R. K. MALIK’S JEE (MAIN & ADV.), MEDICAL + BOARD, NDA, IX &X NEWTON CLASSES Enjoys unparalleled reputation for best results in terms of percentage selection www.newtonclasses.net CHAPTER ~7 : THE CIRCLE 7.1. Definition A circle is the locus of a point which moves so that its distance from a fixed point called the centre, is equal to a given distance. The given distance is called the radius of the circle. ‘To find the equation to a cirele, the axes of co-ordinates being two straight lines through ite centre at right angles. Solution : Let O be the centre of the circle, and let a be its radius. Let OX and OY be the axes of co-ordinates. Let P be any point on the circumference of the circle, and let its co-ordinates be x and y. Draw PM perpendicular to X and join OP ‘Then OM? + MP? =a? Ne ‘This being the relation which holds between the'co-ordinates of x any point on the circumference is, by Art. 42, the required equation. To find the equation to a cirele referred to any rectangular axes. Solution : Let OX and OY be the two rectangular ares. Let C be the centre of the circle and a its radius. Take any point P on the circumference and draw perpendicular CM and PN upon OX; let P be the point &y, Draw CL perpendicular to NP Let the coordinate of C be h and & ; these are supposed to be known ‘We have CL = MN = ON-OM=r~h, and LP =NP-NL=NP-MC=y-h Hence, CL? + LP? = CP? s Ep é g : z : z 2 4 z & é z 2 z g is 3 Q a g Z E Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0661-2662523, 9836608812, 8507613968 NEWTONCLASSR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES We have (x - h)? + (y- k= a? aw ‘This is the required equation. Example. The equation to the circle, whose centre is the point (3, 4) and whose radius is 7, is (+32 +0447 =7, ie, xt 4 y2 + Ge — By = 24 Some particular cases of the preceding article may be noticed. (a) Let the origin O be on the circle so that, in this case, OM? + MC? = a? ie, Re 4 kt =a? The equation (1) then becomes (x-h? (yk? = AP + BP ie, x2 4y? + hx ~ hy =0 (b) Let the origin be not on the curve, but let the centre lie on the axis of x In this ease k = 0, and the equation becomes (eh? +y? =a? (c) Let the origin be on the curve and let the axis of x be a diameter, We now have k = 0 and a = h, so that the equation becomes xt+yt—2he =0 (d) By taking O at C, and thus making both h and & zero, we have the case of Art. 7.1 (@) The circle will touch the axis of x if MC be equal to the radius. i.e, if k =a. ‘The equation to a circle touching the aris of x is therefore xt +y? + Dhx—Dhy +h? =0 Similarly, one touching the axis of y is x+y? — hx — Dhy +k? =0 To prove that the equation x+y? + Qgx -2fy +e = 0. o ow (Dy, |always represents a cirele for all values of g, f, and c, and to find its centre and radius. [The axes are assumed to be rectangular] Solution : This equation may be written (x? +2gx +g?) + 0? +2fy +P) = 9? +h? -c, ie, +a? +o +n = Veoh -e Comparing this with the equation (1) of Art. 7.2, we see that the equations are the same if h=-g, k=-f,anda= /g?+f? Hence, (1) represents a circle whose centre is the point (-g, -/), and whose radius er +f? > 2 Z é A a = i a a 3 & o E ° g 2 Z g = 2 g 8 8 g 2 é 5 a Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi, Ph. 0861-2662628, 9696608612, 8607619968, NEWTONCLASSES.NETCHAPTER ~7 : THE CIRCLE If g? +f? > c, the radius of this circle is real If g* + f=, the radius vanishes, i., the circle becomes a point coinciding with the point (-g, A). Such a circle is called a point-ircle. Ifg? +f? a Z é 3 a me 5 3 a S & 3 z ° € 2 Z is 3 g a 8 g 3 é 5 a ‘The equation (1) of Ex. 4 is called the general equation of a circle, since it can, by a proper choice, of g, f and c, be made to represent any circle, ‘The three constants g, f, and ¢ in the general equation correspond to the geometrical fact that a circle can be found to satisfy three independent geometrical conditions and no more. Thus a circle is determined when three points on it are given, or when it is required to touch three straight lines. find the equation to the circle which is described on the line joining the ints (xy ¥,), and (xy y,) as diameter. ution : Let A be point (xy, y; ) and B be the point (x, y,), and let the co-ordinates of any point P on the cirlee be A and k The equation to AP is Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 8507613968, NEWTONCR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES hy, y-yHF =e =x) hoy and the equation to BP isy - yy = R—g. (& -%) (2) But, since APB is a semicircle, the angle APB is a right angle and hence the straight ines (1) and (2) are at right angles. Hence, we have oe i ie, (hh -x,) (h ~ xq) + (k - y,) (k ~y) = 0 But this is the condition that the point (4, k) may lie on the curve whose equation is| @- 2) @-%) + 0-9) Y-¥%) =o ‘This therefore is the required equation. Intercepts made on the axes by the circle whose equation is ax? + ay’ + 2gx + 2fy+e=0 Solution : The abscissae of the points where the circle (1) meets the axis of x, i.e., y = 0, are given by the equation ax! + 2gx+c=0 The roots of this equation being x, and x», we have 2g c te - Bond Spal ate lag’ de _ 5 ver-ac oe a a Hence, A,A,= x, — xy = f(x, +%,)-4z,x = Again, the roots of the equation (2) are both imaginary if g? Equation (2), then gives c= $ Substituting these values in equation (1) the required equation is 4x? + dy? + 142r + 4Ty + 138 =0 Find the equation to the circle which touches the axis of y at a distance +4 from the origin and euts off an intercept 6 from the axis of x. Solution : Any circle is, 2° +y?+ 2gr + 9fy +e =0 This meets the aris of y in points given by P+ ye =0 The roots of this equation must be equal, and each equal to 4, so that it must be equiva- lent to (y- 4)? =0 Hence, 2f=-Bande =16 ‘The equation to the circle is then a2 + y?4 gx By +16 =0 This meets the azis of x in points given by x24 2gr +16 =0 ie, at points distant -g + Yg?-16 and—g~ Vg'-16 Hence, 6 =2Vg'-16 Therefore g = +5, and the required equation is x! +ylt 10x -8y +16 =0 There are therefore two circles satisfying the given conditions. This is geometrically obvious. > a Zz 6 3 a > B a a 3 & 5 E ° € g Z 2 is 5B 3 & 3 é a 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2662623, 9836608812, 8507613968 NEWTONCLASS6 R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES mE ——________— Find the equation to the circle Whose radius is 3 and whose centre is (-1, 2). Solution : Centre is given as (~1, 2), and radius is given as 3, hence, the equation of the circle will be bx-CDF+(y-2? = (9), or a +y? + Qe-dy = 4, 2. Whose radius is 10 and whose centre is (-5, -6). Solution : Centre is (—5, -6) radius is 10. So, the equation of the circle is [x-CO)P + ly 4-6) = (10) or x? + 10x +y?— 12y = 39. 3. Whose radius is a + b and whose centre is (a, -b). Solution : Centre is (a, -b) and radius is, (a +b). So, the equation of the circle is G@-aP+ (yb? =(a+6) or x2 +y? + 2ar —2by-2ab =0. 4, Whose radius is [4?_ 4? and whose centre is (a, -b). Solution : Centre is (-a,-8), and radius Y(a?=6"). Hence the equation of the circle is : te-aP+y-b? =| fo'=8)] sta ya Dae + Dby +25" = 0, =e+P-0) Find the coordinates of the centres and the radii of the cireles whose equations are g So g z : z 3 z & é z 2 z is 3 Q a g Z E 5. at ty? de By = 41. Solution : The equation of the circle is given as x? +y?—4x-By-41 =0 x dr + 4-4 4y?— By + 16-16-41 =0 or (x- 2 +(y-4? =61 Hence, centre is (2, 4), and radius is /(61) . Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi, Ph.; 0861-2662628, 9696608612, 8607619968, NEWTONCLASSCHAPTER ~7 : THE CIRCLE Sx? + By? - 5x - by +4 = 0. Solution : The equation is &x? + Sy? - 5x - 6y + 4 = 0. 5.8 3 4 xteyte yg e Half of the coefficient of x and y are -2., and 1. 5 Hence, the centre will be (3 i), and the radius will be ie 2)-8 7 ar . tayek eth). Solution : The equation of the circle is ey? Sheth) Brylhr+0.y-k =0 Half of the coefficient of x is ~ : and halfof the coefficient of y is 0. So the centre is ( £0) RY coast and, radius = (s) +0+K . ie Ans. att yf? = Qgx - 2h Solution : The equation is given as x+y? = 2ex-2H. or a+ y?_ Dex + fy = 0. Half of the coefficient of x is -g, half of the coefficient of y is f. So the centre is (g, ~/) and radius is J(g* +f?) ‘Ans. (1 +m? )(x* + y*) - 2ex - 2mey =0 Solution : (+ m?\x" + y")- 2ex—2mey =0 2 2me or xteyta = =y=0. Qa+mt) | Gem) Half of the coefficient of x is ~ Tas’ half of the coefficient of y is — ea ve Jaen c me Hence, the centre is (ena and 06 , 6 Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2662623, 9836608812, 8507613968 NEWTONCLASSES » 2 Z g 3 a = g a a 3 & 3 E 2 g 2 Z g = 2 g 8 8 g z aR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES Draw the circles whose equations are . at ey? = Bay, Solution : The equation of the circle is given as tay? = Day or xt +y?=2a3 or xt4(y-a? Hence, the centre of the circle is (0, a), and radius = a, ‘Taking (0, a) as centre, and a as radius draw the circle. |. Bet + By? = Ax, Solution : The equation is B22 4.8? = dr. 4 3 or ey? 2 2 Hence, the centre will be (5 0} and radius will be 3. 2 2 Taking (3.0) ‘as centre, and 2 as radius, draw the circle. . Sxl + Sy? = Bx + Sy. Solution : Equation is given as Hence, the circle is the centre of (3 ‘Taking (5 . 3) as the centre and E as radius draw the circle. . Find the equation to the circle which passes through the points (1, -2), and (4, -3), and which has its centre on the straight line 3x + 4y = 7. Solution : Let the centre of the circle be C= (h, k) As the centre lines on the straight line &x + 4y = 7, its co-ordinate will satisfy Brey =7 Hence, 3h + 4k =7 The circle passes through A= (1, -2) and B= (4,3), Hence, CA=CB or CA?=CB? or (h- D+ 4 2? = (a4)? + (+ 3? or 6h - 2k =20 or 3h—k = 10. > a Z é 3 a z 5 3 a S & 3 z ° é 2 Z is 3 g a 8 g Es & a 47 Solving equations (1) and (2), we get h= 75, Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi, Ph.; 0861-2662628, 9696608612, 8607619968, NEWTONCLASCHAPTER ~7 : THE CIRCLE Therefore the equation of the circle is *(0"5) = oa5 225 se & 2 Fetes oy - | aoe 4 6 2 Bag 5 or a Tae or 15x? + 15y®— 94x + 18y + 55 =0. Ans. 14. Find the equation to the circle passing through the points (0, a), and (b, h), and having its centre on the axis of x. Solution : As the centre C lies on x axis, let its co-ordinates be (g, 0). Again the circle passes through the points A = (0, a) and B = (}, h) CA =CB CA? = CB {© - 0) + (0-a)") = [¢ - 6 + (0-h7)) gh +a? =g2+ 0 2bg +h? = (2 + b2—a?V2b, u y+ye0 4B », Radius, C. ( 2% ] DETAILED SOLUTIONS TO THE CIRCLE BY SL Li Hence, equation of the circle is 2 tend Ds 2 Bat) (h? +0} oy D BaF Peta) + = b (x? +y?-a2) = x(h? + b?-a?) 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2662623, 9836608812, 8507613968 NEWTONCLASS10 R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES 15. Find the equations to the circles which pase through the points (0, 0), (a, 0), and 0, b) Solution : Let the reqd. equation be 432+ er4 26 +0 = 0 a {a {hails passes through (0,0) (0,0) and (0, &) each pent wil saiay (1), heee by (0,0), pot or e=0 (2 By (a, 0), a@+0+2a+%0+e =0 Asa#0,ande=0 et @) By (0, 6); 0+ 62+2¢.04%b+c =0 6 Asb#0,ande=0, 80 Putting the values from (2), and (3), and (4) in (1), we get x? +y?—ar—by =0 . (1, 2), (3, -4), and (5, -6). Solution : Let the equation be x+y? + gx + Byte =0 The points are given as (1, 2), (3, -4), and (5, -6) As in Q. No. 18. By (1, 2); 12 + 22 + g.142f2 +e =0 +H +e By (3, 4); 3? + (4)? + 2g.3 + 2f(-4) +0 = 0 6g - Bf +c =~25. By (5, -6); 5* + (6)? + 2g.5 + 2f(-6) +c =0 10g -12f +c =-61. Subtracting equation (3) from (2), we get dg + 12f = 20 Subtracting equation (4) from (3), 4g +4f = 36 Suotracting equation (6) from (5), we get 8f =-16 or f=-2 Substituting equation this value in (6), we get g=-lh DETAILED SOLUTIONS TO THE CIRCLE BY SL LONEY Putting values of f and g in (2), we get c = 26. Putting these values of f; g, and.c in (1), we get a+ y2— 22x Af + 25 =0. 1. (1, ), (2, -1) and (3, 2). Solution : Let the equation of the circle be Dyts Der Byte =0 ‘The points are (1, 1), (2, -1), and (3, 2) lie on it, we have P+? +214 %l+e =0 2g + 8 +e Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi, Ph.; 0861-2662628, 9696608612, 8607619968, NEWTONCLASSESCHAPTER - D+ (LP + 2g.2 + OF (1) +e =0 or and 4249.34 2240 or 6g +4f+e =-13 ‘Subtracting equation (3) from (2), we get -2g + 4f=3 Subtracting equation (4) from (3), we get -2g- 6f=8 Subtracting equation (6) from (5), we get. 10f =-5, Putting the values in (6), we get g = Putting values of g, and f in (2), we gete =4 Substituting these values in (1) the reqd. equation is a +y-Be-yt4 = . (5, 2), (8, 1), and (1,3). Solution : Let the equation of the circle be i4y?s ers Byte =0 Since, the circle passes through (5, 7), (8, 1), and (1, 3), hence 5+ 426.5 + OFT + or 10g + 14f+ Again (8% + (1? +2g.8+2f1 +e or 16g + f+ and 4H 42g.14+ 2/340 or 2g +6f+e =-10 Subtracting equation (2) from (3), and (4) from (2), we get and Solving (5), and (6), we get & =- 7g Putting these values in (2), we get oF Substituting the values of g, f, and in (1), we get 2 19 sepia (-B) 202(-Zly Bo or Be? + By? — 29x — 19y + 56 = 0 ). (a, b), (a, -b) and (a + b, a~b). Solution : Let the equation of the circle be xl +y?+ grt Byte =0 the circle passes through (a, b), (a, -b), (a + 6, a ~ 6), hence Since, a? +b? + 2ga + fb + a? +b? + Mga - b+ (a +b + (ab? + 2g (a +b) + Blab) +e=0 or 2a + 26? + 2g (a +b) + 2fla—b)+e=0 ‘Subtracting equation (3) from (2), we have DETAILED SOLUTIONS TO THE CIRCLE BY SL LONEY Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 8507613968, NEWTONCLASSESR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES 4fo =0 or f= Subtracting equation (3) from (4), we have a? +b? + 2gb + Yfa =0 Substituting the value of ffrom (6), we get g = (a? + 5?) 2b Putting the values of g and f in (i), we get (a? +8")(a-b) é 6 Substituting the values of gf and ¢ in (i), the required equation will be Bayt g te) (a? +8*a-b) Py or bx? + by® (a? + b*) x + (a? + 6°) (ab) =0 Ans. |. ABCD is square whose side is a; taking AB, and AD as axes, prove that the equation to the circumscribing the square is e+y sale+y) Solution : Taking AB, and AD as axis, the co-ordinateg of A, B, Cand Dare respectively (0, 0), @, 0), (a, a) and (0, a) as the side of the square is by symmetry, the circle passing through’A, B, and D will also pass C. ‘Suppose that equation of the circle be + y? +2er+ Wy een0 wD Since, (0, 0) lies on it, hence 040 +2¢.0+20+e=0 c=0 x+Q0y+ Since, (a, 0) lies on it, hence 4 a? +0 +2ga+2f0+e=0 since, ¢ = 4 hence 2g =-a since, (0, a) lies on it, hence 0 +a? + 2g.0+2fa+e=0 Since c = 0, hence of =a Putting the values gf, and c from (2), (3), and (4) in (1), we get x+y? ~ax-ay+0=0 or 24 ealz+y) Ans. |. Find the equation to the circle which passes through the origin and cuts intercepts equal to 3 and 4 from the axes. Solution : As the circle passes through origin and cuts off the intercepts of 3 and 4 from axes of x and y respectively, the co-ordinates of the points of intersection with axes of x and _y will be (3, 0), and (0, 4). So the circle passes through (0, 0),(3, 0), and (0, 4). Let the equation of the circle be xy? + ges By te=0 (1) As (0, 0) lies on it, hence 0404204204020 or c=0 As (3, 0) lies on it, so 9404294204020 or fg +o+9=0 @ » 2 Z g 3 a = g a a 3 & 3 E 2 g 2 Z g = 2 g 8 8 g z é 5 a Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi, Ph.; 0861-2662628, 9696608612, 8607619968, NEWTONCLASCHAPTER ~7 : THE CIRCLE (0, 4) lies on it, 80 0+ 16 +2g.0+2f44+e=0 or 8f+e+16 =0 From (3), and (4), we get g and f=-2ase=0. Putting the values ¢, f; and g in (1), we get w+y?-3r-4y=0 . Find the equation to the circle passing through the origin, and the points (a, b) and (b, a). Find the lengths of the chords that it cuts off from the axes. Solution : Let the equation of the circle passing through the origin (0,0), and the points (a, b) and (b, a) be ay t2gx+ Oyre =0 .() Putting the co-ordinates of each point in (1) one by one, we get 0+0+0+0+¢ =0 or e=0 “at +b? + ag + 2bf te =0 +a? + Dbg + 2afte =0 Putting the values of cin (3), and (4) and subtracting, we get 2g (ab) + 2f(b-a) =O or g-f=0 Putting g =/, and c = 0 in (3), we get a? +6? + 2af + 26f =0 ase 7 1; te Similarly, putting f = -g, we get dg. Bi oe ‘Substituting the values of 2g, 2f, and c in (1), we get a+b) (ast? Ie + ly +0=0 arb abso a+b or eye ( ‘To get the intercept on x-axis, sovle this equation with x-axis, ie, y = 0. So, putting y = 0 in (6), we get a’ + bt a+b Jeon =0 DETAILED SOLUTIONS TO THE CIRCLE BY SL LONEY 2 or aee Hence, the intercept on x-axis is “—— a+b Similarly, on y-axis, the intercept will be ——> 06 , 6 Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2662623, 9836608812, 8507613968 NEWTONCLASSESa R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES 23. Find the equation to the circle which goes through the origin and cuts off intercepts equal to h, and k from the positive parts of the axes. Solution : As the circle passes through origin, and cuts off an intercept of h from x-axis, it will pase through (A, 0), similarly, fit cuts an intereept of k from y-axis, and panses through origin, it will pass through (0, &). Hence, the circle passes through (0,0), (h, 0), and (0, &). Let its equation be, stays ert B+ a Substituting the co-ordinates of each point one by one in (1), 0+040+0+6 =0 W4042gh+04e =0 __h ee +h? +04 Bf +e=0 e=0 Since, c = 0, hence f= (4) Putting the values ofc, g and f from (2), (3), and (4) in (1), we get xt+yt—he-hy =0 Ans. Find the equation to the circle of radius a, which passes through the two points on the axis of x which are at a distance b from the origin. Solution : If the circle passes through the points on the x-axis at a distance of 6 from origin; say B and C, then their co-ordinates will be (-b, 0), and (b, 0) respectively. By symmetry, it is clear that the centre will be on the right bisector of BC, i.e. on y-axis. Let the co-ordinates of the centre C be (0, &). Radius = BC; so (0+ 6) +(e - 0! =a (given) then HB aa?—B? or kat lao) Hence, the circles are (e-0% + ty BF = a? at4y2 £2y fi@hiby +a? act or x4 y? £ 2y fla? — BF] = 6 Ans. Some important facts. (Ifthe circles touches x-axis, its radius will be equal to the ordinate of the centre, and vice-versa (ii) Ifthe circle touches y-axis, its radius will be equal to the ordinate of the abscissa of the centre, and vice-versa. (iii) Ifthe circle touches both the axis, its abscissa and ordinate will be numerically equal, and the radius will also be same numerically. (iv) Radius of the cirele passing through the origin is equal to the distance of the entre from origin. (v) Ifacircle passes through the origin and cuts off intercepts /, and k from the axes, its (hk 1 7 centre will be | 59 |, and radius will be > y|(A’ +4 NI DETAILED SOLUTIONS TO THE CIRCLE BY SL LONEY Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi, Ph.; 0861-2662628, 9696608612, 8607619968, NEWTONCCHAPTER —7 : THE CIRCLE Find the equation to the circle when the circle. 25. Touches each axis at a distance 5 from the origin. Solution : As the circle touches both the axis at a distance of 5, its centre will be (6, 5), and radius will also be 5 [by (iti)} So the required equation is (x 5)° + (y-5)* =(5)" or 24 y2 10x - 10y +25 = 0. Ans. 26, Touches each axis, and is of radius a. Solution : As the circle touches both the axis and its radius is a unit, the circle may be in any of the quadrants. Hence, the centre may be (a, a), (~a, + a), (-«, ~a) or (+4, -a) ie. all the combination in (ta, ta) and radius is a, So the equation of the cirlce is (eta? +y +a)? =a? or x+y? tart ay +a? = 0. Ans, 27. Touches both axes and passes through the point (-2, -3). Solution : Let the radius of the circle be a. As it touches both the axis, the centre may be (ta, £a). Again the circle passes through (-2, -3), so it lies in the 3rd quadrant, hence the centre will be (~a, ~a), and its distance from (-2, -3) will be equal to radiu a. So (-0 +2? +(-0 43? =a? or or or or Therefore the required equation is te# (St VDP +b +(5t VIB = 158 VIR? or tay? 265+ Vid) (e+y) 237410 VIR Ans. DETAILED SOLUTIONS TO THE CIRCLE BY SL LONEY 28. Touches the axis of x and passes through the two points (1, -2) and (3, -4). Solution : If the circle touches axis of x, radius will be equal to the ordinate of the centre. Let the centre be (h, k) so radius will be k. Distance of the point (1, ~2) from centre (4, #) must be equal to the radius, 80 (h-1)" + (b+ 2) =, or A? -2h + 4k +5 =0. Similarly, the distance of the point (3, -4) is equal to the radius, hence (h-3) +(h + 4)? =k? or h?— 6h + 8k +25 =0 Multiplying (1) by 2 and subtracting (2) from it H+ 2h -15 =0 or (h+5)(h-3) =0 06 , 6 Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2662623, 9836608812, 8507613968 NEWTONCLASSESR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES Solving, we get either =-5orh =+3, Putting A = -5 in (5), we get 25+ 10+ 4k+5 or IfA = 3, putting h = 3 in (1), we get 9-6+4k+5 or k =-2 Whence the centre is either (5, -10) or (3, ~2) and the corresponding radius is 10 or 2 units, ‘Therefore the equation of the circle will be either (+52 +(y+10P = 10? or x+y? + 10e + 20y +25 =0 (x- 3) + y +2)? ? or x+y Gr + dy +9 =O. Ans, . Touches the axis of y at the origin and passes through the point (b, c). Solution : The circle touches axis of y at the origin hence if its radius is a, the centre will be (a, 0) as it must lie on the x-axis. As it passes through the point (6, ), it must be in the Ast quadrant, 60 centre is (a, 0). Its distance from (6, ¢) will be equal to radius, so (b-a)?+(c~0) =a? or O40? 2ab +c? =a? Bre b Hence, the equation of the circle or a } =e ( B(x? +y?) =x (68 +02) Ans. |. Touches the axis of x at a distance of 3 from the origin and intercepts a distance 6 on the axis of y. Solution ; Let the centre of the circle be (h, k). As it touches the x-axis at a distance of 3 from the origin, clearly h=3 soa | If is the radius of the circle, clearly P= h? + (half of the intercept on y-axis)? 23743? = 18. or 1223 V2 .... (2) Again radius will be equal to k, so lek =3 V2. DETAILED SOLUTIONS TO THE CIRCLE BY SL LONEYCHAPTER ~7 : THE CIRCLE ‘Therefore the co-ordinates of the centre become (3, + 3/2) and radius as 3 V2 units Equations of the circle will be (x- 3) + y £32)? =(3V2)* or x+y 6rt6y2y +9 =0. Ans. |. Points (1, 0), and (2, 0) are taken on the axis of x, the axes being rectangular. On the line joining these points an equilateral triangle is described, its vertex being in the positive quadrant, find the equations to the circles described on its sides as diameters. Solution : Let the given points (1, 0) and (2, 0) be B and C respectively. 3 IfM be the mid-point of BC, then its co-ordinates will be (>, 0). Clearly, vertex of the equilateral triangle on BC will be on the perpendicular at M. 3 Let A be the third vertex. Its co-ordinates may be taken as (>, 4). Again as ABC is an equilateral triangle AB = BC = 1. Hence, ABE = G2) +k = (1 (0) (372, 0) (2,0) or Y 33 As the vertex is in the first quadrant, the co-ordinates of A will be (4), neglecting the negative sign 33 Now the co-ordinates A are | 5°" |, and of B are (1, 0) ) Hence, the equation of the circle drawn taking AB as the diameter will be DETAILED SOLUTIONS TO THE CIRCLE BY SL LONEY (2x - 3) (x- 1) + 2y- v3) y=0 or 2x} + 2y?— Bx - VBy+ 0=0 Similarly, the circle drawn as AC diameter will be (:-3) (e-1) + (-S)p-0 =0 (2x -3)(x-1) + 2y- VB) y =0 2x? + 2y? - Sx -/B+6 =0 06 , 6 Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2662623, 9836608812, 8507613968 NEWTONCLASSESR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES And the circle described taking BC as diameter will be (2-1) @-2)+-0) (y-0) =0 or xt+y?-3x42 =0. Ans, If y = mx be the equation of a chord of a circle whose radius is a, the origin of co-ordinates being one extremity of the chord and the axis of x being a diameter of the circle, prove that the equation of a circle of which this chord is the diam- eter is (1+ m) (x4 + 9?) -2a (x + my) = 0. Solution : Equation of the circle, passing through origin (0,0) and of radius a, having its centre on the x-axis can be written as (x-a? +(y-07 rs {as the centre will be (a, 0) and radius = a] or x4y?-2ax =0. (1) Let the line yams ...(2) cut the circle (i) at O and B. Putting the value of y from (2) in (1), we get x2 + mx? -2ax =0 x7(1+4m?)—2ax =0 x(x (1 +m?)—2a) =0 _ 2a xm Putting these values of x in (ii) ifx=0, y=0 itz Jy BE Tom Lene Hence, the point of intersection are O = (0, 0) 2a 2a ) 1+ m?'1+m? or x and B= ( ‘The equation of the circle, drawn on OB as the diameter is ss }ro-o[» ze 0 DETAILED SOLUTIONS TO THE CIRCLE BY SL LONEY (e-0) (= I Tem? 2a l+m or (1+ m®) (22 + 92) 20 (e+ my) =0 Proved. |. Find the equation to the circle passing through the points (12, 43), (18, 39), and (42, 3) and prove that it also passes through the points (~54, -69), and (-81, -88). Solution : Let the equation of the circle is P+ y2 4 Qer + Bre =0 = () As the circle passes through the points (12, 43), (18, 39) and (42, 3), these co-ordinates will satisfy (1). Substituting these values one by one, we get or ty (x+my) =0 Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi, Ph.; 0861-2662628, 9696608612, 8607619968, NEWTONCLASSESCHAPTER ~7 : THE CIRCLE (12)? + (48) + 2¢.12 + 9f43 + =0 144 + 1849 + 24g + 86f +e = 0 24g + 86f +c = — 1993. Similarly by (18, 39), we get 18? + 397 + 2¢.18 + 2/39 +e =0 924 + 1521 + 36g + 78/+¢=0 36g + T8f + c = — 1845. Similarly by (42, 3), we get 42243? 4+2-g.4242-f. 34020 or 1764 +9 + 84g + 6F +e=0 or 84g + Of +c =- 1773 Subtracting (2) from (3) and (3) from (4) respectively, we get or and or Adding (5) and (6), we get 5g ~ or e-f28. Subtracting (6) from (5), we get g+f=34 By addition and subtracting of (7) and (8), we get 2g = 42 and Of = 6 Substituting the values of 2g, 2/ and c in (1), we get the required equation as x2 ty" + 42y + 26y - 3615 =0 (e+ 21) - 441 + (y + 13)? - 169 - 3615 = 0 (e+ 21)? + (y + 13)? = 4225 (x + 21)? + (y+ 13) = (65) Substituting the co-ordinates (-64, -69) in equation, we get L. HLS, = (-54 + 21)?+ (-69 + 13 = (-83 )? + (56) = 4225 =R. HS. DETAILED SOLUTIONS TO THE CIRCLE BY SL Li Hence, the point is on the circle. Again, substituting the point (-81, -38), we get (81 +21)? + (38 + 13)? = (60 )? + (25)? = 4225 = R. H. S. Hence, this point also lies on the circle. |. Find the equation to the cirele ciréumscribing the quadrilateral formed by the straight lines 2x4 By =2, Ox+2y=4,x+2y=3 and 2e-y=3. 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2662623, 9836608812, 8507613968 NEWTONCLASS20 R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES Solution : The equations are given as 2x + By =2 Bx +Qy =4 x+2y =8 and &-y =3 Let these lines represent the line AB, BC, CD and DA of a quadrilateral ABCD. Solving (1) and (2), the co-ordinates of B are ( 7 Solving (2) and (3), the co-ordinates of C are 93 Solving (3) and (4), the co-ordinates of Dare | =+= lid Solving (4) and (1), the co-ordinates of A are (3 -}) Let the equation of the circle passing through A, B and C be ey? 42ers 2fyte <0 As A, B and C lies on the circle the co-ordinates will satisfy (5), hence, we get Ea (sae) ae) eo Again by B: DETAILED SOLUTIONS TO THE CIRCLE BY SL LONEY 169 * mime (i+ cn vf Solving (6), (7), and 4 we get Substituting these values in (5), we get sastpacl -2) (-3) 9 stays dele) +29 (Gg) +7 <9 or Sx? + By? — 25x - 3y + 18= 0 This is the required equation. Substituting the co-ordinates of the point D on the L.H.S. of (9), we get a) a() -25(2)-a(2)+18 =0 Hence, the point lies on the circle, ie. the circle passes through ABCD is given by (9). Ans. Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi, Ph.; 0861-2662628, 9696608612, 8607619968, NEWTONCLASSESCHAPTER ~7 : THE CIRCLE 86. Prove thatthe equation tothe cirle of which the points (¢p3,) and (xy 3,) arethe ends of a chord of a segment containing an angle 0 (x- x) (x- 24) + (y-9,) (Yq) toot O[(x-x) (y- vee 4,)(y-y)] = 0. Solution : Let the point B, and C be respectively (x, y,) and (x,,,), and the co-ordinates of the moving point A be (h, B). ke hey, Slope AB and AC are respectively %— : and jae say m,and my | If @ be the angle between AB and AC, then or (h—x,) (h—xq) + (hy, (Ryq) = 4 cot 6 [ik -y,) (h=x,) — (k= y,) (h-2,)) Generalising, we get (ex) 24) + 0-91) -y9) = £ ot O94) (Xx) +Y-y,X-4))_ Proved. Find the equations to the circles in which the line joining the points (a, b) and (6, -a) is a chord subtending an angle 45° at any point on its circumference. Solution : In the fig. of previous equatibn, let the co-ordinates of B and C be respectively (a, 6) and (6, ~a), and the co-ordinates of A be (h, ). k Slope of AC is FF = m, (say) ‘An angle ABC = 45°, we have -m, tan 45° stp tt 3 a = g a a 3 & 3 E 2 g 2 Z g = 2 g 8 8 g z é 5 a (k= bXh— (iaXh—b)+(k~b\k+a) (ha) (h — b) +(e - 6) (k +a) = + [(k - b) (h-b) - (hk + a) (h -a)) 2+ kh (a+b) +k (a-b) = 4 [hk (a-6)—A (a+b) +b? +07) ‘Taking +ve sign, we get Rk aa? + BF weytaated? W244? 2h (a +b) + 2k (ab) +02+b=0 Generalising x24 y? — Dr (a +b) + 2y (ab) +a? + b= 0 (1) and (2) give us the required equations. Generalising, we get ‘Taking -ve sign, we get 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2662623, 9836608812, 8507613968 NEWTONCLASSR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES In Geometry, the tangent at any point of a circle is defined to be a straight line which meets the circle there, but, being produced, does not cut it; this tangent is shown to be always perpendicular to the radius drawn from the centre to the point of contact. From this property may be deduced the equation to the tangent at any point (x’, ’) of the circle x? + y* =a? For let the point P (Ex. 2) be the/point (x’,»). ‘The equation to any straight line passing through P is, y-¥ =m(e-x’) Also the equation to OP is gods ‘The straight lines (1) and (2) are at right angles, ie. the line (1) is a tangent, if ie, if me-Z Substituting this value of m in (1), the equation of the tangent at (x’, y') is _ a9 ie y one ie, ax + yy =x84y? (3) But, since (x’,y’)lies on the circle, we have x? + y’? = a2, and the required equation is then ax’ + yy =a? 7.6 Inthe case of most curves it is impossible to give a simple construction for the tangent as in the case of the circle. It is therefore necessry, in general, to give a different definition, ‘Tangent. Let P and Q be any two points, near to one another, on any curve. Join PQ; then PQ is called a secant. ‘The position of the line PQ when the point Q is taken indefinitely close to, and ultimately coincident with, the point P is called the tangent at P. The student may better appreciate this definition, if he conceive the curve to be made up of.a succession of very small points (much smaller than could be made hy the finest conceivable drawing pen) packed close to one another along the curve. The tangent at P is then the straight line joining P and the next of these small points. DETAILED SOLUTIONS TO THE CIRCLE BY SL LONEY ‘To find the equation of the tangent at the point (x’, y) of the circle x* + y* = a’, Solution : Let P be the given point and Q a point (x”, y") lying on the curve and close to P. Then equation to PQ is, Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi, Ph.; 0861-2662628, 9696608612, 8607619968, NEWTONCLASSESCHAPTER ~7 : THE CIRCLE Since both (x’, y’) and (x”, y”) lie on the cirle, we have xt+ y? =a, and x+y? =a? By subtraction, we have xI-x%4y%-y? 20, ie, (e-x) 2" +x) Hy") +9) =0, Pax! ie, aa +y Now let Q be taken very close to P, so that it ultimately coincides with P, ie., put.x” = and y”=y'. ‘Then (2) becomes ie, The required equation is therefore xx! + yy’ =a It will be noted that the equation to the tangent found in this article coincides with the equation found from the geometrical definition. Our definition of a tangent and the geometrical definition therefore give the same straight line in the the case of a circle. To obtain the equation of the tangent at any point (x, y) lying on the circle x+y? + 2px + Bfy te =0. Solution : Let P be the given point and Q a point (x”, y”) lying on the curve close to P, The equation to PQ is therefore » 2 Z g 3 a = g a a 3 & 3 E 2 g 2 Z g = 2 g 8 8 g z é DE Since both (x’, y’) and (x”, y”) lie on the cirele, we have x? 4 y2 4 Ogx’+ and x? + y+ Ogx" + Oy” +e =0 By subtraction, we have xPaxt 4 yy 2 + Og (xx) + OF (2) x" +x 429) 4" - YO" HY 4 BD = Substituting this value in (1), the equation to PQ becomes Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 8507613968, NEWTONCR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES aE dh In Te yreap A Now let Q be taken very close to P, so that it ultimately coincides with P, i and y”=y’ ‘The equation (4) then becomes Fag I“ =~ Hyp O-D WO + Dx! +g) =y'O' +P +x +8) axteyte ge +fy =-9x'-fy’'-c, by (2). This may be written ar ty taxtx) +f ty)+e=0 which is the required equation. ‘The equation to the tangent at (x’, y’)is therefore obtained from that of the circle itself by substituting xx’ for 22, yy’ for y?, x + x’ for 2x, and y + y" for 2y. ‘This is a particular case of a general rule which will be found to enable us to write down at sight the equation to the tangent at (x’, y’) to any of the curves with which we shall deal in this book. Points of intersection, in general, of the straight line > a Z é 3 a me 5 3 a S & 3 z ° € 2 Z is 3 g a 8 g 3 & a yemete a with the circle wey =a (2) Solution : The coordinates of the points in which the straight line (1) meets (2) satisfy both equations (1), and (2). If therefore we solve them as simultaneous equations we shall obtain the co-ordinates of the common point or points. Substituting for y from (1) in (2), the abscissae of the required points are given by the equation 22+ (mx +c)? =a? ie, 2 (1 +m) + Imex +c?-a? =0 woe (8) Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi, Ph.; 0861-2662628, 9696608612, 8607619968, NEWTONCLASSES.CHAPTER ~7 : THE CIRCLE ie, 27 (1 +m) + 2mex + c?-a? = 0 ‘The roots of this equation are, real coincident, or imaginary, according as (2me}? — 4(1 + m®) (c? - a) is positive, zero, or negative, ie, according as a?(1 + m*)—c? is positive, zero, or negative, ie, according as c* is <= or > a?(1 +m?) In the figure the lines marked I, II and III are all parallel, ie., their equations all hav the same “m”. ‘The straight line I corresponds to a value of c* which is < a® (1 + m*) and it meets th circle in two real points. ‘The straight line [II which corresponds to a value of c*, > a? (1 + m?), does not meet the circle at all, or rather, as in this is better expressed by saying that it meets the circle in imaginary points ‘The straight line II corresponds to a value of c?, which is equal to a® (1 + m®), and meets the curve in two coincident points, i. is a tangent. We can now obtain the length of the chord intercepted by the circle on the straight line (2). For, ifx,, and x be the roots of the equation (3), we have 2me c-a® Byte =— Tyre and a= Hence, x [oz +2, 4,2, Tm Amie ~(c? -a?X1 +m") 2 Game = ar (t+ m’)-e Ify, and y, be the ordinates of Q and R we have, since these points are on (1), lim” y= Yo = (mx; +.) = (max, + €) = mlx, —x,) Hence, OR = Vo,t Hr rm? =Vitn (x, -x,) ja? (1+m® < Tem In a similar manner, we can consider the points of intersection of the straight line y= me +k with the circle DETAILED SOLUTIONS TO THE CIRCLE BY SL LONEY a4 yer + Of +6 |The straight line, y=me+ lism lis always a tangent to the circle x* + y= a®. ‘Solution : As in Ex. 4, the straight line y = mx + ¢ meets the circle in two points which are coincident, if = aylem But if a straight line meets the circle in two points which are indefinitely close to one another, then, it is a tangent to the circle. Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 8507613968, NEWTONCR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES ‘The straight line y = mx +c is therefore a tangent to the circle, if c= avitm, i.e, the equation to any tangent to the circle is y smx+ avi+n wow Since the radical on the right hand may have the + or ~ sign prefixed we see that corresponding to any value of m there are two tangents. They are marked II and IV in the figure, The above result may also be deduced from the equation (3) which may be written gt ye Pry (1) Put—[7 =m, so that x’=—my’, and the relation x + y? = a? gives Pins) adie, 52 fiat ‘The equation (1) then becomes y=mx+ avitm This is therefore the tangent at the point whose co-ordinates are -ma 8 Viet Tem 7.10 If we assume that a tangent to a circle is always perpendicular to the radius vector to the point of contact, the resit of Ex. 15 may be obtained in another manner. For a tangent is a line whose perpendicular distance from the centre is equal to the radius. ‘The straight line y = mx +c will therefore touch the circle if the perpendicular on it from the origin be equal toa, Font ‘This method is not however applicable to any other curve besides the'circle. DETAILED SOLUTIONS TO THE CIRCLE BY SL LONEY Find the equation to the tangents to the circle x? + y' ~ 6x + 4y = 12 lwhich are parallel to the straight line 4x + 3y + 5 = 0. [Solution : Any straight line parallel to the given one is 4x+3y+C =0 owlll ‘The equation to the circle is (e-3)% + y-2) = 62, ‘The straight line (1), ifit be a tangent, must be therefore such that its distance from the point (3, -2) is equal to + 5. 12-6+C Hence, =£5, VF +3 Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662628, 9696608612, 607619968 NEWTONCLASCHAPTER — ‘So that C =-6+25= 19 or-31. ‘The required tangents are therefore 4r+3y+19 =0 and 4x4+8y-31 =0 7.11 Normal. Definition. The normal at any point P of a curve is the straight line which passes through P and is perpendicular to the tangent at P. ‘To find the the equation to the normal at the point (x, y’) of (1) the circle, Bbtnat and (2) the circle, a ty8+ ere By te=0 (1) The tangent at (e,y)is xx’ +y9/ wa? . ra ie, Tea 7 The equation to the straight line passing through (x’,»’) perpendicular to this tangent is y-y =m(x-x), . (2). ie, m=. The required equation is therefore Lan, ie, xy-zy ‘This straight line passes through the centre of the circle which is the point (0,0). If we assume the ordinary geometrical propositions the equation is at once written down, since the normal is the straight line joining (0, 0) to (x’, y’). (2) The equation to the tangent at (x,y) to the circle ty Dye + By te=0 4 o +c tf ‘The equation to the straight line, passing through the point (x’,y’) and perpendicular to this tangent, is » 2 Z g 3 2 a = g a a 3 & 3 E 2 g 2 Z g = 2 g 8 8 g z a =x), where, ie, meg ‘The equation to the normal is therefore In = eg (-x), ie, ye’ +g) -2 +) + fe -By’ = 0. 06 , 6 Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2662623, 9836608812, 8507613968 NEWTONCLASSESR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES Write down the equation of the tangent to the circle |. 22 +9 — 3x4 10y = 15 at the point (4, -11). Solution : The given circle is, x? + y* ~ 3x + 10y = 15 or sey 8 orn 5. 2y-15 0 and the point is (4, -11). Hence, equation of the tangent is saeyen-3 (r+4)+5 Il) - 15=0 or Sx ~ 1dy = 152 d+ dy? — 16x + 24y = 117 atthe point (-4,~2). Solution : The given circle is, Ax? + dy? — 16x + 24y = 117 u and the point is (-4, ->). Hence, equation of the tangent is pt u 4x (4) + dy [~) - 8-4) #12 [> or 24x - 10y- 151 =0 or Qx + 10y +151 = 0 Find the equations to the tangents to the circle x+y" = 4 which are parallel to the line x + 2y +3 = 0. Solution : The given circle is, s Ep é g : z : z 2 4 z & é z 2 z g is 3 Q a g Z E x+y? =4, hence its centre is (0, 0) and radius = 2. The tangent is parallel to the line x + 2y +3 Any line parallel to (1) is x+2y-2= Lenght of the perpendicular from the centre of the circle (0, 0) on (2) 0+0-4 -Jou =? (sine, radius = 2] or A=t WB. Substituting in (2), we get the requiyed equation as x+2yt WS = Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi, Ph.; 0861-2662628, 9696608612, 8607619968, NEWTONCCHAPTER ~7 : THE CIRCLE 4, xt + 9° + gx + fy + ¢ = 0 which are parallel to the line #+2y-6=0 Solution : The given circle is a+ y? + Mgr t By te=0 Its centre is (-¢, -f) and radius is /g? + f?-c Any line parallel to the given line is Length of the perpendicular from centre (-g, -f) on (1) ~g-2f-2 snpsinneeeis = aS = sfc) (radius of the circle) dang 425 ligt fo Putting this value in (1), we get the required equation as x+2y-l-g-t 5 Vig'+f?-0)) or x+dyegs2fet Vb igs p-o Ans. Prove that the straight line y = x+ c\2 touches the circle x? + y° = c*, and find its point of contact. Solution : The given circle is, ey? act, and the line is, y axe oy Putting the value of y from (2) in (1), we get a (+ ov2! or at+x%+ QroV 42c2—c? =0 or 2x + Bee V2 +.2c?—c? = 0 or (J2.x+0)* =0 = 8) ‘This being a perfect square gives two coincident value of x, hence (2) is a tangent to (1) Again by (8). V2xte=0 = 2 g g g a z z 5 3 g & & z S g 3 g g = 5B a a 3 é a or Substituting the value of x in (2), we get y=-~= +ev2 = a (ec Hence, the point of contact is (55) ie, 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2662623, 9836608812, 8507613968 NEWTONCLASS30 R. K. MALIK'S NEWTON CLASSES 6, Find the condition that the straight line cx ~ by + 6? = 0 may touch the circle x? +? = ax + by and find the point of contact. Solution : The given Circle is, xt+y?=ar+ by «= () t+ y?-ax-by=0 ‘The line is given as ex—by +b8=0 or y= (x06) Substituting the value of y from (2) in (1), we get f sts (Ex+0) ~ax-1($x+6] 2 a4 Gye + ex + bax ex — 6 or # (1G) exe-m =0 It is a perfect square, then c-a =0 or era Now, if the line is the tangent, c = a, hence, the equation becomes 2 2 (ug}=0 or x20 Substituting the value of x in (2), we get y=b ‘Therefore the point of contact is (0, 6) Find whether the straight line x + y = 2 + V2 touches the circle x+y? -2x-2y+1 = 0. Solution : The given circle is, x* + y? - 2x - 2y + 1 = 0, hence its centre is (1, 1), and radius = J +1'—-1) = 1 > a Z é 3 a me 5 3 a S & 3 z ° € 2 Z is 3 g a 8 g 3 & a ‘The given line is, x+y =24y2 or x+y-2-V2=0 a) If (1) touches the given circle, then length of perpendicular from the centre of the circle must be equal to its radius. 1+1-2-v2 = 1 (numerically) varD As the perpendicular distance is equal to radius, hence the line touches the circle. Ans. Find the condition that the straight line 3x + 4y = k may touch the circle x+y? = 10x. Solution : The given circle is, x?+ y? = 10x or xt+y?-10x =0 Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi, Ph.; 0861-2662628, 9696608612, 8607619968, NEWTONCLASCHAPTER ~7 : THE CIRCLE Hence, its centre will be (5, 0) and radius = 5 units. The line is given as Br +4y =k or Bet dy—h 20, If(1) is tangent to the circle, length of the perpendicular from centre on it must be equal to radius, hence, 3.5 +4, 5, whence k = 40 or -10. ova) . Find the value of p 60 that the straight line xcosatysina~p =0 may touch the circle x* + y*-2ax coe a 2by sin a - a" sin? a= 0. Solution : The given circle is, x? +y*— 2ax cos 0 = 2by sin a - a? sin? a = 0, Henee, its centre is (a cos a, b sin a) and radius is |/(a"+6* +sin*a)) ‘The given line is, x cos a+y sin a=p=0 For the line being a tangent to the given circle acosa.cosa + bsinasina-p Fomaaal ~ eters) =+ y(a’ +6*sin’u) or pacostasbsintat \(a°+é'sin’a) Ans. ), Find the condition that the straight line Ax + By + C = 0 may touch the circle (x-a)? + (y-b) =e. Solution : The given circle is, (x ~a)? + (y - 6? = c*. 3 a = g a a 3 & 3 E co g 2 Z g = 2 g 8 8 g z a Clearly the centre is (a, 6) and the radius is. The given line is Ax + By + C = 0. For the line being a tangent to the given cirele, Aa+Bb+C (are) An + Bb +C =+ ey(A? +B"). ste 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2662623, 9836608812, 8507613968 NEWTONCLASS32 R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES 11. Find the equation to the tangent to the circle x* + y* = a? which () is parallel to the straight line, y = mx + ¢, (ii) is perpendicular to the straight line y = mx +c, (iii) passes through the point (, 0), and (iv) makes with the axes a triangle whose area is a’. Solution : The given circle is, Paya ot So any tangent to it will be of the form y =MxtaVl+M) () Ifthe tangent is parallel to yemrte ‘The slope of (1) and (2) must be equal, hence m = M. Substituting in equation (1), we get y =mx+ allem) 12) is perpendicular to y = mx + ¢, then m= or Putting in (1), we get Simplifying my +x=+ aV+m) Ifthe tangent passes through the point (6, 0), these co-ordinates will satisfy (1), hence, 0 =Mb+ ayl+m*) or Mb = + ad +m’) Squaring, we get MP? = a? (1+ M2) Solving for M, we get, M Ssbetitating i (1, we et y 2 5 =a’ Simplifying, we get ax + y Jb? —a°) = ab. ‘Ans. Let (1) cut the axes at (h, 0) and (0, 4); (h, 0) and (0, &) will satisfy (1), s0, we get O0=MAs ay(1+M*) (+M?) } M kb =04aV0+M) a or hot ‘TAILED SOLUTIONS TO THE CIRCLE BY SL LONEY DE 1 ‘Area of the triangle between the axes, and the line = => hk ; a) = a? (given) Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi, Ph.; 0861-2662628, 9696608612, 8607619968, NEWTONCCHAPTER - 1+ M-2M+1 =0 (™M-17 =0 Me=1 Putting in (1), we get yexta Ji4) or yaxsad 12. Find the length of the chord joining the points in which the straight line Pee ot meets the circle ee ? =r Solution : Let C be the the centre of the circle eryer Hence, its centre C =(0, 0) and radius = r. Again let AB be the line, ~ + i) meeting the circle in A and B. Draw CN perpendicular from the centre on the line. Clearly N will be the mid-point of AB, 1 ie, BN = 5 AB (iti) From the right angled triangle CNB, NB? = CB*- CN? x. (iv) 0+0-ab Length of the perpendicular from (0, 0) on AB = CN = (ere) or and CN = radius of the circle abt aoe Putting the values in (iv), NB? =r?- DETAILED SOLUTIONS TO THE CIRCLE BY SL LONEY or 13, Find the equation to the circles which pass through the origin and cut off equal chords a from the straight lines y =x and y= -x. Solution : Let AB and CD be the lines jus and ys @ 06 , 6 Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2662623, 9836608812, 8507613968 NEWTONCR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES By the figure it is clear that by symmetry, the one centre will be on the y-axis. Let the co-ordinates of the centre C be (0, 6). As the circle passes through the origin, its radius will be 6. Draw CN perpendicular to AB. Now, or -. Co-ordinates of the centre will be |.*-7-, and radius = Oo Hence, equation of the circle is ors (45) = (@) @-0F+(yte) =(e or x?+y?t JPay =0 Similarly, if the centre lies on x-axis the equation will be xt+y?t (Bax =0 |. Find the equation to the straight lines joining the origin to the points in which the straight line y = mx +c cuts the circle x+y? =2ax + 2by Hence, find the condition that these points may subtend a right angle at the origit Find also the condition that the straight line may touch the circle. Solution : The given straight line i yemrte > a Z é 3 a me 5 3 a S & 3 z ° € 2 Z is 3 g a 8 g 3 & a or Equation of the given circle is, x2 ey? = 2ax + Dby or xt +y? —2ax ~ 2by = 0 C2) Making the second equation homogeneous with the help of (1), we get the combined equation of the straight lines joining the points of intersection of (1) with (2) to the origin, hence the required equation is Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi, Ph.; 0861-2662628, 9696608612, 8607619968, NEWTONCLASSES.CHAPTER ~7 : THE CIRCLE Y me yma 2 —Yax |o-—|- =| = a9 a(S} mo) or cx? +cy?—2ax (y- mx) - 2by (y—mx) =0 or x2 + (¢- 2am) + y* (¢~ 2b) - 2ry (a - bm) = 0. (3) Ifthe lines represented by this equation are at right angles, then sum of the coefficients of x! and y? should be zero. Hence, the required condition is c+ 2am +c~2b =0 or c=b-am. Ans. If the line (1) touches the circle, it is only possible when the line cuts the circle in two coincident points. Therefore the lines joining the origin to the two points will also coincide. Hence, the equation (3) must represent one line only. It is only possible when it is a perfect square, so its discriminant must be zero. So [2a — bm)? - 4(¢ + Zam) (c - 2b) =0 a? + 6m? 2abm — c+ 2b - Zame + dabm =0 c= 2c (b-am)—a? = b'm? — 2abm =0 2-2 (b-am)-(a-bm)? =0 2b-am)+ |{4(6-am) + 4(a+ bm)*} c= 2 bans fe? +0") a+m)] ‘Ans. . Find the equation to the circle which has its centre at the point (3, 4) and touches the straight line Ox + IBy = 1. Solution : The centre of the circle is (3, 4). Ifthe cirele touches the straight line Sx + 12y = 1 aw then radius of the circle will be equal to the length of the perpendicular from centre (3, 4) upon straight line (1) 5.B+124-1 _ 62 13 So, radius > +0127] 62 ae So, required equation is, -3F +y-4? = 2) 381 or x+y br -By + 755 = 0 Ans. » 2 Z g 3 a z g a a 3 & 3 E 2 g 2 Z g = 2 g 8 8 g 2 é 5 a . Hind the equation tothe circle which touches the ases of co-ordinates and also the line re a ae e the centre being in the positive quadrant. Solution : As the circle touches both the axes, eentre may be taken as (hh) and its radius will also be A. The given lines is , 06 , 6 Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2662623, 9836608812, 8507613968 NEWTONCLASSESR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES or br +ay~ab=0 a As the circle touches (1) also, length of the perpendicular from (h, ) upon (1) must be equal toh. bh+ah-ab Hence, (a* +6") or bh+ah-ab =h feo) Squaring, we get BAA? + a%h2 + Dabh? — Dh (ab? + ba?) = A? 1a? +B). or 2h? — 2h (a+b) +ab=0 pg Wat ata +bF -80b] 22 ie (a+b)+ f(a’ +6") 2 ‘Therefore the required equation of the circle will be or (x-hP + (y-hP =A? or x? + y? - Dhe —Qyh +h? =0 where h is given by (2) Ans, |. Find the equation of the circle which has its centre at the point (1,3) and touches the straight line Bx-y-d=0. Solution : As the centre is (1, -3) and the circle touches the line 2x ~ y ~ 4 = 0, therefore as in Q No. 15, 21-(-3)-4 1 radius = “a "§ So, equation of the circle is, (x= 12 + +3P =| or 5x? + 5y? — 10x + 30y + 49 = 0, Ans. . Find the general equation of a circle referred to two perpendicular tangents as axes. Solution : If the circle touches both the axes, it is clear that if its radius be c, then co-ordinates of the centre will be (c, ¢). Hence the equation of the circle is (e- cP +y-eF ect or x +y?-Der- Ley +c? =0. . Find the equation to a cirele of radius r which touchs the axis of y at a point distant h from the origin, the centre of the circle being the positive quadrant. Prove also that the equation to the other tangent which passes through the origin is (r° ~ h2) x + Srhy = 0. DETAILED SOLUTIONS TO THE CIRCLE BY SL LONEY Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi, Ph.; 0861-2662628, 9696608612, 8607619968, NEWTONCLASSESCHAPTER ~7 : THE CIRCLE Solution : The radius of the circle is given as x As it touches y-axis, at a distance of fh from the origin, itis clear by the figure that the co-ordinates of the centre C will be (7; Hence the equation of the circle will be (x-rP +y-hP =P or a+ y?— Dra — Dhy +h? =0. Let the equation of the other tangent OT be yems CT will be perpendicular to OT. mr Hence, ot or (h-mr? =P (1 +m?) we-r) m= So the equation ofthe other tangent OT is y = “= or (2-2) x + hry =0 Proved. |. Find the equation to the circle whose centre is at the point (a, f) and which passes through the origin, and prove that the equation of the tangent at the origin is ax + fy =0. Solution : As the centre is (a, 8) say C and the circle passes through origin, O, hence radius will be CO = Jats 6%) ‘Therefore, equation of the circle will be (x - a)? + (y- BP =a? + B or a+ y? ~ Dox - 2By = 0. For tangent, any line passing through origin is = mx Slope of the radius CO is B ‘As(1) is tangent to the circle, it will be perpendicular to CO, hence a slope of tanget, m =~ » 2 Z g 3 a = g a a 3 & 3 E 2 g 2 Z g = 2 g 8 8 g z é 5 a ‘Substituting in (1), we get ye arid or ox + By =0. Proved. . Two cireles are drawn through the points (a, 5a), (4a, a) to touch the axis of y. Prove that they intersect at an angle tan“! (40/9) Solution : Let the centre of the circle be (h, k). As it touches y-axis, its radius will be equal to the abscissa of the centre = h, Hence the equation of the circle may be given by (x-hy+ (y- B= h? or x? +y? -Dhx - Dhy + k= 0 ay 06 , 6 Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2662623, 9836608812, 8507613968 NEWTONCLASSES38 R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES As the circle passes through (a, 5a) and (4a, a), these points will satisfy the equation no. (1), hence a? + 25a? -2ah-10ka +h? =0 (2) and 16a? +a? - 8ah - 2ka +h? =0, (3) Subtracting (3) from (2), we get 9a? + 6ha - 8ka =0 or 2ah = ; (Bak ~ 90°) Substituting this value in (2), we get a? + 25a?— i (8 ak 9a) - 10a +k? = 0. or 3? 980k + 8702 = 0 or (k 8a) (3k -29a) =0, where, #=3a or Substituting this value in (4), we get h = = and eo 5a Therefore , centre of the two circles will be respectively (e 3a Now, the angle ofintersection of two cireles is the angle between the tangents drawn to these circles on the point of intersection which is same as the angle between the lines joining the two centres the point of intersection (as tangents are perpendicular to the radii). 5 Slope of the line joining the centre (5 a, 3a) to the point of intersection, (4a, a) will be 3a-a 4 —" =m, (say) 74a 205a 29a Slope of the line joining |—,~»-g-) to the point (4a, a) DETAILED SOLUTIONS TO THE CIRCLE BY SL LONEY If the angle between these two lines be 8, then 4 156 = hom 737133 , 0 tno mam | 186” O° 3133 Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi, Ph.; 0861-2662628, 9696608612, 8607619968, NEWTONCLASSESCHAPTER ~7 : THE CIRCLE 40) Therefore 6 =tant (2 | Proved. Acirele passes through the points (-1, 1), (0, 6) and (5, 5). Find the points on this cirele the tangents at which are parallel to the straight line joining the origin to its centre. Solution : Let the equation of the circle be x24 y24Qgx4 Byte =0. As the points (~1, 1), (0, 6) and (6, 5) be on the circle hence each will satisfy (1), so By (-1, 1), we have 1+1-2¢+2%+e or 2g + Of +c =-2 By (0, 6), we have 0+ 36 +0g+ 12/+ce=0 or 12 + =-36 By (5, 5), we have 25 +25 + 10g + 10/+e=0 or 10g + 10f+e=-50 ‘Subtracting (3) from (2), we get ~ 2g ~ 10f = 34 Subtracting (4) from (3), we get Solving (5) and (6), we get Putting the value of g and f in (2), we get ¢ = 0 Substituting these values of g, f and c in (1), we get the equation of the circle as x+y? —4r—6y=0 ‘The centre of the circle is (2, 3) and radius is Slope of the line joining the centre to the origin. ‘The line passing through the centre and perpendicular to the line joining the centre to the origin, is y-3= 3 (x-2) or By + 2x -13=0 (8) If the line (8) cuts the circle given by (7) at A and B, then tangents at A and B will be parallel to the line joining the centre and the origin. ‘To solve (7) and (8), putting the value of y from (8) in (7), we get 2( or 9x? + (13 ~ 2x)? — 36x - 18 (13 - 2x) = 0 or 13x? — 52x - 65 or ~4x-5 =0 or (x5) (x +1) = 0, whence x = 5 or -1 Putting the values in (8) one by one, we get y= lor 6, ‘Therefore the required points are (5, 1) and (~1. 5). » 2 Z g 3 a = g a a 3 & 3 E 2 g 2 Z g = 2 g 8 8 g z é 5 a Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 8507613968, NEWTONCR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES To show that from any point there can be drawn two tangents, real or imaginary, to a circle. Solution : Let the equation to the circle be ety and let the given point be (x, 9,) ‘The equation to any tangent is, y = mx + avi+m' If this pass through the given point (x,,y,) , then we have y, =mz,+ avi+m (1) This is the equation which gives the values of m corresponding to the tangents which pass through (x,, y,). Now (1) gives y, —mx, = avi+m? ie, yt —2mz,y, + mx? =a" + a%m', ie, m!(x~a*)~2mxy, +y,2~a?=0 a) ‘The equation (2) is a quadratic equation and gives therefore two values of m (real, coincident or imaginary) corresponding to any given values of x, and y,. For each of these values of m we have a corresponding tangent. ‘The roots of (2) are, real, coincident or imaginary according as (2x,y,~ 4ix,?—a") (y," ~a*) is positive, zero, or negative, ie, according as a? (-a? +,!+ y,2) is positive, zero, or negative, ie, according as xi+y2Sa? Ifx,*+y,?>a?, then distance of the point (x,, y,) from the centre is greater than the radius and hence it lies outside the circle, Ifx? + y=, then point (x,, y,) lies on the cirele and the two coincident tangents become the tangnet at (x,, y,). Ifx, + y,2 (> z)-9=0 Simplifying, we get 28x + By = 57. Ans. DETAILED SOLUTIONS TO THE CIRCLE BY SL LONEY (a, -b) with respect to the circle a? + y' + 2ax-2by +a? = 6? = 0. Solution. The given point is (a, ~b) and the circle is, 2? + y* + 2ax ~ 2by + a? — b? = 0. Hence, equation to the polar will be naty (4) +a (x+a)-b(y-b)+a*—Bt=0 2az - 2by + 2a" = 0 by-ax=a? Ans. Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi, Ph.; 0861-2662628, 9696608612, 8607619968, NEWTONCCHAPTER —7 : THE CIRCLE 6, Find the pole of the straight line x + 2y = 1 with respect to the circle x* + y' = 5. Solution. The given equation of the polar is x + 2y = 1 () the given quation of the circle is, eyed w= (2) Let the pole of (1) with repect to (2) be (a, B) Polar of (a, ) with respect to (2) is xa+yp=5 3) {As (1) and (3) represent the same equations, comparing the coefficients, we get 1 a or a=5, B= Hence, the pole is (5, 10). Find the pole of the line 2x - y= 6 with respect to the circle 5x’ + 5y* = 9. Solution. The given line is, 2x-y=6 and the given cirele is, 5x? + 5y'=9 Let the pole of (1) with respect to (2) be (o., B). Polar of (a, B) with respect to circle, (2) will be 5xa + By B= 7. (3) As (3) and (1) represent the same line, comparing the coefficients of x and y and constant terms, we get or So the pole is ( Find the pole of the st. line 2x + y + 12 = 0 with respect to the circle xt y'-de + By-1=0. Solution.The given line is, &-y+12 =0 and the given circle is, ## + y~ 4x +3y-1 =0 Let the pole of (1) with respect to (2) be (a, 8) Polar of (a, f) with respect to (2) is » 2 Z g 3 a = g a a 3 & 3 E 2 g 2 Z g = 2 g 8 8 g z a xaryB-2ic+a)+ Sy +B)-1 <0 or x (2a-4) +'y (2B + 3) ~ (4-38 + 2)=0 @ As (1) and (3) represent the same straight lines, comparing the coefficients of x, y and constant terms, we get B+ _ da-2B+2) ~ 12 06 , 6 Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2662623, 9836608812, 8507613968 NEWTONCLASSESR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES or a-2B =5 (by first two terms) a) and 4a. + 218 ==38 (by last two terms) on (5) Solving (4) and (5), we get. a= Land B Hence, the required pole is (1, -2) Find the pole of the straight line 48x ~ 54y + 53 = 0 with respect to the circle $32 + By! + 5x Ty +2 =0. Solution, The given line is, 48x - 54y + 53 = 0 and the given equation to the circle is , Bx? + Sy? + Bx - Ty +2 =0. Let the pole of (1) with repect to (2) be (a, §), then the polar of (a, B) with respect to (2) will be Bea + ByB + 3 (a) Fy +pe2=0 or x (Go. + 5) +y (6B - 7) + (5a- 7B + 4)=0 (3) ‘As (1) and (3) represent the same straight line, hence comparing the coefficients, we get 6a+5 6B-7 _ Sa-7P+4 “48° 4 58 By first two terms, we get 54a + 488 -11= 0 By first and third terms, we get. 78a + 3366+ 73 = 0 Solving (4) and (5), we get iL Hence, the pole is ($-4). Find the pole of the straight line ax + by + 3a* + 36* = O with respect to the circle x? +y" + ax - 2by = a? +b, Solution. The given equation of the line is, ax + by + Sa* + 3b? = 0 a and the given equation of the circle is x+y! + Dax + Qby =a? + bt @ Let the pole of (1) with respect to (2) be (a, B). Then the polar of (a, B) with respect to (2) is xa+yB+a (x40) +6 (y +B)-a?—~68=0 or x(a+a)+y(B +5) + (aa + bB-a?~b%) = 0. 8) ‘As (1) and (3) represent the same equation, hence comparing the coefficients, we get ata B+b_ aa+ip-at-s DETAILED SOLUTIONS TO THE CIRCLE BY SL LONEY or (2a + 3b*) a.—ab B + 4a (a? +B? Substituting the value of B from (4) in (5), we get Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi, Ph.; 0861-2662628, 9696608612, 8607619968, NEWTONCCHAPTER ~7 : THE CIRCLE (2a? + 34) 0-ab.2 a+ 4a (a? +6)=0 or 20? +) a+ 4a (a? + b°) = 0 or a =-20 Substituting in (4), we get B=-2b. Hence co-ordinates of the required pole are (2a, ~28). Ans. |. Tangents are drawn to the cirele x' + y' = 12 at the points where it is met by the circle x* + y* ~ 5x + 3y ~2 = 0; find the point of intersection of these tangents. Solution. The given circles are x? + y*= 12 ry and x+y? Br + By-2=0 2) IfA and B are the points of intersection of (1) and (2), clearly AB will be the common chord whose equation will be (at +y? 12) ~(2 +y*- x +.By—2) = 0 or ° 5x-3y-10=0 (3) IfP be the point where the tangents at A and B with respect to (1), meet each other, AB will be the chord of contact of P. Let the co-ordinates of P be ‘a, B). Equation of the chord of contact of (a, B) with respect to (1) is xa+yp-12 =0 As (3) and (4), represent the same equation, comparing the coefficients. we get 18 by which, we get a=6 and B= —> 18 Hence, the required point is (6 ary ‘Ans. . Find the equation to that chord of the circle x* + y' = 81 which is bisected at the point (-2, 3), and its pole with respect to the circle. Solution. The given equation of the circle is, 2+ y*= 81 a) Let A be the point (-2, 3) Slope of the line joining A = (~2, 3) to the centre of the circle ) O = (0, 0)is 3-0 3 2-0" 3 If the chord is bisected at (-2, 3), it must be perpendicular to OA. Equation of the line passing through A and perpendicular to OA will be > a Z é 3 a me 5 3 a S & 3 z ° € 2 Z is 3 g a 8 g 3 é 5 a m 2 (-8) = 5 +2) 2 ~ By +13 =0 Let the co-ordinates of its pole with respect to (1) be (a, B). 06 , 6 Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2662623, 9836608812, 8507613968 NEWTONCLASSESR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES Polar of (a, B) with respect to (1) is xa + yB -81=0 8) As (2), and (3) represent the same straight line, comparing the coefficients, we get “81 whence Hence, the pole is {73+ J+ . Prove that the polars of the point (1, -2) with respect to the circles whose ‘equations are x' + y+ 6y+5=Oand x+y + 2x4 8y+5=0 coincide; prove also that there is another point the polars of which with respect to these circles are the same and find its coordinates. Solution. The given circles are, x + y* + 6 +5 and aityt + Qe + By +5 =0. ‘The point is (1, -2). The polar of point (1, ~2) with respect to (1) is xl+y2)+9y-245 =0 or xty-1=0 ‘The polar of (1, -2) with respect to (2) is x +y.-2)+ (r+ 1)44(y-2)45 =0 Qe+2y-2=0 or r+y-1=0. As (3), and (4) are the same, hence the two polars coincide. Again, let (a, B) be the other point for which the polars are the same. Then the polar of (a. B) with respect to (1) is xa+yB+3+H)+5 =0 or xa+y(B+3)+(3B+5) =0 (6) ‘The polar of (x. B) with respect to (2) is xo ty +(x +0) +4 +8) +5 =0 or x41) +B +4) + (a+ 4845) =0 ‘As (5), and (6) represent the same straight line, comparing the coefficients, we get, atl B+4 a+4p+5 Ta B+8 = Bp+5 asl _ B+4 a ~ B+3" a-B-3=0 atl — a+4pe5 “a * SB+5 DETAILED SOLUTIONS TO THE CIRCLE BY SL LONEY Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi, Ph.; 0861-2662628, 9696608612, 8607619968, NEWTONCLASSESCHAPTER —7 : THE CIRCLE or + oB-3B-5 = Putting the values of B from (7) in (8), we have oF + a(a-3)-3(a-3)- or 2at-6a+4 =3 or a?-3a+2 =0. Solving, we get a=lora =2 Substituting in (7), we get B=-2or -1 Hence, the two possible points are (1, -2) and (2, ~1) First point is given; hence the second is (2, —1) Ans. |. Find the condition that the chord of contact of tangents from the point (x, y) to the cirele x + y'= a! should subtend a right angle at the centre. Solution, The given circle is, x* + y*= a" @ ‘The point Pis given as (x’,y') ‘The equation of the chord of contact of (x’, ’) with respect to (1), ie, AB will be xt’ +yy'2a? or (2) @ ‘To get the combined equation of the lines which join the origin 0, to the points of intersection of (1) and (2), A and B, we make (1) homogeneous with the help of (2), Hence, the combined equation of OA and OB will be = 2 +y- (4+ }eo. [atet+yiy? +2exyy * 3 Pe or a's! + aly? — xix? yy? Dayr'y’ = 0 or 22 (a? 2’) + y* (a? -y")—Dayr'y' = 0 IfOA and OB are perpendicular, the sum of the coefficients of x* and y* in (3) must be zero. Hence, required condition is a* — x”? + a? ~ or . x? ty = 2a! Ans. . Prove that the distances of two points, P and Q, each from the polar of the other with respect to a cirele, are to one another as the distances of the points from the centre of the circle, Solution. Let the given circle be x+y"=a* Having O as its centre, Let there be two points P and Q whose coordinates are respectively (x,, y,) and (x,,¥,) If AB be the polar of P with respect to (1), its equation will be DETAILED SOLUTIONS TO THE CIRCLE BY SL LONEY xx, tyy, =a? 06 , 6 Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2662623, 9836608812, 8507613968 NEWTONCLASSESR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES ‘The equation of CD, the polar of Q with respect to (1), will be ky + YY, = If PN be the perpendicular distance from P upto CD, then (sim + via") ess) Similarly, if QM be the perpendicular from Q upto AB, then ee fe a PN = QM = a +442 pane By (4) and (5), @y= ea | (#+y) py Vn +y) QM * (e+y) Again, PO= ix? +y?) and QO = Jixj+y;) r fh +y Hence, +h By (6) and (7), we get am * 00 Proved. . Prove that the polar of a given point with respect to any one of the articels x! 4 y' —yhx +c? =0, where kh is variable, always passes through a fixed point, whatever be the value of k. Solution. Given equation of the circle is xt+y?- e+e? =0 where A is variable. Let the given point be (ca, 8) Equation of the polar (a, B) with respect to (1) is xa+yB-k(x+a)+c =0 * or (a+ yP+e)-ke +a) =0 This equation is of the form P + AQ = 0, where Pexa+yp+c =0 and Qzxta=0. Hence, (2), is the equation of the line always passing through the point of intersection of xa+yB+ct =0, and x+a=0 » 2 Z g 3 a = g a a 3 & 3 E 2 g 2 Z g = 2 g 8 8 g z a 1 Solving, we get the fixed point as [-« ga -e) | Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi, Ph.; 0861-2662628, 9696608612, 8607619968, NEWTONCLASSES.CHAPTER ~7 : THE CIRCLE 17, Tangents are drawn from the point (h, k) to the circle x' + y* = a’; prove that the area of the triangle formed by them and the straight line joining their point of ,, a(h?+h?-a4 ?? M4 contact is 53 erases fxn Solution. The given circle is, y s4y =a? and the point is given as (h, k) If AB be the chord of contact for P with. respect to (1), the equation of AB will be ah+ yk =a? If OP cuts AB at then by geometry, we have 1 AC = 5 AB and OC 1 AB Hence, length of the perpendicular from P on i hhskk-a °F Beka? ‘The length of perpendicular from 0 (0, 0) upto a AB 008 ee By triangle OBC, BC* = OB*- 0C* at _ ah! +H -a") ORR ay(h? +k -a") w mad (t7 OB = radius =a] DETAILED SOLUTIONS TO THE CIRCLE BY SL LONEY Area of the trianglePAB = = AB.PC allie w aa) +e =2') puttingthe valuesfrom(3)and (4) GE) Sar) ath? +k -a")? =e Proved. 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2662623, 9836608812, 8507613968 NEWTONCLASS34 R. K. MALIK'S NEWTON CLASSES 18. To the circle 2x* + 2y* = 8 from the point (-2, 3). Solution. The given point is (-2, 3) ‘The given circle is, Qe! + 2y'=3 or Bay Length of the tangent to this circle from (-2, 3) = h(2? +) | af 2 ae . K +8? Shay 7146 unite, Ans. 19. Find the tangents of the tangents drawn to the circle 3x’ + 3y'- 7x - 6y = 12 from the point (6, -7) Solution. The given point is (6, ~7) and the given circle is Bx? + By Tx -6y = 12 7 or Bey gt -2y-4 20 Length of the tangent to this circle from (6, ~7) i, 7 = {{o" sent -Lie)-2-7 4} = JB =9 units. Ans. |. Find the lengths of the tangents drawn to the circle x + y' + 2bx - 3b? = 0 from the point (a + b, ab) Solution, The given circle is, x! +y* + Dbx ~ 36% = 0. ‘The length of tangent from the given point (a + 6, a ~6) on this circle . Given the three circles x+y" - 16x +60 = 0, Sx! + By - 36x + 81 = 0, and x" +y'~ 16x 12y + 84 =0 find (1) the point from which the tangents to them are equal in length, and (2) this length. Solution. The three given circles are x’ +y'~ 16x + 60 = 0, Be + By? — 86x + 81 = Oor x! + y*— 12 +27 =0 x+y? 16x — 12y +84 =0 » 2 Z g 3 a = g a a 3 & 3 E 2 g 2 Z g = 2 g 8 8 g z a Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi, Ph.; 0861-2662628, 9696608612, 8607619968, NEWTONCLASSES.CHAPTER ~7 : THE CIRCLE Let co-ordinates of the point P from which the tangents to these circles are equal (h, k). ‘Then, length of the tangent from (h, k) to (1) = P+ —16h+60) = PT, Length of the tangent from (h, k) to (2). =y(h? +h? -12k +27) = PT, Length of the tangent from (h, k) to (3) = JOP +e -16h—12k+84) = PT, As the tangents are equal, hence by PT, = PT, Vid? +H? -16h+60) = (A? +4? -12h+27) squaring, A? +A? 16h + 60 =A? + RB 12h + 27 or th =~ 33 33 ane Again, since, PT, = PT, Ma?+h? 16h +60) = Ji? +k*-16h—12k+ 81) squaring, A + K— 16h + 60 =A? +? 16h +12k +84 Solving, we get hed. 33 Hence, the required point is | >2 33 Length of the tangent from (2.2) on (1), 33) ot 16x33 1) 1 = +(2'-16x=+60}} _ f2) 1 - (ah 4 Ks) 7 eo) . The distance from the origin of the centres of three circles x + y' - 21x = c' (where ¢ is aconstant and A a iable) are in geometrical progressions BLO, that the lengths of the tangents drawn to them from any point on the circle x' + y' = c? are also in geometrical progression. Solution. The given equations of the circles are w+y'-Deact a) As all the circles given by (1) have their centres on the axis of x, let there be any three centres, A, B and C having the co-ordinates as (2,, 0), (A,, 0), and (A,, 0) respectively. ‘Then the circles will be DETAILED SOLUTIONS TO THE CIRCLE BY SL LONEY #+y'-thx -e 20 w +yt-Dag -2 =0 ..() and 2+y-My -c =0 (8) Distances of the centres, A, B and C from origin O are OA =, OB=A, and OC =), As OA, OB and OC are in GP, hence, A, wy Again let there be any other point P = (h, k) on the given circle x* + y* =c*, as P lies on this, circle, hence Reboot 06 , 6 Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2662623, 9836608812, 8507613968 NEWTONCLASSESR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES or Wek =0 Length of the tangent from P upto (1) +H? ~2i,h—c*) = PT, (say) As At4kt—c? — =0, hence PL 2 =-24,h Length of the tangent from T upto (2) = (+ —2,h-c!) = PT, (say) BY (5), he +kt=ct =0, PrZ=- 2h Similarly, if PT, be the tangent on the 3rd circle, then PT? =-24h PT,, PT, and PT, are in GP., if PT,x PT, =(PT,¥ or (-2h0,) x (2hA,) = 2A," or aaa This relation is given by (4) as OA, OB and OC are in G.P. . Find the equation to the pair of tangents drawn (i) from the point (1, 8) to the cirele x! + y* = 65, (ii) from the point (4, 5) to the circle 2x! + 2y? - Bx + Ly + 21 =0. Solution : (i) The given circle is, ty'= 65; Hence, Sext+y'=65 ow (2) ‘The given point is (11, 3); 80 S,= (11? + (3) - 65 = 65 (8) ‘The L.H.S. of the equation of the tangent from (11, 3) on (1) is as if (11, 3) is on the cirele DETAILED SOLUTIONS TO THE CIRCLE BY SL LONEY T = llr +3y-65 Hence, the required equation is, $8, = T? or (2? + y— 65) (65) = (11x + 3y ~ 657 or 65x" + 65y* — 4225 = 121x" + 9y* + Gbxy - 1430x - 390y + 4225 On simplification, we get 28x! + 33xy - 28y" - T15x - 195y + 4225 = 0. Ans. Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi, Ph.; 0861-2662628, 9696608612, 8607619968, NEWTONCLASSCHAPTER ~7 : THE CIRCLE (ii) Equation of the circle given is, 2x! + Qy? — Bx + 12y +21 = 0. 21 or # Sertyi-dr+ by + > 21 131 Since the given point is (4,5) hendeS, = (4 + (5F- 4.446.545 = The L. H. S. of the tangent from (4, 5) on (1) (as if the point is on the circle is) a Texd +5y- 20 +4) +39 +5)+ > 35 =r + By + z As the equation of the pair of tangents is 8, = T° 21) (131) 2 henee, [= 91-41-6702) =) = (2++893) Simplifying, we get 13x? - G4y + By? + 664x + 226y + 762 = 0 DETAILED SOLUTIONS TO THE CIRCLE BY SL LONEY Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 8507613968, NEWTONCLASSES.NETR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES To find the general equation of a circle referred to polar coordinates. [Solution : Let 0 be the origin, or pole, OX the initial line, C the centre and a the radius of the circle. Let the polar coordinates of C be R and a, so that OC = Rand 2 XOC =a. Let a radius vector through O at an angle 9 with the initial line cut the circle in P and Q. Let OP, or QQ, be r ‘Then we have Q CP" = OC? + OP" — 200. OP cos COP, ie, a? =R + -?— 2Rr cos (0-0), ie, 1 ~2Rr cos (0-a) + R?—a*=0 This is the required polar equation. . a Particular eases of the general equation in polar coordinates. Solution : (1) Let the initial line be taken to go through the centre C. Then a = 0, and the equation becomes P—2Rr cos + R¥-a? = 0 (2) Let the pole O be taken on the circle, so that R=O0C =a. The general equation then becomes P— Yar cos (0a) = 0 ie, = 2a cos (0a) (3) Let the pole be on the cirele and also let the initial line pass through the centre of tne circle. In this case a=0 and Rea ‘The general equation reduces then to the simple form r = 2a cos 0. This is at once evident from the figure. For, if OCA be a diameter, we have OP = 0A cos 6, ie r= 2a cos 8. DETAILED SOLUTIONS TO THE CIRCLE BY SL LONEY 7.16 The equation (1) of Ex. 21 is a quadratic equation which, for any given value of 8, gives two values of r. These two values in the figure are OP and OQ. If these two values be called r, and r,, we have, from equation (1), 17, = product of the roots = R*~ a, Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi, Ph.; 0861-2662628, 9696608612, 8607619968, NEWTONCLASSESCHAPTER —7 : THE CIRCLE ie, OP. 0Q = R?-a The value of the rectangle OP. 0Qis therefore the same for all values of 8. It follows that. if we drew any other line through O to cut the circle in P, and Q, we should have P08 = OP,.08,. This is the well-known geometrical proposition. Find the equation to the chord joining the points on the circle r = 2. a. cos 0whose vectorial angles are 8, and 0, and deduce the equation to the tangnet at the : The equation to any straight line in polar coordinates is p = ros (0-«) Ifthis pass through the points (2c cos 0,,@,) and (2c: cos @,, 0,), we have 20.08 8, cos (9, - a) =p. = 2a.cos 8, cos (8, ~ a) Hence, cos (20, ~ at) + c08 a = cos (28, ~ a) + c08 at ie, 20,-a =-(20,~a) Since 0,,and @, are not, in general, equal. Hence, a =0,40, and then, from (2), p = 2a.c08 8, cos 0,, On substitution in (1), the equation to the required chord is cos (0~0,~0,) = 2a cos 6, and 0, ‘The equation to the tangent at the point 0, is found, as in Ex. 12, by putting 0, = @, in equation (3). ‘We thus obtain as the equation to the tangent cos (0-20,) = 2a cos* 0, ‘As in the foregoing examples it could be shown that the equation to the chord joining the points @, and 0, on the circle r = 2a cos (6 - y) is 1re0s [0 ~ 0, ~ 6, + 4] = 2a cos (6, ~y) cos (8, =») and hence that the equation to the tangent at the point 6, is ‘ -¢08 (8-28, ~~) = 2a cos” (0, ~ DETAILED SOLUTIONS TO THE CIRCLE BY SL LONEY 06 , 6 Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2662623, 9836608812, 8507613968 NEWTONCLASSESR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES 1. Find the coordinates of the centre of the circle r =Acos 0+Bsin 0 Solution. Given polar equation is, r= A cos @ + B sin @ Acos0 Bsind “ area) ~ fase) * ae) A B Let ey = cos a, then [any =sina, r So = = c0s 6 cos a + sin O sin a = cos (0 - @) oy ViA*+B*)cos(0- a) Hence, the eentre is {3 (ars) <} Ans. Find the polar equation of a circle, the initial line being a tangent. What does it become if the origin be on the circumference ? Solution. The equation of the circle having a radius a and centre as (R, @) is given by 7 2Rr cos (@—a)+R? a! = 0 () (Ex. 21) If the initial line be the tangent, then R =a cosec a. Substituting in (1), we get 1 — 2. cosec a.r cos (8 - a) + a? cosec* a -a? = 0 or 1? — 2ar cosec a cos (8a) +a" (cosec* a- 1) = 0 or 1 — 2ar, cosec a cos (8 ~«) +a” cot? a = 0. Ans. If the origin is on the circumference and the tangent is the initial line, Then a = 90° Hence, cosec a = Land cot a = 0. Putting these values in previous equation, we get ? — Qar cos (8- 90°) =0 or 7 —2ar sin® =0 {° cos (8 - 90°) = cos (90° — 9) = sin 8} or r =2asin 0. Ans. Draw the loci @r=a (ii) r= asin & (iii) r = acos & (iv) r= a see 6 (v) r =a cos (0- a); (vi) r = cos (0- a). Solution, @ r=a Itis clearly a circle, centre being the pole and radius equal to a. (ii) r=asin® 1Q.No. 2 (ii) It will be a circle passing through the pole, initial line being tangent to it and radius > a Z é 5 a = 5 3 a S & S z ° @ 2 Z is 3 g a 8 g Ei é DE a equal to £. Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi, Ph.; 0861-2662628, 9696608612, 8607619968, NEWTONCCHAPTER ~7 : THE CIRCLE (iii) we know r=acos8 It will be a circlé passing through te pole, centre being on the initial line and radius 2 equal to 5 (v) r=asec® Itis a straight line perpendicular to the initial line at a distance of a from the pole. (ev) r=acos(8—a) It will be a circle passing through the pole, the centre being G 7) (vi) r =a sec(®~a) Itis clearly a straight line at a distance ofa from the pole, the perpendicular from the pole on the line being inclined at an angle of a to the initial line. Prove that the equations r = a cos (0~ a) and r = b sin (0~ a) represent two circles which cut at right angles. Solution. The equations are given as r =acos(0-a) and r =bsin(@-a) = c08 ((0- a) - 90° = c0s ((@- a) + 90") ‘As both the equations represent cireles passing through the origin, hence pole is one of the points of intersection. The angle of intersection of the circles is same as the angle between the tangent at the point of intersection which is equal to the angle between the radii of the two circles passing through the point of intersection. So if is the pole, OX the initial line, A and B are the centres of the circles (1) and (2) respectively, then 2 A0X =a tas co-ordinates of A will be (a, «t) and ZBOX = a+90° as co-ordinates of B will be (b, (a + 90). & AOB will be 90° Therefore the angle between the radii is 90°. Hence Proved. Prove that the equation r? cos 0 ar cos 20-2a* cos 0= 0 represents a straight line and a circle. Solution. The equation is given as 7? ¢08 0 ar cos 20 — 2a? cos 0 = 0 w or 7 cos @ - 2ar cos? @ + ar ~ 2a cos 0= 0 (2 cos 20 = 2 cos? 6 - 1) or eos 0 (r-~ 2a cos 6) + a (r - 2a cos) = 0 or (r cos 8 +a) (r ~ 2a cos 6) =0 Henee, if _r cos @+a = 0, thenr =~a sec ® (2) or if ra cos 0 = 0, then r = 2a cos 8, (3) So, (1) represents 2 curves given by (2) and (3) out of which (2) represents a straight line and (3) a circle Proved. Find the polar equation to the circle described on the straight line joining the points (a, a) and (b, 8) as diameter. Solution. Let P and Q be the given points (a, a) and (6, B) respectively as the ends of the diameter. > 8 Zz 6 a a z 5 g a g & c z e & gS Z ¢ — 3 a & a < é 5 4 Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 8507613968, NEWTONCR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES If A be any point on the circle as (r, 0), clearly ZPAQ = 90°; hence PA? + AQ? = PQ a) In AOAP, PA? = OP? + OA" 20P.0A cos PO A or PA? = +a" ~ 2ra.cos (a — 8) (2) Similarly, by AOPB, AQ? = r+ 6! 2rb cos (0 - B) (3) and AOAB, PO! = a? + 6 2ab cos (8—B) (4) Substituting, the values from (2), (3), and (4) in (1), we get (+a? — Bra cos (a 6)) + Ir? + 6 2rb cos (@— |= (a® + b* ~ 2ab cos (a. B)) Simiplifying, we get the required equation as PF =r la cos (0a) +6 cos (0-8) + ab cos (a~B) =0 Ans. Prove that the equation to the circle described on the straight joining the points (1, 60°) and (2, 30°) as diameter is 1- r [cos (0- 60°) +2 cos (0- 30°] + /§ = 0. Solution. If, «) and (6, B) be the extremities ofthe diamter then diameter of the circle is [a cos (@ ~ a) + b cos (0 ~ B) + ab cos (a ~ B) =0, wD) ‘Then, the extremities are given as (1, 60°), (2, 30°) So putting the values of a, 6, a and f in (1), we get P =r {1, cos (8 = 60°) + 2 cos (@ - 30°) + 1.2.cos (60° — 30°) = 0 or 1? =r (cos (8 — 60°) + 2 cos (0 ~ 30°)! + /3 =0. Find the condition that the straight line if 7 = acos 0+ bain may touch the circle 1 = 2c cos 0. Solution: The given circle is, = 2c cos 0 a 1 The given line is, 7 =acos0+5 sino on) If (1) is a tangent to (2), solving the two we must get one and only one valfes of intersection, By(D), cos = 5-;hence sin 8 Putting the values of cos 0 and sin 6 in (2), we get DETAILED SOLUTIONS TO THE CIRCLE BY SL LONEY or (%-or} <4 (ar) or 1 (a? +b) ~ 4e (a + Bie) + de! = 0. ‘This being quadratic in r*; the values will coincide, if discriminant is zero ie, [4c (a + b*c)}* 4 (a? +B’). dc? = 0 or a? + bic + Qabic~ a? b= 0 or 6 (bic? + Qac - 1) =0 Asbzo,hance 6%" + 2ac-1=0 or Bit + Qa = Ans. Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi, Ph.; 0861-2662628, 9696608612, 8607619968, NEWTONCLASCHAPTER ~7 : THE CIRCLE To find the general equation to acirele referred to oblique axes which meet at an angle a Solution : Let C be the centre and a the radius of the circle, Let the coordinates of C be (A, k) so that if CM, drawn parallel to the axis of y, meets OX in M, then OM =h, and MC = k. Let P be any point on the circle whose coordinates are x and y. Draw PN, the ordinate of P, and CL parallel to OX to meet PN in L. ‘Then CL=MN =ON-OM=x-h, and LP = NP-NL = NP-MC =y-k Also ZOLP = £ ONP = 180° - ZPNX = 180°- w. Henee, since CL? + LP 2CL.LP cos CLP = a? we have (x +A) + (y =k? +2 — A) -h) cos w =a", ie, x2 + y2+ Quy cos w~ 2x (h + h cos 00) ~ 2y (k + h cos w) + h? + h? + Dhk cos « = a. y The required equation is therefore found. 7.17 As in Ex. 4 it may be shown that the equation 224 Dry cos+y* + gx + By +e=0 represents a circle and its radius and centre found, If the axes be inclined at 60°, prove that the equation stay +y?-de-Sy-2 =0 ~~ () represents a cirele and find its centre and radius. Solution : It w be equal to 60°, so that cos w = 4 the equation of Ex. 24 becomes sb aay +y2ox (Dh b)—y (Qk +h) +h? RB + hh = 0 ‘This equation agrees with (1), if thth=4 keh and Wek + hha? =-2 Solving equations (2) and (3), we have h = 1 and & = 2. Equation (4) then gives a=h?+h+hk+2=9, So, that a=3 ‘The equation (1) therefore represents a circle whose centre is the point (1, 2), and whose radius is 3, the axes being inclined at 60°. DETAILED SOLUTIONS TO THE CIRCLE BY SL LONEY 06 , 6 Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2662623, 9836608812, 8507613968 NEWTONCLASSES6 R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES Zz ££ —— Find the inclinations of the axes so that the following equations may represent circles, and in each case find the radius and centre; a! — ay + y" -2gx -2fy =0 Solution : The general equation of the circle of radius a, having the centre (h, k) and the axes being inclined at an angle of w is given by x2 + y? - 2xy cos w— 2x (h + cos w) — 2y (k +h cos w) +h +k? + 2hk cos w-a?=O ... (1) ‘The given equation is, x? + y*—xy - Qgx + 2fy = 0. w= (Q) Equating the coefficient of xy, x, y and constant term in (1) and (2), as the coefficient of x? and y®are equal, we get 2eos a (3) h+keos a (4) k+heoso (6) and h2 + R® + 2hk cosw—a?=0 (6) 1 By (3), cos @ =~ 5 or @ = 120° Putting the value of cos w in (4) and (5), we get respectively and kot of Solving equations (7) and (8), we get _ 4et2f a Putting the values of h, k and cos w in (6), we get (sp (GE) ‘TAILED SOLUTIONS TO THE CIRCLE BY SL LONEY Hence the angle between the axes is 120°. DE ‘Ag+ 2f 4f +2 ) ‘Then the perpendicular from the point (11, -2) on its equal to + 5, and hence ul. DETAILED SOLUTIONS TO THE CIRCLE BY SL LONEY y 225 4 On solving, we have ma-F or ‘ ‘The required tangents through T, are therefore 2dr + Ty = 125 and 4x - By = 25 Similarly, the equations to the tangent through T, are y+4=m(x-22) 06 , 6 Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2662623, 9836608812, 8507613968 NEWTONCLASSESR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES On solving, we have m= z or-2 On substitution in (2), the required equations are therefore Tx 2dy = 250 and Sx + Ay = 50 ‘The four common tangents are therefore found. ‘We shall conclude this chapter with some miscellaneous examples on loci. [Find the locus of « point P which moves so that its distance from a given point 0 is always in a given ratio (n : 1) to its distance from another given point A. [Solution : Take O as origin and the direction of OA as the axis of x. Let the distance OA be a, so that A is the point (a, 0). If (x, y) be the coordinates of any position of P, we have OP? = n2.AP*, ie, x+y? antl(x-aP ey), ie, G2? + y(n? = 1) ~ 2an?x + n%a? =0 sow Hence, by Ex. 7, the locus of P is a circle Let the circle meet the axis of x in the points C and D. Then OC and OD are the roots of the equation obtained by putting y equal to zero in (1). Hence, oc =< and op= n+l n-l We therefore have CA=—* and AD= nal oc _ op CA ~ AD ‘The points C and D therefore divide the line OA in the given ratio, and the required circle is on CD as diameter. Hence, DETAILED SOLUTIONS TO THE CIRCLE BY SL LONEY |From any point on one given circle tangents are drawn to another given circle; \prove that the locus of the middle point of the chord of contact is a third circle. /Solution : Take the centre of the first circle as origin and let the axis of x pass through the centre of the second circle. Their equations are then ape? vw (1) G-oF +y* sm (2) where a and 6 are the radii, and c the distance between the centres, of the circles. Any point on (1) is (@ cos 8, a sin 8) where 0 is variable. Its chord of contact with respect to (2) is (x—c) (a cos 0~c) + ya sin @ = b? sone (B) Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi, Ph.; 0861-2662628, 9696608612, 8607619968, NEWTONCLASSESCHAPTER ~7 : THE CIRCLE ‘The middle point of this chord of contact is the point where it is met by the perpendicular from, the centre, viz., the point (c, 0). ‘The equation to this perpendicular is -(x—c)a sin 8 + (a cos @-c)y =0 a® Any equation deduced from equation (3) and (4) is satisfied by the coordinates of the point under consideration. If we eliminate @ from them, we shall have an equation al- ways satisfied by the coordinates of the point, whatever be the value 0. The result will thus be the equation to the required locus. Solving equation (3) and (4), we have by asin® = T3G-oF ae and acos8—e = oF? So, that aces0 aes panes, He 2 wa? cos%@ 4.02 sin?) =o? + 2eb? Go Be ence, oP wa? cos98 + a? sin®® = 02 + Bob? SF + ya The required locus is therefore (a? ~c2) [y? +(e —c}*] = Deb? (x ~c) + ‘This is a circle and its centre and radius are easily found. \Find the locus of a point P which is such that its polar with respect to one circle touches a second circle. [Solution : Taking the notation of the last example, the equations to the two circles are x+y? sa? samp (1) and Ge-oP + y? = b @) Let (h, k) be the coordinates of any position of P. Its polar with respect to (1) is zh yk 2a? vn (8) Also any tangent to (2) has its equation of the form (x- 0) c08 0+y sin =b @ If then (3) be a tangent to (2) it must be of the form (4). ‘Therefore > oo sees ‘These equations give cos 8 (a ~ ch) = bh, and sin 0 (a?—ch) = bk. ‘Squaring and adding, we have (a? — ch)? = 6? (h? +R) The locus of the point (h, k) is therefore the curve 68 (x? + 9) = (a?— cx). 06 , 6 Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2662623, 9836608812, 8507613968 NEWTONCLASSES > a Z é 3 a z 5 3 a S & 3 z ° é 2 Z is 3 g a 8 g Es & an R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES Alter. The condition that (3) may touch (2) may be otherwise found. For, as in Ex. 14, the straight line (3) meets the circle, (2) in the points whose abscissae are given by the equation. HB (xc) + (a? — hx)? = b*k*, ie, 32 (K+ BY) ~ Dx (ck? + ah) + (Ret + a? - B42) = 0. The line (3) will therefore touch (2), if (ch? + ah)? = (h? + h2) (htc? + a? — 62H), ie,, if B(h? +R?) = (ch -07?, which is equation (5). (0 is a fixed point and P any point on a given circle; OP is joined and on it a point 1Q is taken so that OP. OQ = a constant quantity k?; prove that the locus of Q is a lcircle which becomes a straight line when O lies on the original circle. Solution : Let O be taken as pole and the line through the centre C as the initial line. Let OC = d, and let the radius of the circe be a. ‘The equation to the circle is then a? = r? + d? — 2rd cos 8, Ex. 21 where, OP =r and 2 POC = 6. Let OQ be p, so that, by the given condition, we have rp = and hence r = = P ‘Substituting, this value in the equation to the circle, we have a® = ~7 +a?-2— cos® P P So, that the equation to the locus of Q is 5 ree Ba ah But the equation to a circle, whose radius is a’ and whose centre is on the mitial line at a distance d’, is DETAILED SOLUTIONS TO THE CIRCLE BY SL LONEY 7? ~ 2rd’ cos @ =a ~d won (8) ‘Comparing (1) and (2), we see that the required locus is a eircle, such that K , ad aq? a = panda? d ka Way ‘The required locus is therefore a circle, of radius 7» whose centre is on the same line as the original centre at a distance ite from the fixed point. Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi, Ph.; 0861-2662628, 9696608612, 8607619968, NEWTONCLASSESCHAPTER ~7 : THE CIRCLE When 0 lies on the original circle the distance d is equal to a, and the equation (1) becomes k? = 2dr cos 8, ie., in Cartesian coordinates, KB a In this case the required lous is a straight line perpendicular to OC. When a second curve is obtained from a given curve by the above geometrical process, the second curve is said to be the inverse of the first curve and the fixed point 0 is called the centre of inversion. ‘The inverse of a circle is therefore a circle or a straight line according as the centre of| inversion is not, or is, on the circumference of the original circle. x is a straight line drawn through O, one of the common points of two circles, ind meets them again in P and Q; find the locus of the point S which bisects the line PQ. Solution ; Take 0 as the origin, let the radii of the two circles be R and R’, and let the lines joining their centres to O make angles « and a’ with the initial line. ‘The equations to the two circles are therefore, r= 2R cos (@—a), andr =2R’ cos (0 ~ a’) Hence, if S be the middle point of PQ, we have 208 = OP + 0Q = 2R cos (0 - «@) + 2R’ cos (0-0) ‘The locus of the point $ is therefore 1 = Roos (8- a) + R’ cos (8-0) = (Ros a + R’ cos of) cos 0+ (R sin a + R’ sin a’) sin @ = 2R" cos (0 ~ 0”) where 2R" cos a” = Rcos a + R’ cos a’, and 2R” sin a” = R sin @ + R’ sin of. Hence, Re = VRE RE DRE costa) Reina +R’sina’ onal fan a= Reosa+R’sina’ » 2 Z g 3 a = g a a 3 & 3 E 2 g 2 Z g = 2 g 8 8 g z é 5 a From (1)is the locus of Sis a circle, whose radius is R”, which passes through the origin O and is such that the line joining O to its centre is inclined at an angle a” to the initial line. 06 , 6 Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2662623, 9836608812, 8507613968 NEWTONCLASSESR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES Gm 1.A point moves so that the sum of the squares of ite distances from the four sides of a square is constant; prove that it always lies on a circle. Solution : Let the sides AB and AD of the square be taken as the axes, and the side of the square be a units, then the equation of the sides AB, BC, CD and DA are respectively. en) ef) (3) x=0 (4) IfP be the moving point as (h, &) its distance from (1), (2), (3) and (4) are respectively. k.(a=h), (a—R) and h. By hypothesis &? + (a - h)*+ (ak)? +h? = 2h (constant) or 2h? + 2k? Qah—ak-2h=0 or He +k ah-ak-A=0 Generalising, we get x*+y*—ax -ay-A=0 which is clearly a circle, Proved. A point moves that the the sum of the squares of the perpendiculars let fall from it on the sides of an equilateral triangle is constant; prove that its locus is @ cirele. Solution : Let ABC be the given equilateral triangle. Take Aas origin, AB and AC as the axis and ‘a’ as the side of the triangle. Clearly @ = 60°, AB = AC =a. Henee, the equations of AB and ” ar re respectively. 0 o and +2 21 or xty-a=0 Let the moving point P be (h, A). Length of perpendicular from (h, &) onx+y~a =0 hik-a lar (c0860") > a Zz 6 3 a z B a a 3 & 5 E ° € g Z 2 is 5B 3 & 3 é a sin60° =(h+k-a) a = PN (say) a Similarly, length of perpendicular from (h, k) onx=Ois, hin 60°=h. 2 = PM (say) and ony = Ois, sin 60°= k. ain (say) 3 By hypothesis, PL? + PM? + PN? = 7 2 (constant) Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi, Ph.; 0861-2662628, 9696608612, 8607619968, NEWTONCCHAPTER ~7 : THE CIRCLE or VE +m) (i? +k? 02) =c. (th + mk +n) Simplifying and generalising, we get MP mi) (x? + y? - a2). (lx + my +n) =0 which is clearly a circle. The locus of a point whose distance from a fixed point is in a constant ratio to the tangent drawn from it in a given circle. ‘3 Bolntion : Let ‘Qbe the fixed point as (c, B), circle be x? + y? = a? and the moving point P tk) Length of tangent PT from P to the circle = (A? +k? -a*) and distance PQ = J{(h—a)* + (k~B)'] By hypothesis, FQ = constant. or van Pr Substituting the values, we get (i=)? + (hk — By? = 22 (A? + ha) or 24 RP — Dhar DAB + 0? + BP = 2H? + 22k? 2? a Generalising and rearranging, we get x? (02-1) +9? (A= 1) + 2x + Ofy ~ (a? + BP +? a*) = 0 It is clearly a circle. Ans. id the eu i tal Re Efo nteogreofon e d n times the square of the other. Solution : Let BC be the base of the AABC. Taking BC as the axis of x and its right Ans. Beector as the axis of y, BC = 2a, the co-ordinates of B and C may be taken as (— a, 0) and (a, 0) respectively. ‘Suppose the moving vertex A be (h, #) (By hypothesis, AB? + AC? = 2A (constant) or Wh+a)? +R) + (ha? +h?) = 20 Simplifying and generalising, we get 2+yea2-h =0, which is clearly a circle. By hypothesis, m.AB? + n.AC? = (constant) or mh +a)?+R}+n (ha)? +) =) Simplifying and generalising, we get xm +n) + y?(m + n) + 2xa (m—n) +a2(m +n)—-h=0 Itis again a circle “Apoint moves so that the sum of the squares of its distances from n fixed points is AP tha totus iso srcle t — Solution : Let the n given fixed points A, B, C.. ete, be (x,y) (ty Yas Ui Ys) Oe J) Solution : Lat the n Ege Gxt Phen the hypothesis 7!" #78" 978 % PA? + PB? + PC? ... = A (say) Putting the values, we get [th —x,? + (k—y,)4 + ((h — xg) + (99 + +h x? +(k=y, Pah nh? + nk? — Dh (xy ty + oe + ¥,) — Bk, HQ + Hg) HGP ee2 + te DEP tag + ty DEh DETAILED SOLUTIONS TO THE CIRCLE BY SL LONEY 06 , 6 Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2662623, 9836608812, 8507613968 NEWTONCLASSESR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES Generalising, we get na? + ny? — 2x54, - 2yByy + De? + By? A= 0 which is a circle Ans. Whatever be the value of a, prove that the locus of the intersection of the straight lines xcosa+ysina=aandxsina-ycosa=b is acirele. Solution : The two lines are given as xoosa+ysina =a and xsina-ycosa =b If the point of intersection be P (h, k), line it will satisfy (1) and (2). So, heosa+ksina =c¢ hsina-kcosa =b ‘To eliminate the variable a, squaring (3) and (4) and adding, we get 2 (cos? a + sin? ct) + k? (sin? a + cos® a) =a? + b? or A? +k? 2a? + BF Generalising, we get stay? sa? bt which is clearly a circle. Ans. From a point P on a circle perpendiculars PM and PN are drawn to two radii of the cirele which are not at right angles; find the locus of the middle point of MN. Solution : Taking the two lines as axes, the angle y between them being «, let (/, k) be any point on the circle. Draw PA and PB parallel to y-axis, and ween scaxis respectively, PM and PN are perpendicular Leva to the axis of x and y; then ZOAP = (180° - 0) and OP is the radius say By AOAP, OP? = OA? + AP? - 20A.AP cos (180° — 0) or at = h2+ b+ 2.hk cos Again, OM = 0A+AM=h +h cos 0 ON = OB + BN=k +h eos o +. Co-ordinates of M and N are respectively (h +h cos «, 0) and (0, k +h cos @) If @ be the mid-point of MN, then if the co-ordinates of Q are (x, »), » 2 Z g 3 a = g a a 3 & 3 E 2 g 2 Z g = 2 g 8 8 g z a h+keoso then x = —S— and 2x yeose) sin’ @ Solving (2) and (3), we get h sin'o Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi, Ph.; 0861-2662628, 9696608612, 8607619968, NEWTONCLASSESCHAPTER ~7 : THE CIRCLE Putting these values in (1), we get meses} 2.x - yoosw)%y- xeoso) 7 + rte 008 w= a sin’ sin?osin®@ ss [G22 + y? cos? «w — 2xy cos ) + y? + x* cos® w ~ 2yx cos w) + 2 (xy + xy cos? w —x? cos @ ~y* cos w) cos a'sin‘o 22 (1 + cos? @—2 cos? «@) +? (1 + cos? w—2 cos? w) ~ 2xy cos @(1 ~ cos? w) = a a’sin‘@ 4 “ oe 2. Ans. Tangents are drawn to a circle from a point which always lie on a given line; prove that the locus of the middle point of the chord of contact is another circle. Solution : Let the given line be ax+by+e =0 Oy) and the given circlebe x+y? = 7? (2) Suppose (a, B) is any point on (1); then aa+bB+e=0 Chord of contact of (a, B) with respect to (2) is ox + By =? If (h, k) be the middle point of this chord of contact, (h, #) will satisfy its equation; So, ch + Bk =r? (4) Again, if we draw a line perpendicular to the chord of contact through the centre of the circle (0, 0), it will cut it at the middle point. Equation of the line perpendicular to the chord of contact through origin (0, 0) is Bx -ay =0 ‘As (h, A) lies on this line also, we have Bh—ak =0 (8) ‘To get the required locus, we have to eliminate the variables « and B from (3), (4) and (5). So solving (4) and (5) for a and B, we get mm e+e 22 sin? o +9? sin? @~ 2ry cos @. sin? @ = x2 +y?— Bey cos w= » 2 Z g 3 a = g a a 3 & 3 E 2 g 2 Z g = 2 g 8 8 g z é 5 a as Putting these values in (3), we get ar ye may se or cx? + cy? tar? x4 brty=0 which is clearly a circle, Hence Proved . Find the locus of the middle points of chords of the circle x* + y* = a* which pass through the fixed point (h, k). a 06 , 6 Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2662623, 9836608812, 8507613968 NEWTONCLASSESR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES Solution : Any line passing through the given point (h, k) is, york =m(x-h) ' Al) and the given circle is x? + y? = a?. nel) Let (a, B) be the co-ordinates of the middle poiit of the chord; then (c,, 8) will satisfy (1); So, B-k =m(a-h) 8) ‘Again equation of the line perpendicular to the chord (1) and pasging through the centre (0, 0) will be ‘my +x =0. As it will cut the chord at the middle point, (a, B) will satisfy this equation also, ie. mB + ay= 0. AA) ‘To get the required locus we eliminate the variable m from (3) and (4). So, putting the value of m from (4) in (8), we get a @-W =- 5 a-m) or fk =-a? + ch. Generalising for the co-ordinates of the middle point (a, f) and rearranging, we get the required locus as x24 yt ah — yk = 0 which is a circle, Ans. 12, Find the locus of the middle points of chords of the circle x+y? = a? which sub- tend a right angle at the point (c, 0). Solution : Let the equation of the circle be x+y? wa? A) ‘Take any two points A and B on the circle as (a cds a, a sin a) and (a cos B, a sin 8). IfP be the middle point of AB as (h, k), then he gesns = = (cos a+ c0s B) asina+asinB and b= SOE =F (sina + sin B) Again, if Q be the given point (c, 0), then asina-0 _asina slope of AQ= Toosane ~ acoa—e DETAILED SOLUTIONS TO THE CIRCLE BY SL LONEY asinB-0 % _asinB slope of BQ= 7 osp.—g = aeuap-e ‘As angle AQB = 90°, hence AQ and BQ are perpendicular to each other, so asing_ _asin aeosa—e * acosp—c or a? sin asin B =— (a cos ac) (a cos 8 -c) or a? (sin.a sin B + c08 0: ¢08 B) — ac (cos & + cos B) +c? = 0 ‘To eliminate a and 8 from’(2), (3) and (4), squaring and adding (2) and (3), we get Keke : [cos? a+ cos? fi + 2 cos «cos B + sin? o + sin? B +2 sin asin Bh] Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi, Ph.; 0861-2662628, 9696608612, 8607619968, NEWTONCLASSESCHAPTER ~7 : THE CIRCLE a WP +k = (2+ 2 (cos a cos f+ sin a sin B)] O(n? +k or cos a cos B + sina sin B = and by (2), cos + cos B = 2h/a Substituting the values from (5) and (6) in (4), we get (ste) at] o Pee) : ere a ac > +c8=0 or 2(h? +k?) ~a?— Qh +c? Generalising, we get 2x? + 2y?— Qex +c? - a’ which is a circle. Ans, . 0 is a fixed point and P any point on a fixed circle; on OP is taken a point Q such that OQ is in a constant ratio to OP; prove that the locus of Q is a circle. Solution : Let the fixed point be the origin and the circle be (x-aP + (y-bP =? ‘The parametric co-ordinates of any point P on the rug Oa roe. circle may be taken as (a + r cos 0, 6 + r sin 6), where pare (a, B) is the centre Suppose Q is the point satisfying the given condition 0g ie, op =X Draw PA and QB perpendicular to OX. Then by similar triangles OQB and OPA, or = — a+reos® ~ b+rsind or ha + dy cos @ =h or Arcos 8 =h-ha or db + dr sin @ = or dr sin @ =k-Ab (2) The required locus will be found by generalising to eliminate for 6 of (1) and (2); So to eliminate @, squaring and adding (1) and (2), we get 2 F? (cos? 8 + sin? @) = (h ~ Aa)* + (k - 0b) or (hha)? + (kb)? = 22 7? Generalising, we get x— Aa) +(y—2b)? =A? 2 which is clearly a circle, Ans. > a Z é 3 a = 5 3 a S & S z ° € 2 Z is 3 g a 8 g Ei & a 06 , 6 Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2662623, 9836608812, 8507613968 NEWTONCLASSES80 R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES 14. Ois a fixed point and P any point on a given straight line; OP is joined and on it is taken a point Q such that OP.0Q = k*; prove that the locus of Q, i.e. the inverse of the given straight line with respect to O, is a circle which passes through O. Solution : Let 0 be the fixed point and AB the straight line. Draw ON perpendicular on AB and OY parallel to AB. ‘Taking the axes, along ON and OY, if ON = a, the co- ordinates of any point P on AB may be taken as (a,y). Join OP and take any point Q (a, B) on PO such that @P.0Q =k? Now OP = ya? +?) and 0Q = ia? +p”). Putting in (1), we get Ya? +y2) a? +p 0 Again equation to OPis y~0= “15 (x-0) or ay=y,%. ‘As Q = (a, f) lies on OP, the co-ordinates will So, aB = ya or y= afl, We have to eliminate y, from (2) and (3). Putting this value in (2), we get MMa® + a°B* /a*\a* +p") = e Ba ae ac +) -2 or 2 (spew Generalising and simplifying for the variable (a, f), we get alxt+y?) =k x which is a circle. Ans. DETAILED SOLUTIONS TO THE CIRCLE BY SL LONEY . One vertex of a triangle of given species is fixed, and another moves along the circumference of a fixed circle; prove that the locus of the remaining vertex is a cirele and find its radius. Solution : Let OAP be any triangle. Take O as the origin. A is any point on the circumference of a circle whose centre is C and radius a. ‘Taking OC as the initial line, and OC = 4d, the polar co-ordinates of C will be (d, 0) and for A (r,, 6,), P be the moving point (r,@). Let the angles POA, OPA and OPA be a, f and y respectively, as the triangle is of given species. Now in triangle AOC, AC?= OA? + OC? - 2.0A.0C cos 8 or a =r,2+d*— 2rd cos 0, fl) Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi, Ph.; 0861-2662628, 9696608612, 8607619968, NEWTONCLASSESCHAPTER ~7 : THE CIRCLE ‘Now we have to eliminate r, and 6, from (1) ZAOC = ZPOC ~ ZPOA 0, = (@-a) ‘Again from A OAP, by since formula, or B. Putting the values of 8, and r, from (2) and (3) in (1), we get ot = {Bl goa BE dos 0a a’ sin®B sin’ sinB oes 2dr or Gnty +e ty “2dr Se This equation rqpresenta cielo witha radius sin B/sin 7. Ans. he in the of a cirele, and OP,P, any chord of the circle which cos (8 - «). passes i) ‘meets the circle in P, and'P; On this chord is taken a point Q such #l is equal to (i) the arithmetic, (ii) the geometric, and (iii) the harmonic mean between OP, and OP; in each case find the equation to the locus of . Solution : Let O be the given fixed point, and A, the centre of the given circle. h aE Taki of x along OA and the, tine dicular ing axis of x along OA and th endicular toit th redinates ol {8.b) and the e equation 0 othe cite, maybe taken at arNige con ‘Suppose the pistons of any line mei O which cuts the eirdle at By and yams To solve (1) and (2), we put the value of y from (2) in (1), we get xt + mx? - 2gx +c or x2 (1+ m?)- rte = If the co-ordinates of P, and P, be (x,, y,) and (x9, y) respectively, 2g Lem DETAILED SOLUTIONS TO THE CIRCLE BY SL LONEY then ath = (4) c and, by (3) yh = ie (5) Again OP? =x,2+y,2= 2,2 + (mx, =x? (1 +m?) (6) Similarly, oP, =x, +y,?=%; 24 mb? + xp (1 +m?) A) (i) Let Q, be the point (x, y) such that OQ is the arithmetic mean of OP, and OP,. Hence 9, = 5 (OR, +0P,) 06 , 6 Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2662623, 9836608812, 8507613968 NEWTONCLASSES2 R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES {by (6) and (7)} or (1+m*) (x, +x,NasQ lies on OP,,d P,, y= mx) 1 1% or 7 yet) 2m) or gax(L+m) ‘To get the required locus, we have to eliminate m between (2) and (8) So, putting the value of m from (2) in (8), we get g =s(1-3] or ste ygred It is the required locus and clearly is a circle with centre ( x 0) and radius £ (ii) Let Q, be the point (x, y) such that 0Q, is the geomital mean between OP, and OP, ‘Then, OG? = OP, . OP, = : 7 or Ge? + 9°) = (x, Jem) [x,y m)) 22 (1+ m2) =(1 +m?) 2x, x) c € ih = by (5) = (was Tem” ) (+ mx? =e (9) red locus, we have to eliminate m between (2) and (9), so putting the value in (9), we get (#8 7, 2 we). 2 (Fy =e or, 4 = Itis the required locus and again is a circle with centre (0, 0) and radius Je (iii) Let Q, be the point (x, y) such that OQ, is the harmonie mean between OP, and OP, 5 SE 50, 00° = OP FOP, 2x, (1 +m?) x, (1m) = a (em') eal m) 2x,x, a +e — Bellis m!) a 2gi (lem?) & DETAILED SOLUTIONS TO THE CIRCLE BY SL LONEY As x24? =2°(1+ m’), therefore = or gr-c=0 (10) Itis the required locus, which is clearly a straight line, parallel to y-axis at.a distance of eg Again, the polar of the origin O with respect to the circle (1) is 0+0~g (x +0)+e=0orge—c=0, which is same as (10). hence the required locus is the polar of O. Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi, Ph.; 0861-2662628, 9696608612, 8607619968, NEWTONCLASSESCHAPTER ~7 : THE CIRCLE 17. Find the locus of the point of intersection of the tangent to a given circle and the perpendicular let fall on this tangent from a fixed point on the circle. Solution : Let C be the contre of the circle of radius a, and O be any point on its circumference. Take O as the pole and OC as the initial line. , Let AB be any tangent at the point T on the circle Draw OP perpendicular to AB from O. Let the co-ordinates of P be (r, 0) so that OP =r, and ZPOC =0 ICN is perpendicular ftom C on OP, then OP =ON+NP. By A ONC, ON =0C cos NOC =a cos 6 and NP =CT (as OC = CT = NP = a, the radius). Putting the value of OP, ON and NP in (3), r =a cos 0 +a, which is the required locus. Ans, Acircle touches the axis of x and cuts off a constant length 21 from the axis of y; prove that the equation of the locus of its centre is y* - x* = P cosec* a the axes being inclined at an angle «a Solution : Let C, the centre of the circle be (/, #), and the radius be a; then the equation of the circle will be (x-hP + (y—h?P + 2 (x-A) (y-h) cos =a? ..(1) Draw CN 1 OX, then by A CMN, CN = CM sino or a=ksino 2) Equation of the axis ofy is, x =0 (3) ‘To get the point of interscetion, we solve (1) and (3), so putting the value of x from (3) in (1), we get 12 + y2 + RY 2yh — (hy — 2hk) cos w@ =a" or y= 2y (h + h cos w) + 12+ k2+ Dkk cos wa? = (a) If A and B he the points of intersection having co-odinates as (0, y,) and (0, y,), then by hypothesis DETAILED SOLUTIONS TO THE CIRCLE BY SL LONEY AB =y,-y,=2. * 102 +94)? ~4y,¥2 A5) ‘As (4) is a quadratic equation having roots as y, and yp, 80 Yy ty, = 2lk +h cos w) and Yay, = (2 + BB+ Dik cos w~ a) Putting the values in (5), we get 4 (hk +h cos w)® ~ 4 (h? +k? + 2hk cos w~ a”) = 4/2 As a? = k® sin? w by (2), hence or K+ RP cos? w + 2kh cos w —h?~_k* — Qhk cos w +k? sin? w = 22 Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 8507613968, NEWTONCR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES 2? sin? wh? (1 - cos? @) = 1? or 2 sin? o— h? sin? @ = or BP h? = wo? cosec? w. Generalising, we get. ya? =I cosec w. Proved 19. A straight line moves so that the product or the perpendiculars on it from two fixed points is constant. Prove that the locus of the feet of the perpendiculars from each of these points upon the straight line is a circle, the same for each. Solution : Let A and B be the two fixed points. Taking axis of X along AB and the right bisector of AB as y-axis, the co-ordinates of A and B may be taken (~ a, 0) and (a, 0), then let the equation of the given line be xeosa+ysina =p. a) Equation of the line through (~a, 0) and perpendicular to (1) is sina y-0 =—— (x40) cosa or yosa-xsina =asina, 2) Again, if AN and BM be the perpendiculars from A and B respectively on the line (1), then by hypothesis id +0.8i - acosa+O0.sina p AN xp = omacOsina=p , come Ose feos? asin? a)” yfeos*a sinéa) 22 (constant), or or a 3) Ty get the required leus, we have to eliminate p and a from (1), (2) and (3); squaring (1) and (2) and then adding , we get cos? a+ y?sin? a+ Qry cos asin c+ y®cos?a+ x? sin? a ry cos asin a =p? asi Putting the value of p? from (3), we get x+y? = 4a, which is required locus. If we change a into ~a, we do not get any change in the equation, 50 it is the locus for both the points, hence proved 20. 0 is a fixed point and AP and BQ are two fixed parallel straight lines; BOA is perpendicular to both and POQ is aright angle. Prove that the locus of the foot of the perpendicular drawn from O upon PQ is the circle on AB as diameter. Solution : Let the fixed point O be the origin, x-axis along AOB and perpendicular at O to AB as y-axis, clearly by hypothesis, AP and BQare parallel to y-axis. IfOA and OB be respectively a and 6, then equation of AP is x=ta and of BQis xed Hence the combined equation is (x-a) (x46) =0 x—x(a—b)~ab=0 let PQ be any line, lx+my =1 Draw ON 1 PQ and let the co-ordinates of N be (h, &) DETAILED SOLUTIONS TO THE CIRCLE BY SL LONEY Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi, Ph.; 0861-2662628, 9696608612, 8607619968, NEWTONCCHAPTER ~7 : THE CIRCLE As N lies on PQ, hence th+ mk-1=0. Equation of ON, the line passing through O (0, 0) and perpendicular to PQ will be mx~ly As N lies on ON, mh - lk = or tk-mh+0 owl) As Pand Qare the points of intersection of (1) and (2), so the combined equation of OP and 0Q can be found by making (1) homogeneous with the help of (2). So, we get x? ~(a—b). x (Ix + my) ~ab (lx + my?’ = or x2 (1 — Lx + 1b - al) — bm*y? — (a — b) mxy — 2ablnxy = 0 ‘As OP and 0Q are right angles, sum of coefficients of x? and,y* must be zero. So, 1~la +18 abl? — abm? or 1-1 (a=b)-ab (i? + m2) =0 (5) ‘The required locus will be obtained by eliminating ! and m from (3), (4) and (5). So by (3) and (4), by cross-multiplication for ! and m, we get. So, Substituting in equation (5), we have h 1 1-9R pp @-8)-0b. ae or (h? + B®)—h (a—6)-ab or Kha + hb—ab +? or (ha) (h +b) +h Generalising, the required locus is, (x ~ a) (x + 6) +y? = 0 which is a circle having AB as diameter. Ans. - Two rods, of lengths a and b, slide along the axes, which are rectangular, in such a manner that their ends are always concyclic; prove that the locus of the centre of the circle passing through these ends is the curve 4(2-y) =a? Solution : Lot AB and CD be the two given rods which slide along the axes and are of length a and 6 respectively. As the four points A, B, C, D are concyclic, a circle will pass through them. Let the equation of the cirele be x? + y?- Och - 2yk += 0, a) So, that the contre is (h, &) DETAILED SOLUTIONS TO THE CIRCLE BY SL LONEY Solving it with x axis, Le. y= 0, we get x2-2h+e=0 IfA and B be (x,, 0), and (x,, 0) respectively, then x, and x, are given by (2) Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 8507613968, NEWTONCR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES Clearly , by hypothesis, AB =x, itz, +x) 2x5) =0 2 or (x, + 24)? — Aan, By (2), +2 = 2h and x,x, Hence putting the values, we get Ah? 4e =a? Similarly, solving with y-axis, ie. x = 0, we get y- Dyke =0 IfC and D be (0, y,) and (0, y,), , and y, are given by (4) and y, + yp = 2k and y,y, Again CD? =.=, = y+ 94) 49,92 = 0? Putting the values, we get, Ak? - de = BP Subtracting (5) from (3), we get 4h? = 4h =a? — 02 Generalising, we get 4 (x?- y?) =a?-b? which is the required locus of the centre. Hence Proved }. Show that the locus of a point, which is such that the tangents from it to two given concentric circles are inversely as the radii, is a concentric circle, the square of whose radius is equal to the sum of the squares of the radii of the given circles. Solution : Taking the common centre as the origin and the radii of the two circles as a and 6, the equations of the circles will be vey? =a? a and wey? ob? 42) Let P be any point such that PT, and PT, are lengths from it to (1) and (2) respectively, say its co-ordinates are (h, k). Now PTs \@se-a), PT, = P+ -8) By hypothesis, a DETAILED SOLUTIONS TO THE CIRCLE BY SL LONEY squaring, Putting the values of PT, and PT,, Wek-a a or oh? + ak? BPR BPR Ot or h(a? b?) +k? (ab?) = a*—b* or WP 4 A? = a? + 8 Generalising, we get the required locus as, x? + y*= a? + 6 which is clearly a circle with centre (0, 0) and radius y(a* +6") . Hence Proved Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi, Ph.; 0861-2662628, 9696608612, 8607619968, NEWTONCLASSESCHAPTER ~7 : THE CIRCLE 23. Show that if the lengths of the tangent from a point P to the circle x* + y* = a? be four times the length of the tangent from it to the cirele (x - a)* + y? = a?, then P lies on the cirele 15x? + I5y* - $2ax + a? = 0. Prove also that these three cireles pass through two points and that the distance between the centres of the first and third circles is sixteen times the distance between the centres of the second and third circles. Solution : The two circles are given as sey? (1) and or (2) If P be any point (i, &) satisfying the given condition, PT, and PT, be the lengths of tangents from P upon (1) and (2), and PT, = J+ —2ah) By hypothesis, PT, = 4PT, or 16 PT? Putting the value, h? +h? ~ a? = 16(h? +k? =2ch) Simplifying and generalising, we get 15x? + 15y* - 32ax + a? which is the required locus. Again, common chord of (1) and (2) is 2ax =a? or Pd Common chord of (1) and (3) is obtained by multiplying (1) by 15 and subtracting (3) from it; so we got or (5) As (4) and (5) are the same, the 3 circles have the same common chord meaning there by that the three circles pass through 2 common points. DETAILED SOLUTIONS TO THE CIRCLE BY SL LONEY 16 Again entre of (1) is (0, 0), entre of (2) is (a, 0) and centre of (3) is (7 a, 0) 16a Distance between the centres of (1) and (3) = 16a Distance between the centres of (2) and (3) = =~ 15 Clearly the first distance is 16 times the second distance. Hence Proved Find the locus of the foot of the perpendicular let fall from the origin upon any chord of the circle x2 + y? + 2gx + 2fy +e = 0 which sublends a right angle at the Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 8507613968, NEWTONCR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES origin. Find also the locus of the middle points of these chords. Solution : The circle is given as x+y? + Qgx + Byte =0 Let the equation of any chord be ix +my = 1 Making (1) homogeneous with the help of (2), we get 22+ y? + Der (lx + my)+ 2fy (lx + my) + ¢ (ix + my? = 0 or x2 (1 + 2gl + cl®)+ y? (1 + 2fm + cm) + 2xy (gm + fl + elm) =0. Equation No. (3) represents two st. lines joining the origin to the point of intersection of (1) and (2), If these two lines are at right angles, then 1+ 2gl tel? + 1+ 2fm+em* =0 or 2+2(gl+fm)+c(P +m) =0. (3) (a) Let the perpendicular from the origin on (2) meet it at P whose co-ordinates are (h, &). Equation of this perpendicular will be ly-mx =0 ‘As (h, k) is the point of intersection, it will satisfy (2) and (4) hence th+mk-1=0 and th—mh ‘To get the required locus, we have to eliminate ! and m from (3), (5) and (6). Applying eross-multiplication for ! and m in (5) and (6), we have : ( es 1 Putting in (3), we get 2+2 | & 7a yr wrlte ie or 2h? + 2k? + gh + Ik +020 Generalising, we get. 2x? + y+ Ygx + By +e=0 » 2 Z g 3 a = g a a 3 & 3 E 2 g 2 Z g = 2 g 8 8 g z é 5 a which is clearly a circle. Ans. Similarly we can find the locus of the middle points of the chords. . Through a fixed point O are drawn two straight lines OPQ and ORS to meet a circle in P and Q, and R and S, respectively. Prove that the locus of the point of intersection of PS and QR, as also that of the point of intersection of PR and QS, is the polar of O with respect to the circle. Solution : Let the two lines OPQ and ORS be taken as axes of x and y respectively, O as origin, and ZROP = w. Equation of the given circle may be taken as x4 y2+ Dry cosw + 2gr+ By +e (1) Now equation of x-axis is, y = 0. Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi, Ph.; 0861-2662628, 9696608612, 8607619968, NEWTONCLASSESCHAPTER ~7 : THE CIRCLE Putting the value of y from (2) in (1), we get x24 %gxse =0 8) Let the co-ordinates of P and Q be (x,, 0) and (x, 0), x, and x, are given by; so x tx, =- 2, wl) and pty =e (5) Similarly, if the co-ordinates of R and S be (0, y,) and (0, ¥,) ntmef (6) and Wa =€ mu) x Equation of PS will be, (8) x Equation of QR will be + . =1 (9) 's ‘The required locus will be found by eliminating y,, ,, x, x, from relations (8) upto (9). Adding (8) and (9); we get yt nen * *Uan )*7 Uy Putting the values from (4) and (5) etc., we get 2e) (2h) xf ays or grtfy+c=0 Polar of (0, 0) with respect to (1), is x.0+y.0 +g (x+2)+/(y +0) +e= or grsfyte=0 which is same as (10). Hence Proved Similarly we can prove that the locus of the point of intersection of PR and QS is the same. A, B, Cand D are four points in a straight line; prove that the locus of a point P, such that the angles APB and CPD are equal, is a circle. Solution : Let A be the origin, the line along ABCD be the axis of x and the line perpendicular to it at A.as y-axis. Say, P be any point satisfying the condition, having the co-ordinate as (h, k). Let the co-ordinates of B, C and D be (b, 0), (c, 0) and (d, 0) respectively. A is (0, 0) ‘Therefore, if the slope of AP, BP, CP and DP be m,, my, my and m, respectively, then DETAILED SOLUTIONS TO THE CIRCLE BY SL LONEY 6 hb k =e k id Zs an z By hypothesis, = a Z é 3 a me 5 3 a S & 3 z ° € 2 Z is 3 g a 8 g 3 é 5 a mx—ma-y+bJ+m) =x+a+my-c J+m*) or x(m~1)-y(m+1) ~a(m+ +b +e) Jem) =0 or (+a) (m +1) =x(m—1)+(b +0) fem) bee ee gg EE tO At me Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 8507613968, NEWTONCR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES In any circle prove that the perpendicular from any point of it on the line joining the points of contact of two tangents is a mean proportional between the perpendiculars from the point upon the two tangents. Solution : Let the equation of the circle be x+y?=a? Al) Let there be any point P = (a cos 0, 6 sin 6) on it. Again say T, and 7, be any two other points as (a cos a, a sin a) and (a cos fa sin B) om it. Equation of the tangent at (a cos a, a sin a) to (1) is xa cos a+ ya sina—a? =0 or xeosatysina—a =0 Similarly, equation of the tangent at (a ¢0s fa sin B) to (1) will be xcosB+ysinB-a =0 Equation of the chord of contact 7, ‘7, will be +B at or eos 5 +ysin = Ifp,,p, and p, be the length of perpendiculars from P = (a cos 0, a sin @) on (2), (3) and (4) respectively, then D> acos0cosa + asin@sina~a a ieap= aie tt [cosa +sin*a) » 2 Z g 3 2 a = g a a 3 & 3 E 2 g 2 Z g = 2 g 8 8 g z é o- =2a'sin?® > (omitting ~ve sign), DE Similarly, P, = 2a sin wet 0.006 0.cos (ap) +esin0:sin> (a +p)-acos+ 1 Omitting -ve sign, Py =2asin 5(0-B)sin > (@-a) o | Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi, Ph.; 0861-2662628, 9696608612, 8607619968, NEWTONCCHAPTER ~7 : THE CIRCLE = itl ors Alain) = |[2asnt 30-10} aon L0-p} 1 1 = 2a sin 5 (@-a).sin 5 (0-B) = py Hence, p, is the geometric mean between p, and py Hence Proved. |. From any point on the circle x* + y? + 2 gx + 2fy + ¢ = 0 tangents are drawn to the circle a+ y+ Dex + 2fy +e sin! a+ (¢" +f) cos? a= 0; prove that the angle between them is 2a. Solution : The given circle is +924 2er+2fy se =0 (0) Say P = (h, b) is any point on (1), then WO + RE gh + Of =0 (2) The other circle is a2 +y? + 2gx + Ofer e sin? a + (g? +f) cos? a= 0 ‘The radius of (8) is CA = Jig? +f Kesin®a.+(g + f*)eos' al] = Vig"(1-cos*a)+ f*(1—cos* a)-csin® a} = Vig? sin’ a+/* sin’ a—csin’ a) sana (@sP-o 4) Again, PA’= length of the tangent drawn from point P to the small circle given by (3) = (P+ + gh Dfkecsin® a+ ig? + Pcos*al = lh? +k? + 2gh + 2ph+c)-coos'a+(g? + f*ccos" a} { +» sin? @ = (1 - cos? a)} = Vg? +f? -c)oos* a} Ls A? +A? + Qgh + 2ffe + = 0) by (2) = 008 @ Vig? + fF-e)- Now, ZAPB = 2 ZAPC DETAILED SOLUTIONS TO THE CIRCLE BY SL LONEY ca sinafe’ +7*-2) and tan APC = 45 = sseafgrefioa) “18 ‘ ZAPC =a ZAPB = 2 ZAPC = 2a 06 , 6 Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2662623, 9836608812, 8507613968 NEWTONCLASSESoa R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES 31. The angular points of a triangle are the points (a.cos a, a sin a), (a cos f, a sin B), and (a cos x asin 7; prove that the coordinates of the orthocentre of the triangle are a (cos a+ cos i+ cos y and a (sin a+ sin f+ sin». Hence prove that if A, B, € and D be four points on a cirele the orthocentres of the four triangles ABC, BCD, CDA and DAB lie on a cirele. Solution : Let the point (a cos a, a sin a), (cos B, a sin B) and (a cos 7, a sin 7) be A, Band C respectively, then equation of the line AB is asinf-asina aeosp—acosa 2028) yrasina = i. 1 or cos Z(a+ P)+y sn 5 (+B) =0.c08 3 (a-B) Similarly, equation of BC and CA are respectively fl 1 1 eos 5 (B+) +ysin 5 (B+ Y= cos > (B- 1 (2) 2 1 1 and £008 5 (y+ a) +ysin 5 (y4a)=c08 5 (ya) (3) If AN and BM be the perpendiculars from A and B on BC and CA respectively, then the equation of AN is sind (y +) yasina = —2 —_ (x-a cosa) cos y+) 1 1 , (B+Y ) or sin} (7+ B)-yeos } (y+ 6) =ain( 37° Similarly, equation BM is 1 sind (y+) y-asinB = —? (x- aos B) cos ty +0) 2 gad Davai (42-) ‘6 xsin 5 (+a) ~ycos 5 (y+a)= asin |p 5) il ‘To solve [4] and [5] multiply [4] by cos : (1+ @) and [5] by cos > (7+ B) and subtracting, we have x{singto + Boos ey + a) sind + aoas ty +9 Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi, Ph.; 0861-2662628, 9696608612, 8607619968, NEWTONCLASSES. » 2 Z g 3 a = g a a 3 & 3 E 2 g 2 Z g = 2 g 8 8 g z aCHAPTER -7 : THE CIRCLE mii [sin( Ps ~a Jom hey a)-sin( 22% -B)eoe}ty +] 1 1 a 1 1 20 +p)-20y7+0) |= % | 2sin2@ + y- sy +a asin [R074 3” a ; |2sindea 1 2adeos (14a) i 1 Bantty+e- oy +p) sina (y +a ~ 2B).008-=(y +B) 1 1 1 Z | or sin 3 @-@ [sino+2y—aresindp- sa) ~ indy 1a-P)-ain 4a | a gl 1 oo Lean g [fein 22 2a) 3 ph esing 3a)~sin (4-38) (B-a) 1 & [aomrsind pa) +a sip 0 1 1 1 Lf | 2 [eosysingp- V+e085 (8+ )2sin 5 B- a)ens iB ~a | :" x 1 1 1 1} sin 2 @—a)easin 2 =a | cosy +2.c0s2(8-+ade0s(p-a or xsin 5 (Ba) =asin > (Ba) | © 38 2° } or x =a [cos y + cos f + cos a] Similarly, y =a [sin y+ sin B + sin a] Hence, co-ordinates of the orthocentre are {a (cos «+ cos + cos 7), a (sin a + sin 8 + sin] Ans. ‘Again, the three points A, B and C lie on a cirele radius a and having centre as origin. Let D be another point on the same cirele as (a cos 8, a sin 8). Then orthocentre of AABC is, {a (cos « + cos B + cos 7), a (sin a + sin B + sin y)] Similarly, ortho-centres of the triangles ABD, ACD and BCD are respectively, {a (cos t+ cos B+ cos 8), a (sin a + sin B+ sin 8)] [a (cos & + cos y + cos 6), a (sin a+ sin y+ sin 8)) DETAILED SOLUTIONS TO THE CIRCLE BY SL LONEY and [a (cos B + cos y+ cos 8), a (sin B + sin-y+sin 6)] Clearly all these points lie on the circle [x-a (cos o + cos B + cos y+ cos 8)F +fy=a (sin a + sin B + sin y+sin 8)P =a ‘As they satisfy it, hence all the ortho-centres lie on a circle with centre (a Ecos a, a ¥ sin @) Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 8507613968, NEWTONC96 R. K. MALIK'S NEWTON CLASSES 32, A variable circle passes through the point of intersection O of any two straight lines and cuts off from them portions OP and 0@ such that m. OP +n. 0Q is equal to unity; prove that this circle always passes through a fixed point. Solution : Let the two given lines OX and OY be taken as the axes, meeting at O, and the co-ordinates of the centre of any circle be (h, k). If the axes are at an angle, w, then the equation of the circle may be given by x+y + Dry cos w~ 2x (h + h c0s w) ~ 2y (k + h cos @) +h? + A? + 2hk cos w -a? =0 As the circle passes through origin, (0, 0) must satisfy the equation, therefore the constant term must be zero. So, x? + y* + 2ry 008 w — 2x (h + h cos a) ~ 2y (+h cos oa) = 0 aM IfP be the other point (besides the origin) where circle cuts x-axis, then solving (i) with xaxis ie.,y = 0, we get x= 2e(h +heos w) =0 x[x—2(h+ keos w)] = 0. either x=0 or x=2(h+k cos) Hence, OP = 2h + & c08 w) (2) Similarly, if@ be the point other than origin where the circle meets y axis, then solvingwith x=0,we have y= 292 (h +008 «) =0 Hencecithery=0 or y= 2(h +k cos @) So 0Q = 2k +h cos w) By hyperbola, m.0P + 7,09 =1 Putting the values from (ii) and (ii) in (iv), we get m.2(h +k cos.) +n.2(k +h eos @)=1 Generalising, we get the locus of the centre as Im(x + y cos w) + 2n (y +x C08 w) = 1 or 2x (m +n cos a) +y (n +m cos w) = 1 AB) This is clearly a straight line say AB. Let ON be the perpendicular to AB produce ON upto O such that ON = ON’. Clearly AB is the right biscetor of OO’. So the circle having its centre on AB and passing through the origin O must also pass through O' which is a fixed point. Hence proved. . Find the length of the common chord of the circles, whose equations are (xa)! +9" =a", and x*+ (y-b) =B, prove that the equation to the cirele whose diameter is this common chord is (a +b) (x! +") = 2ab (bx + ay), Solution : The two given circles are given as (x-aP + =a? x+y! 2ax eyo? x+y? Dby = > a Z é 3 a z 5 3 a S & 3 z ° € 2 Z is 3 g a 8 g Es é 5 a Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi, Ph.; 0861-2662628, 9696608612, 8607619968, NEWTONCLASSESCHAPTER ~7: THE CIRCLE Equation of the chord OA which is common to (1) and (2) is (a? + 9? — 2ax) - (a? + y?— 2by) = 0 or by-ax =0. (3) ‘To get the co-ordinates of A, we solve equation (1) and (3); so putting the values of y from (3) in (1), we have 2 ax vo} aa or b4xt+ atx? - 2ab = 0 or xlx (a+ 68) ~2ab') = 0 2 So either x = 0 orx = 205; (a? +b?) the corresponding values of y are y = 0, or y = 22> P« ing: 7 y 7 G8) So the co-ordinates of © are (0, 0) and of A the| Hence, the equation a circle drawn on OA as diameter is 2ab* 20% te-Ofe- +(y-0)) y- id U | . (-z atx?) =° or (a? + 6%) x* - 2ablx + (a? +B") y*—2a%y =0 or G+ y (a? + 69) = 2ablbx + ay), |. Prove that the length of the common chord of the two circles whose equations are (ea)? + (y-b! =e? and (x -b)* + (y- a) =e? \/4e” — 2(a-b)”} - Hence find the condition that the two circles may touch. Solution: Equations to the cireles are given as (ea) + yb eet x+y! Dar - by +a? + 6 A) (x-bF +y- x+y! =2br— Day + ats bc? 42) Equation of the common chord is, @-@ =o * or ‘2x(b — a) - 2y (b-a) = Oorx—y =0 43) Let AB be a chord of a circle whose centre is C.If CN is perpendicular from the centre on the chord, then AB = 2BN = 2.(CB? CN?) or length of the chord 22 [racius? (length of the perpendicular from the centre on the chord) a) Perpendicular from (a, 6) on the common chord (3) is Jory DETAILED SOLUTIONS TO THE CIRCLE BY SL LONEY Putting in (4), length of the chord = =F %a~b)*] 06 , 6 Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2662623, 9836608812, 8507613968 NEWTONCLASSESR. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES If the circles touch each other, the length of the common chord wil be zero (as they simply touch each other); 50 i %a-b)'] =0 or (a-bF= . Find the length of the common chord of the circles a! +y"- 2ax—day-4a! =0 or ax! +y'- Sax + day =0 Find also the equations of the common tangents and show that the length of each is 4a, Solution : The circle are given as x + y! ~ 2a — day ~ 4a’ or x+y Bax + day =0 ‘The common chord is, () -@=0 or ax + 8ya- or 2+ 8y—4a =0 Centre of (1) is (a, 2a), and radius of (1) is = (a? +4a? + 4a”) =3a Length of the perpendicular from the centre (a, 22) upon the common chord (3) a-820-4a _ 190 * are" Ve5 Putting the values in (4) of last question, length of the common chord " 361" =2 (ao? -( 3) =2 fl90? ik 65, 65 224 ] & 2y|—0?| = 60/4 65 65 Centre of (1) is (@, 2a) and its radius = (a? + 4a? +4a®) = 8a » 2 Z g 3 a = g a a 3 & 3 E 2 g 2 Z g = 2 g 8 8 g z é Centre of (2) is ( 3%, 2a) and its rad 4a aa entre of 2) 18 (3, - dn adn a 4a? v0} = 9 DE ba Dividing the joins of (a, 2a) and (#. - 2a} in the ratio of 3a and “or 6:5 externally, 90 ~12a-10a ee 6-5 > 6-5 ie, (4a, ~ 22a) Any line passing through (4a, ~ 22a) is y + 22a = m (x 4a ). “a If it is tangent to (iifhien length of perpendicular from its centre will be equal to its radius; So, Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi, Ph.; 0861-2662628, 9696608612, 8607619968, NEWTONCCHAPTER -7 : THE CIRCLE or or —(m +8) =\+m) Squaring, we get m*+64+ 16m =1+m* or O.m*+ 16m +63 =0 As it is a quadratic in m*, and the coefficeint of m? is 0, so one root must be @, ie., 63 and other root is clearly ~ 55 1 Putting ~~ = 0 in (4), the equation becomes x-4a=0 63 Putting m = ~ 7 in (4), the equation becomes 63 =- = (e- 4a) y+ 22a =~ 5 (x - 4a) or 63x + 16y + 1000 = 0 Hence the tangents are, x=da and 63x + 16) +1000 =0. Again, length of tangents from (4a, - 22a) upto (1) = \{(4a)? + (- 220)*-a4a and, legnth of the tangent from (4a, ~ 22a) upto (2) = 20a .. Hence, length of the common tangent = 24a ~ 20a = 4a Find the equations of the common tangetns of the circles @ xity-2e-6y+9=0 and x +y*+6y-2y+1=0, i) x+ylect and (x-a)'+y'= BF Solution : ‘TAILED SOLUTIONS TO THE CIRCLE BY SL LONEY DE ( The given circles are s+ y-2x-6y +9 =0 and x+y'+Gr-2y¢1=0 The centre of (1) is (1, 3) and radius = Y(+9-9) = 1. ‘The centre of (2) is (~3, 1) and radius is 3. Dividing the join of (1, 3) adn (~ 3, 1) in the ratio of 1 : 3 extrenally, (x-3)- (8x) (x1) -@x3) Tog and ys ord) Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 8507613968, NEWTONC100 R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES ‘Any line passing through (3, 4) is, y-4=m(x-3) or -2m+ (+m?) ‘Squaring both sides, 4m? + 1- 4m=1+m* or 3m*—4m =0, 4 Hence, m=0 or may Putting in (3), we get y-4=0 or y=4 4 y-42- 30-8) or By +4x=0 Again, the co-ordinate of the point dividing the join of (1, 3) and (-3, 1) in the ratio of 1:3 internally are xe (x-3)+(3x1) (xD +Bx3) 08 ony = ‘Any line passing through (0 isy-5 mieaee 2 r If itis tangent to (1), we must have oe a 2ya+m®) (+m?) Squaring, we get. 4m*— 4m +1 =4(1+m!) or Om? - 4m -3 AAs the coefficient of m? is zero, one root of this equation will be » and it other is clearly DETAILED SOLUTIONS TO THE CIRCLE BY SL LONEY 3 ~{_ Putting these values in (5), we get dy + 3x-10 = Henee the equation of the tangents are x = 0, 4y + &x ~ 10, y = 4 and 3y = 4x (2) The circles are give as tayted and (e-a}+y' = The equation of any tangent to (1) may be given by y =m +e y(l+m' Office.: 606 , 6” Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi, Ph.; 0861-2662628, 9696608612, 8607619968, NEWTONCCHAPTER ~7 : THE CIRCLE If (3) is a tangent to (2), then the length of the perpendicular from the centre of (2), i.e. (a, 0) must be equal to its radius, ie, b; 80 ma-0+cy(+m*) Va+m?) ma+eyil+m*) = bf(l+m?) (taking +ve sign) or ma =(b-c) \(1+m?). Squaring, we get (b—c) m*~ m'a*+(b-c? =0 or (b-cP [at -(6-oF] = 0, bee whence —_— {a -b-0)"} Again, taking -ve in (4), we get ma-+eyil+m?) = bi(+m®) Simplfying as before, we get bre . a? -(6-c)*} Hence the equation of the four common tangents are given by (3), where either m {a? ra ee fa? -(b-c)*} DETAILED SOLUTIONS TO THE CIRCLE BY SL LONEY Office.: 606 , 6" Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph. 0861-2662623, 9636608612, 8507613968, NEWTONC