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ΠΕΡΙΟΡΙΣΜΟΙ ΚΑΙ ΠΡΟΟΟΠΤΙΚΕΣ ΕΧΕΛΙΞΗΣ ΤΗΣ ΝΕΥΡΟΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΗΣ
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S??p?? t?? pa???sa? d?da?t???? e??t?ta? e??a? ?a d?se? st??? e?d?afe??�e???? �?a ?
e???? e?t?�?s? ??a t?? t??p? p?? a????ep?d???? ?a? a?????ep??e????ta? ? ?????e?ape?
a ?a? ? ????????? ?e???ep?st?�?. S???e???�??a, ?a ?????s??? p?? ta d?? ped?a ?????
d?a�??f?se? �?a a�f?d??�? s??s? �?sa ap? s??d?as�??e? ??e??e? ?a? p?? a???p?????ta?
ta ep?st?�????? e???�ata e?at????e?. St?? e??t?ta a?t?, ?a d?e?e????e? ? p???pt???
e??????? t?? s??s?? ?a? ?? pe?????s�?? p?? a?a??pt??? se a?t??, ?p?? e?et??eta? ?p?
t? p??s�a ?ata???�???? �e?et?t?? ?a? st??? d?? t?�e??.
???sd???�e?a ?p?te??s�ata
?et? t?? ????????s? t?? �e??t?? t?? d?da?t???? e??t?ta? ?? e?pa?de??�e??? ?a e??a?
se ??s?:
?a ????? ?p??? ??a t? ?e???t??? d?a�??? �eta?? t?? d?? a?t?? ped???,
?a ?ata???s??? t?? t??p? p?? �p??e? ? ?a?e�?a ap? t?? ep?st?�e? a?t?? ?a s??e?
sf??e? st?? ????, ?a?
?a ????????? t??? pe?????s�??? ?a? t?? p???pt???? e??????? t?s? st?? ?a?e�?a
ap? a?t?? ?s? ?a? st? s??s? �eta?? t???.
?????e? - ??e?d??
??ep?st?�?????t?ta
???a�??? s??s?
??sa??????? ?a?at???se??
St? de?te?? ?p?e??t?ta ?a ep??e?t?????�e sta ped?a s??e??as?a? �eta?? t?? d?? ???
d?? ?a??? ?a? se p?????se?? / p??t?se?? ??a t?? e??????? ?a? t?? e?s???????s�?
t???, ?ste ?a ep?te?????? ?? ep?st?�?????? t??? st????.
? ?????p?? ap? t? f?s? t?? e??a? ap? ??a ta e?d? e?e??? �e t?? p???? �a????????
pe???d? e???t?s?? st?? a??pt??? t??. ??a?t?ta? ap? ta ???a e?d? ??a t?? ep?�??s? ?
a? t?? e??�e??a t?? se ??? t? d????e?a t?? ???? t??. ? ap?d?s? t?? t?s? ?????? ?
s? ?a? ????????? e??a? ?a�??? ?ta? e??a? ????????? ap?�???�???? ? ?ta? a?t??a��??
eta? ?t? e??a? ????????? ap?�???�????. ? ????????? ap?�???s?, ??e? ?? ap?t??es�a ?
a?? ??e?a ?a? ?????te?a p?s?st? ???s?�?t?ta? (Cacioppo ?a? Patrick, 2008).
?at? t? d????e?a t?? 20?? a???a, ? �e??t? t?? a????p???? s?�pe??f???? ap? t? ?e???
ep?st?�?, ep??e?t?????e se ???a?a, ??tta?a, e?d???tta????? d?ad??as?e? ?a? ????d?a.
? ????????? s?�pe??f??? e??a? p???s???et? ?a? p????? f???? asaf?? ?? p??? t?? p????
e?s? t??. ? a?a?????s? t?? ????d???, ?? ????d?a??? �eta??af??, ta ??tta?a, ?? ??
tta????? e??se??, ?? e??efa????? pe?????? ?a? ta ?e??????? d??t?a, s?�f??a �e t? ?
e???ep?st?�?, s?et????ta? �e s???e???�??? s?�pe??f???. ??t?? ? s?s?et?s�?? �p??
e? ?? ??a �a?�? ?a �????se? st?? pe?????s�? t?? as?fe?a? ?a? ?a pa???e? p??a???
apa?t?se?? st?? a?t??????s? ?a? ?ata???s? t?? a????p???? s?�pe??f????, e?te t?? p??
sd??????�e??? ?? ??????, e?te a?t?? p?? p??sd?????eta? st? p?a?s?? ??p??a? ???????
d?ata?a???.
? ????????a e??a? ? ep?st?�????? �e??t? t?? s?�pe??f???? ?a? t?? ??????? d?ad??
as???, ? ep?st?�????? �e??t? t?? ??? (Cacioppo ?a? Freberg, 2014). ?????e?ape?a,
e??a? ? d?ad??as?a ?at? t?? ?p??a ??a ?t?�? (?e?ape?t??) p??spa?e? ?a a?a???f?se?
t? ?????????? a????a ? / ?a? a???a??t?ta e??? ????? p??s?p?? (a?a???�e???)
�e ?????????? �?sa. ??t? ta �?sa e??a? ? ????? ? ???e? ep????????a???, s?��??????
s?�pe??f???? ?a? ?e?????�?e?. ? ?????e?ape?t?? ??e? ??�e? �?a e?e?d??e?�??? e?pa?
de?s? �as?s�??? se s???e???�??? ?????????? ?e???a ?a? �e??d?????a ??a t?? a?t?�et?
p?s? t?t???? ?atast?se?? (Gureje, 2004).
?p???e? ??a? ?�es?? t??p?? �?t??s?? t?? ep?p?d?? t?? ?e???d?a�?�ast?? ?ste ?a
d?asfa???eta? (st?? pe??pt?s? ??????? d?ata?a???) d?a???st??? a???p?st?a ?
a? ??????? ?fe??�?t?ta; (Deacon, 2013).
?a?? t?? a�f?s�?t?s?, ta te?e?ta?a ?????a ??e? a???se? ?a ???eta? ?ata???t? p??
�e�???�??e? p??se???se?? st? ?e???a ?a? t?? p?a?t??? t?? ????????a?, ap?de??????ta?
a?epa??e??. ? e????s? t?? ??????????? fa???�???? ?a? p??? pe??ss?te?? ? a?t?�et?p?
s? ?a? ?e?ape?a t???, apa?te? t? ???s? ?a? t?? epe?e??as?a st???e??? p??e???�e???
ap? d?ep?st?�?????? �e??te?. ??a �e�???�??? ?p??? de? �p??e? ?a �a? d?af?t?se?
p????? ??a t? ???? ?pa???? �?a ??????????? d?s?e?t?????a? ? �?a? ??????? d?ata?a???
a??? ?a? ??a t? ?e?t?????a t?? e??ef???? ?a? t?? ???a??s�?? ?? ???t?ta? (Bassett,
2011) ?p?? ?p?st??????? a??et?? �e?et?t??, �??? ??a? s??d?as�?? ap? d?af??et???? ?
pt???? (e?e???t????, ??????????, ???t????, �?????????, a?apt???a???, ???????? ?a?
at?�????) �p??e? ?a d?se? �?a ????????�??? e????a t?? ?p? �e??t? ??????????? fa???
�????. ?? ????????? ?a????ta? ?a d?s??? apa?t?se?? se f???s?f??? e??t?�ata ???s?�?
p????ta? t?? �e??d??? t?? f?s???? ep?st?�??. ???t?�ata p?? af????? st?? ?s????p?a
�eta?? �????????? pa?a???t?? (f?s?) ?a? pe??�a????t???? s??????? (?????) ?a? t??
ep?d?as?? t??? st? d?a�??f?s? t?? a????p???? s?�pe??f????, st? s??s? �eta?? at?
�???? ?a? ?????????? s?�f????t??, st? s??des? s?�at?? ?a? ???, ?.?.
1.2 ?????ep?d??se?? ?a? ?e???t??? d?a�???
?p?? ?p?st????e ? ?d??? ? Freud st? �?�??? t?? Beyond the Pleasure Principle
(1920): �? ???a????s? �as??eta? st? �???????? d??a�??? ??a ?a ap??t?se? �a??
te?? ???�a ap? �?a d?a???t??? pep????s? ??a t?? ?pa??? t?? ?e?et???? ?p?�a????
t?? ??????????? as???e?a?�. ???t??, ep? t?? pa???t??, de? ??e? d??e? �?a ??a??p???
t??? �???????? e????s? ??a t?? p???p???? ?????? d?ad??as?a.
??p??a ap? ta p???? ped?a sta ?p??a ? ?????e?ape?a ?a? ? ?e???ep?st?�? ?a �p????sa?
d??a�??? ?a ep?d??s??? ? �?a st?? ???? (Kandel, 2005), e??a?:
? p??sa?�??? t?? ????fa?�a??????a? sta ded?�??a ?a? t?? a????e? t?? ?????e?ape?
t???? d?ad??as?a?.
? Mancia (2006), ep?s??, ??a?e �?a ??sta �e t?? p??a??? ???s?�e? pe?????? st?? ?p??
e? ? ?e???ep?st?�? ?a? ? ???a????s? �p????? ?a s??e??ast???: ? �e??t? t?? s??a?s??
�?t?? ?a? ? a??pt??? t??? �?sa st?? d?ap??s?p???? s??se??, t? pe??e??�e?? t?? ??
e????, t?? REM ?p??? ?a? t?? �? REM ?p???, ?? ep?d??se?? t?? p???e???t???? st?e?
st?? a??pt??? t?? e��????, ? p??t? ep????????a �eta?? �?t??a? - �??f???, ? ?
e????????? ???�a?s?, ? �e??t? t?? e?s??a?s??s??, ? e?s?�at? e??�???s?, ? ep?�e??
s�?? t?? s??a?s??�at???? p???? ?a? t? s?st?�a t?? ?e???????? ?at?pt??? (Koehler,
2007).
?et? ap? �?a �a??? pe???d? a�??�a?a? ad?af???a?, ? s??????? ?e???ep?st?�? ?
a? ? ?????e?ape?a, e?s???a? se ??a ??? st?d?? st? s??s? t???. ?e a??a??�e?? e�pe???
a st?? �e??d??? t??, ? ?e???ep?st?�?, s??e???e? t? �e??t? t?? ?e???????? s????e?? ?
a? ?e????se ?a as???e?ta? �e t?? a??a??? p?? ep?????ta? st?? e???fa?? �?s? t?? ?e?
ape?t???? d?ad??as?a?. ? ??ass???? d??s�?? �eta?? ??????????? ?a? s?�at???? ????
at????? fa??eta? p?? e??ata?e?peta? ap? t? st??�? p??, ?p?? ap??a??pteta? ap?
t?? ??e??a, t? pa?a�???? e????s�a, s???? ? s??a?s??�a, af??e? t? ????? t?? st??
e???fa??.
? t?�?a? t?? ?e???ep?st?�?? ??e? ?d?a?te?? a??pt??? ?a? te??st?a s?�as?a ?a??? ??e?
ep??e?se? d?ep?st?�?????, �?s? t?? e?e???t???? st???? ?a? pe??a�at???? a?a?a???e??,
p?????? ?????? ???d??? ?p?? ?d? a?af?????e. ? pe?a?t??? e?????? ?a? s?��??? t?? ?
e???ep?st?�?? e?a?t?ta? ap? t?? ap??t?s? se s???e???�??e? p?????se?? st? s?ed?as?
s???e???�???? st?at?????? ?a? st?? ep?te??? s?st?�???? ?a? d?�???? a??a??? st? es?
te???? t??. S?�f??a �e t?? Markram (2013), ?? p?????se?? p?? a?t?�et?p??e? ? ?e???
ep?st?�?, ?ste ?a ??se? ta ?e�???a �?a? ��e????? ep?st?�??� st? �?????, s???pt???
e??a?:
3. ?fa?�??? st?at?????? p??�?e???: ???? t?? e?a??et??? �e????? a???�?? t?? ?e??????
(80 d?se?at?��???a) ?a? t?? ?e???????? s????e?? (80 t??se?at?��???a) t?? e??ef????,
? �e??t? t??? ??e???eta? ?a s?ed?aste? �e ????a t?? s????e?? s???e???�???? t?p?? ?
e??????. ? �?t??s? ?a?e�??? ap? a?t?? pe??a�at??? e??a? ep?s?? apa???e?t??? ?p?
te ??e???eta? ? a??pt??? te?????? ?? ?p??e? ?a ep?t??p??? t?? p??�?e?? t?? ?a?a?
t???st???? t?? s??apt???? d?ad??�?? (Hill ?.?., 2012).
4. ???�???s? t?? e??ef????: ? a?a?????s? ?a? ?ata??af? t?? a?t??d?? �??a??s�?? p?s?
ap? t? ?e?t?????a t?? ?e???????? ?????�?t?? (p.?. ? t??p?? p?? ?? ?e???d?a�?
�ast?? ?a? ?? ??�??e? d?a�??f????? t? ?e??????? d?ast????t?ta) �p??e? ?a ???e? �e
t? ???s? �??t???? e??�???s?? t?? e??ef????.
? d?asf???s? t?? �?????t?? ?a? t?? ep?st?�?????? s?��???? t?? ?????e?ape?a?, p???
p???te? t?? a??a?? t?? ?e???s?? t?? �e �?a pe??ss?te?? s?st?�at??? p???pt???. G?a
t? st??f? a?t?, e??a? apa?a?t?t?? s???e???�???? pa?????te? ?p??:
d) ? ?????e?ape?a ??e???eta? t?? e�pe???a ?a? t? s??e??as?a ???? t?? s????? t?? d??
t? ? ?a?e�?a p??sf??e? �??ad??? ????? ?a? ?d?e? p?? �p????? ?a d?a�??f?s??? t?? a??
s?da t?? ???s?? sta d?af??et??? st?d?a pa?at???s?? ?a? ?e?ape?t???? pa??��as??.
??? p??t? e�f???s? t?? ?????e?ape?a?, �e t?? ???a????s? t?? Freud, a???????sa? ? s?
�at??? ?????e?ape?a, ? s?�pe??f???st??? ?e?ape?a, ? ??�a??st??? ????????a, ? s?st?
�??? ?????e?ape?a, ?a??? ?a? ???s?a??? ?a? ?at????? p??se???se??. ?a?e�?a ap? a?
t??, ?te??e ?a d??e? ?�fas? se s???e???�??? d??stas? t?? ?e?t?????a? t?? a????p????
p??s?p???t?ta?. ? ep?�e?? f?s? ?ta? �?a pe???d?? epa?ap??s????s?? ?a??? ?? ????????
?e???t???? ?a? ?e?ape?t??, e? t? �?s? t?? a??pt???? t?? d?af???? ???d?? t?? ?????e?
ape?a?, p??s????sa? ???e? s????? s????? ??a ?a ?ata???s??? a?t?? t?? e?a??a?t???? ?
pt????. ? ?ata???s? ep?te?????e p????? f???? �e t?? e?�??e?a ?a? ap?d?s? t?? ???? ?
de?? �e ?????�??? ????? ?a? �?sa st? ?d? ?p????? ?e???t??? p?a?s??. ? ?at?stas? a?
t? e?e??????e �e t?? e�f???s? t?? e??p???�???? ?????e?ape?a? ? ?p??a ep???ase s?�a?
t??? t?? ???d?, d????ta? ?�fas? st?? e?t?p?s�? ?a? t?? a???p???s? t??
�as???? ?????? ?e?ape?t???? pa?a???t??. ? s?st?�at??? e?s?�?t?s? ?e???t???? e??????
?a? te?????? d?ad??as??? s?et???? �e t?? d?af??et???? p??se???se??, d?�??????se �?a
??a ?e?ape?t??? p?a?t??? pe??ss?te?? e?????t? ?a? ap?te?es�at??? ap? ?p??ad?p?te
�e�???�??? p??s????s?.
? e??p???�??? ?????e?ape?a a????e? t?? p???pt??? ??a t?? e�p???t?s�? t?? ap??e?? s?
et??? �e t?? p??s?p???t?ta ?a? t?? ????pa??????a t??. ?p??e? ?a ep?d??se? st?? a???
s? t?? ?e?ape?t???? ??a??t?ta? ?a? ap?te?es�at???t?ta?, ?a d?e????e? t? ped??
t?? ???????? e?pa?de?s?? ?a? ??s?ast??? ?a epe?te??e? ?a? ?a s??e??se? t??? st?????
?a? t? �e??d?????a t?? s???????? ???????? ?e???a? ?a? ?e?ape?a? (Anchin ?a?
Magnavita, 2006).
?a d?? ped?a ????? s?�a?t???? d?af???? �eta?? t??? t?s? st?? ?�fas? t?? a?t??e?
�???? t??? ?s? ?a? st? �e??d?????a t???. ?at? a?t? t?? t??p?, e??a? d?a???t? ?a? ?
a???a ap? ta d?? de? d?at???e? ???d??? ?a �e???e? ? s?�as?a t?? ? ?a a?t??atasta?e?
ap? t? ????.
? ?e???ep?st?�? ??e? e?s??e? �?a ??a p???d??stat? e????s? t?? ?????????? a?t??????
st?? ?????e?ape?a. S???e???�??a, ???s?�?p??e? d?af??et??? ep?peda ep?st?�??????
a????s?? ??a ?a p??se???se?:
S?????
? �???�e??? ?e???s? e??a? a?epa???? ?a??? de? �p??e? ?a d?se? apa?t?se?? ??a
t?? ??????s? t?? ???, t?? e?d???s? t?? s?�pe??f???? ?a? t? ?e?t?????a t?? ????s�??,
??�?????af?a
Cacioppo, J., ?.?., (2014) Social neuroscience and its potential contribution
to psychiatry, World Psychiatry, t. 13, ??. 2, se?. 131-139
Ib��ez, ?., ?.?., (2014) Bridging psychiatry and neurobiology through social
neuroscience, World Psychiatry, t. 13, ??. 2, se?. 148-149
Moss, R., Martin, J., (2014) Debating new theory in Neuroscience AIMS
Neuroscience, t. 1 ??. 1
Ouss - Ryugaert, L., Golse, B., (2010) Linking neuroscience and psychoanalysis
from a developmental perspective: why and how, Journal of Psychology, Paris t. 104,
se?. 303- 308
Sauvagnat, F., Wiss, M., Clement, S., (2010) A historical perspective on the
collaboration between psychoanalysis and neuroscience, Journal of Psychology,
Paris, t. 104, se?. 288-295
Cacioppo, J. Patrick, B. (2008) Loneliness: human nature and the need for
social connection, N.Y. W.W. Norton & Company
Koehler, B., (2007) The case against psychoanalysis (?????) The International
Society for psychological and Social Approaches to Psychosis
Sanguineti, V., (2007) The Rosetta Stone of the Human Mind, Three languages to
integrate Neurobiology and Psychology, Springer
Kandel, E., (2005) Psychiatry, Psychoanalysis and the new biology of mind,
American Psychiatric Publications
Gureje, O., (2004) The current status of Psychotherapy, WAJM t. 23, ??. 2
Beutel, M., Stern, E., Silbersweig, D., (2003) The emerging dialogue between
psychoanalysis and neuroscience: neuroimaging perspectives, Journal of American
Psychoanalytic Association, t. 51, se?. 773-801
Gallese, V., (2003) The Manifold Nature of Interpersonal Relations: The Quest
for a Common Mechanism Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, B:
Biological Sciences
Plomin, R., ?.?., (1997) Behavioral genetics, (3? ??d.) N.Y. Freeman
Baxter, L., (1992) Caudate glucose metabolic rate changes with both drug and
behavioral therapy for obsessive - compulsive disorders, Archive of General
Psychiatry t. 49, se?. 618-689