Group 19: Octopam ine Group 20: M itochondrial com plex III electron transport inhibitors

Group 1: Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors (Only major representatives of the groups are shown)
receptor agonists
O
Hydramethylnon O
CF3 O
F 3C O O HN NH
HN
O
N
N O O
N N
H O
O N O
O

Acephate Methamidophos
19 Acequinocyl Fluacrypyrim Bifenazate
Aldicarb Oxamyl 1A Amitraz
CF 3

Amitraz
Carbamates 20A Hydramethylnon 20B Acequinocyl 20C Fluacrypyrim 20D Bifenazate
Methiocarb Fenitrothion

Group 21: M itochondrial com plex I electron transport inhibitors Group 22: Voltage-dependent
Carbaryl Thiodicarb
1B
Chlorpyrifos Profenofos
Insecticide Resistance Action Committee sodium channel blockers
Organophosphates 22A
Indoxacarb Oxadiazines
Methomyl Malathion

Carbofuran Pirimicarb Dimethoate Triazophos

Mode of Action Classification Fenazaquin Pyrimidifen
Rotenone

21B
Pyridaben Rotenone
Tolfenpyrad

Group 2: GABA-gated chloride channel antagonists Group 8: M iscellaneous non-specific (m ulti-site)

21A METI acaricides and 22B
inhibitors Fenpyroximate Semicarbazones Metaflumizone
Tebufenpyrad insecticides
2B Phenylpyrazoles
(Fiproles)
Methyl
Na2B4O7·10H2O
2A Cyclodiene Fipronil 8A Alkyl Dazomet Group 23: Inhibitors of acetyl CoA carboxylase Group 24: M itochondrial
Endosulfan bromide Cryolite
Chlordane
Organochlorines Ethiprole halides Borax Tartar emetic com plex IV electron transport
8D 8E AlP
inhibitors
Borates Tartar emetic
Aluminium
Group 3: Sodium channel m odulators (Only major representatives of group 3A are shown) phosphide Zn3P2 CN-
8B 8C 8F Methyl isothiocyanate
Sulfuryl Metam Spiromesifen
generators Spirotetramat Zinc
Chloropicrin Chloropicrin fluoride Fluorides Cyanide
Ca3P2 phosphide
3B DDT, PH3 salts
Methoxychlor
Spirodiclofen Spiropidion Calcium
Group 9: Chordotonal Group 10: M ite growth inhibitors Phosphine
phosphide 24A 24B Cyanides
Bifenthrin Esfenvalerate Permethrin organ TRPV channel m odulators affecting CHS1 Phosphides
23 Tetronic & Tetramic acid derivatives
DDT

lambda-
Deltamethrin
cyhalothrin Etoxazole
3A Methoxychlor Pymetrozine Group 25: Mitochondrial complex II electron Group 28: Ryanodine 29: Chordotonal
Pyrethroids Diflovidazin
transport inhibitors receptor modulators organ modulators
alpha- Pyrethrins 9B Pyridine 10B – undefined target
cypermethrin Etofenprox Tefluthrin Afidopyropen CN N N

azomethine Pyrifluquinazon
Etoxazole 25A beta-Ketonitrile site
10A Hexythiazox
Chlorantraniliprole R=Cl
derivatives Clofentezine O O derivatives Cyantraniliprole R=CN
9D Pyropenes Clofentezine,
Diflovidazin,Hexythiazox
Group 4: Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) com petitive m odulators Cyenopyrafen O O
S
I HN
Cyclaniliprole
F 3C O
Group 11: M icrobial disruptors Includes transgenic crops expressing Bacillus thuringiensis toxins (however, specific guidance O O
Flubendiamide
for resistance management of transgenic crops is not based on rotation of modes of action) NC
of insect m idgut m em branes
HN
Flonicamid
O
CF3

Dinotefuran Different B.t. products that target different insect orders may be used O
F
CF3
O
together without compromising their resistance management. Bacillus thuringiensis and the insecticidal proteins produced Pyflubumide
4B Sulfoxaflor
4C 29 Flonicamid
Nicotine Rotation between certain specific B.t. microbial products may B.t. israelensis, B.t. aitzawai, B.t. kurstaki, B.t. tenebrionis Cyflumetofen
Nicotine Sulfoximines provide resistance management benefits for some pests. Consult
Bacillus sphaericus
25B Carboxanilides 28 Diamides
Acetamiprid Bt crop proteins * Tetraniliprole
Nitenpyram product-specific recommendations. Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1Fa, Cry1A.105, Cry2Ab, Vip3A,
* Where there are differences among the specific receptors within the mCry3A, Cry3Ab, Cry 3Bb, Cry34Ab1/Cry35Ab1
midguts of target insects, transgenic crops containing certain combinations 11B 31 Baculoviruses
30 GABA-gated chloride channel allosteric 32 Nicotinic Acetylcholine
Imidacloprid of these proteins provide resistance management benefits. 11A Bacillus thuringiensis Bacillus sphaericus
Thiamethoxam Receptor (nAChR)
m odulators
4D Allosteric M odulators -
4A 4E Anticarsia
Flupyradifurone Butenolides Triflumezopyrim Group 12: Inhibitors of m itochondrial ATP synthase Cydia pomonella GV gemmatalis MNPV Site II
Clothianidin Thiacloprid Neonicotinoids Mesoionics
Thaumatotibia Helicoverpa GS-omega/kappa
O
S O
O O
leucotreta GV armigera NPV HXTX-Hv1a
S Broflanilide Fluxametamide
S Cl peptide
Sn O
N N O O
Sn Sn
H H
Group 5: Nicotinic acetylcholine Group 6: Glutam ate-gated chloride channel (GluCl) N
O

N
Cl Cl Cl Meta-diamides & Isoxazolines Granuloviruses & Nucleopolyhedroviruses
receptor (nAChR) allosteric m odulators Diafenthiuron N
Fenbutatin
Spinetoram Abamectin R1 = major component R2 = Ethyl Azocyclotin oxide
major component R = H, 5,6 single allosteric m odulators minor component R2 = Methyl Propargite Tetradifon
12A
O
minor component R = CH3, 5,6 double Sn
HO

site I Diafenthiuron
OH
12B
O O 12C Propargite 12D Tetradifon Bromopropylate
Cyhexatin Organotin miticides
Spinosad O
H
O
Cl Cl Cl
O O
S
major component R = H H Lepimectin O R OH Cl

minor component R = CH3 Emamectin N

O
H
Cl O Cl
N
CF3
CaSX
benzoate R1 =
N
H O O
O O O O
CCl3
OH H
Group 13: Uncouplers of oxidative phos- (Lime sulfur)
Milbemectin Group 14: Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)
O R
H
O

O O Dicofol Pyridalyl Sulfurs

Azadirachtin
O
OH H
H
OH phorylation via disruption of proton gradient channel blockers
5 Spinosyns 6 Avermectins & Milbemycins O
H
major component R = Ethyl
O N
O
O
OH
minor component R = Methyl
Br
CN O S
S Cl
N S Group UN: Com pounds
S O O
O
F3C S S
O N S of unknown or uncertain
N N
Group 7: Juvenile horm one S
Benzoximate m ode of action
OH N
O NH2 SO 3Na
S
O Cl
O O
Chinomethionat Mancozeb
Hydroprene R1 = ethyl, R2 = H S
m im ics 13
O2N
Sulfluramid S
Thiocyclam
Methoprene R1 = isopropyl, R2 – OCH3 Chlorfenapyr Bensultap
S NH 2 S

7A Juvenile Pyrroles, N
H Cl
N SO3Na

Dinitrophenols, NO2
14 Nereistoxin
O

hormone Cartap Thiosultap- UNF UNM

analogues 7B 7C Sulfluramid DNOC analogues UNB UNE
Kinoprene R1 = propargyl, R2 = H Fenoxycarb Pyriproxyfen hydrochloride sodium
Fenoxycarb Pyriproxyfen Bacterial agents (non- Botanical essence including Fungal agents of Non-specific
Bt) of unknown or synthetic, extracts and unknown or m echanical
Group 15: Inhibitors of chitin Group 16: Inhibitors of chitin Group 18: Ecdysone receptor uncertain M oA unrefined oils with unknown uncertain disruptors
biosynthesis affecting CHS1) biosynthesis, type 1 agonists or uncertain M oA M oA
Use of Groups and Sub-Groups:
(Only major
• Alternations, sequences or rotations of compounds between MoA groups reduce selection for target site resistance.
• Applications are arranged into MoA spray windows defined by crop growth stage and pest biology. representatives of Chenopodium ambrosioides
Beauveria bassiana strains
group are shown) Burkholderia spp, near ambrosioides
• Several sprays of a compound may be possible within each spray window, but successive generations of a pest should not be Wolbachia pipientis (Zap) extract Metarhizium anisopliae strain F52,
Diatomaceous earth
Fatty acid monoesters with Paecilomyces fumosoroseus
treated with compounds from the same MoA group. Apopka strain 97
glycerol or propanediol
• Local expert advice should always be followed with regard to spray windows and timing. Diflubenzuron Chromafenozide Neem oil
• Groups in the classification whose members do not act at a common target site are exempt from the proscription against rotation Buprofezin
16 Buprofezin
within the group. These are, Group 8, Group 13 and all the UN groups: UN, UNB, UNE, UNF, UNM, UNP & UNV.
• Sub-groups represent distinct structural classes which are believed to have the same mode of action. Flufenoxuron
• Sub-groups provide differentiation between compounds that may bind at the same target site but are structurally different enough Key to Targeted Physiology
Group 17: Moulting disruptors,
that risk of metabolic cross-resistance is lower than for close chemical analogs. Dipteran Nerve & Muscle Growth & Development Respiration Midgut Unknown or Non-specific
• Cross-resistance potential between sub-groups is higher than between groups, so rotation between sub-groups should be Lufenuron Halofenozide
considered only when there are no alternatives, and only if cross-resistance does not exist, following consultation with local expert
advice. These exceptions are not sustainable, and alternative options should be sought. Poster Notes:
• Sub-group 3B: DDT is no longer used in agriculture and therefore this is only applicable for the control of insect vectors of human Methoxyfenozide • Groups 26 and 27 are unassigned.
Novaluron • The poster is for educational purposes only. Information presented is accurate to the best of our knowledge at the time of publication,
disease, such as mosquitoes, because of a lack of alternatives.
• Sub-group10A: Hexythiazox is grouped with clofentezine because they exhibit cross-resistance even though they are structurally but IRAC or its member companies cannot accept responsibility for how this information is used or interpreted. Advice should always
distinct. Diflovidazin has been added to this group because it is a close analogue of clofentezine and is expected to have the same
Cyromazine be sought from local experts or advisors, and health and safety recommendations followed.
Teflubenzuron Tebufenozide
mode of action. 15 Benzoylureas 17 Cyromazine 18 Diacylhydrazines • In some cases only representative compounds in Groups are shown where indicated.
• Please visit www.irac-online.org for the complete IRAC classification.

IRAC document protected by © Copyright Poster Edition 7, August 2019. Based on the MoA Classification Version 9