper quadrant, then descends to right
- 5 weeks old
lower quadrant, resulting to placement
o Suspended from the dorsal
of the ascending colon and hepatic
abdominal wall
flexure on the right side of the
o Communicates with the yolk sac
abdominal cavity
via the vitelline duct
o Formation of the appendix,
What happens? ( Ano daw?) retrocolic or retrocecal in
position
- Rapid elongation of the gut and its
mesentery Mesenteric Proper
o Formation of the primary
- Undergoes profound charges and
intestinal loop with a cephalic
rotation and coiling of the bowel
and caudal limbs
- Twists around the origin of the Superior
o Physiological herniation
Mesenteric artery
 6th week
- Fuse with the mesenteries of the large
 Rapid elongation
intestines to have it anchored
primarily of the cephalic
retroperitoneally
limb
- Free mesenteries retained by the
 Temporarily
appendix, lower end of the cecum and
extraembryonic
sigmoid colon
through the umbilical
cord
Transverse Mesocolon

- Fuse with the posterior wall of the great

omentum but maintain its mobility
o Hepatic flexure to the splenic
flexure

Jejunoileal Mesentery

- Fuse with the posterior abdominal wall

o Attach from the area where the
duodenum becomes
intraperitoneal to the ileocecal
junction (Huehueheuheue to give you a better
understanding of what imperforale anus is XD)
Hindgut Derivatives

- Distal 3rd of the transverse colon, the

descending colon, the sigmoid, rectum
and upper part of the anal canal
- Terminal portion of the hindgut enters
posteriorly into the primitive anorectal
canal
- Allantois enters the anterior urogenital
sinus
- Cloaca – endoderm
o Lined cavity but its ventral
boundary is covered by surface
ectoderm
- Cloacal membrane
o Boundary between endoderm
and ectoderm
- Urorectal Septum
o Separates the region between
the allantois and the hindgut

Hindgut Abnormalities
Coming together is a beginning.
- Rectoanal atresias
o Ectopic positioning of the anal Keeping together is progress.
opening Working together is success.
- Imperforale anus
o No anal opening - Henry Ford
- Congenital Megacolon
o Absence of parasympathetic
ganglia in the bowel wall -Bukochuchu

Batch 2019