3 nawled 3.1 Weel (Introduction) sain FA see LL ay Raga (ort aaa Rd) BR sit AA MUEB!a dell awel ical ol Gal. Lat MOURA Rid-Agdauz (electrostatics) 42 8. rage Merril UU RqdOUdA Gol ana oA seat (lsd) sf, eur aR seat Reaoudl, Raeaias (current) Friia & 8. geri gal URRRATaE ann Rgaoud aR 4 8. austen Ove we eu aresiodriel cutee atel yea ae Rgaottde] dent am 8. Rgdoud an ast as da 8, Fu sed as news (transient current) wu 8, dlvaioi ag Rgdoudd ae eur dg ail. Alien wail AA gel HD aad ASA MA, Fai Rqaoudd ast tae ww nats G1 ward ae B, Aazd)d wad eam, Aa, glee WA eueti Gesell B. sag asrendd 2 Re Agar aa Jeans abs Feel aA Reyaase aw aaa aed FA 3, Rawal, Bezd1, AAA aia sou sel, au Guia aed, Rqadid aA dei TRY asl, Aza Rede we Balen Peel 2A avs Rgaast eit Radel Cou Grd adi guicra aoa sj. afl, Regedit emf Moet AB TER LIoMee dee made aed we quel dete RA wr Rd Ande. aur out uaislAgdetea (current electricity) 68 8. 3.2 Rgenars (Electric Current) Raa Foils Radoud RA GA we B. asa AS ausderiel, 1 awed war ad dod (net) Rgaour Q du, di Radoura ewll aut xB, I= 2 (3.2.1) AAS muBenil war act vas als eumuRa savti wad 3, AgacudeD ofl Baur do Rar agen AS wuBenid Aswaai wae acai Agaour wear Rgwras (1) 58 8. St Vela Reaoias (AL Ua yout wh A sari sued B, Rgeorasd st ae ARE (A) coulomb 8, % saulomb sane 3. Geet wllsee (3.2.1)aL ve m=t= 1 second, Q = 1 coulomb aA di, T= 1 ampere. A aussett AS ouUsBeniel digi 1 second ds war adi Recourd wz 1 coulomb dia, di ariel war ae Rgeoias 1 ampere @ a4 sav. sit qdHatdl 412 milliampere (mA = 10°A) 2° microampere (uA = 10°°A) AS*L au &. wis adel Radars wa Retoud Sader IRA AA ave 8, RgdReuwe seh (electrolytes) Ai fet BEL wet ede wR Aya Ravi ofr ld Agaaet a 8. war Alsrsseal CaiuwA)ai Radavt aifiis Dd ddsgin air WA ailfasda da (da Azd avaades oieni SAsgine Ae) ma ag da 8. mug 3.151 caida aussie a 3 1 ampere Haus ad B. uel, aise eds vusderiel 1 second4i I coulomb Radon war av d. Ragaour ofa welt, aissril AS As MBEri As uA Fea Ragaour deen wai ema aa 8, daa wari ded % Ragaoue Ley ougedell sie and B, awa, angst AS war Big wd Rgaous ain wid well 3 eat Gemad well 3 sagt 3.1 Rigaoues eat sta uid tf, Aza 3 Agaoued aaa aad. Aalfks 2, Rawraed Ba tt Radourd aR Rai dari aud 8. aa Rakes Rawrus (conventional current) sat B. Wig atwadi waar Rado Sse AA sed UE ad dard Rqwraed Ren Sasginiaed Bye Rami dud, eas Brwriei Rgwiaty (Rgnour adel 2) aoa aA aeatdl da B, ded 2 Rgaawe eal Ad eu. mua AAD Ar r+ Ar WED ae Ar Fear wWeourd asst AS wer eusderiell war ad Raaourd vai AQ da di, Ar aenwum cefturt atesni add ar Reias, = A rad Rgwias, 1 (ampere) —> Q=I ° ° T= 5942 = @ 8.22) Gewea 1: As anil add Raanae aa WA T=], + or yA Yr Hea B. wi, T= 10 A MA a= 4 AS, al alent AS eusBeriel war 10 sHi UA ad Rqaour ae, Ge: Raw t= 4 =1, + at 2 dq = (ly + ade GA ony aise sea, 0 Jag = J grande & s AsRewtm= 101, + 50% 1, = 10 WA w= 4 HE, q = 10(10) + 50(4) = 300 C 33 Rgmaiwertat (Electric Current Density) aud bared ele aussi aUsBert ol Bigad ve Rgaouet aust ee aut dda al, aude, war Rqoiaisd dot a da del PARP aise susBen oule AS ssa Big WA Rgdourd asad 22 ma 2 Rare 7 wed aa uh oumaua sari aud B. aug 3.2(e)i cain SOU atest P Big MA Rawiaweiat ead Rar we Raced ail Baur da Aa ¥eq Artem Wiad aid mde sei. (a) sy 32 Rigor asin ade A Aa Aven tat ousBeriel ware ad nai AT dw, di ade sats, = AL p= 2 P Big WA narsaict, im AL _ dl T= aa 0 0 = Ga 3.1) Rapiaiwta (HL Ree Rapmas(D-l Ravi da 8. A Rayoias 1, aise A Arslan GA Rel ada dae A usBer da da ad, =i g=4 G32) au, asset AAS war Big WA Harsadal RZ A [ig WA nansell (Baur dor a Tis wusdenidl uae ad Raamats (smaveni wr adi Radourd zi) atwandtd SEs Amr? 8. A, mW BU Me Ue Aa Reward do ou da di, aed guna Ravi vas ‘Aa cos wurini Ad ASA. ugh 3.2 (b) P wa Ba RaLsartal, AL Kacosd sevsga [» 10% m4 au aid 624 zen hom AML B, Sal, RaaouR = 1.6. 10 C. . 3 Cha sm a ewe J = aney 8A, Malsertdl J = nev, Ce ee meee ne © -ni(0.1x10)?x7x10"*x1.6x10 o¥y = 85 x 108 mst A, aL abut cdlaie ga 6A ans vaur we B. Gellert swear Fer argu). = Gs aurmiedl adh nas = 24 2 ne G10 x 7x10 1.610% = 23 x 104 mst Geusaer 5 As cider ar TAMA afl doud 0.1% aaRaMdi aud, dl au maderi adl ula Bee oll, [ad 46 a vB B aX WAL] Chas Ma} cael oud Laer susBed dren AB. aed ade R= pt ipa ee 2 ee R= Oa @ R a= vt 2 dR = 92d! @ wills (2) WA COAL aeline Qa, an $2 R pp g. aR _ y.dl R wir see Bx 100% = 2(4) x 100% = 2 0.1%) = 02 % Ad, den made 0.2% Brew val. » castese: A eel Gouda add Base YPC CUR ted) De, dd Gur yoo Race Ded Gubor sl madrid Basie ovell asia, wer A doudHi add Baer AA dla, dl doudai aca Beer agUe curt Ha ad Bree aS oval sel. 3.6.1 WPA (Mobility) AS va welll ase Ai 2a Dose (ella) Retouraieal (charge cariers)A SRA Gee 8. tug Nevill Mouse Rgrourasd 4B aya Sst, swells ula avpil Gaia oA at awed, RgdRouwe stash (clectrolytes)ai rt aA ma Te A wedi sR Duda Regan asd A da B. awl, Allsrssed (orfauwA)HL Radaet Wis DA Safle ater aA iA AA dent sid ng du 8, Ardsused aA da RA aud aura Gur ao Rat MA. wea ye Bed TDI de ant we WA} ae Rgaoue da a at 8) Rarrawariatti A yi (3.6.4) a (3.5.5)A artaci, nev, = OB Moe seg Ya 328 San Rgtia de Rgsouraissd Regier au UWA Rageous susie ABA (Uy) 8 8. + ABRA p= =F 6.7) WRMAL st as mvs! 8, wllseet (3.6.7) wee, aussdl o = new G68) A Sasgit Ranourass du di, 6, = nen, 3.6.9) ar RadorawA da da di, o, = nen, (3.6.10) Alsrssedai, Sasser aA Da GAA sed wat Bai vars wud dawll, ga asset, o=0,+9, o = nen, + nen, 6.11 3.7 radtasaty ala wade (Temperature Dependence of Resistivity) gal adtser apud He BWR aMdl Rar WA B, yYei-yei al AZ ala sadad Aswur Ad tl. aut anys IRA ou ME URS EU aad AA anput Gadd adie da aureus (empirical) yA a rund asa d. Po = Pa, + a @ ~ OI 7.1) aid, py = 0 aneur sadist vt eoPy = AS aoa derLatwus 6, A aedHsar mA oA wadlescttel diwatt-ayetis $2 B WA dd Bex COP! waa KT B. a wala adn aguai IA yy aul asa : R= Ry +a @- 6)) (3.7.2) AA Zod 3.14i Beals col AR radiasct (p) HA dovut-yalis (a)ai Yel aude B : dma 3s Beals cal a2 madlasa (p) AA arur-gyais (ayai yed (aa nested 42) 0.0041 0.0068 0.0043 0.0045 0.0065 0.0039 0.0009 0.0004 Aallesseat sila (ewe) — 0.0005 Ara — 0.05 Rat 0.07 2.5 x 10° 10" — 10" 10" — 10'6 ~ 104 oiAsReut-mrmu Qa uel A i 2 tug avd w2 a at B, del fagdrdidl aadteaiai amend a aad aed. mua ails asd wz wueri dla awd (< 50 K) i ct } males (py ait wad wid aedily Bailes anit ua an die Bly da B aA yA Gai aida ad wed adrly da B (gla 3.7), aad (F Bae advis 8 AON Peatag 8.) Fat Mo 39 leis veuilad adusad Yor ay DAB, wig dd avon § wed owe spumedi add B. ged aug 3.8, ae fla, 110 4 Hdl (Aisi, Wels A Gua) ave Ravage aedasar F anu ari zada 8. £00300 400-00 8007 ate T(K) aul 38 Rantug x p> T adn susie Gatug at wedusar Gada qa anand | (T= 0K) wa yt Addl All, HR Yo tug madesa Made et AHL att yd Ca B. BL SAS BAR ugell yea asl ase 8. toa 3Hi silt, la, BRA Far AMsssed we cuits a at dF cela G3} ou evil aadesarri 7 aieut a aad ae B (gad aug 3.9). ala? Beans 3.7.1 wadaseiu aeclal saiq aollsee (Classification of materials on the basis of resistivity) dali, Yu, had Alewed) aA aA DH vA weRAL alle RaDi wa B. ays (oucdl) anes gaud sadtvad yer qt 2tald, adsl ait DAB, wad ay sanss gard sadist Yet Aria (B22 } atwse goa) da B, sq au aued Baw 8. fag welll adtsatti Yeh spuRvtd asi 2d 2 10%Omel 10 Ona suariiai da o AR 51a, WR WA ras Far matas veri aadescteti yed euqud sai 10" vai 3 del wer ay da 8, ‘ wa OAL eA Aalsssel aud O, Aad madlasc aut att aul quails 1a a2 d. Alerssedell madescri eylE (impurities)A sRA va Fe wwe B, apt GA AG a HA BE Raat yauwd (Ea. MigBd) A GUL we yaIEA DAB. (UA ae ssa arias 8), wad BABY, wails Ga Raden riatsd A Goun va said alls ad 8. sedpeuarii quad Mad yard & use da 8. vas >(1) ava auGs 224, (Wire Wound Resistors) : Wire wound 424% ‘lou ate (base) We Fela, Aeeered, wudsa Fl Ratugader az lala audi wa 8, sua gale sadist AIL 22g BA VU sree ll, (2) sie4t-2a2\4. (Carbon Resistors ) : st Had dion wus SasAihs wu (Bll APA, WAP, Rae api Gwior aad, sole aM yu seed eq ety se HA adel Baa d. (2s SasAihis wRudai 4 odou seuevti thin film aad) va aww d.) soln made uaa W2, Ye Deided 2B Far ved aad Raver sf AA Gln aout ar coud tausieri einai (mould seavri) Ud B. au cmusizdt A BI art Asie auavii wa B wr aL BL BL AR aiats cea (Reis amar ralBs)4 ouara aousand wa 8, eawei sila wad 1 Odl 100 MO suai Guase 8. glade AB adkida (Colour Code for Carbon Resistors) + seliradl Ye AL 4a ARAM aL ARH doe NEreie dh uae ane aseL B. au eed areal mug 3.1041 ealda made aA asl (colour code) wii al. slanadd add serds (adeBa) (ohm) [7 Bat eee) —Qiiao— “= > ee | | | | | i | J aught 310 sie aradd wPA seeds (aside) aud, nee ward da A mada yerdl celird aiisd mA olla yard go. aiadeu yori Dsved wiisdl ay 5B. yeryer dor MB au aiissioi aclibei (ugh 3.10) eaten 3. A Ala vated $1 cal 8% Gufse aiissotel sell adowd 10" a gzrand B. atdl adkerid yer- yet D2 gas 10" va caleu 8. ade ver da aeadkeu yer wa Race (lolerance) eal B. 1 eAasRewt-mGera ald, Ug 3.1041 calda made ue net vel Mell (yellow) B AA aus wed) vis 4 ®, vuell cased riisd 4 el, 6a ole val viel (violet) Wd B WA AA aiggu vis 7B, del Asi ails 7 wll. ou oi vig Mou sai eu ad 47. GA AMA UL FA (orange) B, F yes 107. cald B, 2 Gael dou 472 107, ged ASA. aut sedi ada Ye ae = 47 x 10° = 47 KO au rade we Bea veri G91 oe B, ¥ eal B % au madeen yer S94 Raat ase B. au, aU rade yeu 47 KO + 5%) B. RavllPial, vA a 1KO + 10% wade ABA adaida Gf a a aug 3.1041 aude alae veel al 3.7.2 yur SS[E2Al (Super Conductivity) Kamerlingh Onnes “tal Ral Sa. 19114i whol sedi wd wrt (Hg aud wae 42 K sai alg apd WA B, ead AD mad sou aor qriad, aS wer 8. de rads YL 43 K ANH URED Mad 0.0840 B HA 3K ANAK a 3 x 10D ] ¥ ant OPC aA yer sedi aneu curd &.) ad we B. au well Ad ea ay 2, “orgs usr armsit ays ABia yeu 2 FA BRsa aut T, 8 B) seai whe saul oud B, ud are made aor ger ad a O. au Bal aden ue yua sessee sd O aA aU aaql gua sued 22 8.” A Ad 2 que ssGRA A ved dssa aazu (state) d. wal ol Higal a Fatigel que seal FAR ure & 8. Si, Se, Ge MA Te Fa Alerss2d yo Ger coud A a aneud ye HRA ead d. Qe sseviil we Ra Rgoas yay ain aa yl yas Wd da d. 2nd sea Ad B } wus awirid Rgwrus wer sei ade MA RgeOrld Gouda agi Rae aS mH B, wah yurssserd wade (aie) yt dart sed Radel udl da asad ddl atl A UReweagl nus yo dion win yl yaad 2 d. vied at aie vel od ont Ravi wel mud ma ad B ad aA Ad cua add 3 (Rad) rit geahatr amt vai Ga wl vd 8. vig As eAsd aA aarvieiy Al B WL a A 3% wel qua seiser ad ad A a2 AA Aen BRea anwurd seal la aA wad We wer Te sai flee a aS ya Had RRa WA vad audgiveidl wae Wow oud sedi dl ade pai ese ali we AL UREA Gee B. aidl a 3 Rail yas Rel Bedls ugaddi BRsa anvier (T.) sre aseuds adevd vaiadt Resi BRsa amit seu Gai da &. (wig aaa await sedi di vai lai da B) % eal B 3 apna asd sedi, Mads Fa maw yr sulERdel maw wWerdell wae al 8, wnt, ye sud A verb Assy aru d. wari we aed agate Hg-Ba-Ca-Cu-O aedord BRsa avout (T) 164 K ad GG aS eS asd B. auat YYr 446229 high temperature superconductors (HTS) 48 8. HTS-t Gwibiai ATA, dl thin fild devices, dio aT Racy aah, yo % cla of (550 km/h) A asc levitating trains (maglev wains) (49a 24) aRA 4A asta. Gene 6 : ARIA Bree aviblewi, ABaH adi ove aur mada 5Q wi awed AI 21H 5.230 8, wud avidilarrd zwei ema Rami wa 8, ar Rar aed wale 5.7950. XB, A dlewed wou avi, vat =Ga: atl, R, = 5Q, Ry = 5:23 WAR, = 5.7950 Ry = Ry, 1 + a @ ~ 6) veel, R, = Ril + a6) (8, = 0) Ry — Ry = Riad aa HI, Rj, — R, = Ryo (100) @ damm 42, R,- R= R, a 0 @ vols (2)A aellsze (1) a cunai, 2. 0 = 345.65 °C Gea 7 24 saddti a, Wa, mqA 6 x 1O4COH! WA -S x 1O4CCT B. WAH gad A aadtsdl py = 2x 104Qm B. at A gale Pawel A Ad cer oeuad dad Fl sadusc- cuit UA cleat tL da el ofl cou MB BAS py Bedl Ae ASA ? aleol-cmmtd 20 PC a, Rael madlasal A A aad wads wal av da aa. Ge s aecaout 20°C auda davll, @ arvur sad xadesi, Py = Px H+ & O ~ 20) a . ee pa MH gk le, (2) = x); % ft ellen gor i, (1) = Pw) % 48, Pina aaadsdt py = (py), + (Py aout ad mead dat (9) = (3) + (B= 09 aoa . (3) _ (2) ns ee Oe) Raut 429) Aa ye BRri wer aid asa 8, dar Aar oi sud) da 48d. Ars Aan Raw A Bard wr sl we d. @ A Cais) Radias Rau et Yael ose AsO maya ad ded ama ad dad a Beak ad wl O ax sar, dad au aud sel B aA a awd aU Ori] Ryd Oofai ice aq da 8. o CrcrcunengGi) Yq A ar ae emf secti Det meu sued WA Aa Aa Asai ead 3 Fell Aa, weyoriidl Rawat dai cra aS React maga a2 ose e) uPraBuri adl ws wBawedA wend via dasais Ye wa Aa PSO, ai Ad mY B, Aart omeyA YR Pb 2A tea We PHO, WAL AA B A AeA H,SO,| ve Geil ae 8. au, Aa sus ad dl az sul sear (Raqeians euyat) dar aS md. aug 3.13 shading sali aad, dic, willcaat @ aueidl Rad-Gel Vir dar auf seat aueidl Gri el ane cue (Aell) ada RAL Avec Gel PRe HA Aart aids ade mi Asad Get Pre yl wd 8. co. Vit = elt + PRE + Pre 8.2) .Vee+IR+n nis Nee .1= 2 383) Gufs whet alfoas eald 8. wdl wade R woos Pia sea we Asari ua 8. Gewsea 9 + 20 Vai As Rar 6 Sol aes MARA Adlai Wa B.A As aids rade 050 2 8. AA 110 V DC. sua a aus sari ua 8. wove FeiPd sea HB Sede ACM 46 OAL wade Asd B, A (1) suferurrie wad war HA Gouge BAA wd wae a. au GA wae asad {ad ? Ga: vese+ir+iR will V=6e+6r+R setsga Ee «ssv=nov 20V r= 0500 = Vx6e _ 10-12 _ 98 BATH GER = Gx050486 = A 1s2A suet Hod wae, 220 W 6Pr + PR Fr + R) 4x (6 x 050 + 46) 4x 3 + 46) 196 W (220 — 196) W aga 24WwW an wae deA(DO)A ah Rami au dB. 39 Gali Ral (Kirchoff’s Rules) waste yeryet Sqr AB aud Raukudai aad, BR2d, desed aA daded a ubua w2A Seolln wh wea Jd wader da B. aa wRwdA wer asl } aia Aswrn Fed iy wd asta ad, curs Aa euar uRudA Azad 42d. Aaah Roane M2 alga Pret aed x ya usdl all, axaaieni Aeadd Bednar sear Mat Jeas Far 8. Balle Gerd 2a Feri dda a Gavi 8. au Gendell al a A Wei URW adi A veel wigdl Awad wad B. aU AB augla 3.14 wal a, sa Ry edat rae wale : Aeadai & Big wa Ae aud © i| DA} awed ver aa) aA Aoi aa da dat Big |} Fst at srealioe 58 8. (AS WABetr wa Beds 1, 102. T Radaude Gol HA dl agate saa a HA wR wil.) Ugle BE < WWW 4 314i A 20 B Big wa aeraat aus @ou Had. ddl A PAB Bega Yar saa tailéee sarL 202, qu: asd oicn oi uRuaA qu sk 8. aught B be F CDABC, AFEBA *%1 CDAFEBC ® atsdll otal 64 aught 314 Azad wRwi 8 a eed qu sean, aR wRuaai aula Feabu yasrerii, aula uRueri eel mend wliel Bl 3, VLR, ald (ull) wad wel aA ae a, Gele-u Rah (Kirchoff’s Rules) : Gale van Rua : Gale wert Fert a Redour arse Ford ouasits eRA Gubel Ad As wud b k mug 3.15Hi eaten wuUAa AT Azakd yout O eu di. waa Azali OA wad cur % euslri caled B. ysat wa ou mad Rg MY Ty Ly vow LB. dell Raurd 7 0 7 aughai deel eaildl 8. wa For wai acid ated susderial mys QW Raqdoud wae ada 1, 1 1, atc Faia & 8. 1 obfasReutmnLs Sf SQsy nade Rael wel ad ava d 3, tweed satll vier wd ya Rqdeur Q, + Q, 8, wad daa y aad dev @ vd ga Rade Q, + Q+ Q 8 2A, Rarourt aaaatt Been ye, [AAV Qt+Qst+Q, 9.1) Sit+tisyeietly + +l) + Cl) + cy =0 39.2) 2 Yan Ua, EL = 0 9.3) airy, “sat Wa Bou una Agamadd Als vad gu du 8.” 2 Bama Balled wer Gee 22 8. add, aad 1, AT, Naud Ht B, wR T, 1, AT, we B, wry, Als ara dat AB Eset aS wae HA UL HA sett GB aa MUTA aA oA UAB. au Rei Rae aia wea aud a, sea 3 de seal aller (3.9.2)mi oi w ued sim Gaad m4 8. Gale) ole Ram : Griese Par 2A Rada Rotated Gadi sli AS oi WRuad sou sl asa 8, Balled ol Fat oud auld Bells 8. ou we 2ugl 3.1641 ealda cin Rua ABCDEA wii a. ad R, Ry Ry Ry Ry MAD Ac, dat €, Rareuesnn (emf)an Rydgini a sik URYa ABCDEA wi 8. aeMAL wade A gained alas sade ago di aeu ae gael het yaw ai Rad Rou ud audi Regaine emf (6) Fed du B. aul, wade Re A Bs adi pd. a wade eH dail aan Ramage gous aR) Fd du 8, aug 316 al, Raz wRuani es Big es aid Agia Asya da d. wd 3, dk uRu A Big Radler weRs dav, 8. a A Bigtedl ag sl axm cia uRua we AS Bs Ru (aad 3 Rrmadai opued sf or Raat vat Bead ida vd dad ARs ara sat OA, ALA Big west audd, ad Ryder Vx Hag AOS, wu aed RgalBihrutl Aayeatd aul else RadBRorvn Ds yeu Gakizaarn GOA x wy Ad. A Big ead Ruri wom audi ade Rail we adi RyalBRarei TR, Fea werd wl 8. vais Ra wes Da ad B dre Ra dav sade Real Rgaiae adie RqdMRran Big Adl ats RydBRrrun Big ae vd DXB. dad wade Rai aA Ad B aze vai Rate LR, Fed wad ae 8. Bed Er eet gael Wt ya are vail RqdMRowedi e, Fad aud aa GR, waded aA Bel C a wai Ayame LR, Fa awa a 8, wa nasdl Ra Cl B are aba 8. Ha C wad Rad B wad RgdRulit sedi ae & wi ddl Bal C wai Rynaleumi LR, Fed aud wa 3 Aw sua ot Heya weyA We vei Rgdrurii o, Fai aad ae 8, R, aadteriel nawRhgd Hi 107at RaBRewed LR wd, Riel val LRM awd A Reel vai LRA aud ave 3. ail atu Aes azaueh ai AWA sl V, Hed Rega Hag ADA, TVA TUR #6 LR = UR + AR, + UR, = Vy - UR, +6, + LR, ~ & — LR, + 1R, + LR, - G94) ait, abot 64 UBM Ot af RqaRUrL dead Aes anal ya da d. CURD 4 UR + CUR) + TR, + LR, = Ce) + 8, G95) (3.9.6) aL lisa eit 83 “AS cia uRuain add WA Aull ada euqlBs Agana yous aia cll ued Ales ara a ciaatal ay war emfu Ales aan oH de 8.” m1 Ba Baled ol Far sd 8. Gallet Fad aaa wi2- dewieuel (Sign convention for applying Kirchoff’s rules) aeilsea 3.9.5) aura 42 dari A yen Ad ade: () A AT waderiel swell usd Rawal wel Rumi da, dR wa ad ada wr A qed Bu vA nad Ra wae Bye dy, dR Ht ad BOR. QB Sedat usted Kau weyard weys ave Ga A ad Ad ome (wrvsll ouys coud aud) mam Qq BOA. wa A Azan ‘owns pus? weyae maya creed da, da dedq emf et ae, RSA. Balen Feel amad ana uiveri Rawal Ru wees Ja (it Wax) ad ase 3d. AAS raw woe Keun wd aa Kau sei Aad vd, dda ered nated yer wer Ha aA a yaad 8 3 aud dla Rau sedi nas Rye Rai ad 3. Gewee 10 : al wna uRuai alla RA add uae aH. R, = 10 Q, R, = 20 Ow R, 30 Q. Bigal 1, 2 WA Sti Rad aqea, OV, V,=6V AAV, =5V 8. Heat Wad RRA ; mo200 wa ata 1S he : Rowe 0 HeaBig 8. Big 1 wd Bahru Bia 2A Z Ud BRA Rai GB. sl Rawadd Ra 3 1h 0, HA OWL 2 aL OWL 3 ces aT — aE. aUglAAi Yosv Ragwnad a dell Baud cai 3, wa 102 wel of sai, V, - IR, - LR, = V. +. 10 ~ 101 ~ 201, = 6 2 10 + 20, = 4 @ ad % da 103 wh of sea 1ol + 30 d- 1) =5 401 — 301, = 5 @ wile (1) 2A @) Bedi T= 024 A, A set O Wa BRAM Vv, dX A, 10 = V, os ARsRewemGewee I; awl aula uRuwi Reed Aa A wa Bw Ryde asiad ald. Ge : wkd Rgoaed Rave call 9. abedea oi um 42 Gale of Fer andi, -W1-%d-1)+4=0 301-201, = edhge UML ¥I2, 200 - 1) #1 = 301, = 0 201 ~ Sol, = -1 alse (1) aA Q) Cacti, 1,=01 AMA T= 02 A 4A Reet A Ba a Riga dead VA 6A hae RayeRARUA asad, 2 AB WAL 2c WA BARU V, BW AW V,B. odh HUA vei, 2 V,-10%02+15V, V,-V,=2-151 wo @ o. WR A da a Rgartd asia = 1 V Gewee 12 : aughrti calaa wWRuaai A mB dee C aA B Bigd 2 Re MRA RadBRuUvd esiaa ded Ghe : eugRai 3 pF A Wa dot Bowl e @at a mua b) mA dB. a % WHAT BPA A BARA sitet Baal kA g Cra h wa J B. aa AQ Gwent uBR amie WRU A pL AA; 3 MPL A WiRedai wiawi 3. 2 Med wiqer WRze = 6 uF Ae 1 pPu A WRedd wiger WRee = 2 pr at AR ARAL ough call B : 30, A,B Iv 200 Toa ke yeh Ay B a a yw —i| 4A uRua wel ial dal 20.0 WA 10 On nada AT wae add al aaell, au aad mi ¥ ua Be al da ofl ase. 20 Ralaai dade 100VeL die b avi h Biged a ad 8. 64, 6 HF WA 2 wPu WR dau A Bai a Aolni Aadai dB waieRage =»ae V+V,=Vv a ue E+ havtad=10 nov Em 1G ayn | -—, og = WE2 = 159 ye 6A ADA Badd RgdBRrurd dead Sed 6 wPU WR wih dex. Vg = 2 = 2 Vqy = BO = 25 AB MAC add dide, Vac = 100 - 25 = 75 V Gelsee 13 AMA RADA R watt 12 aA AMA As wrad orued B. au atu AS as Rusia 2A Bigel a anager sade aX. Ga : wd } dedaid Asad nas 1d. toe y aiid Azadai vil AB, AD HA AA! (iad eA) Aa (symmetrical) dav au ade apiaiel ada nad ait CF Fay va. afl, sted B,D AAA WA eHac au nad A4 amd wit Ad adud. youd CB aA 1D! wa an vad ou am B al Cc’, BIC! wA DIC! aamadad £ Gea aut natd «8, sa ada watd sat Ch au Bou Mat GA Tats WAL AA B, sia URuM AA'D'C'MNLA 42, Gailedi ole Fo L Naty unset, = 3R a) wal 3%, amar Asal AC'ai aif Bigal A AC! a Azabedl wiger a@d4 R' 8. 2ud ad Ad a 2 Ril wa wy dzdl ( emfuel) AMA, d anil 1 Fed wy naw wR ar © aupRai caida uRua veel, A clog = IR! @ wells (1) #A (2) ARuAdi, 1 Sr=kR' giR = IR wo odsReut-ntGee 14; Wud waidal 12 ae ASA ausMai clon mp As weet setaavii aia 8, di aid A MAB Bigh wl wage wade AM Bs aed ade rd. A A B rigs PQ MHA VU sugrdei NeaBigad 8. ha: ougRed ABA edd BUA aryaellA AP 2A UB, AQ *A VB, PW %A RU, QT #A SV, WV 2 QR amd lla 8. mu eds ARM Assi Asad Ragwrus wae adi da B. ewe ai A Pwriell wee ad aw Edy, a RUviaL wae vad vas wa 1 dH, au spud AAR wal ened dai ye-xa anubaiel auhai calou aur Rewiad 4a, mug wel ae d 3, WE wA SR wil Agarus wR wa AR APWVBNMA 6 ou Balled ol Gert aouidi (2s cued mad4 r aietdi) ~ 46) - dr- tr 46) =~ 2 IR=e a Avia wie made re’ da, a Wise 2 alse (1) AA QA aed, rer 3.10 mad] Ach 2A aide ste (Series and Parallel Connections of Resistors) Ds ai ay AADA AS A Bigah a Aeldi, arial 3 a us AD asa 8. wadldai Al w ariee Aserd vou el dea soi sil B, Al al aA ai wRewh dy, maddy delsisa + 4 Big aa Ay seal ay ATTA De WL Ds Sel da oar oud 2 Gal ds eadeodial run ad Raguats (I) aut da A Rgmiaisd ada wB sed Dev wel Gua da, aa aad 2a Big wa deli Mar B a aww, yok aay 3.174 A Bigs A AB aA n aad R,, re Ry Ry on Ryo AaleAsA calle}, B. A an Aeldaed ager wade Rs da Ad, . TORR, Ry Rn R=R, +R, +R, +. 4+R, = DR GIO) ayhi 317 idl] AAW at, Ae Baer aiger ads, Asia Aad Rand Ma ye sai ay dX B. ADs wit mA R wad n MAMA Asli Asari wa, d anger wal, R=R¢ RHR 4 wm Wd = AR 8.102)said wide Boi: A Big aA As wai ay HADDA Ad A Asavi wd 3 el Ramiawr ada wd as seai ay ausil Guasd da a eds aadeu & Ba aad pd. (V) wit ayaa wea, 2 Big eA aniean er B ae sare sug 3.18Hi n wad R,, R, Ry « APA B a aici Mar eslen d. au amide Auch aiger ade R, da a, RAA Big 1 1 th Rp = +R, +R; + G.10.3) ain, wide Auer ager wade, wiaeil War maddaien cue ttt yer s2ai il da 8. |r» A Asm ade Ro taIaad naar awieeri YR 318 waddd awiae da — Asad A dL ager madly, =k 3.10.4) Geisee 15 : aughai (ai ealda ade R, R, AA Rl wR aa nad al R, = 10.2, R, = 202 WAR, = 30 Q WA Gadd dey 10 Vv. Gla san wwe aviqer uRua Aaa Big dl 2g sd. wT R, MAK As BAA WARD C Bd dow RUC BA FH aM Swed A WA de B. 2 mils BA URNA AYR () HUA ALE: %, at % TRA B 82, RA BAA HA RAD Ba Sa aa Gust Ba du 8. A i é " ay wRua 48 aug © wud ad. 3 e ai at rad Desllea awa arial o. Boe a Asu A Ba wa Ase 10 V A B . SRNR wane ad news, 1, = Ud Rai wae wd wats, = = 0 _ os, Tov a Ryle yar ad nas = R= 1 = 033 a,Gensem 16 : 5A Ged Rgeuans Dslr aovide Wel aa amwwirid ada 3, aa awed Ma del doudeied yolte 2:3: 4 da WA der Breuried qwler 3: 4:5 8. A ada amd War ae se carn dy, a As avi waey yer DA Gha : aBa amuaiai Per ded douded ayo 21, 37 WA 40 A And Geral ager 3r, 4r MA Sr al. Be wads anys, 2 R= Pant ot Ry = Peay? = ptt 2A R= pe ad RR =2:2:4 waa, RE R= 9h ag toe ward Maden et sugeri devel, ih: =2:%:3 eYih:h =3:8:3 = 54: 64:75 co wo apap wats 1, = S25 = 140 A ole ami nas 1, = S55 = 1.66 A alo ani, 1, = BS = 104 a 3.4L Aria ell aA ania Asie (Geries and Parallel Connections of Cells) aadddl 4 ANA ua AS A Bigad wA Aclai aia 3 Pa sik AM asa B. Judy AelAse : sag 3.194 calou ww 6, A ©, emfauml at r, aA r, wide sada A ADA A WA B Riga ad Add Wer B. su Ase wl As ow wade R wet RA a. ABCDA oi49uHA Galle ofl Fam aia, uLidi, +1, - 6, +I, +R=0 +i, + R=, +6, LIR+¢,+rl=e +e ay 319 Ady Asta ate by = ReGtD = Ring Gay) oui, Treaty Ruel war ad as 8. sete Heairs, A Aid AatiRae, By emf c,, = 5 + a AN AA aids aadH 7, =r, +7 Oe dat as Al HH ad B. au audai c, A dod-u AeleAsead wiger emf wi 7, Adu aids aad aiger aiiaks wade 3, hat AA AAs dyn HAL Gazaami wa a aiger emfd Yet fe, — 6, Wa, Weq BNger aids wade ran © Ba, Dodd aaina Asie: aight 3.2081 A aA B Bigal a2 o, 2A e, emf aia ctu 7, 2A 7, mines HA Hae A ANd ewtiee Bae © ale] 8. auhed Ragweed Raed va ala 3. aaMAA sat Auer sua sade Rail YAR add wate avai we 8. ‘eg aug 320 ANY wine Asia sat Awa, Bale nem Get agate, T=h+h @.112) A, oe su ADRCBE,A HB Balled oA Ge aveedi, AIR - 17, + 6, = 0 2 IR+ hy, eR -as G.113) ad % da 4 cum ADRCBe,A url, G14) IR) | (o-IR - ( 4 Je C ) ae = 14 3.11.5) nee one ih enter aa T= RG tenn G.116) uo cisReut-mnws. GLO Fa AA BeAr (7, + 7.) B curd, Cate r= 4) 2 gt 7) i ra GrD au, ade avila us, 84 emf o,, = WARE Go.) aA atlas dtr = G19) du du As Awd Fad 8, + + 2 (elsea 3.119 well) G.11.10) ot A alsa GALS) HA GALA aster aet, fea 8 a48 GLAD fq A Bt emf 6, = = 6 ON AA ain ADK 7, == 1 DL AL 6, = EAA Ty = 5, aug 320Hi and 6% Badu BAA As aU Big A aa aA AABTA oe As aeUR Big Baa Wer B, Fel naw 1, oA 7, te anid we AWA B. WA a 6, Azden meyer g, Sedu Hiya awk Asari au di aallsameil GA Hea -, sd ASR. AMNA, AE, Gy oy Gy BEAL EMEA AA My Foy ny Py ARS AADHAAL TTA BHieHl Bewii ua a, @.1L.12) 11.13) @4) Bey, Gy ony By AL em AA Ty Foy vo My Mids HATHA Mn AWEL AML AS Rel m sti ainenl AA Faehae (Mixed Connection) due sear aA a, wa Ba acai xed vas fu aa ad WB: de i= 4 11.15) RD a R = Rardaceu vue Wea ae ade m = ide. about As seni Wear Adel eu nals a: =Gewea 17 ; aug eda Ruel e, = 3V, 6, = 2V, &, = IV WR = 7, 7, = 10.8. dl eds anwii addi nas al cae A WA B Big aA pad. aid. Bla sa ry ry WA r wed aa Had sigs 1,1 oA 1, 8, & augul calon ®. 64 cum abeda 2A abedefar Balled ofA Fem ais unsdi, Air, - e+e + hy = 0 son) wa Lr, - 8, + 8+ ly, = 0 won) aellsza (1) A (2) vRall, g- 1, eth =e + hy eon) sat a WA Baliga nee Gere ary wut, y-h+h von) wile 4 Gwia wilsea Gi sai, + yy aidal 2, +1, = 2 (5) at hy 1 wile 4), 6) WA © well, I, = 1A, I, = 0A WAT, = 1A A *A B Gigeh ail pd. wr d aad pa. “iy ax mrad Aad Ye, urd Rade atari asaudyds vaval 42 8. a 184341 wal oeed uRua Raael, a cdkenies alls viamami 2a 8. vugla 3.21041 adherBer uRua caida 8. cai wad R, R, R, WAR, B wadl a madiamead ol ou 2 aK Wel da a. R, aw Ry aud Big A da R, WA Rew wir Big C a emfd Gort (ail) Asami Ud B. da _R, WRAL anit Big Boa R, WA Rt aru Big D awd add dia@ieler Asari aud d. au ar aaidaiel a aad ad da d wa avd maid du 8. au aa ad made yel ai wie sari mud BY Fl AAdlee yi suai eala. au Raleai BAAD Big AgaRReur wut da d, aul Aled, war ad Reais qa ae 8, a RR adaenBer ‘gla (lA (Balanced Condition)¥i 8, aH sda, ARSReut-mBred aga ARAL qx ABDAA Balled oA FX aousdi, LR, + LR, = 0 © UR, = LR, G21) au % Ja qu BCDBA Gallet oft Fee aousdi, -UR, + LR, = 0 © UR, = LRy (3.12.2) alse, GAZA wills B.12.2) BB ousidi, z = z (3.12.3) aH, mL UR wadHaiA AT va asi yer aa da, d ada sade, yer al ae d. Mela : Marie A aaerBren Ricidd Gwe i a He SAA antl was eeu B, Fel vce sana malted Yer weDRLs Jad eh as 8. augla 3.2241 reir renee el aura MerBrrdl wet ealdl 3. weaBerii R, AAR, AAD? BUA Ut suBeaa Lim eure deezrentett alas RA aussie Dy wea we Wd Howl w vari a Bau A dela F AA CMA sZHA UAL ciou AL Wed RA du d. aug 322, azeliew au wel we asad wari ua 8. Fl aie A dood wA Gadd Ao ad ad. szyd cull @ andl wheiedl A leo De ciouell vl A LA wari sua BE FA add oA uy Aes Au 22. A duet Sol we Aswan aousarii mau da B, wii waded ws sai wad a. A ol A el VL AHA WE As Mean B dy B, Fl WA Ad AAdMerd Ae a Asai WA B. AAAMera ole BHA AAD a AL AAA awe we aad sub sad ase. aug 3.22mi calou wud raid Wade RA Bev As dui wa sousrqa aud wad RA Bes ole uri Asami 2a 8. aud ade Rot AS As yer we ASMA awe we aed Aa wut D we Ysa ou B 3 Fl AAdoMeey auadd yr ae Big DA czanbig 2d. aie A Buel AA Ble aed deus AD =1, HA DC all Goud J, Ax, A avllsaal (.123) veel, | K ih ADA wade 2 DCaied sale R, p > # = i 3.124) wii, p = ciel Asides As aad Ro _4 R, = W00-%) 4 R,q00=—) G.125)aus ed Ry qeigel ye aS As oA Py ye AM mend aad RG ABA YeL adam AB. ou TA RMA RG Yer a A da B. Wag vada Aner AB ou da ag, Gudll ll asi Meebo aed ads doud, cid B3 cioud ml val fd el da a, Fu xz vied ard 2a B, Gewea 18: al sada URNA (Ai BC Rviel add nae a. 2000 Cha san Gatward Baler Feed ala Ba dae «5) as, UA aT ouaL Rua ql da ADA axeudel 1000 | 1002 ¢ 2000 |, wa Rade. veri aude sushi aur Bigel ABCD iy BO) Gy ergs A made aA det B. aud Big Aa ageud AIL AWA 100 Qa HAD (1) HA Aru as Hs Ba 1008, St B, aul augTA &) 9HUA ADA Me owl ase, v2 ABC DH ae Bigad aud ai, 6a BC aA 100 QL 10V) mad (2) B AA CD aA 200 Qe aad GB) 8. AR ® BB A A yom Ha = gp SYA ©. thor » © au uRUeMi 2UMA A RAD 2d 10Vel Sz 4A B. aul zoel auglAA eu Ja we waa: Ad B xa, BA D wa, DA C A WA CH A Ww aud, dl avi wad wad As cia su 2A B HA BC aA 100 Od wade 2) au AD wA Gad B, dal wo wRua ousle 3.38b)Hi cellou eiqpued voll ma. RR au derby (dari) uRua 3, sa gq = Rg ard we, 8. 6 BMC wa wade AS was add al - Ty. = 0 Gewem 19: As Mey As Awai 200 .Q mada Wel B mA ofl Juni mad made X QA 50 Qe made Ali Wer B. aA mend mae XO ays aNd HUdaL CleoUAi wia O, A azrbig 50 om rid Hag da, A rteud made Ye AA rut AA, Meret adel ga deus 1 meter 8. Aad made, OTC at ye 100 QB. Xa srr a =5 x 13°C os obsReut-mnR 4 Ga rad ge = 7 x30 = 50 R, = 200.2 2X = 1509 R, = & + 502 AX = X[l + a - 0) 1, = 50 cm ©. 150 = 100[1 + 5 x 10-6) 1, = 100 - 50 = 50 cm 615 =14+5 x 1070 28 = 100°C cll sau Gee vad aro ase 3 yei-ged ammuda aleenBrrl veel made aula cuted tas sl asin 8, sada atin wa ad S2etdel vated Gullo A avirlad aan seai wud 8, aA ‘Uae venilladl 48 8, ou adele Goued aliller wd R Tat auaded vet oud d, seri Riva Rada wild va oA 8, Broa avila A grasped as Gawa 8, dai awe AA AS cis wr Raaaii 3 awl ag guia seaai ouag da a. 3.13 Wakvdlee (Potentiometer) (A) WERvdelzed vaRuid 1 oud AS ea 2 edd eine didy, Vee-Ir G.13.1) 47 b wi, e = Badd Rawuas om (emf ‘ —— mA r= dzddl vias wade d. I auple 3.2341 ealou wud A dad & ga aa @ mr b Bigai a wiouuami quad diedlze Rae dielae)A asati ad dl ad dada A ya ard pa. 1 Vv Pad 2 dade afina dey (v) y wi a. ugh 3.23, A Saad) wicks mada ai (r= 0) da waar dearer eat Gedeiel wu ad vas get T= 0) da, ch alla (3.13.1) aye V=e a, wi Beaded eda dey Det emf Fea au. war Bede aids ade (7) cd sid yr Ach cell wReud dieaMerd Asu sue A dedriel Raa wur + we Aza 31=0 avi. (open circuit conditioni) dl ¥ dleelze a Szdt emf4, a HAL, wet dieelard made aue 5000 Qe 6000 O Fad da d, Red} ar dad wa asa Ads mans dl var ar x 8, (82a 3140). Red aleewllee 2 vizdd emf (2) vl, udg afiina alee yd w aed 2 8. aul, Medd emf Hua WE AS AL zat (device) dur sel ASAE FA wud ealard Sada wir ad Rawas 1= 0 da aid wRRR WRedlad we aa wr sl at 3. Wave As Ad aan 8} Fai aaa ved ase Adi WA awd awd all asa ad pd. ud ase O. mu eAlst AA ada sNeRrdMedn Reid reed aie art 8. etsy a»YI (B) W2FwAMNee Raia (Principle of eit Potentiometer) + *glt 3.244: ealaa uRua enti anata: GL. a © Beg emt HA r Ged vids wade wuadl G2 wa wadwld Rw wart wEGeael AB=L,AC=1 (As Aardoud As wad wade vatadl) Bs isd aadts aa Aaleii Bed 8, wAdwiA RAL ai aay 324 W2Paerd Rela ve del wl. (dia: DeRvdMerni Beans Aer douden wir aude dion riadas ae aussie wa we Rel Hew we wari 2a 8.) wal 3, madlas iz ABA ga doud L aw Asxdoud ds aad madks p da, di aB aad wade = Lp. A wadeddmiel quad wade R dy, di aie ABYI add as, ae Fr aia, l= Rap (3.13.2) AAMC BM aed dud 1 = da a, au AC curd made = Ip Al aati A 2A C Big @ pa = Ip ad. Route au dead V, 2 evladi, V, = lp @.133) wee (3.13.2Hiel I, Yet BALsreL (3.13.3) 4scti, ve (watser)0 avs (wsibes)? @.13.4) Val G35) Raia : UeRvdeflee ate (madas az) AT ua A Bigad add pa. a A Biged aad ving asoruci du B, am, aadks ar we Ai yei-yed yed cull pani yei-gei yed Aud awe 8. au BARA ati AAC Bid MAF AT Sadun my HL a wa yA da aH ad 8. Big C4 wut (AM sell Heel) HeeA oud Ged] emf Aad Hea UE B. aller G.13.4) well, oR 7 = ReLper G.13.6) aid, ate Asudoud As wma pd. % Aza} oA Ayan waar 48 8. add asn vm" 8. WRvilzed Waal, de we vot RadRlr wet we eur wh 8. deRvrdlend ae Ww BH RgaBRout ward yer aig an WR villerd JaRar a4, aula Vy we A WeRvirlee diel dowd aural sua, di Ratt watt a2 22d 2 WeRviileed Haat aa. o cRafeve(© Vedder Gwied + @ A Agaseden emfll wus sat (Comparision of emf’s of Two Cells) : wa 3 Verve veel sla A deadeddi emf ¥ ws 6, Ho, B, ddl aural sel B. a M2, WePevllee vue ya 2d @) @ awn A Ba @A AMA pad. (VA) 6, WAG, Rei ay da Sa. aight 3.250 ealou sud vue 6, emfauetl ede at yal Weiler diz A Big WA BA det oem yar aera iAdnler wed AA (als ga) aa Asami aud 8. 2 Ma M2 sr kD Gebler Ravi aad 8, AAA ae we andl Da wud Cw alaarii mad 83 Fell IAdvMeed made yr ae eu FARA eg, 2duiel AS nas addi ell, del ad aire did au emf (¢,) Ged we B. aie ve WAL Mat BigA Acs czealbig (Null-Point) 58 8. 4 3, derubig C,, a A Rig J ride HA B. 20 Rai aw A MLC, Wd pd. Gedlett emf e, Fd Ad ATA, aur ails G.13.4) reguee, Vac, = & = Oh 13.7) vei, 0 = (gether) Rerun sen cal 8. AK, sad Gude 44 albeu 6, A20A aA c, emfawl dz AM, WA aw we aed SAM yor ouadst (AzwBig) Aaeartd AB, WI ou Ud dzUBigd wut C, dU aA AC, = 1, du a, aug 325 A Asta emf ae Vyo = & = ot, G.13.8) ALA (3.13.7) WA BALSA G.13.8)1 ysler Adi, aA e7k 6.13.9) aL Yat vee aide @ Sadler emi anvil sl aaa d. masiei aula edd emf ddat HZ act emfel awumel Bs oe wuelad dz emf awa Rai UAB WA alsa B.13.9)41 Guba sl aa Az emf aM asta 3. madaddai Ra yori dow Basie sl audi AS ur A Bigal @A Sa sed pd. And ase B. Ret doy yer AWA aU dott 10°V (1 pV) S43 10°VE ImVpt sd Ye And as 8, ar, Weide yet emf aa AB va Guill B. ald: RUMMeei e, 2A e, emf Head A dadadA aed Aso wd owe aes ARAL aA cur ote RAKE BRA ATA Amari auaci aaweBigaddl doud aye LA |, aa a, SL bth = hh G.13.10) seasRge ae(i) Fyadiud eins sada ela (To Determine the Internal Resistance of a Cell) RB og, Gadd mids mada (r) alae 412 Yor R}« WReblad Guia sl ase Gan a ange 326xi calou wud Sd aids wade (7) adaard Ga ad Gea (emf 2) wa widei ete radadd G Rw SRK, Asati awa B. rad 60 K, Yel DX (ila, ade Badd da) aR Weudeler az we aawlig C, dani ad 8, 2 ARAL dad (erie vas wR add a lel a open circuit condition¥i 1 B. A dzzlbig C, aie A Badd f, rdk wad da a, Vac, = 8 = Gly @.13.11) 6, SUK, 64 sedi ADWIA ws B. mada Ru AT As yer we ate ur aeralbig C, Amaami wa 3, a Riri Gzd ad wade Rail 1 was ad 8. A dade afina didy V du mA aawBig AC, = 1, dud wag da d, augl 3.26 Rgadeed vias ade Vue, = V = ol, G.13.12) 4 Lg -4 G.13.13) adaaat Pat well, © = 1 R +9) aA V = IR au weil, § = Ber (3.13.14) au alee G.13.1L Gea wile G.13.13)i sai, Rer R 4 ars ei) @.13.15) wells 3.13.15) Gud sl wd, Gade aids mada al asia d 3.14 Pga-Glot aA wae + yar RUM (Electrical Energy, Power : Joule’s Law) \ k ay 3.2741 V volt Feat alta dey aaadl iM als AzdA mad R awd AA alle YW Ra B wr i; A woud axial aed Raikes) Raaras 1B. eu armen aya, wade Bs A Wa 1 Ca A R B Rqaour ds V Joule Ad ay 8. mu Aa ded x Awad Raga aaa ase ter Rgaour es Se Raed, 48, A Rqwias Sasgiel alan sed wud adi (F avaAsa 3), d Ba BWA Asa vam Madour V Joule zl Gel wa B aa sda. 2 cReRew-maU aun ML oi MA 3, musi Saaz wah auweriel war aa 8, aR anssyie det Aa Het ARAL AA aA? ALO’ B. aud Iusoial? eeu Hse AMAL ays ou dat sedi DA HA B. URUA eed ded ak sel WA awe eRMeRA OB. Hea TMi oud ail oxi MA 2, AS verbti vessel waded UA wa asda ued Ad x revi we Gau-Oed w2 wl sl asa 3, dase seas eBeut wea andl au Aad, Gouela ragoii sugela wa 2. aussi Rgauas adasiaal Madar HA wad Gou-Aatr qaGuu sd OB WA aU aewr ya war se OB. wad 3, ast A Ba ad pa. V volt B. wl wi AQ al 2 As Aqaour atssridl war a 8, cu Adl V joule Fadl Rated ari aaa d. Af wee aussie wer ad Rgdeue Q coulomb da, ad at Radeu® 1 second 2eHvri apudd Radel, W=VQ G41) & 1 wevii Geotad Gourd A aU RgdoueA 4 1 ampere (Pz) Rawiaed Fala aq a a, oWevit G.142) wa, alin Feet aga, V = IR © W = PRe G.14.3) Apevend oad RgtGel (2d 3 Sais wea) saan Geaad Gou-Get P=PR (3.14.4) aidl, RA aus seb meade B WA Ad YeLV HAT ve sur aig ae sue aude AMMA RA wa sled’, Aerowei Geeadl Gou-Gel (war) Par G.14.5) ai aallaead gerd Gone 5 3, aed Bat: oun naar aden’ Ra Agaras adel, Ai Asari Georad Gore, ue ad Agaraisal asian worn du 8.” at win alti GouGet joule Aerxi 8, a qaed a, A GUAR Gout AH caloricki Anal da ci joule #A calorie aril Wik mad ATA auch asi wa Patel YA Games Prescott Joule, 1818-1889) ¥ suv O. a meat W Govle) = JH (a), wi FA yar wamis waa Goud abs qais 2 8 WA Ad ye J= 42 J call B, 2 y= PRGoule) _ Pre “He JGoulefeay = cal (3.14.6) 3.15 y@-Guurt euaeils Guest (Practical Applications of Joule Heating) aussi Agaias addi Geetad Gou A aPart aaa G. Aa oun Baw a whee 8, SA % Rgdoudd owed Ra RgOel, Gouda aaa aod wi 3, wa lee ow’ ‘Ohmie dissipation’ aaa dl ‘s[%s eie’“Obmic loss’ 48 8. Gere AB samen weal Gurl aifHi well asau v2 Aer ug sla, cud ava Raduaraiel ys our (mawiei di asi sale meAA vin) Cou maa Avid WEB. afl, AS aBeri Wa aes Rawras veUur adi a aesd avetit Hat MRSA Art gstodlai ve Beata we 8. ar vied Rad graPat yo Ger dey rad saa wa au abyfis om aauad % 8, i as Russe A oy da d, dx wel va yard casei Gwdbia 8. SaGRs del, SARs aver, SAGs ax (oven), AGEs Aedl, ler Rd Rar sai ya Goud GudBie aA aan wa. all, SARS teri sta Anaavti wr ya-Grud w Gul aa BA serie Rarieriedl Raia wr sedi F Got Gout wy, dt UREA Barren ane yo aad uti A steed Garber 2B. 2U WF gd aaBig YH Ge Dx HE dno 3 Bq rarBig 3380° C @), Ad agi Baie oiniad ATA aul, Bardeer du wRard asa ded Gedy da neo. WA RA ATA A AMY Berke B aad aia our Aqauaed Gowri guier aa AA og at ing eased guinea B, amu Ca euar ver 1 W Ramuer ds ae 1 Candela Fadl usit-Ael acl da d. eeu As wdaoUd GABA A alleni (OA aaHi) euALAL ep Fuse) B. AT var Agel aril wh Adi ay (Aza 2 Aw aenBig Had ug, Fl 2 TeyPher, Avis, sk) aa aed 248) Awami WAS. Aa ruil ays YAMA Rawias sai ay Aer yer wus war a, dau ar Mol vai aberi cious WS Ww aA wu a|plaa 2 d. Gere 20: Asolenr ering Men wade a nas Rowwt AA wy Ad awa B 3 Fell Gear al YO-GOU Yi OL aU GAs Gwd sd Nae Rouwed ye ad. Che WA BT Fed ga wars Dslr awiide Meu A WADA R, AR, a Rouba we B. ail, wd 2 Ri add vas 1, B. del RAM add was 1, = 1-1, ad. on Raawi Aware Gert adl ya-Gou, H=17R, + 0-17, au Goa pen nat a2 GP = 0 a ASA, dH «Gi, = 2UR, + 2d ~ 1YX-DR, = 0 weg ound, 1 = ee 1 = RR? IR, Sad ew 8-1-4 =1- ae du : Rgporaw’ Ad wore 3 AR used 2 anys stadt AVAL B, aE Ral ABA ab wus uae ASA I aidl seeded aie madd) As yod Rigid se 2B, F aX ofRani owl. au emer ou Ragidd WABI wy Gewee 21: wae A waded a, V wd As WA As Asati aS, cua wae Aqsa P, mA P;, HA BL a, @ WR al Ali Asari oud, GH) PAR ded Ase alae Asai 2ua, aR aia AFG) AA GOAL Hai UA yeu PP, ANB. m™[ ciateGa sel R, wR, wa 3 sudan aad 8. wud oi eadMA werga Mari ew B, cad, v vt P= RMP, = a) eR ¥ WRF @ A BWIA Aalai Asai AedaL ays aK R, +R, aM, au aiyst WA dx V wl Beard aa dB. yt Ry au aoe alee Qi RA Re ye sei RD, PaP, @) ce a AlAs AB wee, P= . RR, x(R +P) 2p, = “He P= P+ P, @ ih? ania aga oA aA Seed deer and davl ad Ped 4a aalll wllsee 4) yer YA as da | 48, wll B) WA (4) weed, Px PL =P, xP, Gewee 22 : e Bed emf wi r aids made wadl As dala As mada R wa Asari aud 8 cal FR =r de AR su madrid wae rent dH 8. | Gha sou sade wae P= PR 7 fn ln = < a -2R aoe = 0 a4 BA, (eee 3 eer AB) “sRer (oA Pf Rel awd Bee Ruert sl AML r= R audi, BUM Rsat ow ign 2 8, % eal B 2 T= R aad aww we EM BD vagaula Ramis + Radia Fela Radouddl RA GA wa B. Rgaouded aif Rar da al aise AS auSeril Apaowai wa aa Rg vad Raia @ 28 8. Rgcourn wl at 42,1 = 2, A Rgrouru aged ee we ai aead dx Ar=s/ Q= 2B. Rawat : asin AS wa Big wa naistien 2d 2 Big WA vated Rar do at Swi suderidd wae ad Rgmas, aude Rawal da dad, ad Big wa a naar I= 745 dl = Ida cos = Vda AAS we wan Rawal da da wi A wa ade w Jad da d, t= [fad = sfaa .T=JA : 1 ods t alert Ran : FiPid olfas RRR (cL, aan aU) wet AT ates uevbridl add Has (D, A ates A Ba aA eoida RywWRaren agian (Vy wooud dud. aa wel Y = R awa v= IR aad Ral eed FA would sso sd 8. meadlasdl + aigid Had R = pz oe MANS P= fa aida aed PA saul aisse 53 3. saat o =} Gaede a Raat + Rydal andl dsl AUS Rar senses wala? arg Au BA eda 22 8. Rasa ae sateen Sage sued ail A sBes seve au aaa weouar Rasdacan 42 8. Radar (x) Fear weruarl Sass una Ra Reedoi, y= ar = (Be os casteRagcras mA Regd aed aiid I = nAv,e. Bead aa Rgiaistat add asia I= f= nev, 6. Anat (0) WA UAAsdt (ey RAsMeraay wad dea : T= nei, + Meth, 8, maasang ala ado : ules wailed adrscn A carotid asin A eR oe AHA AGL AoW AIK Aaa AB Acavil wa -B, an AR Bada ayer A EOL HATTA gM cove B. wi @n Or o> 10, wut aude wad agaue Ferd wade RB. Gad ks OB aA Baw A Bigh P a Q aud 8. A _2POQ = 0 du a, Big PAA Q GAD anger aadX (Gard Bow =r ad Avidoud de Rord aad =p} ® Ber-9 wR-Z) © @ R=" » i obser10 O made As ae suse evlou sud ada ausad aad B. aed 1m deus as wade 108. % AWB a aiger ade 24.0 da, A vu avd doud m sd. 8 (a) 24 @) 4 ©) 48 @)6 aushal cade uRweai AWA B wd oases vada Jed am ? wr ®) § © ©) 2r AAA ough a ABWET As cuoE cad B, Anil 2A vats ABA DH, dL A aA B Bige ad pd. ded vd ? lv 2a 2a (A) 42V @) +1V aw Fes O2V @)-1 Vv aust etlda Reval X 9A Y Biel aha anger made ar ®) 5 © 2r ©) § cay aug caida Azadi AoA B Bish @A saases med a20 @) 3a ©6a @) 12Q sewsRga es16. sug ougead X aA -Y Giga add amiger oad ay4Q 2 (By 2a jira M3a y 17, mila uRuar Gedaied vadi ga vars Jed vai ? (2A Baa | O6A a Yi MIA 18, Alt WBE Had Rada Bs ales ail 20 aL cHoHHi stuavHl Ua BL rUHiAL ASA Deli WA ous as atiaei Asal Ua B. A au A wast Aeli asavii Sua al, a ct gest sae wAdN Bed wd 7 @R @s © Me © Me 19. 3A Rated ae Seal 3 m aioe cidtint atesHi As SAszind Regdov As Bal olen Bsr wedi Bed we aiid 7 [ast mibBed Are = 2 x 106 m ar dinwi Sasar deunta n = 85 x 10% m* 8.) (A) 2.72 x 10%s (B) 2.72 x 10s C) 2.728 (D) 2.72 x 10s 20, AB aise atari eel see 5232 1 HA All doudaTA give 1325.8, a AH Raeaaddad apie .. (AS23219 @) MBs iSs1 Osis: Wi:3:5 21. 10m aion Wek viele aed ade 20.0 B. AA 3 Vel Az AA 10 Ow wade WA Aellai Asari: wd B, A awe we Sele 30 em vied Wel Big a RgaMRued asad ne GAL. (A) 002 V (B) 0.06 V ©ouv @M 12Vv » cbasRewtm22, 23, 24, 26. 27, aughai Mri mids made aa x2 aad Weve ale caida 8. ad so S yell da cud azeBig AJ = 60 cm rid? 4A 8, wUR sas oie Rai wa B® >A Re yer 5. da, cud dewalbig AJ’ = 50 cm rice 4A B, A AY Chil aids made Jed vd 2 (A) 05 Q @1a ©1892 © 012 R Wilt emf e WA Wilt mids Rada 7 4riadl n AQddA made R wa arial wsari aud, di Rai addi nas T= da 8. O) Rin ®) intr © per ©) ier As dBA Faia fa Gal Aen used daa 1 ae cn > 0) seavid aud, a al sade dea a? (ERB) WP ed © wd Ona A Ramemid ad uae 1% atrami wa, A sean wal | Bee wd ? 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Radour aise AMAA aweuhe sa. auusuil ade Regis A Qed add dan cela, r Bream aesHiel Tans wae seal SAsziteh Bezda v vi 8, di 27 Brena euat % ussuidl Tuas var sedi Regio, Bedi vd 7 ws asd 42 aaduser AA anwUt aad aie calag auqedls (empirical) yt aud. 10 Q Hads Haat al deus Bea vel aur AGA} Fel ad aad 1000 Q a ? Raqaourn aeaard Pere aud, Bale olm Fund ya dai? Bese Rawras yo ain wea yd Fe wad 2 o? tet deewlzr @ Azdy emf (e) 2X wd aad wel? WeMviad Raia eveud. ged Bem ao. alles dai Geta uni, Arse aussat vaudl da ad an avowed ger vd Bar ? AAA wade vavr stud: SAY ee Pe e Rgwrusiin omaURd 42. Rewias AA Rawanda awh ae we 2. Gad emf weydl aw, B24 ‘open circuit condition’ B AM sud saw 7 alged Gert aod, algun Fertd war saat aiss M2 EV avaRisaed Ill du a wena. cue gad wivdlad aussi Sage Qegdar ead aught a arad. Rgaourassrl AMRA wend Ales asa add yA Awd. Bega aA Rarmawata ed die calag yr Rad, AS Ay ok URL AE Ryu Royer else vg vw ad Balled ol Bur aed, WArDleed Rcid val wR ahd wind WRudleed veel Ryaded aieks ade dita de wid. . Apis la Bspyder)d wr sa wba vRva Ad avemdl, alfoviansd a daa, cdleenbredl aigat BRM maid wade HAL Bq aA Ana, A Ryaddei wee Rugri ager emf aA wiger aids waded apd dad abate Bevel wale eva, WREABEA we cle avd, a MAR A Ya GOL DAA | TYE Goud aA Aad, yard Fe ao, o casteDaa crit aed 1 As AAL Aan SAsfeed Bea ya das Qoenll wel ae al 2B, aul wud Roxas 10 PAB, A ez Ady Adlon afl we aes SAsdedl ado DAL, awl Ae HP eni Add BH ue Bed Rgaoue ova ? [war : m = 6.25 x 10% electrons/sec., Q = — 600 uC] 2 eid2ioru waged As asda, yard anew 25 Geel adaee sari & deal aul aye AB, A etal Radiaicd yt Aad. m = Saszlad ea, @ = SAed Rydour. (Hint: 2 = 2) (warn : 1 seine 10 A Rawiated aed seat cist As atedl dows 0.1 m wl rusBed Aran 10 x 10% m 8. @ A dist radu 1.7 x 10% Am da, ad aaa A da ad Agar astad (pd) DAL Gi) anni SAsgitrh Bezda al. [oiou aid = 89 x 10° kgm, ctioudl deleystt = 1, dist wRUQour = 635 g mol, AAAs = 6.02 x 10° mol] (wale : V = 1.7 x 107 V Ay, = 74 x 105 ms] 4 x 107 m din, 25 x 105 m wad WA 6 x 107 m doud Had AS m Use AMlsssewHiel 48 mA nas WAR ad wh B. el dey dousA wide aousd 8, a masa Bel Gd 2 A Arai ysd SasAlet avatar 10% mF da, di dasAlid a Amani doud we, war vai Bed wea aiid 7 [cut + 4.8 x 10° Amr, 2 x 107 s] As AMSA ass ALA MAMA Axl dowd 10% auRAM Ua, cl AL aiadei acl Mad Beez are. Frau, : 21%) Lim aot ates aieeth & BP, aL P HA _Q AL A gost grail 2a B, va P aR Fabia Gad Fal Axl coud ove sl Rae due seal wud BAR ae HA Q ait AAdd aut de, d PHA Q aide deuded ad Pea: PAL doudtm, Ql deus $m) As wit aod Husa As HeayPPe WA As aiouu au Aad wut 8, di ou a aie Sl AR ea va ? p, = 2.63 x 10% Om, py, = 1.72 x 10% Q m, Raia fetal 2.7 x 108 kg m-? a liste ated 89 x 108 kgm (war + ReyAGEr] seusge a10. u. 12, 13. 14, 15. sug ealda Aeadui BR G AA H Raden emf ays 2Y, 1V, 3V *A VB. du aids Aad ays 2.0, 1 Q, Y 3.021108, 0B WD wd pa aid Peart cuyedl eugheai calda Azadi A A B aA arses wade a. Aadai es ced mada Pele 8. pout : FE aise Rncep 3 Avia Azadui augitadi cafe sud R yew wad ou 8, d PHA Q Big a wiger eZ ore one ne ade da. oo sna (eat : RG + V5) as aaReter aed das 200 cm 8. As Raad¥A wrdiaar Hi 80 cm doudet ciel eR WB. A WRU aie oud 300 cm sari wa, d au Radia widaa 4 Bee douSeu cued wae usil 7 [alt : 120 em] 12 volt emfattdl AA 2. Q rics Made Had as Azd- 18 volt emf AA 2 O aids aadaul ole dad wa Ras Raeai Ad vRwa ygl sari eda 8. au Bahai 1A wid aked dad: () wRwei add Has @ A Sedat Raeuaa @) HA Bedeiai ana dey @) HA Sadat om aa Rader [eu : (1) LS A @) 18 W, 27 W @) IS V, 15 V @) 45 W, 45 WI Ds SARs Hadi A Ar Ada (ani) d wr As Ada aq ami wa B ar Bedi, WA wear} Wel 6 mini Aina GAB WA wR wr oleo Jida ag ari wma B, cue eued w wel 8 mindi Asam aud B, A HA Aida Deon aniar AM we sri ua, di au well Bear amami Asmat aiid ? es awd As awh di@y amrami au 8. Peale ¢ 3.43 min} 1, AL, douse dee aout ouBed Area A trad sy catel A Ae AAD all aMauett 8, aid 63, WH dvi wud nas addi vd, eR ded Asa wari Moma aud, AWB Raasilarietr 1 vgs 40 Ww, 110 V *A 100 W aA 110 VB. a dani Rarien wadd ad. A eu Raalola 220 Vu wa wa AelMi aeari oa, ad wal oi AL wd ? (wu 2 R, = 3025 O, R, = 121 Q, sie A] i | obsReut mt