Forum N.H. I. Knowledge for the 21st Century Vol. 1.No. 1 (Fall 1994) Knowledge on Trial iopatoe N. H. I. Knowledge for the 21st Century (©1954 insite 1 7.0. Box 3505 Stanford, CA 948054505. respondence inciding submissions of ances for publication, should be ‘Sirated er P.Oon 585, Santor, Ch, S995 you wos your ‘Banuscapt tobe returned, please include a seladdressed stamped envelope You may also write to insitute N. H. 1 fr information on workshop resantatons that address educational or politcal issues. Telophone and fax ‘umber (C15) 329.9436. Pease make tae-deductble donations payable t nate NL. Pec} Knowledge on fiReM nag Cat ae eon Ponce Ch‘This journal is dedicated to Sylvia Wynter and Harold Cruse forthe {nfllocual and political inspiration that they have provided for us ‘and for ther reless dedication to the struggle of Black peoples. inwtitute NHL. TABLE OF CONTENTS Institute NH Mission Statement Syloia Wynter "A Black Studies Manifesto" Harold Cruse : Ceremonial Black Nationalism: ‘A\New Vision of Social ‘Revolution for the 2st Century" Syoia Wynter "No Humans Involved: An Open Letter to My Colleagues” Instat NLL “Towards A Theoretic Frame" “Tho Ballots Tet ull” "Wea Cass, My Des" (Glossary of Key Terms Syiva Wynter: A Bibliography Profile of Founders"NO HUMANS INVOLVED! AN OPEN LETTER TO MY COLLEAGUES Dear Colleague ‘You muy have heard a radio news report which sre briefly daring the days after the jury’ acquital of the polcemen in the Rodney King being se. The report sate that public officals of the jada system of Los Angeles routinely used the acronym NUL, to refer to any ease involving & bresch ofthe rights of young Black males wi belong to the jobless category of the inner cy gheioes, N. HLL means "no umes involved Stephen Jay Govld argues that “systems of clsslfiation direct out {biking und onder ou behvios” (Goud, 158) By csitying tis category ‘= NLL. these pubic officials would have given the police of Los Angels the teen light to deal with its mombers in any way they pleased. You may ‘esiember oo that inthe ener cate ofthe mumerous dest of young Back sales caused by «specific chokahold used by Los Angeles police eficers to ‘snes young Black males, tho police chi Darryl Gates explained away these judeat eurders by arguing that Black males had something abroemal with ‘hele windpipes. That they had to be casted and thereby treated diferenty from all otver North Americans, xcept to & secondary degre, the datker- skinned Latinos. For inthis clasficstory echema too al “ninorities* are equal except one category - that ofthe peoples of Alcan and of Afronixed descent who, as Andtew Hacker polnts out in hs secent book, are He last enualof at Certainly” Hacker writes, in Tun Nation: Black and White, Seperate, Hoste, Unequat (199) “all persons deemed to be other than while, ean detail how they have suffered dlscimination at the hands of white America. Any @ allusions to rai attudes and actions wil find Cherokees and Chinese and Cubans agaeelg with great vigor yet members ofall thse intermediate groups have been Black Amen lowed to put « wie dtance btoen thamscioe end “The Vietnamese” Richard Pryor quipped, "have lend how to be good Amsazians, They can now sey nigger {WHERE DID THIS CLASSIFICATION COMETROM? THEFOINT OF MY ‘Yot where did this ayer of clssifeaton come from? One that was held both by the officers involved inthis apediie case of the routine “niger breaking” of Black males, as well ap by the matnly white, middle class suburban Simi Valley jurora? Most of al, and this is the pont of my letter to you, why should the classifying acronym N.FLLy with iy eeflex ant-Blck inal Behaviourpresrptions, have been so actively hold and deplayed by the judicial offices of Lop Angeles, and therefore by “he brights and the bes” graduates of both the professional and non-professional schools of the university system ofthe United Stats? By hove wham we ourselves would Ihave educated? ow id they come to conceive of what means to be both human and North Amerian inthe kinds of terms (le. to be White, of Eurosmerieen Culture and descent, aiddle-caee, cllege-educated and suburban) within whose logic the jbless and wevlly school dzop-out/push-out category of young Black males can be persed, and therefore Behaed tar only 2s the Lack ofthe hata, the Conceal Ober to being North American? The same way, at Zygmunt Bauman has been pointed out, that all Germans of Jewish descent were made into and behaved towards asthe Conceptual Other sto German identity in its hen PansAryan and Nex form Bauman 1983 1, a8 Ralph Bison alerted us fo in hs The IyosBle Man, we see each ‘other only through the “inner eyes” with which we look with our physical ye apn reality, he question we mst confon inthe wake ofthe Rody King Event becomes; What is our responsibility fr the making of those ‘inner eyes?” Ones in which Bumanness aad Norih Awerlanncss ere iways already defined, not only in optimally White terms, but also in ‘optimally midale-dass (e, both Sim Valley, and secondarily Cosby-Hunteble 1. family), variants of these terms? What have we ha to do, and stil have to do, wit the puting in place ofthe clasiying logic of hat shared mode of “subctive understanding” (Jie Carbonell 1967] in whose “inner eyes” young Black males, can be perceived as being justly, shut out from what Elon Fein cll the “universe of moral sbligaton” that bonds the inaress of ‘the Simi Valley jurors a8 Whites and non-Backs (one Asian, one Higpani), to the interests of the White policemen and the Los Angele juaical offices holders who ate our graduates? ln er book on the 1915 genoide ofthe Armenians by the Turkih pan ational, and on the Jews by the Pan-Aryan raat in the 193021940, Elen Fela pois out that in both cae there was commen caus factor ‘This factor was that over the millennium which preceded their group ‘snalaton, "Bath Jews and Armenians had been decreed by the dominant iroup that was to porgeae fn the ernst be ouleie We sect ere ‘ef aligalon- that idle of people with reciprocal aligaions to protet each ‘other whose bonds arose frm thelr relation to #dely ora sacred source of suthosty" [Helen Fen, 1973], Ih both eases, although the genocdes were Info in the secular name of «now secre “ntlonl” identi, based, inthe case ofthe Turks on the discourse of a Histrical PanTurlansm and, inthe “ ‘ase of the Germus-Aryans, that ofthe sanctity ofa "pus" racial stock, both groups had been defined "uithin recent memory siminly to paras outside the sot scaler. * Te was this discursive caeification that fd enabled them tbe misrocogizad sale, as strangers who ware ait were, of diferent species, strangers, "not becuse they were aliens but ‘because the dominant group was allenated from them by a traditional antipathy. Pein, 1979), "This the same case, of cours, with the NAB acronym. For the sci effets to which this acronym, ane its placing outside the "sanctified universe ‘of obligation” ofthe category of young Black males to which it refers, leads, hilt not overtly genocidal, are clearly having genocidal effects with the Incereration and elimination of young Black males by ostensibly normal, and everyday means, Statistics with respect to this empl fac have been cited ever end aver again. Andrew Hacker's recent book documents the syste White/Black liferentil with respect f hfeopportanity on which our pzesont North ‘American order is based. Nevertheless, this diferentia is replicated, and transracalys, between, on the one hand the clases (upper middle, mide, lower middle and working, whether capital owners or Jobholdes), who are therefore classified within the “universe of obligation” integrating of our present woe system and iy nation-state sub-anits, and on the other hand, ‘he category of the non-owning jobless young ofthe ianer ete; primarily Black with Latino, and increasingly als, White atsimilated to is underclass category. In the wake of the Civil Rights movements, and of the Affirmative ‘Action programs wich incorporated now new Black middle ase ino the "American Dream” the jobless category has boan made to bear the weigh of 6‘he Deviant satu that, before the Sates had been enpose on all Ameen of Aliens and Alrosmized descent, by the natlonsate order of the US, as on Imperative condition of is on systemic unclolag, indeed, it may be that it is this category ofthe jobless young Black males who have been made (o pay the "sacical conte (n the tems of Rend Girne The Scapegoat, 1986) for the relatively improved conditions since the 1960% that have fmpelled many Black Americans out of the ghettos and into the suburbs; that made possible therefore the universal acclamation for the Cosby- Huxtable TV family who proved that come Black Americans could aspite to, snd even be, drawn inside the "eancfedeatagry” of Ameticans just lie m ‘foil secondary o, tend women” and the other “iinorte,” ‘The price pald by the jobless Dlack male category for this yociat transformation ie inescapably clest, With respect to the judi spparatue ftvelf, statistics show that whilst Black men constitute 6% of the U.S. population, they have come fo make up 47% of the prison population ‘Whilst nthe ene prison population, in the wake of the mandatory sentences for dg offenses imposed by (argely White and middle cas) Drug War officials, both Azo‘Slack young males and Tatino-Brovn one, ee fo be ound out of al proportion to thee umber nthe socety. The May 7, 1952 [Naw York Tines editorial which gives thse statistic, also point out that it zoe $25,000 «yearn agp & Hd in rion which is more than the Job Cosps cor college” Hower, for soley at large to choose the llter option in place of the former would mean that the “ks in question could no longer be "perceived in NI, terms es they are now perceived by al nor could they continue fo be induced to so pervethmclcs within these same terms, they now do, fateeldaly turning upon themteles, ling each other off gang wars or by other violent methods 6 Whore docs this “iner eye" which leeds the society to choose the former option in dealing with the North American vaslant ofthe jobless category of the post industrial New Poor (Bauman, 1987), the category to which at the global level, Frantz Funan has given the mame fs dannds, the condemned (Fann, 1963] come fom? Why is this Yeye" so intricately bound ‘up with that code, so determinant of our ealletive behavious, fo which we Ihave given the name, race? “It seams" a socology professor, Chlstopher Jenks, polnts out In the woke ofthe LA. “that were slwape uring to reduce sace to something ese, ‘Yet out there on the steels cace does not seduce 10 [Chronicle of Higher Education, May 12,1992] Ihave come to believe, after straggling with thls esue fom the “lay” perspective of Black Studs (whlch wat self ble to enter academia only in the wake of the Civil Rights ovement, the Waits usben sot, and the profess which erupted ater the stsamsination of Martin Lather King), ot only that "aca" cannot be reduced san Seve, to anything le, but shat it swe in academia who alone hold the ey to "ace and therefore to the daslientory logic of he acronym, NIL My major proposal dat both the inue of “ace” and ite asedestory logic (a, in David Duke's bolle that “the Negro ls an evolutionarily lower level than the Ceucssan’) les io the founding premise, on which our present order of knowledge or episteme [Foucault 1973} and ite rigorously elaborated dacpinazy paradigms ae bated TAKING THE MAP FOR THE TERRITORY: THE FALLACY OF 'SUPRACULTURALISM What 1s this premise? Michel Foucault traces the processes Dy Which our present major dieplines came to be putin place atthe end of the eighteenth century by European thinkers, 1 a central representation by ”means of which the human would come to persive and know Holt ait tere a purely natual organism in complete continuty with organic life, For fn the terms specific to the Moca” caltare [Geert 1983] of Western Burope, and therefore to its founding JudaeoChrstion Nerative of human ‘emancipation [Criaue, 195, Lyotard, 1985] the human had been cepeesented 5 dinly crt being In the terms of the Bibleal Genes account of ‘origins the new conception ofthe human, that would be based dusing the lnotenth cantury on the new Necrative of Bvolation, would be that of en culusonarily selected Beng. In this conception the human wae held to pre= ext the “eal culture,” including ours, by means of which slone husnen "oes of Me” can come to exis [D.T. Camptell 1962; Lisberman, 1692, 8 the Iybidly blologleal (bos) ane narrative-discusive (logs) level of exstence ‘hat they ace [Wyater, 1991]. That fe, as they ate outside the mode of subjective understanding or “Inner eyes constitted by the "pisseriptive categories of the ‘native cultural model” (Legesse, 1973] which 6 Uselt rigorously elaborated by the present disciplinary paradigms ofthe Humanites snd the Socal Sciences, ‘The Eritrean amtheopologit Asmarom Legeese points out that our present organization of knowledge is premised on what he terms the tecinoeltral fallacy. This alley, he sets, lo nth ur ofp an he ie icp a wal © Steguan he pryste pes ot iment rd te tnentons ‘Sere in cate ca ngage pie cso {G Gam te nmr pin pros tka ey sel ‘soda nd econ ict con en ages A 1 is this fallacy which undedics the promise of the dicipline of ‘economies, asthe presen master diacpline inthe pace of theology), tat our human behaviours are motvated primarily by the imperative commen to all conga specie of scaring the matesal bass of thelr exitence rather than by Imperative of securing the overall condone of existence, (cutural religious, representational and through their mediation, material), of each local culture's represented conception of the Self (Wittgenstein’s “form of life). tn this content, history fall into the trap of taking {ts narration of what happened in the past, « naration clesly oriented by our present culture specific conception ofthe human, a if nded it were what actually happened, shen seen fom a taneclturl perspective. The recent controversy over the Califomia echool textbook, America Will Be, which imagines the United States as “nation of immigranis’ provides an iastrutive example of the Iristorical paradigm’ conflation of narrative history with "history as what ‘happened [Waswo, 1985. ‘The clasafcstory logic of the acronymn NUL, (as well as the belief system of « David Duke for whom wihlat the "Coucaslan” incarnates the ostensibly mast highly evelved and selected mode of oeml” human being, the “lower nos-White races” and most skimatly the "Negro, Incarnate the most atavistic non-avolved Lack of the human), derluee therfore fom & sacond fallacy related to the above; one which undesies our present liscipnary peadigms, and thei hegemonic mode af economic ratlonality "This eacond fallacy, that of supracuitualis, mistakes our present “local calture’s representation ofthe-humancas-a-natural organism as fit were the bumanvinvitself, mistakes the rpreseniton for the reality, the map for the tensity. For wills the human species is bio-volutonally programmed to Be ‘naman on the bass ofthe unigue nature of ts eapacty fr speech [Leberman, 1991 it reali isla man only by coming zegulst its Behaviours, noJonge primarily, by the genetic programs spedfc to te genome, but by meen td conceptions of tof and thenefore by the culture ‘pete dscursoe programs, which these conceptions give tte, As inthe «ase of our present scholarly elaboration ofthe natural organism idea ofthe Jhaman, and of its representation ag a “form of Is” regulated in its of ts naratively init behaviours by the same imperatives of material food production and of procreation that also regulate the lve of purely ongenieapeces, Rather than, 1 propose hore by the naersvely inatitted gosl-trees (Carbonell, 1987} or Purpecsspedfc to each "loa culture” inching our own, is only within the tems of our present Jacl cultame, in which the calor foudal-Cristion religious ethic and ite gol of Sphitusl Redemption and Bernal Salvation has boen Invested and replaced by the gosl of Materia Redemption and, therefore, by the transcendental impertive of securing the of the now biologized body of the Nation and of rational seca) thatthe human cans all be conceived of as if t were a sconomie well b rode of being which ects in a relation of pure contnty withthe that of ‘unas life. While it sony within thee terms, that the NJ. aconyen and its claeiicntory logic is be understood ae part of the genetic tate ongunzing principle of which the phenomencn that wwe have come t know as "race, i the exprossion, The feudal-Christian order of Europe had ‘conceived of the eaet (ble bed and descent) organizing principle of its order as being divinely ordained (thoceatse paradigm). Equally i i only on the basis of our prosent conception of « genetic statue organizing principle, based on evolutionarily preselected dagrens of biological value as jconlzed In ‘the White/Black invariant differen that our prevent world sytem and its nation-state sub-units, can be Norachialyalloated on the asia of each ctogosys estrsble pre-election for higher and lower degrees of genetic = worth (blocentle paredigm). One ostensibly "verfind by the individual or category's place onthe social Inder “The problem ofthe twentieth century" W. EB, Da Bole prdicid in 1908, would be the problem of the Color Line, This line is made fixed and invariant by the intcutionally determined differential Between Wiles (as the bearers ofthe ostensby highest depres of eugele deze), and Blak (as ‘he bearers ofthe ostensibly lowest depres ofthe Ick of ths ascent) by its highest degees of ie nigger dyrgenicty ae the exteme form of th “native within the lgie ofthe "Man'/non-White Native code deciphered by Fanon sand Sarr [Panon and Sate, 1963) ‘Consequently the White/Black invariant Absolute serves to provide the status ongeniing prineple tat the Caribbean Nistor Hla Govela identified as being based on the euperiory/infrority ranking rule according to which all other nom-White groups as intemmediate categories” place themeeves, and are assessed on thet relative “worth seeording to theit nearness to the on and stance from the other, At the sume dime, ast lso ‘cnables the middle classes to incitutionally legitimate their own ostensible valegiclly selected genetic superiority, asa group category over the non~ mile clases; oat of allover the undersiags of Soeth Central Los Angeles and its global exenlons FROM "NOBLE TO “EUGENIC" DESCENT, "CASTE" TO "RACE," ‘WHITEIBLACK TO OWNERS, JOBHOLDERSINON-OWNING JOBHOLDERS DIFFERENTIAL afore the Civil Rights Movement of the Sites, the institationally secured White/Black segregation served to absolutize, asthe icon of an ostensibly preselected genetic vale differential between aman harditary ‘variations, the representation of eugene descent on whose basis the global amiddle classes leptimate ther ontological hagemnani sail status. Inthe same way a8 in tho earlier feudsl order of Burope the Noble/Peasant Invariant status diferent had recursively served to wey the “tut ofthe divinely ordered hegemony of the sistocracy based on its Noble line of escent; one which legitimate shale este dominance, ‘This eles teuth had only been brought to an end by the intellect revotion of humanism of fourteenth and fifteenth century Europe, when the lay humanists had challenged and displacod the absolustm of the theological categories of the ‘then mainstream Scholastic onder of knowledge, pried over by the Clepy ‘categories, whose primary function was to “verify” the ostensibly divinely fondained status princpls of the order, and its code of “Cate.” Equally the code of "Rate can only be brought to an end withthe Bringing to an end of ‘he “our present move of truth” together withthe Absolut of te eezoame cetegorie, Both W. EB. Du Bois and Hise Govela have emphasized the way in ‘hich the code of "Race" oF the Color Line, functions to systemically pre- stebution ofthe collectively produced determine the sharply segs lal resources; and, threor, th corelatin ofthe racial sanking ral with ‘he Rich/Poor rule. Goveis pointed out that all American socitis are tntegrted on the basis of a contra cultural belle in which all share. This Dele that of the geneticrscal infinity of Black people to all others functions to enable our social hierarchies, including those of rch and poor determined dzely by the economic system, to be persed at having bean as pre-determined by “that gent cap game called fab have als ostensibly ‘ben the invariant hierechy between White and Black, Consequently in the CCarbheen and Latin America, within the terms of this socio-symbolie ‘neu, tbe "ich was leo to be "White tobe poor ws lb to be “Back s hese the sogrogation syst ofthe United Stats’ variant had made {he White/Black invariant into the absolute and peimary invariant, with the (Civil Rights struggle and the rise of the Post-Induselal consumer-diven ‘economy, the primary focus has sifted to variant ofthe old diferent. “This diferent one betwen the subutban catagory of he owners ajo ‘holders on the one hand (of all aces Including the Cosby-ttustable and A Diferent World Blick Amerians), and the Black non-owners and nom Jobalders onthe other. Consequenly since the Satie this new variant of the eugenie/dyegenic status expanlaing pnp has been expressed primarily by the growing life sile differential between the suburban middle classes (oho are metonymicelly White), and the inner city category ofthe Post- Idustial Jobless (who ase matonymically young Back males). Where the category of the ovmers/obholders ar, of whatever race, assimilated to the category of “Whites” the opposed category ofthe nan-owners, and the none fobholdece are asinlated 4 the category ofthe "young Back males." “The analogy I want sake here le ths. That if the ostensibly divinely ordained cost ospinizing prinlple of the Europe's feudal-Chistisn was fundamentally scured by the Absolutim of its Scholastic order of knowledge, (inciing its peeColumbus geography ofthe earth and its pre- Copernicus Christian Ptolemale astronomy), the ostensibly evolutionarily determined genetic organizing psncple of our Liberal Humanist own, as expressed in the empirical hierarchies of race and class (logether withthe kind of gender role allocation between men and woren nesded to ap these syslemle Merch in plac) io a furdamentlly secured by our present Aisciplines of the Hamawitie and Social Sclenes. Given that once the pphyscal and the biological siences had, after long struggles freed human knowledge of the physical and biological levels of reality, from having £9 5%rif, a8 they ill did in dhe feadsl-Buropean and all other pre-Sixeenth century human cultures, the "truth" or mode of subjective nderstndingfoner eyes on whone bats the role allocation system ofeach order can aloe be percelved as having ben exteumanly determined, and therefore as Js oly the “rata” wth reset to our ledge of he sce rity of which wear subject (and therfore always alba sujetel and socialize agents/bservers), could ow te deployed to verify the eseasible ‘vteshuman, because bo-evoltionsry determined nature of our present statusorgarzing principle bad on the code of "Race" As the Libel snalogue therefore of he eel cade of Caio® My proposal hee therefore le that it i only on the bas of the Clssitctory loge of our present Humanities and Soll Scones, and te related mode of subjective understanding o “irr eyes" generated fom the representation ofthe hua as an eoltionaly sled organism and ‘ho cin therfore be mor ore uma, even totaly lnckng in humanness ss he aot of the NHL) that we can be induced fo se al hse outa our prevent “bancifed universe of clgnton,” whether as rca or a obese Other, a having ben laced inthe nleiorzd stat eb ou ele speci intiins! machovone but sate by the extarhuman ordering of bcvoltonry Natural Secon Tat our global and nationale soo categorie of our now global carl eperoloiat model, but ofthe, im ihe lo instance, evolutonrily preselected depress of eugenic “worth ‘eevee man group a We level of reels lon, da icy sera, dw ‘THE NEW QUESTION, FROM WOODSON TO WIESEL TO ORR: WHAT IS ‘WRONG WITH OUR EDUCATION? “Thy conta intutonal mechanlsus whlch integrate and regulate our resent world eystem, I propose hare are the prescriptive categories of out present onder of knowledge, as disseminated in our present glbal univers system and le const textbook indutey. How and why is tls co? Paul ‘Res hae basa himsel onthe thesis of Ciford Gearts tha "eology i 0 function of fuuman cultusal systems” to propose that the syatens of knowledge by which human orders low themselves, must serve to provide ‘8 “generalized horizon of understanding” able to Induce the collective ‘behaviours of each onlersaubjocs, Since these ae We behaviows by means of which each order ie integrated and made slably epliable as such an ener, onder without auch horizons of undentanding or “inner eye" no hue ould est [Rlerur, 1979 TLegesse farther cuggeste thet all mainstream scholas necessully fiction a the granmarians of cur oder that a "men and women” who are wellvereed inthe “techniques of ordering a slat body of facts within 2 feamework that ls completely consistent withthe system of velues, the weltenscheuung and, above all, the cognitive mode” ofthe society to which they belong (Ricaur, 3879: Leger, 1873], Tis only by the tained skit “whlch we bring tothe ordering of such Ft, that itllacsal a « extegory, xe able to ensure the existence ofeach order's concepts framework, which we rework and elaborate in odes to provide te inner eyes! by whowe mode of wubjective understanding, each order's subjects regulate thelr behaviouns Terbothenormousgeodemdeu ‘Se what are we fo do asthe grammarias by means of whose rigorous elaboration of the “prescriptive categories" of our present epistemological 55order, end therefore of our “local culture (Geers, 2969} “inner eyes" the collective behaviours which bring the present nation-state onder of the United Slats into being as such a epecfc onder of salty ae oriented, now that we are conftonted with the price paid for the petting in place of this order of really, as in the cose of the Rodney King Beating/jury acquittal /South Central Los Angelet uprising Event? What are we, specially as Blckinllectuals todo? For we as Black intellectuals owe our gronp presence Inthe university system (rather than as preSintes, where our exesponality asthe token Black scholar verllad the rule which excluded our ostensibly LQ lacking ‘population group), o the call ors new infllactual onder of knowledge that ‘vas erignally made in the wake ofthe Civil Rights movement, This cll that ‘nad been reinforced and made powerful, than too by the bursingctice of ‘Witt, of ther ghatoes, aswell asthe uprisings after Matin Lather King Jes sssassination of the "captive population,” who, as James Baldwin wrote, nomnally have no means of enloreing thie will upon the city or State, Given ‘his stunton, ar we then to recycle the same ol petes? Shall we continue ‘peti for the Batustne in which, as David Bredley rote in 1982, we have ‘een tapped? Bradley had first pointed to the systemic nae of the cusricuum ‘cluslon imposed on all Black Americans as the function of the United ‘States continuing to conceive of itself as a White and Buroamerican “Nation of Immigrants” He hi then argued that in the wake ofthe Sites and Seventies social movements, Back American ineletunls had been trapped by thle refusal to confront » centre question. This question was that of the systemic nature of the rules which governed their exclusion from the smalnaticam conception of the United States, and which erased their 36 conbality tothe existential ealy of North Americ. Bradley wrote: ‘Arar of le we ot couse ck al ky ad penal ac rae back made sds bck cl see ting sil ou ee ge pure wy a abe op + mud bark Anda ere eas dw mp ‘Eiperomot tom eong sce of tesing exsg eee ny oti gs neh sivernng cane in ‘Ames’ Heat spy ‘Ret Hata, Comin, ames Winton emingay Bog sed Spit eco Ceo tran Reber Wg snd fl Baan The issue here was that of deconstructing the curscuhum mechanisms ‘which expelled the Black Conceptusl Other outside the “universe of obligation, thet therefore of redefining White Americ, ae simply Ameri ‘The lsu therfore of ¢ cucculum freed fom the coding of race, on which it {s at present insted, and one that would ave necetrily led to the asking of cone question - that ofthe valiiy of our presen order of knowledge Atal ‘This question had been sas bythe Black American educator Cater G. Woodson as carly as 1983 in his book The Miseuaton ofthe Negro and has been reasked in somewhat diferent but stil elated terms by Bie Wiesel, & survivor of the Nazl Holocaust as wel as by David Or, an environmentalist educator, Woodson had asked chen, what was wrong with our present system of education? One whose scholarly curiculm not only served to strongly demotivate Back students, and to lead to thls dropping out, but Which also socialized White students to be the Iynehers (and policemen- beaters) of Black Amereans whan they became adult, Woodson then weed his analysis ofthe 1938 school curses, to argue that the demotivated and Inferior intllectual performance of Back students, a8 category, should be sought in the same source from which the deep-seated ant-Black phobi shared in by White students (ae well as by the students of all other aIermadiate non-White groups) wat alto genertted. Those effects, he propose, shoul be sought for, neler fn the 10, deiceny of Black a¢ an ‘ostensibly evolutionarily etarded population group [CD Drlngton, 1979, ‘notin the "innately racist to be seen as peychosrdal responses that were regulary induced by the systemic nature of the cogalive distortions with sespect to the North ‘American, as well as tothe human pest and present, that were everywhere reset in the 1859 curricula textbooks, ‘These distortions he wonton served an exte-cogitve faction. This function was that of inducing the White students to believe that thelr ‘sncestors had done everthing woeth doing in both the pst and atthe same time, to induce the Black students to believe that thelr ancestors had done rothlag worth doing, whether the clues to this extracognitive function was that a non-Whites were not ‘quay stigmatized. Whilst the past of al other groupe was stigmatized, they vere nevertheless left with certain sheds of human dignity, This was not so inthe human or inthe American past, One of with respect to the 1999 currieulum’s misrepresentation of the Afto= ‘American past and as well a is prosent Woodson’ "epistemological bresk a this juncture wes to see that the function of these White/Black misreprsenttions was that of diferetaly ‘motivating the respective categorte of White and Black, in order to erate ‘he stable replication ofthe Hrsrin!relition of deminance/ subordination between the two social categories asthe empirical embodiment of the socio: symbolic analogy from which the gant status-organizing principle, about ‘hich our present global nations onde insite itself as an eutopootic of ssltorganizing ving aystem [Maturana and Varela, 1960}, can alone be generated. It was thorefore the cole ofthese systemic cognitive distortions to 58 psyche ofthe White ynehers, Jatend both were provide the mode of "ruth" able to induce the White students (a5 the Potential entrees of their tome group differential status vis-tvis the Black category, whether as adult Iyncher, policemanbeater or Simi Valley juror), to perceive it as thls "ust" and legitimate duty to keen the onder's (Conceptual Other in its systemic place "Why not" Woodson asked “expllt, "There would be," he farther pointed out, the classroom." Why not judicially "iyneh” thote who had been made or exterminate las that everybody i taught to regard as Ineo 30 ynching if didnot stant in perceivable a "no humane involved?” This all the more co inthe cae of the Rodney Kings, who sine the Sites have come to occupy a doled parish status, no longer that of only being Black, but of also belonging to the rapidly scclerating Postindustral category of the por and obese? Ae the catogory Whleh, defined by the sociologist Zygmunt Bauman a that ofthe New Poot, embodies a plight, which like that of he ongolng degradation ofthe planetary environment, is not even posable, nat to conceptul framework of our present onder of knowledge, Which ts of cours, where we come In, and the new form of the question - what is wrong with our education?” Environmental euttor, David Orr pointed out in #1950 commencement addres, thatthe blame for the enviromental destsction ofa plant on which we ae losing “116 square sy resoleable, within the rales of ean forest or an acre a second,” and on which atthe stme time we send up "2, 70 tons of chloofisorocaibon into the atmosphere as well es other behaviours destructive of our ecsysterte Ife support system, should be placed where it belongs. All of thes effets, he ares re the tenuis of ecisions taken not by ignorant and tmlzernad people, Rater, they were and sce dacslons taken by the "best and brightest” products of our present sytem of euctiony of Its highest lovely of learning, of universes ike ours here at 2‘Stanford, Ore then cited in this context a point mde by Elie Wiesel to a ‘Global Forum held In Moscow inthe Winter of 196. "The desgnors and perpetestors of the Holocaust” Wiesel pointed out, "wore the heirs of Kent and Gotthe” Although, "in most respects the Germans were the best educated people on earth, their educatlon did ot serve es an adequete buries to barbasty. What woe wiong with their education ‘THE ISSUE THAT CONFRONTS US:TO MARRY OUR THOUGHT T0 THE PLIGHT OF THE NEW POOR AND THE ENVIRONMENT 1 come now to the final point of my Ietior to you. Jese Jackson made fhe point that the uprising of South Central LA. “was a spontaneous ‘combustion - this ine not of garded material but of dcanded people” As 1s the case with the aleo hitherto dicardable envionment, ie ongoing pollution, and ozone layer depletion, the realy of the throwaway lve, both at the global soclo-human level, ofthe vast mort of peoples wh inhabit ‘he Yula/shanty town” of the globe and thls jobless achipelagoe, ss wel atthe national level, of Baldwin's aptive population” in the uban inner cites, (and on the Indian Reservations of the United States), have not been ‘hitherto easly perolvable within the caasificatory lagi of our “inner eyes” nother word, the two phenomena, thet of the physical an hat ofthe global socioshuman environments, have been idder carte which necessaiy remained invisible to the ‘inner eyes" of the mode of subjective understanding? generated fom our present dlicipine of the Social Slnces ‘and Humanities. And therefore, within the mode of “truth” of epistemological order based upon the representation of the human as fit sere a naturl organism, My propossi here ie that both of these "hidden cots” cannot be normally seen as costs within the terms of the hegemonic economic ‘euageres, and therefore ofthe absolutism ofits related econ ei (a the analogues ofthe theological extegores/Absoltism af th Scholastie order of Jenowedge of foual-Chistian Europe). That Furthermore i is by this thi and its supraoedinate goal of higher and higher “standard of living Ge. the goal of Material Redemption, whereas in the feudal order the behaviour: Covienting goal was that of Spiritual Redemption), which now sets the Knits cof ur culture-speific inner eyes the mls therefore of how we can see, ‘now and behave upon our present global and national order; the limits therefore of our “Truth” That i sete these limita (as the now purely secularizd form of the original Judaco-Chvitan theological etic in its feudal form), as rule-govemadly as that ethic had set Umit,” before the revolution of lay humanism, with respect to how the subjects ofits then ‘order could see, know and behave upon the word. Ta the same way also, a8 before the intellectual revolution which took place ftom the end of the eighteenth century onwards, the policl etic (wlth which the humanists ‘had replaced the theological), had itself st the Units of how the then sociocultural relty of Peelndustial Europe could be seen, known and behaved upon within the terms therefore of whet Foucault defined as the Classical episteme, Keith Tribe points out in his book Land, Labour and Ezonome Discourse (1978) that it was only with Adam Sen's pata, and with David ‘Ricardo’ completed putting in place of new “economic categories” at the beginning of the nineteonth century, that the earlier onder of knowledge Deed on the hegemony of pie! cnepries was fcaliy deplced and that ‘the emergent centrality ofthe processes of ndustal production, over against a{he eater hegemony of agricultural production, was given epistemological, and therefore, optimally behaviour prescriptive stab Black Americans are the only population group of the post1492 ‘Americas who had been legitimately owned, ic. enslaved, over several centurles. helt owned and enslaved status had been systemically perceived ‘within the “ner eyes" and the clssfcatory logic of the eater epsteme, is Tegemonie pala ciogoes and beheviourorinting politcal ig to be ‘legitimate and just, The frequent glave revolts as well as the Abolition Movement ogsther with the Haitian Revolution and the Civil War in the United States, fundamentally broke the mitry power which had sustalned {hat perception. Nevertheles, the daplacement of that earlier “Tru” had ‘been only verified at the lve ofthe cognitive models ofthe society, whan “pce thik like Smith and Riesrdo had been able fo “mary thee hough” to the chute ofthe emergent forces ofthe Industial work! «be, to ‘the cause of ‘fee trade” (aginst "peoletion” fr agricultural producers) and ofthe sctivity of the Industral bourgeose- force that were then blocked in ‘heir emergence, not only by the restive laws, but also, by the behaviour- prescriptive categories ofthe caller episteme in whose logic the "hidden Costs" of protectionist policies for agricultural produce (including products grown by free slave labor, oul not be sen a os “This isthe central point that Bauman makes With respect fo the now slobal catagory of the New Poor. Consequently, the central issue tat ‘confronts us here is whether we too willbe able fo move beyond the «Pitemie Tis of our preset Thaer eyes Im order in Bauman's words © “RAR_our thought” to the emergent port-Industial plights of both the Planetary as wall as the global sociohuman environment, Specifically with ‘the "captive population” and, jobless category of South Central Los Angeles, cs who ean have no peacoful way of imposing their will upon acy and State, whose osdered hierarchies, and everyday behaviouse are legltimated in the last instance by the word view encoded by our presen order of knowledge Zygmunt Bauman points out that the emergence of the catagory ofthe [Now Poor Is due tos sytemie factor. Capit, withthe tse of the global process of technologie] automation, has inressngly fread itself fom its dependence on labor. The organized working clas, in consequence, which ‘had been sen 2 the potetial agent of social tranformation during the phase of capital accumulation, one that had been prima based on production, no Jonge his enough cout to pata eop tothe proces of expanding job erosion, now that ongumption hae depo production as the primary medium of cepital accumulation. During the procuction phase, the category of she jobless Poor oth in the First aswell a nthe sesarve “native” Third woods Ine fanetion. ‘This function had been that of proving an exces supply over demand, in order to put «brake on wage cost inthis new bor ‘consumption phase of eptal accumulation, it has no function, iterate, unskilled and without job experences, asthe more and more low-siled jobs dwindle with the acslertin of aulomated work proces, (be jobless Nev Poor are without the wherevital fo serve as reserve army of consumption. Where they receive welfare checks, (88 in Britain and the United States), as part of an internal "pacification program," the neighborhood shops, (as we have seen in the cae of South Central Los “Angeles, where these shops are owned by new immigrant groups such as Tranien, Talwanese, Korean, Mexican, most of whotn maintain a protected labor market by employing their own “ethnle" Ka, ste Tine, May 18, 1992) serve es the mechanism to siphon what ile weak there i, out of the Ghetos fo therehy lock the New Poor int their letdabe theowsway sas eat the same time as the shop owners (including the Blick owner) stlize the ‘American Dream, represented as socal mobility out ofthe gheton Ae successful "breadwinners" thelr Conecptual Others are thse who make possible ther accelerated enrichment; that is, the members of the captive population” of the ghettos (and ofthe global joblnsarchipolagos) who axe ke the envionment the negative systemic costs, that aze not percevable within the loge of our present “nner eye and behaviourregulating ethic, ‘nd tts mode of hegemonic economic (rather than ecosytemic or human) 1 ls within the "Truth of our present epistemological order, and therefore within the terms of Sts slated “grand narrative of human ‘emanclpaton’ [Lyotard 1989], whose supraozdinte gol or purpose, rather ‘han being sit had bean inthe cas of dhe ear Classical epitome that of the expansion ofthe sate, is now that of securing the material wall being of ‘he biotopled Body of the Nation, and therefore of ts optimal mide case ‘mode ofthe subject, Foucaul’s Man, tat, as Bauman points out, we cannot a5 intellectuals, whether Liberal Posiist or Maraist-Leninst, marry our ‘thought tothe plight ofthe New Poar; cannot marry our thought tothe wel- bolng of the umn, rather than only 40 that of "Mas,* Se. our present mde clas mode ofthe subject (or of soctogeny) [Fanon 169). ‘The poor and the oppressed, Bauman notes, have therefore come 49 Jose all ateactons for the intellactuals. This eatogory, unlike the working class jobholders cannot be seen, within the economic logic of out prevent organization of knowledge, as contributors to the process of production who Ihave been snjustly deprived of the " ‘Moreover, the fact that this New Poor, seduced too, le all of, by the ‘amor of advertisements which urge them to consume, so that frutated in value of their labor power” 6 ‘hele consumption goals, they tuen on one another, mutiste and Kil esch other, or “damage thomselves with alcohol and drug” convinced of their own worthlasnes, or In ble episodes of eruption, “fire the ghettoes, riot, Tooting whatever they can lay their hands on," means that today’s intllectals, whit they fel and express thir pity, efi from proposing rary their thought with tis particular oriety of human enfering. "iagy hana” Beaman wae, "th tn fr nuance, abet ‘How then did they change the course of North American history in ‘wo dayst How did they, the prossibed category of the NHL, Baldwin's “captive population,” Fanos ies dans, come fo not enly impose thei wil ‘upon the city and the sate, but fo also diretly challenge the mode of "Truth" 4m whose loge their plight, lke that ofthe environment, is neither postble ror tesolvable? 1,98 Lepesse suggests, becuse of our role as the grammasians of our coner, ve must ourslves; normally, snd as the condtion of our order's ‘models that we ourselves putin place then how ere we wo be enabled inner eyes) and make the transition from one Foucauldian episteme, from one founding and behaviourregulating narrative, t another? In other ‘Words, aw can we mary our thought so that we an now Powe The questions. ‘whose answers can resolve the plight ofthe Jobless archipelagoes, the ELL ‘categories, and the environment?‘The answer to both will necessarily call for wt to move beyond the ‘Absolutiam of owt present economic categories, as in the fourteenth to the fifteenth centuries the lay humanists of Europe moved beyond that of the ‘hectgie! categories of Schoasticism; and the ninetenth century Classical economists moved beyond thet of the pole categories of the earier eplstemologicl order. Fos Legesse defines his explanatory Key inthe new terms of culture-eystemic ealgeres which move outside the logic of our present mode of subjective understanding, bused on the concept of the human as a purely natural organiem which can pre-exist the culturally inatitated and “sanctified universe of obligation” by means of which we are alone “socialized” as inter altstialy bonded mace of symiole “hin and therefore as specific modes of the sociogene wubject (Fanon, 1964] and of sytem socility [Campbell 1962 "Legesse suggests that the cognitive escape hatch aways tobe found in the catigory of the Nia This Ye the category whowe rule governed ‘nation, autos PFIciple of difference froin which both the optimal citron of being and the Nake* mode of sulaity or of unantniy (Grae, 1986, on which each order can alone inatiute self a6 living system, are dynamically generated. Whether that of the “fllen” lay humanists of medieval Europe, who were negatively represented as being ‘enslaved to (Osginal Sin” une the eabate Clergy who were as such the guardians of ‘he mainstream system of Scholastic knowledge, ot, in the case ofthe peoples of African and Afconived descent a¢ the category of the Human Other, ‘represented at enslaved to ts dysslacted evolutionary origins and whose pPhysiognomlc distance from “normal” being, provides the genetic principle of digerence and snlvty which bonds all Waites, and increasingly non Diack, non-Whites at the level of race, nd of ll middle cass subjects a the «© level ss. Most erally ofcourse, since the Satie the lininal eategory of es dads, Le. the NUELL category of South Centeal Lot Angeles whose doubled pavih status as Poot/Jobles and Black, has come to serve s central systemic function forthe now Postindustral nation-state order ofthe United State. Because the negative prosciption of the lininal entegor, isthe very condition of each human orders functioning ss an organizational and cognitively closed slfreguating or autopotie gystem [Matursna and Varela, 1980}, the premise of thi cntegory's proscription is cents to the ground” from which the "times of uth" of each epistemological order and its Aisciplinry paradigms ae rule goveenedly generated. The iminal ategory’s empirical excusion ke that of the exclusion of the inner city gheto of South Contra Los Angels, i Mergre a cnn of exc order's “truth.” tis only when such 2 category moves out of it negated place, therefore, thatthe gramumarins of an order (a in the case where the lay ‘humanist intelligentsia refused their liminal role in the Scholastic aystem of knowledge), can be fred from thle system-maintaning ‘structural modele’ and proscriptve categories, For itis prcily,Lagete argues, ou ofthe fi of dynam intercon between “the generalized horizon of understanding” or “inner eye pt place by the prescriptive categories ofall caltur-pecie orders of knowledge, snd the empiiel ontheground process to which the cllctive behaviours ofeach orders subjocts,aserented by these prescriptive categories, give ise, ‘hat there emerges the Liminal category which, in ie thrust towards ‘emsneipation fom ite systemic ole cin serve to “remind ws tht we need not forever remain prisoners of our prescriptions.” Since by its very movement ‘out ofits prose place, as inthe upasing that flowed on the Simi Valley ojuror! ecquital of the polloemen "Nigger‘breskers’ ~ such a eategory generates conscious change in all eubject, by exposing all the injustices ‘herent iy structive; and again, lke the NH category of South Central Los ‘Angeles, in two days of rage, “by creating a real contradiction between Structure and antstructure, socal order and man-made anarchy.” ‘pistemelogial arders and new modes of knowing ‘THE SPEECH OF THE STREET? OR THE SPEECH OF A SCIENTIFIC HUMANISM? ‘TOWARDS THE REWRITING OF KNOWLEDGE In 41984 esay, Ihe proposed thatthe tsk of Back Sdies, together ‘with those ofall te other New Shies that had alo entered adem in the wake ofthe Sides uprisings, ehould be that of resting knowledge, Thad proposed then tht we should atfempt fo do so inthe terms ofthe Chilean Diologists Maturana and Varel’s now Insights into the cules which govern (he ways in which humans can and do know the sci relity of which they a aways alveady solalze subjects rant Fanon, 1963], Thad then cited Sit Safford Beers argument (who wrote the introduction ‘hele book) to this etfoct. Boer, os I wrote then had argued that “contemporary schoaeship i trapped in ts present ongaieation of knowledge In which enyone "who can lay lam o knowlege about sme categrizd bi of the wood, however tiny, or fe” Avs ‘while papers increase exponentially, and knowledge grows by ‘Which Is renter Shan enjone ele’ knowledge of that i esult, Anfinitesimals, our understanding of the wotld actually recedes." CConsequenty, “because our world is an interacting eystam in. dynamic change, our system of scholarship rooted in ts own sanctified categories, i in a lage part, unavaling to the needs of mankind” I, Bese concluded, “we as to understand a newer and sil evolving world if we are to educste people to live in that world f we ae to abandon catogoris and institutions that belong to a vanished world as it ie well nigh desperate that we should. then nowledge must be rewritten” My proposal did not got very far then. After Los Angels, however, both the times and the station have changed. Hence my open eter to you, ‘i Clale Drake, one of the founders ofthe Afo-Areticn Studles Progeam at Stanford, always pointed out to students that there were "toot tasks" and fnteliectual tasks. To extrapolate from Drake, there i street speach and Anteloctual speech. I 8 ot mrt sy thatthe recent Los Angels example ofthe soot asks and street speech of "eptive population” imposing ts will ‘upon the city and the Sate bythe only means i had avallsbl, took place in the abence ofthat new Post Industrial and post ation tate speech or order of knowledge which It was the collective tak ofall the New "ay" Studs to have effected in the wake ofthe Sates; In the wake of those frst urban ‘uprisings therefore which challenged the "Truth" of our preset episteme, ‘The eruption of the N.HLL/ioinal category in South Cental Los Angeles has again opened horizon from which to epeashend the spesch of & new frontier of knowledge able to move us toward new, corzelated human specie, and eco-eystemle, ethic, Such x new horizon I propose il lo find ‘self convergent with other horizons being opened up, at learning - a for example in the cate of the nee sciences of complet related to the see ofthe computer as Heine Pagels points out in his 1988 book The Dyas of Reason, It thi convergence thet will make lt possble for us to lundesstand the sules governing our human modes of perception and the beavis to which they Jes as inthe case ofthe mracgnon of humor ship expressed in the NCL acronym, in the Heating, and the verde as o‘olla inthe sytem condemnation ofall the Redoey Kings and of the Lem derma eto mie ore ee | Laren Pian ror miiae eon t mann eieigratee | Fi fl ei 9 non wpe Be ses ans | Fanaa ‘eos wih rope Ge geen dary sma a | virion Purposes that have hitherto govemed us - hitherto otsde of our conscious ‘Swareney and consenncal intetonaliy "Lbeeve agus wile a the nd of hi oak “at he mot dena i {np ol new sncs wi nr gp bees also ‘Reman we Foga we cme to gap fe manager of comply he ‘ch drt of yy tot pong comoame ah cae tt ee ‘edn! ane" barr ete on tote etn Stel sce ‘te humus cone! fer Seine. Pi ve oer a | a u | B ! z : sire i opt ‘The starving fella, (or the joblats inner city NLALL, the global New ‘Poor or ls dani), Fanon pointed out, does not have to init ino the truth. He they are, the Trath. Te we who isttate this "Trwth We must now undo thee nsretvely condemned tts, t iz Lu z| : H t FBIBLIOGRAPHY Baldwin James, The oie of Tags No Sem. New York: Holt Rinehart and Winston, 1985. a andthe Hola hac, NY: Corel Uni ean, Zp. Mode. Tehaca, Unley | ——Lagilatrs ed interpreter: On Moder, Post Moser nd nelecta, ‘htc, NY: Comal! Unversy Pre, 187. conga.“ uti tne eee iis Ct and ea» é bean eb Mn oy ede ne Pe St Ne ae Detgon Bolger Tenant ete | Sa Ree | nae | uo The Sof Bac Fa 190 New Yr New Aric Libary, | 868. cn, Ralph lle Man, New York: Rando House 1952, anon, Fania, Bleck Slit, Whe Masia 1952 Tana Pea ole, meq bla. "New Yor Grove Pret 196 The Wretched oft Eat neocon by Jear-Pal Sate, Tea, Let ‘Dands dele tre New Yorks Grove Pree 1963 | Helen. Acer fr Genie Noa Rana feo Vinton "ee fg este Sew ede be BP | Fev Mil The On Tg A hy he eat Sees, ‘sas Yo tag ose (Coot, ind, Lo Kvwige Feta age it naprtieAntrepley.New tack | (Girard Rend, The Spee, Tran, Bou Ena, Baltimore John Hopkins ‘Univeraty Pres 586, ‘Goul, Stephan Jay. H's Tooth end Hr Tss. New York Norton, 1963, Gove Hn, "Te Sol mower Smeal ie Unity of Be | n | a | Wiest Iden. Mona, Fri. 1972. ily Mare Cnet Opennl: A ntrotion Dag ‘Ideas. Oxtord: Oxford University Press, 1968. Ragen "chy Aden, Two Nato Bland Whe, Sout Hoe ep. New “York: Scribner's, 1992, a Lege, Asmar. GADA: The Appoint of Ain Sly. New ‘York: Free Press, 1973. cd ws ‘berman Philp. Uni Hama: Te an Baio. Cage Mas Hard tnnecers SaEe o ‘gota Jun Fancl. Te Fst Moe Condon, Minceapois: Unies of “Minnesota Press, 1984, 0 " ‘Mataran, Humberto and Francico Varela, Autos and Coit The satin of te ong. Dordt, Holand: D. Rela Ring Co, (Om, David. “A Commencement cess sprinted in In Conte, ae The grnng ell: Eat, mori Gl Chr Nir "aga Hi R The Dra of Rave The Compr ed he Re of te Sei. ‘Conplaiy. New Yor: enon an Scher 1 a ea B ad Seen ces amen ¢ td Sea Ahes OH Ok University Press, 1979, = ‘Tibe Keith. Ln abu an Ramon Reon. London Route an KP ‘Weowo Richard, “The History Th iterate Makes” in New Literary Hisory Wol-18, No.3 (Spring 1s) 54-56 Woodson, Cartes G. The Miducaton of th Negr, 1858. New Yor: A.M. 5, Wynter Sylvia, "The Ceremony Must Be Found: After Humans in 2A Journal of Pst Moder Liertare and Calas Vol. XIL No. 3a XII, No.1” pring/ al 1994) 15-69. "Columbus andthe Poets of he Proper Nos Coteus Tneue ofthe Analsof Scaurip Vol. Na. 2 (Spring 1991) 361.266, aINSTITUTE N.H.1 PROFILE OF FOUNDERS: Jason Ambroise - graduate of Stanford Univer, clas of 1994, with « major |n History. “Ambroise completed s sanie honers hess on the raaleatin oy sutfage inthe erly 190 century, Ambroise received a 199495 Echoing ‘Green Publie Service Fellowship taut withthe development of lata NHL yume Anks - graduate of Stanford Univesity, cs of 1954, with «major in AtrovAmerlean Studies. Anku hat aleo teceived an Echoing Cocen Fellowship to “Black” Mind, “Whte” Lines’ The Msefacerse of Human, ohich began as «senior honors project dealing withthe abermeth of he 199 Sout Central Los Angeles uprising, Demetrius Budell - graduate of Dartmouth Coleg, class of 196%; doctoral «andidate im History, Stanford University. For his doctoral eiactston, Budell is writing a comparative analysis of the endef shnery bs the Boneh Caribbean andthe Soutien United State Jason Glenn - undergraduate, Stanford Univer, class of 1985, majoring in ‘Ato, American Studies. ion has begun work on his senior hone test Which compares aspects of Geran society under the vile of Hilers tad Reich with our contemporary own, Tal James - cndergraduate, Sanford University, cass of 1955, majoring in Anthcopology. James is presently In Boston Conducting reatarch oy his Senior honors thesis on City Yew, a projet that atiempts to aoe the ees Comps exampie to eal withthe urgent sues of the Inne ae “Marshall Jones ~ graduate of Stanford Univer, class of 1952, with a ajor ‘mn Anthropology. Jones completed a senior bonus thesis that sdseseed oo fepresentntons of the Dancing Black Bosy it Western: pilcscrsied scene he ied Pugh uy hep ance preaten in Sendgal, West Afric forte 199298 academie eat, resenly, fe nos he ‘ceatve staf of Stanfont's Commit on Black Performing Ar ‘Carmen Kynerd graduate of Stanford Univesity, clas of 1953, witha major in Feminist Studies. ‘Kynard completed s senior honors thess'on the late of feminist dlacourse vis tis the existential realty of Black wom tn he fnmer cities, Presently, Kynard is teaching nlseh grade Beglah ot oe alternative public high tchoo! in the South Erba, New York, tmpemneting Cultureystemie cusiuhim rstriale 102 eat Peters - undergraduate, Stanford University, clas of 1985, majong in Chemical Brainetng Foy ap tee soe ine sat of Engineering, Physics, Mati a 3 well been active feo fat concer the entemporty rae conronting Aa 108