CHAPTER 11

LINES AND PLANES

IN
3-DIMENSIONS
 PRIOR KNOWLEDGE

3 Different types of dimensions

One- Dimensional Two- Dimensional Three- Dimensional

A line One surface  more than one surface

Only has length length and width  length, width and height

MATHEMATICS FORM 4
 PRIOR KNOWLEDGE

Trigonometric Ratios
c
b

Pythagoras’ Theorem

MATHEMATICS FORM 4
 11.1 ANGLE BETWEEN LINES AND PLANES

A. Identify Plane
 PLANE: is a flat surface
Plane

Not a
Plane

MATHEMATICS FORM 4
 11.1 ANGLE BETWEEN LINES AND PLANES

 3 types of plane

Horizontal plane Vertical plane Inclined plane

MATHEMATICS FORM 4
Horizontal plane

Vertical plane
Vertical plane
Inclined plane
 Activity 1

1. According to the prism below. Name the specific

plane.
E  Horizontal plane
F ABFE
DHGC

A B  Vertical plane
H ABCD
EFGH
G ADHE

D  Inclined plane
BFGC
C
MATHEMATICS FORM 4
 11.1 ANGLE BETWEEN LINES AND PLANES

B. Identify Lines

Lines that lie on a plane

D
C

A B

MATHEMATICS FORM 4
 11.1 ANGLE BETWEEN LINES AND PLANES

Lines that intersect with a plane

D
C

A B

MATHEMATICS FORM 4
 11.1 ANGLE BETWEEN LINES AND PLANES

Normal to a plane
Definition:
Normal to a plane is a perpendicular straight line
to the intersection of any lines on the plane.

Normal to a plane

S
R

Y
P Q
MATHEMATICS FORM 4
 Activity 2

1. Identify the normal(s) to each of the given planes.

E Example:
F
Normal to the plane ADHE are

A B Answer:
H AB, DC, EF and HG
G
D
C
MATHEMATICS FORM 4
 Activity 2

(a) Normal to the plane CDHG are

E AD and HE
F
(b) Normal to the plane BCGF are
A B No normal line
H

G
D
C
MATHEMATICS FORM 4
 11.1 ANGLE BETWEEN LINES AND PLANES

Orthogonal Projection
Definition:
Is a perpendicular projection of the object on a plane.
B
Orthogonal projection
of line AB on the plane
A
PQRS

S R

P
Q

MATHEMATICS FORM 4
Plane at bottom
Plane at top
Plane at right hand side
Plane at left hand side
Plane at the back
Plane in front
 REMEMBER THIS…

Imagine …
Screen=PLANE

Object=LINE

MATHEMATICS FORM 4
 Activity 3

1. Find the orthogonal projection of a given line on a

specific plane given.
D C
Line Plane Orthogonal
Projection
A B a) AC ADSP AD

b) BD DCRS CD

c) AR PQRS PR

d) PC ABCD AC

S R e) QC DCRS RC

f) DQ PQRS SQ
P Q
MATHEMATICS FORM 4
 Angle between a line and a plane
B
BC is normal to the
plane PQRS

S R
A C
Orthogonal projection
P of line AB on the plane
Q PQRS is line AC

Angle between the line AB and the plane PQRS is the angle form between
the line AB and the orthogonal projection on the plane.

ANSWER: ∠ B A C
MATHEMATICS FORM 4
 Angle between a line and a plane

TECHNIQUE…

∠ __ __ __
Point Point NORMAL
NOT TOUCH TOUCH of not touch
on plane on plane point on plane

MATHEMATICS FORM 4
Identify the angle between the line AB
and the plane PQRS
B

S R

A
C
P
Q

∠ __
B __
A __
C
NOT TOUCH TOUCH NORMAL
 Activity 4
S R
Based on the diagram, name the
angles between the following:
P Q

∠ NOT
TOUCH
TOUCH NORMAL

C
D
Answers
A B

(a) Line BR and plane ABCD R __

∠ __ B __
C
(b) Line AS and plane ABCD S __
∠ __ A __
D
(c) Line AR and plane CDSR A __
∠ __ R __
D
(d) Line BS and plane PQRS B __
∠ __ S __
Q
 Activity 5

1. Identify the angle of the line and the plane given.

D C
Line Plane Angle

A B a) AC ADSP ∠CAD

b) BD DCRS ∠BDC
c) AR PQRS ∠ARP
d) PC ABCD ∠PCA

S R e) QC DCRS ∠QCR
f) DQ PQRS ∠DQS
P Q
MATHEMATICS FORM 4
 Example 1
Based on the diagram,
S R (a)Identify the angle between the
line PB and the plane ABCD.
P
P Q
3 cm
∠__
P __
B __
A
Not Normal
Touch
Touch of P
3cm D 4 cm
C (b) Hence, calculate the angle
between the line PB and the
A 4 cm B plane ABCD.
tan ∠PBA =
∠PBA = tan -1
∠PBA = 36˚52′
Example 2 S R
(a) Find the angle between the line
SB and the plane ABCD.
P Q
∠__
S __
B __
D
Not Normal D C
Touch
Touch of S

(b) Calculate the angle between the A B

line SB and the plane ABCD if
SB = 19cm and BD= 13 cm.
S
cos ∠SBD =
19 cm H
∠SBD = cos -1

∠SBD= 46˚50′ D 13 cm B

A
 Example 3 (SPM 2006 PAPER 2)

T
Diagram shows a right prism. The base PQRS is
a horizontal rectangle. The right angled triangle
U
UPQ is the uniform cross section of the prism.
9 cm S
R Identify and calculate the angle between the
line RU and the base PQRS. [3 marks]
P 5 cm Q
U __
∠ __ R __
P Identify angle

Calculate
angle
U

9 cm
tan ∠URP=
P 13 cm R ∠URP = tan -1
∠URP= 34˚42′

MATHEMATICS FORM 4
Example 4(SPM 2008 PAPER 2)
E Diagram shows a cuboid. M is the midpoint of
M the side EH and AM = 15 cm.

F H a) Name the angle between the line AM and

the plane ADEF
b) Calculate the angle between the line AM
G and the plane ADEF
D [3 marks]

A C (a) M __
∠ __ A __
E Name angle

8cm
(b) sin ∠MAE=
B
O
∠MAE= sin -1
4cm
E M ∠MAE= 15˚28′

15 cm
H
A
MATHEMATICS FORM 4
 Example 5 (SPM 2007 PAPER 2)

Diagram shows a right prism. The base PQRS

T Is a horizontal rectangle. Right-angled triangle
QRU is the uniform cross section of the prism.
U V is the midpoint of PS.
S 5 cm Identify and calculate the angle between the
line UV and the plane RSTU. [3 marks]
R
V
V __
∠ __ U __
S Identify angle
P
Calculate
angle
Q

S 13 cm
U
tan ∠VUS=
8cm ∠VUS= tan -1
∠VUS= 31˚36′
V
MATHEMATICS FORM 4
 11.2 ANGLE BETWEEN PLANES AND PLANES

Identify the angle between the plane ABCD and the plane BCEF.

∠ __
D __
C __
E OR ∠ __
A __
B __
F
E

D C E
D C
F

A B F
A B
MATHEMATICS FORM 4
 11.1 ANGLE BETWEEN PLANES AND PLANES

Identify the angle between the plane ABCD and the plane BCF.

∠ __
F __
B __
A

F D C

D C

A B F
A B
MATHEMATICS FORM 4
 11.1 ANGLE BETWEEN PLANES AND PLANES

Identify the angle between the plane ABC and the plane BCD.

∠ __
A __
B __
F

C
F

F
A B
A B
MATHEMATICS FORM 4
 11.1 ANGLE BETWEEN PLANES AND PLANES

Identify the angle between the plane ABCD and the plane BCE.

∠ __
E __
F __
G
E
D C

D C
E

G G F
F

A B
A B
MATHEMATICS FORM 4
 SPM 2006 (PAPER 1)

1) Name the angle between the plane PQWT and the

plane SRWT.
Q R

∠ __
P __
T __
S
V W

OR
P S

U T
∠ __
Q __
W __
R
MATHEMATICS FORM 4
 SPM 2007 (PAPER 1)

2) Vertex P is vertically above T. Name the angle

between the plane PTS and the plane PTQ.

∠ __
Q __
T __
S

S
T

Q R
MATHEMATICS FORM 4
 SPM 2008 (PAPER 1)

3) What is the angle between the plane STU and the

base QSTV.

U
∠ __
U __
T __
V
P V T

Q S

MATHEMATICS FORM 4
 SPM 2009 (PAPER 1)

3) Given M and N is the midpoint of the line QR and PS. Name

the angle between the plane VQR and the base PQRS.

U
∠ __
V __
M __
N
S R
N M

P
Q

MATHEMATICS FORM 4
 SPM 2010 (PAPER 2)

Diagram in the answer space shows a right prism. The base CDHG is a horizontal
rectangle. Trapezium ABCD is the uniform cross section of the prism.
(a) On diagram in the answer space, mark the angle between the plane BCGF and
the base CDHG .
(b) Hence, calculate the angle between the plane BCGF and the base CDHG.
B [3 marks]
Answer : (b)
E 2 cm
(a) F
13 cm
Mark
A B
H X 19 cm C
13 cm tan ∠BCD =
G
D
∠BCD= tan -1
21 cm
C
∠BCD= 34˚23′
MATHEMATICS FORM 4
 SPM 2005 (PAPER 2)

Diagram shows a right prism. Right-angled triangle PQR is the uniform cross
section of the prism.
12 cm (a) Name the angle between the plane RTU and
T
S the plane PQTU.
5 cm
(b) Hence, calculate the angle between
U the plane RTU and the base PQTU.
[3 marks]
Answer :
18 cm (a) R T __
∠ __ __ Q
Q
R (b) T
tan ∠RTQ=
P
18 cm
∠RTQ= tan -1

Q 12 cm R ∠RTQ= 33˚41′

MATHEMATICS FORM 4
 SPM 2009 (PAPER 2)
Diagram below shows a cuboid with horizontal base ABCD. J is the midpoint of the
side AF.
E (a) Name the angle between the plane BCJ
and the base ABCD.
F H (b) Calculate the angle between the plane
BCJ and the base ABCD.
D [3 marks]
J G 8 cm
Answer :
(a) J B __
A
A C
∠ __ __
10 cm 6 cm (b)
tan ∠JBA=
B J

4 cm ∠JBA= tan -1

A 10 cm B
∠JBA= 21˚48′

MATHEMATICS FORM 4
 Example (PAPER 2)

Diagram shows a right pyramid. V is the vertex of the pyramid and the base PQRS is
a horizontal square. M and N is the midpoint of QR and PS. The height of the pyramid
is 11 cm.
V
Identify and calculate the angle between
the plane VQR and the base PQRS.
[3 marks]
U
∠ __
V __
M __
N

S V
R
tan ∠VMX=
N M

P 11 cm ∠VMX= tan -1
10 cm Q
∠VMX= 65˚33′
X 5 cm M