Chapter 1 O0AD - Basic Concepts 4-1 Object Oriented vs. Strvetured System 4.2 O0AD £3.00 System development Gyele 1% Basie Terminologies Object > Method > Class > Encapwlatien > Abstrachin <9 Inheritance 15 00 Metres 16 Requirements 17 Regu'vernent Gathering and tlicitat'tn 1:8 00 Decomposition and Role of hierarchy2 4:1 Stroctured Ve. Object drieated System 14.4 Strcetored System > System is. decomposed inte — functions > Functims.and dats are modeled separately. > Ystem component are dependent +m, Path other: > Inheritance and pblymoryphitm ave me impossible. > Reuse Is limited: > It dees not reflect veal world entities. > Development process is linear: > Teshing is done in impplerne ntation phase nly. L412 Object driented System > System is decompastd into dota _abyects. > Funthins. -and data. axe modelled in one place... = bys tem components are independent tf sath other. > Toheritante ard polynarphiim are possi ble, ~> There it novestrithin far youre. > Tt xeflect real world ent fes. _» Development process 2». therative and ineromental. Testing 1s distributed evenly.3 4-2 Object briented Analysis and Design 42:4 Obyect Oriented Analysis Pit is the proceduze of identifying software. vequivements ano developing siftware specifitahims tn terme af bhject mode! that “comprises tolerating objects, ? Repeiremeatt are arganised around objects integreting bath cate and funchins- > the tashs Involved areas follaws :~ a Identity objects ~ D Drpunize abjech by exeahing abject medbl diagram Obefine object attributes. define object achons © describe intera thon between objects. 7 Tk maps the problem domain divectly. int a model 122 Object Oriented Design . ‘ satis ek > Th is the procest of implementing noncephal de models — prodiited! dering analysis phase. : Ya. > the _techrolegy independent .contephoal “maedeltare..mapaed inte. - inplementivg classes, Constraints are identified and tater faces are designed. by Ti eit’ @— midel__for_ the solution of «problem dartin. , ~ 2 the _tasks involved areas follows :~ addetine object life yycle _b) Define last. relationshipe Refine service agp ee dW Lamplete cass defirctimsRN Si elegans eee SI 4 £3 Object driented. dystem Development Life yl : The software development approach jar abject —evienttd modelling gees thrugh — palloing stages = a2 Analysis 2 Dersgn > System design Pdhyect design DInplementehon and Testing The most successful approach for object oriented saftuarve development is Rational Unified Process (RUP). RUP isan sapproath tat combines iterative and rish driven development soto 4 well abcumented process descriphim. In 2UP, the Up ta press ts the needs, process is the cet tf achuih'es te vearkh Git and gp ts the sofbware product. The phases. Favelved iin RUP are as follows: D Inception i s > the requirements. are gathered. Satie cs ? Feasibility stely and ceopt tf. projec! are determined, > heters and. Meir hobevarhions. are varalyzed. 2) Elaboration: _ " > Project plan is developed. Phish assesin tat is performed. Wen. fonttiowal requirements ave elaborated, * Software architectore js Aeseri bic, ? te wase_midel js completed.plonstructim: >A tompmenk are developtd and. sategrated. >All features ave tos ted. > In eah steratin , uefac toring ws dane. > Suble product should be release. 9 Transition « > Software product ss launched 10 user. \ - > Deployment - baseline -shevld be camplote. > Final protucd should be released. 4.4 Some Basie Terminolygies 4:4, 1 Objects » > Object is 2 real world entity tat. my. oe phystial aor concephal extstence | — Each obyect consists of data and a set of fenchans. — = Each objett has. identity behavior and state 9 . > Ldeatty 1s the inshore 2D--0f an ehjeet thal disbinget'shee tt from other objects in the system. Behavior i's the method: that the obyect pexforms. = Shte determines the characterisht properties of an ch fede well as the valves pf properties es = a : Se eNOS a than es aes Ness ae het transport “Saal ws Edenh > Bus Behavior » move, Shpl) Ee: ‘eh. (thiedaatPOT a? NESS Se Peas ae ea A 6 th2 Class tat share > Class ts gq destrigtion ofa. set of objects same chavacterishe properties and exhibit common behaviar. created asa member of a class by instinhihon. 4a > Object canbe less tonshtules ah aM tributes * “ WD bperabiens o ~Atribotes are the gu items that defre abyect. Mperations are the. funchens that portray the behavior tf chjec ts. 143 Methods at Method is a mean by which obyeck can manipulate. data: + The. operations —supparted by ao object axe yalled tHe naethad. LI9 Messages 2A message is a method call bfram me cbfect ty another. ? Tt is a mean ‘by whith abjects tateracke. ? Abjects..communitate with each other by. studing messages ~STf oll want abj2 to execute one of tts methads., aby t sends a message 0 obj 2. 41,4,.5. Mbstathin 2 Mistnctin is used to handle complexity, 2 It 13 the process off etrachng essenfal proper tes —— ba partivlar Pprypose aad am ttting the vanecessary detar/s. Helps in code reuse. relevant49.6 Encapsulation ind Dah Hidin, > Encapsulation is the precess af? binding both athributes and me tteds Aether within a class. 7 > Date hiding is the process of giving date access only ly 1 class methods and prevented fram _divecttviside. @ess- > Encapswlahion tncures deta hid! I > focuses upsn the iniactali that gives the behavsar fan object. ; SD bas fe iad AV hich: NEL gd message prssiign th 1:49.37 Daher tance sae PTaheritence is Hee_precess ia Mig. new. ie devt ef aiding classes. by extending and ze far ining it capebylities. N win 2S L489 Poly mer phism we a2 ce sk > Polymorphism ie the soap hed albu using eperahins. ins ae ee the instenge they. ener upon. —t ae > biffe ren? ids have common Labia eae but differ Urbernal atrvctrres,ee Drivel Metrics 1) Weighted Methods...per Class. Le) Sb jnsrtoes cums ofa camplesthndrsof Lalla elect rietheds. 37k, indicabee —hanrmuch effort isssvegul rt to dase lop perkivler class > bow HNC. induates preter ya ibed iy. > High ettte indicades complex. last. and maintain & 2) depth of Inheritance Tee Coz?) ‘ >It is the length from the cess. te vo0t ¢ pikes tree. > 1h celewlales haw far down 0 — clase. is declared in iaheritance hierarchy > High BIL means mre methids te inherit making 11 s—phishiated! but mre r00s 3) Number of Children (W2C) sis PIt ip he no. of divert 30h classuc af sa class: SH indicates how an appliaahim veusas itsal f. > High NOC means harder te modify clais and veguves mare.teshing. Coupling Betusen Object Clete (eB0) > Tt the no of eter clesies fo whith it is coupled. 5? back of lohesisn in Methods (100M) >it measures —dissimiltr'ty of methods tn a class. 2 Migh cohesion indicates gotd class svbdivisien ee Phew cohesie ine veate complexity. ;3g 4.6 Reguirement Process Repuirement procese is ig syshemahic appraath ha find, datrment, sxgantse and track the needs of Ue users and response w7 : changing requirements of 4 system. | > Requirements axe the We that the Functional Requirements >Tt describes the leon of ee a. east hs 2 Tt inchdes user tusks thal the system needs to. ss itis phrased as acting," > Non= Pnchonel Cena PO ee " > It desertibes the proper tes it te eS etas Ss . ott phrased as constralote or. regahve assertins. 46:2 Requirement Elicitetion._Metheds PDAS ERO Po SS beh atk Mae icles a Ee ayy ZriStowari a. Sse NS posh SOME LL fe ney eat y4% decomposition 1.3,2 Object Oriented Decompositien iin Eped fy Reformat 10 te complesitys the complex system A refined sedepondenlty. of the way to mange > Decemposition is the process #f decompasing jah. smaller parts »esch of whith — an > Decomposition is. 208 Lent Mgorithaic Decempesitten Apadown —shrectared design appre 2 Tt inualves >It highlights or daring off events. 2 Revse is limited. = the decomposthin strectere chart shows veletionships among vavieus funchoral element of the selstion. ott is based on hey dbstaachin to problem domarn. >it involves belton-vP appreach- > decompesed as thy ects. >it emphasizes the agents. 17.3. Example = Dpadte file = fet ee misir eee — Acted mate Ypdede pao? card “iam asd iS . i mae ak eaea 1.3 Role of Hierarchy : : 13 > Complexity of a problem can be managed ty fading Mera rthse: of objects and their carrespindhing classes. - | Object struchre iMetates how —thjece collaborate wtih one anther threwgh peers of taberathons. 2 Class strvebre iMistrales amin stetere 4nd. Nhe PaSacRedlbin the system. ma . ey12 Chopter 4 DAD Modelling and. UML 2-1 00hD Medelling 2.2 UML > Introductin > Mode! diagram > Role f cons trast speci freahim > Ste and bynamce Url models = UML views > Rela tins hips 23 Types of model > Canceptual 2 Structural 2? Behavioral = Spec ficaton see Implementa kinUL! Zs 24 00AD thdeling Ptadelt help hh visvalize, specity contract arhfachs of software | > 260d roedellig und document the intensive system: invelvas_davelopmoent of variaus. deseviber the system index considexatin. Tb helps. to manage canplerity.,.vnderstand. vegveraméentt and properly derive the —implementatan- diagrams that 2.2 Unified Aadelling Language (UML) 2.24. Introduction, UML is an internabiana).. indisly. etardard.g raphical._notahion For describing sofbaare analysis and absign i 2 UML is called so because (¢ ts a unifecatiin and standards 2ahin, tt earlier modeling natuhins. tf Booch Rumbaugh and Jacobson. 2H pravides.. seome.typ es th dingreine, whor used within a gen rrethedolegy , increase vader consideration. the case df _understandiag an application 2.2.2 Madel Diagrams fn UML the dingrams that are used tb uisvalsze the models 1h is it 098 called model dingrarne ee ee > Constraint speci frcatons helps and also —indhcates its. bound: 4 exphin the model dhapraras of >14 22.3 UML Views and carvespording diagrams 2 User View 2 Tt definee fonchoralitias._provided by the Users. Tt inclydes use tase diagram gpston to the ? Strvetral View: Zt defines the -vstruchords of Be syatem andi is alee called slat models. St Includes class. diagram compa nent diagram - ebject diagram , profile diagram» deplayment diagram. and. package diagram. > Behavioral View: It captures how objects interact wrth each other. Tt shows He time depended ar dynamic model af the system. Tt snclvdes actu. dagam, interathin hayrarm, seguence bagtan, aad state machine dagram. > Lmplenintatini View 2 Tt cuphires the tomponcnte.. of ther system aod their depen dbnties. Tt includes so diagram. > Deplyment View: Tt caphres how componente are deployed vate the system. It includes package diagram and deployment Sees 2:24 Relatenshyps in WML f a) dependency change tn one. tig tht eciadhe 4 doperdent ting) b Association Cdescute links hetweon abject)» 2 Generdrartion (Mjerk bf speciolired element» sobshtvtable prab dd Realization [Iwe classifiers where ne. Specifies untract and. te carry eld fhe contract). bd. y dpafie/ obmer) other guaranties16 24:5 UML Nobabions ml Qs Interfice Golleboraton Pinte Llass Faterfice Collaborate ee Achine class Lompented Nede zee shate Machine package mo ce ciocicie ae Depen denc Agyrege non ation Compesition eet Genevaliahin ——— Realiza hin16 #3 Types of modal 2:34 Gneephal Mode| OH isa vepresertihin of concepts ine prablem_ domain. Ht 1s drawn witha set of strbe_strvehure here> 2) cencept are. associated — BD concepts have attributes concepts have no opera bins +t alls imple mentabional — banchrainte 2 Ht helps t understand the prsblum >dguivements..- 23.2 Strectural Madel : 3 2 : It is «representation of - sie of the problem domarn. >It includes stehe views ~ of the. dome 3 a 2.3.3 Behavioral Model >It te a represeotelim Gf behavier ef he system. Zt includes dynamic views ofthe domain. >it allows — flow of interactions between the a a Ua ae. 239 Spenpicatin Model ce tt cesevibes. the software eres LA Spee fh Use. case diagram isa representlien ofa wears sakeraction with the system that shuws —relatinshjpbetweza the user and the dikfarend | use cases tn whith. the vser ts invalid. Ik helps identify, \ clarify, “and. arpanize the system. seqwremerts, > Tt “describes the ~hehavier if He taget= system from an exteraal point of veal. 2A use caso diagram cinsicle of fallen components 2 Boundary ss D deter 0 Vee. lase 4? Relationship : ¥ 3.2 Actor ees is > Mehrs axe the entities thet inter fare with Ba yslen 2 Aches we. external to the system. > thy mty be people, extern harduare ex other sibjects. > Exterml acters ony be prion, supporting thd offstage actor. >Primay ach has user goals Jolfelled threugh corvices of Sub. > Suyperliog achy provides serwtie te Sob. s > Uffstage acter has an_interes? inthe behavior of use cose. > The UML nofetin is45 3.3 Use fase a Lem, A 2b a specificehm tf a col tf athens perfumed ty 2 syster which yields an observable resuld- : ne: * Ht vepresents shat the. athrs want yor system ty da jor s ot * bach Use_ease isa complole course afevents.. in the system froma “user perspective I. 4 Relationships 4) << inelude >> velatonship FA use case my con tein. prochonslity of another use case. 2 HL implies that the behavior of the intloded use case it inserted take the behavior of the iniedi use case 7 Ht ts expressed asa dotted tine Inbelled K extend > xelahanship— . ea > Cartein we case may be porfrmed as pat >It is spkonal._ ef another. vee cece > The bate usb case can complete withevt fe extended we case tt dean — bag Kehac af bate win Zora, 2 tt smplies thet te bebsvyry of a Wwe mse _behavisr of another vse tose, my & eXtended by the w>>dem Soe, Mt aerate >It is represented ty @ soli) line the commenicatien betwen a0 AC aie (ee = : . 1 : >it 3 the relatinship between iH vet sase ant A Spegal use tse 3-5 Guidlines draw Use lace Diagram kes pani24 82 for the case shly , idenkfy acters, use cases and velatienships. Alse draw. tse case diagrams. 4 ceffer vending machine dixpenser coffee. te wwetemers Cis tomers order cotte by elcbig «recipe from a sat if veripts.Cusfemels. pay ting cane: henge ic given. back if ang to the ucthemer demain model 1s the important ccomcephoal modal that siMlestretes the notewerthy cancepts. aa deenain. the cantext in whith the system vst aperate. =r Tt_meprasents illustrated with a set of class >A damein model in UML is diagrams omitting. tho \ gparabionss PIE shew Hho falliwing concephe.s- a) bemain classes Ddesociatins between demain classes 2 Atzibutes of demain classes, Lt sutsualizes and relates concept tf the damatn. $4.4 Finding Domein Classes using Maen Phrase Analysis Tdentify. nouns and neva phrases in. textual deariptins of domain. > Censider them as candidate conceptual classes or atteibutes 412 Adding associations and attributes > Asseciater is the relationship between classes. bieus >the ends sf asstciahen may contein mulhphies'ty, > Mulbiphiity indicates. the numerical zelatinship between instontec of the class. z: ? Associations should be named with verb Phrase in @ veatsble gal meaning fol wey = > Ascocishin name — shits AU a capital totter. > bach end of an assvctahim ie called vole. ? Tue classes can alsa. have multple ascoctatins..oF >Abribules isa lyyicel due value of an thy uel Pl bteibutats ede ashadin sin satecand rcampariaral af Class bax > Attrubot is As x bis tibate—nens_ic_compaloiey Ti pebeadiiathea a xmrlias ey State veil are ophional. ramet type nilipliity > defalt Sperry ashiiy) > the derived abvilutes hare a 1’ symbol before abtabutd nme B) Crete a domain ratel. XY2 Restaurant wn Kathrnande wold he te ferme: aubreote sts butlding A watter tokes atder foreach fable in vestevrent along with order detetls Litem name and guantiy). Customers are allowed to order more items after their pixel wider A bell is generated at the ond for 20th coshmer having dabhle vestevrant name» dete, Bi ne, Hem, guiotity and tote! amount, Ans, wt name ~,\date 1) 41 no pitem - quantity Hotal amoent28 &) Create a demain model. Covrses. may have recormnended —iteos of Reading material , achich may che cither Books ox éndividual Chap hers. Teme of reade'ng. moteriad may else allew veer. Or thppy hr every NFA Hoe ts for have reviews associated arth them.st 99 4.9. Representation of System Behavior = System behavior destribee shat @tysttm— tees Ft hides the implenentetinal details. of how systems per pres: > Tt provides the dynanit riodel _0f, the aes 2A system behavior is depleted. ass4 Ch ath..bo en : >It must shows — the reactiin of system with, external Vere, Poe phate. ba Jaulbe iit a tenes framdancn bide waiteen its > System behaviay canbe represented by: a Use Lases bd System Sequence Diagram (33D) 2 Oper tim Contracts 2.4. System Segvence _biagram > > Aetor generates events by regues ting seine thing te the system > the request event initiates. ah operation in the system. > brdening if events —shauld Pollaw thelr arder tn the stenaxr'n. 288) canbe constructed from vse tase agp draw Syshm as black bor on right side. . bDhx_each achr, draw stick Aguie and lifeline. c _ aler cach events that each ach? generates , dra te messhge.30 4.4.2 bperaton Lontracte : Ht gives detailed vepreseatotin of system bebauter : : Contract —deseribes evtcome of exceeuhing system qperatin in terms df stele changes ta domain objects >It is a decomentd — cantuining @ Operation 6) Crass Re fo rente i x Pre conditions PD Ioct conditions 4) Drew a 8b for kibrary Hawage ment System, Add addthimal elements if necessary: 4 tibrary has 4 Whrarans tr manage and tsve books 8 the users who sre either «todente ox feully shtfr. The Ubrazy contains bhs af Lmpuler and tomenities stream. The beoks are course books, ref book, book banks, tte. The users must lug inte system 2 searth veguived books and may reserve betke earlier The Wbravian iceves b00hs 4 the were ard also charge fine incase af delayed velurn gr lass tf huok. The Wb raxian asks for__"Sanu Publisher" fo supply necessixy beaks sata the Mibray. Te Uibranitn manages dl the ysers.Chapter, 7. ect , et, Oren De sign. 34 ee ae i Patel _eriented raps is_previded _as. Bee a tb i ee. saith ea and, e _ he rate pase ss —— a ==> Comegpbaal— satel ,— wie c0te- Cpa aepoonia: hing maw» UE Canal data _wnediel eh eS = fees 2 TIPE, atec | Define ab yell and ee conceptial model kb Atri biter ave idenk fed. __ fl 2 vlan deen > messagin, Bay aoe oy os sek eee ai ta: morse iga2 = Class Respansitiliy Collahe rien (eRe) cards 3 oe Sis a eis ee or tople wsea! tin tis _4_ paper i be ia He ee tnd tohela rel gf chaste are written. eS_—_4egusace Dingo —— ey ed _seguente diagram shows the interaction —amtiy, cbjeile ae | owe dimensiapal chart, na. _ fence format —ic_wabich wh nem -cbjec= scaled th the _vipht'. ee __parkiinatig sie chive —0t_the tp ofthe chert a beret —allethed toa —verdial —dhshedtina pe name —of abject witha semicolan separa hing it _feam He rome of the cosets wit tten._taside the box. eof —chject and te class 1s underlined. _ Te -verbual dashed line —indlvates the Wahine of eb jiche. vawn onthe lifehne is called ae huation pel itpecbalig skit indicates thet the abject te—ethpe a _—4s_lng_as_the —vectary le —eaithe. ser > Fach _messape_ts_iadicated _as— ao cru between theSR Mice Mahia eer te 42 Lifeline Box VOPTENE ORR OML: clas Sole “ePTB WE Fanl ar on % - a Z VeprezOn indy a instance of mrbac lass raylst CUS parsntbenyD Creation of instance 2nd Ohjeck destruction = [:sete | Se an L 1 | wake Paymreet (cash)ae iHustrales the abject interathiae ina gra job fazrlle— —in_whith _objscte con ba placed anywhere. -- — hc acten 4) Conditional Pgs a ae —_—___—_____— a it hesheened] 2 talento ——___=——— 8) Iteration eae AN * se 12 Crs teun]i_avmczecxt Tate) 5s ante e 2 Ibis the ability —of-_an abject th hate a reference to anither - —ohyect seats sn te septate thecl : Nes29 5 re i = Spee tb ute > Paramaber_visibility 8 _gen ely, teen fared inh —* r > Local__uisibility _ from Ate 2 exists cohen 8 i daclarted > Tt tan__be _athieved kby!- —— a Beate anew. local_iastence and assgn i bo bed vartable. local _verishle 2 hllal_vedbils ‘ _ —? Glebal visibility from At hexizts when Bis glbel 2 E 2h is permanent.ag $$ Nisibili meets et a ee 7 -eateribent- (20, quently) dost =getProduebbec (10) ; ‘ + — != Delle eo ‘ “2 Pelterns te ey — tga despa pattern isa —c0tep0ig— of pleas Hel deal itt _shjetd ariented _softoere— is a > Desipn—pittern it a general eee ——commanly —teevsring _ptoblon —in — esfhunte debi. ——; Bis desixiptin far eee ae ; oy at hatin nany— let sthckint $$ Components E Gia 42 ghasp stants for Genexal_tesposs j etnies =2 prinsip are important design thjectarizated t2ftware.. 24 ide _cheites_ia_ where b assign responsibilities. — nano eS e Which Pe cueell See faxing eeztain things!49 i Ie How cae cP) High Gahesiza hee 2 -olpectt feevsed.cederstant ‘i espoosibili i ae akesin rerains high. a ae wid sg Beni bbee-ae- aoe Glesin it measnre of ha sibilities and Screen tie abid Pa Sh Sb oee wit ipa sap * i 2 net doa trementis—gyonet —Lf ue! oS. high ohh 5 hdft the tastes with low cabesion selene fegne = — a hard 2 Lamprchond ie b> bord _revie 8 Lr haid _b woinbain ts ‘i pooFramtworks : noe > Frameuth—is_agroup a coacrete_classet_twhichcan__ba direc ty imphm ented oh aa existing fplatporer ~~ They are written in_pragremaisg Song vages.. > They are concerned with speifiespliation domes _Tattern vi Framework __ zc Ae > betlern it 2 —ceacepl while frambasorh 1s_codete be_uted. __ > attem supports revse tf —nflisare arch tecture and design waht le. k_coppurle r0use of detailed desipn gnd_cade. | — Medel View Gnd veller Cove) Pattern 2s _0 software —architectera|_patterr ane ur. ; Gea edi tel Sages inte. thvee interconnected ntabin of. information from44 ces Diag ran ___ —— ate. 8 Ht _is_used tye fies modeling ise iano _dasE0S-p— __intorfaces—and their _relahonships + 2 Tt shows tHe struttoral utew of the syste en ee Sippel Dosgateae — * DAssaciaton = > It_enables mepitk geet AE i a *It describes a connection between classes Bo 7 A_link isthe physical sx concephal connechin betwemy object instantes Ln. = the_assotiat on zelationship of a tlacs with tHeelfrie hnawr As wecvrsive asipeiatin.2) Oe iiela ees. the rade” ne ae bli a aa ae an__inthwte of one object contains instances. Gf some ae ___ahpachs then aggregation existe _hetiicea compesite thyect anal — £92 7 = * Z Docoment Paragraph Line en,= Attributes Fo Saag kee ‘lity name: type multiplicity = default 5 puter stung A ET ad earns co eT a ES nuns Yo ee Pegi oe 4 a 3 al peg ont d size + 13al_o¢ _sotbusare de velapottnt "3 thvibue aed incremental —dewtlypment praciss._teeile in friar _tteratim inte beginning of 20rl Se aerieee ly. refining tee _ieaplementthite teh» implementa Liz ae artented design 2 faliag eile, __ pees en ote er\ i ee aes 3 a sb pe50 Z ta im _Tateraction Diagrams. >the seguene diagram — consist of seguence of oes hich axe _tansleted tha series. ot Statements in the méthsd definihons, Biter Ten Ud, | sProdet Ginlog | E a eS Oo een eS Sl o tab dec py pint Ji. ecurr am } CSAIL52 _Excepton aod Exrar Handling — - —- ak > bp exception isa condition thal it ee we a ee re err —la_the- prep renn. es ae Re ae fo es aris taal oe oe a) Lawalid date entered by a vear- setae caniets Hovding Pracecs Tn abject rien ted_prigzecialep— aaynge gees i _mechanison thi 0 ANB A Dre Tay» threw end ba ha bai exgti handlligg ——__ Parad ig Bf ————————— > the "nap inl Bach Btn — = tr execute the code. ih the system _suesede ta execute the code.» —execubim we Plarsse in__peneral or _narmal_drder. eas = But i2 something gees szong while entevting the ty 2 black, thie cade threw’ an _excephin object and shpe __ he _error handler catches the exception abject and. make. necestary actions WeeeaThrowable Exception TOExcep hona __Farseard Engineering oe na 2 ward engineering is _the_precess of. building ae, a highs ie adel or _cancepl to build ia c0mplesities and lower level BE Ace ere ee eee See Beil from — logic. implementation te the + esd ose PA es ae 2H +ransfams_2 Se eee tapping te ous ee Bee: ee a: shox > It_amy couse hss of. ea a8. Te (sin Tee _____rither_tuan dP _lageage,__ eee orc e ash, celtad ta ____ the model — tut not _frem yaw code. a Sine Ee Reverse Eopintering t= aS 2 Reverse engineering is ae proce. ef _ extractap cal par design infaxmaton fram he codes 3 7h intalves _elvassembing “ofa computer pragrom and Pe its —camparente and sorkiag ia et eee eS i 7 he 2H t_generally incomplete asthe model can nit he complately56 Reundtrip Enpinestiag e > Roonddrip expinecring Itt fonchonality thal _i iz necessary then sae tnfezenation_is_precent in mili axttucle and needed bbe updated. 72 kes ability + syncheonize existing arhfute fat evalved tonuwrrently jy iacvertintlly upta hig each arhfat te reflect changer made _h ther arhfache A eS MS + Leterface af isa concept of shstraction an. sa and encaptulahzs a 2 defires a sel of methode that an jnstanae of atleastor eI Activity —_Dingaamt———————~ es rae eae > 1 madls. _thedynamit aspects set 3 tha ayetegis A Tt it a flowchart showing. 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