10 PHASE EQUILIBRIA 101 Definition of verre func of hclpmamic ans cach of tas geal ue of nae aLdereapiae The rate’ of atone om ov pyscl sate eatber Stale camy of nan ramps phan change se an be defines st ecopencons fal nnn pi fs ses hat were rom oer fy stb erin wa + anes Sts prop PII, ert the sic pes told ce) Bq eater, and ‘Genet ners couples spaces thre maybe wc tom ewe 3 or ld se peent egneal ach a orga) nu shemcatesaeparie fe Sol fom and gu soutien ne conser! he snl phe. (iporand yc citer pu red aeyreosineanlpate beets thee cals well mixed pedis» nf eomposti. tee Ha pst and oe metal mn ba Sn rac) cout parte “Ani eon tht of onieabe importance ia emai analy simp ee tho he compan Te umber of component epuemiihe mer number cham oss mabe speciesn oer {etompley ae te eomposon of exch ae notes he eqn ‘Temimberoferqonentie ntnetenriy esame othe manera elements rece orcanpounds present inte msem. For enarple.pare mater ¢ ‘Shecompentrastn, wherear asain of NsCl is wast So-componest ‘tem A ors Atsoe soon om he ter hang eons of te Som “een reson are osun Ihe sem necosferaion then the rmberof compen wil be mii’ ear by he member of tnependest ‘Semclequle nan auosyem composed oman specs He {40s teem compnenr hives Buin aan made opof ence ‘pee iG at HCL te independent chemi egies Hg) + Cu = 284) mite consid Thenambe of sponsor obsine by sb- Shum eaegonets ss nm hn cn Tides chem 10.2. Equality of ehemics! potentiate 509 sale ahr tlhomer contre Tas an be seed oy aneiag ‘tm tht inal conse of pa tobe NHL Tan comporns eed ‘Gammpose snd tagibonun aden toundactee NLS) some Nobuo HCI) ae resnThe neste come pe are ike) = Nba)» HOHE) iy we ofthe seme ft react. ftom a age of Pra Pa ‘ot hld. The soins cnn, when duly incor ino the ther wth ea umber of component eae Dor eae mast be evrced i eterminiel paris sonmete on ‘ta spies, For intact forego expe the time com Stain cot be apie’ ie te enn mponed of ASL) ible orNHCleyand HOG) NHAC} and pein pce Ny and ‘Ts ean be cried by conaering 3 sytem sll casing # mae INHLCI) and mae of NH a equinam. moles ef RUC de tomp ne pros, Hens Pra Pae = ttn = (6 Ad #1 (Tilia cee calle} U6 =0 wm pros een. Tn ado oth heme an wcomes consis thee “Dear ef ro conbe ee aia tenge tarps, so eompong fresh pe ht ne tobe re are 0 fy Smet cyetoin anion of sen, A ce uneven tr concept eat be gained by comsaeng ange phse. sage sompoett Sytem composed of se of a ed gue ade complies dee ie ‘teeosyoanic ste of th sytem, we pest oly ou aaa Perron ohme or premue a tmprature volume notre), ‘othe te third vata unnuclyGaemnned by te enon fs ‘Seung the mtn aide have ro dpe 0 rsd, Phase equilris and equality of chemical potentials ‘all phaser {nara oc oordl ony nfaterosyaemierie oe once, Sineqoston 6-70). 6G -Sar+ Va + mam + pode + 0-1 iene the embers of aol of components, 2, aopeng ‘heap pace em,se. 10 Phase equiltvia ecesay 40 ses le 1 costae terms, In omer woh the ol {Ep mognes fect elec) need Re eomideed. Ths. at eguie Galneteretyethes = }/ea es) “CoS me eit 12. gion teen a0 (pss ent epese by eatin anaops wo (10"2) Ths. hive +l oc ndepengent equations ne fo eth component Foran stanng pps and component ws Have = ach st repreems p— I independent eqns and because thee are © ‘Seay — bean ees fete mame c=) we ha wo a omer of undetermined tables = ple 2) 42— p= 1) me pH? Thunder wae the ser compete. any arabes mst fhe ‘lai sequal mero ogee of edo feenps? 60-6) “Themen le he Gite pe reo sly the phar ale Aol oft pat ala or one-component ssa Sees Sat a eo Tue Bo ‘sporand ie phase, T~ separatesice andwater phases and T ~ Cseparaies “uted a) ape fer sou et ns ergot Aptos Srenpe2et-d42e2 ‘Ths hs dept freedom. Tha in oder comple fine 104 Phase rule for nonreacive components si ee 1-3, Sama repeemntion pats dag =e ee! po tee Fone” Tc me sure his ce. Ths, ay ps inthe Sopp won represen ¢ ‘ey polaron the pse boundary coven ~ 7,7 — Rand T ~ Ce infer oe fave phe cotsig acai: and apr BEDE PME tnd watson Pos ane tr and apron TC APVOME the ps le aoe such pot, Ne ind frte242et spss ee Cer mgr eeu moe aed oe *iRcanc apart Tov eqitbvim, tee ps cot ie ater, saps Apig te pha ae to poi! Te oa Joi-3e200 “The. he sem epee bythe poi 7 hsm depres feed. 26 he PrP ele x ven or the le pte Hos we che Sesame es (ner prouen te owe a peenet tne pe poi ae asgucly dfn: C8 em snd. “a Fpee 10-2 sad Get) ff the sent Sable pe he sil he sey opt Sou SU atm, 7 Che I vaporresar are Ge he Cuan esting ere tte aici ERT eee abe pct tien dear w the temperature sigh te por ‘ene pri equ sn, SASK wn Theme OF &314 10. Phase eguilibia (2006 atm ger 10-3. Tee se. ean he eesti fet phsses ithe 0 Soe eal at ata ‘ental ete vapors curve tt the spol eer repon (Gate ean nvch rater es metastable Ge fe se ont Cm pe ii2 i eal th entice poi 217.7 at 472). The outers 7 mines te ht a ae ‘eligi eater ge b resare appes The corenc ange awe esterases hae ty traning sve eel ee “ro hin Pete sag io th bebain eert0 Fae It whch Sos seta acters (P= Veuve forte fs0 syst Sipps tnt ae ee Song of pu ait port 403 2 ly sepecte yas ole ||] | ] Pe EI sete Reet La katie, Commit ded: Ree Nee Yok ok FA) Then te atm eee compen 3h po ‘empath en lowered a cat shane wel pat S73 2%) ‘reac 1p ths Emalnate( pot #)te sem ia pe tak ‘hesare temperate hina vapor ae Than iu pe press Baring ws apr phi nto! te scarene eta plas heap abs Inuit ot tat vapor esa pm 2 an be sera gure eventhough prute maybe ince ose ines the cl Deter pin The etal antares (ce, pres Pt emer "oe, Z) te ete othe van Gor Wasi cua, Avpcation of he phaser fr two-component yates ons ear ea 7 CUD. nt pe Sn, ‘ule eution (10-6) cn te mode to nerpore ath pes consi frenpe2-t 0-7) frenpel 0-8) onsite spliaiono his equation wo the phase diagram a ire 10-5 “Thelins BE und C~ Fae pane boundaries ner teogne ond oe Phe repos. The lie A~"E" De pare bounsy aepursting so fro. [hac egos. Ary sue sprveotes tpt pt mesa Pun sel, ch {inte liq epee Figure 10-3, ba on ne phat eguiturs= =a = 6 10. Phase equilibria eee elie eereeeeet eeeeseetereeettanscee) ‘ita the snail be comply decd Appin the psa eguaton I") tea ter represented bs pin la th wcephosvgion. sos at Wounded hy es BE BA ‘A pol Etre 1075) ee fe tee phe, guid Cae, and) contig texte, From he pserieegunon 1U-B) fea -3ei-0 pm Er lvean ol for sete a ete cota rsa Fr sens Pests. tion onthe agram wil es hutch arate ar sly Slat presitecungesamunting 10 ee smonpoere. 105 The phase rule for reactive components AN) = A(0)~ Ba) “Te number carbs i found in he seme sane a wth nonractve tl mune ates = (= 1)42 00-9) Phseeqiboan conden: poi of Np ~ 1) egstions, These fab sw E Mop= 1) vant Theft tat the Indepncen featon shh A) ta ee log sane tan hee 0-10) oa eth sen of) a) he rig ace me Pe co-m) 10S Phase rule for reactive components st Pana amr ‘oul number ofegetons = Nip=1)4141-43 (aos) ‘he variance oy she ube of depres of hela is fund by sting ouaon (0-15) fom 058) Tae Mp =39(N~2)~psdeenpo1 on) Sows ‘whee cite numberof components General fos pst a wich here ae rindepenen chemise ‘a."rsichnetic rear onan). ond pecalcenaats see PaO tor oA=ps2-e=n 3-1 os, cones 0165) ‘Apolcaton of he phsesueeqetion (10-15) sated bythe alow open (00-15) is ste by ine Si T fr ha nga COs Te ewig Senne ee te Pet 0. 2049 = C0) + CO.) 1 Ses CaCO Cy ted COs N= 3. Pcs eo wea pp = 3 fn2-442-1 sc dbiebertic seni 2 ly Cher oe mgt ‘Sea Thh berate me peas CaO) sol Cough ic Nh densee 518 10 Phase equilibria een ine ce pane eee amp 10-1 Soe ae em whi econ Moh + 0.5 atm) = Mac + Fat Speses Mn iG. MG ad oes fies hh xcs, a), AN [== 1-0-9-442-0 “Toe nature che sel consti gute vate. For ite, consider spplestion of pe rule tothe H,O sve fopenente by te cea tin ipa 2 Tsp the eration eure dong sien SOO) ‘el HsO(g) ein ali. Wis th nro bande en wre, Stppone forthe moment tat there te Be pec consent onier This foa-0-@-2426 ‘Theres coe dere of edo toe reckoned wh, Thi nding ery iltes {he common uestandng ta he ie! poi of ween wus aed ibe sh f=, mene ome fon cee ee te fc sate eal pote igs td pau pases Peo Stnpukbeble tom ech che’ Tatelee 1 mmr ots nei rseoraton astinyf= wih eh ery eatin As meine Sin fi pr dn pe Ea 8). 105. Phase rule for reactive components 319 ‘Some applaion of the phar at in tems wih racine Comider mo metals and, bot vee, ht fom compoens wth Sororities Al ws show, hn goo Sah Aa a AY o Bas Bx 2 Bests eqirium exist, we can wit forthe + BA'= B+ AX eatin 6,04 ~ 36pnx = 0 6 ete, or mabrances present in hel nial sanded sae, Gey" A0jay = OSRTI PE, @ Gyan ~ ACjan = ORT La PE © Fete Sj und ACh re the nandard te ene fomation forthe compounts AV and Bi respeccly. PE the saloon pus pcsare tee he i instance, we sal ssne tat no od was ae formed, in hed deemsance the pass peeses inthe pen we AG) ANG) Beh BM) (0) Tous, p= © The emia yer posal Wee 4,A%, BBR a Xe. That N= $n pono) ad @) ee tee ‘ndhende chemical exalts, Therefore t=. Appatos oe fe {= 6-9-Se2-0 ‘hs pra guru condition nar snd ee nie the pari Sef meta ter ergo, od My Tc sae aloe Cot) + HOAs) = CoO): SGiow + ~28446 + 7107 NiG)+ OdB)= RIOG) diye = —2a57H" + 861979 From eutons (3), (4), a (5) we ota AGino = Ajo 6 285.70 + S6185T¢ = —29.86 + M207. ‘Soin for Tete equitia temperature, we nd Te = 1HNS85 = 123.¢K ‘is niga temperature st wich al of he far ol pas coms wh ‘pscous omen at an equim prea of Py ee ar 75, = ed hao RTe) ~ x23 ca Te) o0 10 Phase equitria Sol Sotto t: (COON) st Te cube T Milogl# e-= MiDIen0! « Galen) + HO: = CaDIec} 6 Ths.r= 2 Arplcton ofthe pe re es JaGn4-342 “nese Reo dees of rom. Thx ca essed by speciying: (on a to ytd) lies Po, = esas P 5, = (nce PE @o) Simrepesos cae deduces for stems inching cles. 106 Phase changes in singlecomponent systems Seco te nel ve ep tems:s Sga and Socom eppetom ascend ace ‘Sore preons rains o's unpe-compoeet em compere fo ‘hast eum, Fr the grset anal me ll! thos Pes and Be wc"? diagram fortis trem = ee {in Betas eqaitriam, ens so he ie ‘hth te repremtsthe a = feat spr cof Pan es Te 10-1 tee Hens hat several eof an Tvs ae cto ‘eth hee = fequiibum. Precich bow Prue (or vee vera) of ‘Smee a and theoresea! ere. Te PT wlonship ete seeson tome es ng 1. ost, vm a loe "Tf Faure 10-2. on te oher hnde and f te we an gat (stem eye=seysthen te ne A" BofFgure 0-1 somes indsnaes {Sie fom cone TC ef Figure 10-2. Te pe gun 7 P= a7 P) tos meer and pest stacy sao Gi eee ‘Senge We ce rte avi coon 0) of HOTP) = WAIT, P) (0-7) Inspecion of Fgues 10-1 and 10-2 shows tht it pnb 1 main 106 Phase changes in single-component systems 2 ete tee end pees er ete cenmcte pee 8G 0 = WT P)= WT.) 0-19 “Tak erent 08 bot sso auton (10-17), we ean 48) = tC 75 ans) u(r. P) = Sar + ver 0-20) ere Sand V ae te male erty and molar volume reese fhe ‘Sbthnce Fro eget (10°19 and G02 fallow HS0dT + Vi ah = -S0 aT 4 VP (a iaTheg = 5% — SOY — V4") = 85, plane (1-2) “Thesotsrp ean the a i of hic equion ca be omits comneiense ni equ cn espe ote pave spam or Po) comes or singe component ayton ch sy H0, seca in Fe 10-2 Toe ape ‘tthe pane eqiltom ene O = ror Y igure ioe) can rend) fe [edited by ths coun. The slope Speer Seo nor ide, tba 35 ‘Stren veto ener sans with be tmp (hd prem) tte ser For a otbemal end sotare phase change oncing rte, case Gy gate. te enpy change AS, yee te the et Best ‘ein A a foe AS aeo MoT (00-2) hese Tithe temper ofghse tent Hyg toate erence eee the enh then nd pie eps T and pes Ap = HOUT. Fy = OUT. PD swhere HMO(T.P) and HOUT, ) ae mor enthalpies of he Ba ops, Tepe) ia pata 8S, gan iy gay wh bth epee end pcre. ios ram gus (121 aba 10" 23) at av ariar= at, 0-23) TMsisknown a he Capra eguazon. No special assunion conse he ‘au of the pans «an Bnve been mse Sede eqn This {Ee Capeyon equation mpc general and canbe appa to ary pase ‘Sulu ion te pase 2 Bngiecomponent tem ‘ovetat gene oe acs oad ge anbouphpre se to Meenas ss bung presto sepcine standard water ace nen he Prose ‘hdr corauon wm folows tasm. 10 Phase equiibria 28 APT) a8: 0 aim, 7) AY PT AY gft atm, 7) 1h, APT = t= ft akm. 7) Whee ex tos re in penera afr cone pases the Seokerdin Gaper? We ean ess i enonen pe 68/0P) = ~03/3T)_ = ~aV 0 ) of thermal expansion fr the pa under msideration vy = -E (0-25) whee 8 ermal compen, Frei. nz have ae Tas + ze 00-26 Fo nse. id oper ts orm eng poo SE a1 sm, 95 095 x 10-K, f= O88 = 10-4, Feta etomioe the effect of increnig te presae.ty te 1 atm Wan, onthe ans vlome Integrating equnion 55, Y= 4) ~ Wem) = ~p,¥ a a= ~(085 » 4 .9=)00— 1) = Many ober sce behave kil Thu, eset When chester nape [Bewuresstinabed tyeonablew bree it neers ee, ‘le volte ode idapeent ef remune ‘efomdinw sins mmr. Inteartig cgunion 10: eee 88 5) - Sm) as = 9x WTI — HE) oa nev ar (00-25) 758107 pmo acy, te ete of rere on extopy is condered se) i nt ‘oprece, Tr pase equiva ivevng ceed poner dag Ss, the queen AS, (PT) and aVe ~The ence tom the conerwoding sanded quant ASE "sti wen Ty ae ae, Cam ‘Actas temrature, the change I extalpy du opesue dung even by euaioe 0-25) Integration ys i si ot 10.8 Phase changes in single-component systens 2 20 Hm) = Tas | ven We showed tat is pprxinstey consist. Tas ane Tass var es) For te example of laid copper ot 356%, where te prese is changed ‘ot 0 an we hve 2ssa90)83165) cory ‘easuresems, Thus, oral praicl purposes, we an reparé Ply af Pe 7) ‘Seng egal ais (ti. For soos fe tassios, the Capeyronegition becomes Pla = a1 TAY, AH TV (00-30) eve AME = isthe unre ema offs at PK ant) and 7 te star ane change sompasyng an, These ats st f= ai, 7)~ 260 xm, 7) 05215 tam, 7) Sms ‘Tesquaniy dV pote or mostrar HsOisncaspion, Bose {bent heat a aim 4 poste, he sof hye ol ea the scion phan change willbe thee i FS Tene ‘Seay ce rene i cp eer pe ‘lope: Tis bets te moar ohne ofc leer hen ate ae ‘he noma wing fon, Ta, fr ko h TUSK at the eceae Tis ‘ling ono cans, bowers sty, ith change peso ae het ton, SHI=dit 2 Ty for oe one pce ie emer ene BR The cnet ae water a 279ISK te Si ne rome et ‘cc brough ony aninrease presses fom sine ate Pees ‘complied by ecu to egos Gib 3 Yor isons 908 - 16.0196 cm mote ¥E5 Moiao.sieg = 16810 cop mole 207) 5 “Lit ememete ‘GA a1 = 99 ate etegatin of pution 10-20 yids aP = (ain Ta. ar ap = PUSHES) a6) B11 = 384-158 10) + To ymete 0-3)10. Phase equilibria F006 am. = eer. atm 7) 4c L}N316) “he Cae Capeyron equation ‘Tasisa peciirm fhe Cupeyron uo panty ue fr epee ime phase aura hetcn sconce pins oe eGo ane) foe For luoga testaroatons tht pena, Vin vie = 1yp,7)— ¥4P.T)= 8M (00-229 $9 = = SP.) ~ 5(P.T)= 35. (ao-s2) WO" ~ HOw BAP, T) ~ HAP, T) = Ag (00-329 nigh ofthe te = as equim, we ave 4G, = Dae AS 7 i, JT. Fos equa (10°21 ad (023) 08 Son at1eT = 5,30 A 00-35) Hoe, Af gue tc es cf vpn preworsPandempertr 7. 4S. ,and BV respecte ae ent apron sede as ‘tai ccm vaporzation, Tos asin ot enc wek oe ‘unin and uutes 3 sofort T ference reek ‘he gren and vandquaney oil ge quamieg en “he sandardaermedynamsepropery Qutperscsmpenyageiguceos ae Ath ay 10.6 Phase changes in single-component systems 325 Aa. 7) ~ aT) = tg (00-34) ‘0 mm 7) ~ Siam, 7) = aS (0-38) Vy(taum. 1) — VAtsim. 7) = aV ny (00-346) For condensed soba, te guaties AH 38, and AV. regrsenig ihe fei of prea on etal. ops and volume. rect sy wee shes ‘ue 1 be nphety aul ner woes, AH, (PT) ~ WL am, 7) = 0 (0-38 45.= (0.7) si atm, 7)=0 ‘a0-3s8) N= V¢P.1)~ YaL am, T)=0 (00-35) For az pls conformig whe senha ln, he nny independent of 2H, = gr. 7)~ 1 wm, 7) = 0 0-39) From cautions (10-32), (10-3), (10352, and (10-36) we bin Ath (PT) at. {09,7} 0-37) ‘Tre eniopy oa as ps, one hao condemed pase. vaeswithprese tse tmpeatre.Contigssuone (10-330), 103) 210-39), AS a5 = AR, + aS, (00-39 wher 5, = 540.7) = Sw. 7). Foran el pane temperature, seca whe, tin egeni 03, pee (een { ' ac} eisiporan noe that Sino equl oft Tencept at he no oling poi fhe, wt P= 1 aah Forth one change acompying the lige phase sormain, sme hive, om equator (10-3) nd 0-0), V5 = YP) ~ VAT a7) (0-2) 1m his equation, te mtr ve V of pe ical serra ins a lige 1 the nol volume Vol he is fen tes mv For nse, he alr vole of ter vapor 30.309 tthe oma ‘ing poi of 107 (tT atm), where that Of gud N00 the sone5, 10. Phase eguiliria tienes | UP. T) = Veta, T= VAP. T) = ane ror ee on sed oh wa For Ay Vys.T)= RTI cm) ‘ebaing cats (10-37 ant (10-1) nto 00-39. anja = PSE (RT ae riar= 28 gaT cna) ‘isis nren the Clan Copeyren cei ie pra i eneswitttcpertne hasondance wth Kinch Independent temperate. This fcitates dec ntepration of equation (10 antes ih. IBRT + C, (10-45) “he stags the Casts Capron easton fr so-so aria = 3S, aM 31h = ATV, Vo) = Pate ga rn ‘10-46) einer = ai wo-m ee A he ded ben elo ion a tee. Ts ‘Srcarir id wpentre cman lapis ope Thee SisSFhincen, on, nh sven cape ee Ath y= a+ aH 0) “Ts erey mies thefx ht he ena require vapor gmele Set metiog wd sd ten sepriig te baud atone lmepaed sre SI ,eonsan nr aarow PSOE 0) ‘Bot be usd ean euton ight te sump inberem thers {Se tA Te prs Te) ein ed rl ei it inert constant, Hower, equations (10-45) ang (10-48) 4 10.6. Phase changes in singlecomponent systems a7 (2) Cane the ener ad rena he ripe in) Amie et "GA there pote apr pes sl a i ate eg Tet 1 he he fst empces, FE We pom penne = 185 Tor Artie ent (1-at) and 10-7, Enwopy of vaporization Fr soso, the entity of vaporation ranges between 10 an 0 ‘Emo, The mol enopr of vaportsa sin arma tli in es he {apriaton tempertre a I atm) ic apyosiately como tnd elo Siemeek Pat AS = AIL/T, © 88 YpmoteK 00-9) Jnthic gion, 5(~ 4S, ga.) the sanard ext vporzion ‘tenon bag oae Gita meus ee Sys es Se eno pte eral ot Tene {or Tigaid whose toding pam ie knawn, For mca ike Al, Ca KM. ad 2a te al Sa ih 8 pa Sear pte arch Beh i Sr Spinone Despite is,THowon's rae or ag ane fe a irapeinon inca nnn somtseestne seat keer seas Tigo rings on Semel yeaa A {otha le the mol cnrpy of operant 8) esr ohnone tus memento Seep ste Tidus ano08 10 Phase equilibria [uid A has w ves: prsure f Pa and w tar volume Of Vg Ata eiferemi fener o'ge B ban asap prea of Py and ia snes Vy = Rh Ta!Pe 5) Pa To 9 ASO Pe TO msn, ‘ad eas Te The amy (2Sqh~ os =n Reig. ean 10-5, Tegr pen Ter) fom en! dng P= “monty P1248 Fs te moe em apc Lr Ca) a tmp wh sv Steg an) atm Fh nds mara a ig P= bp UT 1.2 og T= 1s Stine T= MK, Feta MacRae Gan es $55 AM pT St.8R/T 1398 a fee 4, 25,2 UME 108 — 29m log = ama -139g 7+ 245 Seong i nF Thr sr eg it em Bree Gaede as. 10.7 Effects of pressure on the Gibbs free energy and acuity of a pre condensed phase ‘Ties su a coneoied pes stm sumed oe te pare ‘ustane tI new the temperatre nde coir They 10.7 Effects of presure on eciviy 509 the peste frome eto sim at fed tempeore Let ©” and O* Tessin dente ic molr fe ener of te stn ot) nd Pat, {emperor the sme We showed caer ta he ehange Gi ee ‘A const empertire, a= 0. Tai es sonar (0-5) ono [var ae Is was shove inthe previo etn tat fr endemad pas, te ese a ony sal eet on Th, teserion of hi eto eqn (10-53) ds oo = var= P=) (00-54) ee, Vos the molar volume of he eon pas 21 a ad TK we ECF and p sepectvy dete the gc of the ststane inthe i isso eh and Ft ed it sim ane PE). ee OF ore erie) = RT et (00-55) ihre o the att fhe conde aatane the pte ate at Pam SFOMStes Te thmuin tiger pessimism ‘tobe uso demons testa prsure cn the Ge ney and ‘ruin. For id coppers 156K and I atm thas ben eporied hat r= 1982 cavemele Sonpose te P= 100 atm irons othe ne ented by the ae ‘Fram eqeston(0"S4) weave GF = = 1aSN ON TEER = TB pmol he Gis ne com Hi eta TS nce By the made tguson 0-88). we ole. 27 = exl(G? — GYRT] = 1.007 a 50am ad 186K “he sandr! te frthe oper, wl be ot pre gd a si wd ESCK Tis ne incense inept50 10 Phase equilibria sowing the conde a An apo, 10.8 The Gis free-energy change accompanyin ‘vaporization ofa condented phase < SPR Inco, 30) ean ete ‘ein 0 stint erondynmiay rors oor ‘Tie éeendnoe 4G temperate om te cpredea eas Some seseer enn Repoutn aso Scr sce 10.9. Temperanure dependence of 3G° 37 SCG _1 + 5 - 96817 demote (70-1000) 09 Phase taormstions nohing oy condensed suStunes, 02 5 @FE—> Mat) = Mete) AC r= Coy ~ En = ~1254~ (0908 10°97 Sig = ain 8 = 1267 489 «107 “Tae neem bong yn Tor Mg) a am 613K. Ans temperate Subst and simpleton yl #2 191707 pele AMT y= 19901 ~ 12447 (6482 107) ete ey “The sand re eoryof vgn for MgC) z Ahn g = 29IO + 12647 nT 4 (5452 x10) + T ‘Combing te as two equations, we obtain J ~ ~T18(34, The eauation re prememing he empeatr depen of SG ~ for mogresiam nen tec Gh, = TA + 12M T= (452x107 T= EET “The sanardeopy af vpornbon A= AS} = 1677 1.26607 ~ 00904 1077) 9) Recast 4G} = ~ATin Pte Piste eum ot straton apr ree of ul fupnnur t Ph Wc easly be howe a fog P= T2907 - 0382 og T= (028! % 10"? 7) +9.085Tox A) gunn) rica hci er as mens ‘Oe equsboun vapor pear for Mg) wheat tenprature tows ation (2) cane med Snide te tempest ange s0S0Q7K "Vauesc ~ yad SGy- yeast 100 ener nth tempera ong te Sowa if Tobe 10-1" The varaion of 0} = stom etee tan be fpreeaiad by aes on twoterm neenegy eqeton [Bervaon of tse eqns ted on te dat in Tale 10-1 emponng ‘uch the ume procedure ar edn Secon 9-10. The ess ate flows!a 10 Phace equilibria “Tite 10-1, Sanford nemodymamie fain Jor oars phase mansormations 3074 MEAN 6 269347 log P~ 2261067 ete 09) 4G) p= A ~ ASST Hee eo “The tec ter equation gies 2 mare acute repentant te Tic wo cn eqaton Ti lowing hve termaparpreure equation Sze tor eqaton G2) bog P= =THET ~ 1500 log 7+ 14.585 Foor eo Kubuchen an Ake reore sir. bt oot Mena tee er ‘Suston free apo presse of gle messin. et ese sth Saar ce ‘Wecano ier bimini magnesia, Ts phase ransfoma sincan te rented by Mato) = Mets Deshation ely an freemen for hi taformation ei arena bis bord othe foloing posses 108 Temperature dependence of AG” 0 Stan ental hao nana ently ef eponaon ean ‘elred fe ermal msg pono agnesn The 2. The andar fener change fr sean of Me) eu t he {anderen nr irraporaon Mater ig G42 4G aT ‘Tifa the stand te eer of na Te 0 20. iatighesstrsty irene sabato fp ound wang AC. = Gy = Cn = “18 ~ 10250 % 10-7) + O48 « 03) “his equation apis oe he empertre range 8-922K. The vanstin of ‘he sanded eatnpy chang wih temperature can be expe by Bil = ANG 8 = LSAT (5128 5 WO? = 0491 1/7) ‘A he omal mtiag pit T= 92K, ing the dat in Tbe 10-1, Air y= 1956+ 135907 ~ 10,851 emote nvr ths rest nt he previo equton, A> * = 8,60 ple ‘The emperataredependns of he standard ently of seinton is AI = 18 ~ 1514F (5328 « 0" F) oI» TT) emake 6 2 alg wi gto 3G, = s.o0 + sith 74 (128 107) Moms x ier) 7 ‘Ai the somal meine pot of manem (7 = SEP), we have, fom fase ne 3 40-42 401 6.70 ip moe Combing We tt eatin td seating T= 92%, P= nes 3). weave, fr the and ie ene af ‘Te dard ie ene of sebinaon AG. uy tomperntre Ts pico ‘pte towing atop 20 p= Io ster ms 82817 = (0.215 x 101T) ~ 129.1257 ; eo) From euntos (3) en (3) flows atsea 10 Phase equilibria = (02 10/7) pmlc K ee, “Tae equation lnk he vapor pee Pf Mle) wih temperate ean be deduced trom exsine GO $02 107) 9468 Tom oo ofthice terms barred atm taeecion ma aus (8) bw cet ov the emperatire ange ‘hiseange ae umcarard ib ble 10--Uaog these te losing tweens egaton have ben Seid for ng 18028 = 18089 np T~ 194657 pole 6) AG y = MET LAT Heme oo Go. eg P= ~7957~ 0945 lop 7+ 11.791 Tome oy “Te procedure deep here dean eter eguson fr cigs mt ped sanent hea spade esr ee ‘easformads Seximaton folate case poi, Levels docs ot dsr dre sobsimaton tne var proce sven poe Sig From th ta report fy Rehr ant Azo we nV, AM 4 = OLD VEO and AS, = 158.996 Hpmote Thee ener itn for PS) 295 Aig p= Ain = = 2985p = 0 emote 3 combing i ih nnn (10-7) ad 0-79) ie dene ‘tap ane terug egantons forte of POs) Fom hese seas ‘he vapor prema eq canbe del. "Thlncrement method aevelopedin Seon 98 can be extended to analis of phe tranioenion. Tcemeal sa (oe His 83'S) ‘se saab for aise phases sand ctmptos For an {We JANAF mere! ile? repose date for Mts Mel ‘Me Mats) 310° enperavreierth, Tasca can sein oobi ‘ehequation (0-5) 080), Oo) ang (10-e eve alesoraGe Soran a0, a detent peers, OPK apne leper ‘ange fe 2007 i viw afte extensive se presented a Chape rer pestion of scaton ofthe ncremetl cod ope Sealormite Uineceny, Te acer enouraped pune te emer! eth =a_ = 109 Temperature dependence of AG si epic cmcaonandcompue he valaes of; yand 3G; pablo wih ‘isle ate 10) ‘trampll0-7,Teptnanmaton Foo) — Felecia Kan Ligmet°k The rtm Fle) ane Fe) a7 sh 73 ee pe ain = 390 ipnae 2G, 7380 227m oT 20: Tate aT me wy 3010.7) = Gir.) Gur-T 24640.7)~ (scion a + aviary er Caen ere bees, «as (SOIR = GOMP i= UCARPIr® Vy — Ye = vy 3017.7) -aser+ aver 67.1) ~ ACC en, T) = fy ah ‘The vole ge Andee fps Hes, G(R. 7)= 800 wm, 7) 4441) ° S010 mm.) = 30 as aa a = h—lUSlhULhse 10 Phase equilibria 2040.7) = 390 = 227 T— AT = OOH DIEM 1) Ties eran’ eet nich Ps nmr seve ACU =.) i go by eqn (10-79), Aeravely 3040.1) = A008 atm, Tg) ~ TAS a te (00-75 et else 3G a any erp sod peer, me need o oe the vals of" aoG 85° manda cnatons PT a and T= Foe ee Tagan bps romain pot oF tsph 206K. Ay gery Soren pom feats em presse. The peu. Fence if am of Vy a Pre epee ues considera, was Hobe tore 10.10 Experimental data on vapor pressures: systematic ercatment eof vor posers tere eperstagy, Thre are numerous tech ttc form popes measreen Tcmen come of e tree stb pm aspen Rawson eso ane Langmatee Tithe sae tod the conden ose heat constant temperature ina sved ppm andthe pore of vapor gular Sah he Snacew meee by an woe manor or esage Tote boing Pim echo te presie eh vpar whl st aed salac yma lablemanocs a te temerse ithe shane fased uni eps toot Inte tampon eo care fs m pened oer the be ‘ened inthe coer prt of then ie condense yea. err emt eueenhpnptrs hon nang mr etoa tegen employed Inthe Knadcs wath, vapecaton Ssred out ste nien, The tanple nested anne che 10.10 Vapor pressres:systemate treament sts ‘sled betccn the ope tn tape hte cece? Pariclr speci, hr melee Might dintsons th eee Ses Ieeperatoe ofthe stem The ames! otra wanapors suas Hse Inthe efson experiment hema of mae wesparcdawssny screed See penetrance mane Se Siu Lmpral tincnte seme Dons ce oe a ulead phaeuum system and measurements te mateo te rae of NC go Ibesompleate Lowa empeatute Frome messatemers ie veperyrcne ‘Undrving ath he Knudesané Langa methods the selnship = Pagaiaunry’ 0-7) ich ks the amount of materi! ape aay tom he sample with the Taporprssr ofthe parser Impctin i guste can {elope ms the sumber af yam mole of poses o molecular ene Sat ene he src ant se The ws gunn ca Ts ‘roe see ofthe sample, the Langs cvporsion echgen is {he pears in asm ofthe apr cis cmptias Pk ge = NOI Sif conversion fser, and sega to 8318 = 10° cpp OOke"K The Iam, vapor specs tantpced m= nM = PApaM 2087) (00-75) Soting for pressure, we oiin = (m/e 3842(7/8)" si 09%) ‘ben the evaporation sett: ot ul to any, wich so the ene [isnertry (0 mod ths eustion” Keowee of he melee weg fhe Yor speci prea forcing the ap® psu rm po pesues of stances enti ase of a The foes fee 0 ch on descrton of expel equa ons of at une hese technics. Themneysmt etna ep poser as, En beatd elon cesta heen aout mSecoc “Treatment of vaporyrsue dns dettmiaethemodyoanse quate, falows two bread visas the seconde snd tray wees Applegat ‘ese methods to the vapor rere casement Syl ené eat ae ‘Gi talon vi be eared ince ah "Te Naporpesue Gta re hwo in Tate 30-3. ta singlet form, the second method moles cession fait of log P esa Teese 40 Phase eure ona mas : th pla gine ie tent et forthe transformation Ox) ~ Gal) ith bom sla heraectne nana state: The aes ately hes tnigy charg tebe pase tanlormavos. Reprtson sae he taper? ate M3 ete fllovng ren og Pam) = “E3551 + 6404 on) efolone tt pra of Gx), at Bute = 1029p mole oy 45) p= 6K = 1528 HpmoleK (8) ‘oes alae apc inderange1290— 151K he into uncer ar that Cy the bea: ay of Squid gallium, equal fo Cy te heat apucy a ga Tao sl he ete fr mo nrg Shans one {eel Te are tpiated seco trent A tthe ‘tegen the Wa epacs a he psc vated in he ee "Teton he mroved send aw mesod he bs ‘deans pls rete know Da ons Mosteanic sean ker tom Rateschiwit and altel tng Bar and Nate et Tate 1002" From thse a we fin, forte he ‘estore Gull» Gx), 410.10 Vapor pressures: systematic weamment sts “Tui eppronchmekes we of he gm faction, defined by equation (2-207 ‘Re equnoun cosas, K, eel to he apr presse af Ga). Tas, Eo -RinP-66blo T= aM #7 +1 (00-m) “he wales of compte a varus temperatures ae shown in Table 10-2 ‘Ree analy of thse ets on esas UT pes E= 90/7 ~ 18.059 00-8) CComparzn sth egetion (10-8) los 6 9506 = 20368 Jp moie 12 Thins 2S Heme “The uncer ned ere a oil orm andar eistions, Incorpo thn ofthese rst ino eqanon "las AG}. = 209036 + 661ITIn T~ 18.097 Yemoie ce “Te coresyonding apor peste enon for Ga) log P (im) = “15417 ~ 078 og T+ D486 00-8) 2)16 10 Phase eguildrie ‘Ths pes 9 tos pout, 7, only 230°K. a wales hry daseement ‘fe data btw Table Joo The egeatn forte eto upraaton ELS ake pe aon it~ yar br sted ee ASjny = HAE - 6601 n Tapa K 90-25) i — = 276 # 20545 pole (00-5) AS = p= ETS 2 15.392 Up male"R (00-86) Tee UGH exropy meted combines independent extpy dts withthe ‘sg fans ee the ves fe meno cosas" and ‘ree Gn) Gs) pase cong, $Sin~ = Sie Se ™ Sm ~ So + Sin Si, BSium a= wa ~ An om the de in Table 10-2, AS p= MG 41.008 = 12808 Spmaterk We all now eons the phase wansfomston Gate) Gx) for whi B82 SBT nope rk das, [aT = act Inering bese hens T= 298 and T= 305. oast> [ise err «enya 35 By aug wit eon (9-6), nec we TR = 108.625 pm, Inverog 7 ~ 297% an ining, we td P15. pK Asin equation 2-1), hve ang -8= Ee T+ 1.88) 00-57) 10.10 Vapor pressures: syematictreuiment se SS Siac poeta ene serie haga Hig) = 2085S = $05 Yee (Uren Bel) r= 102408 = O86 spmole"K (hic eaops) ‘Vapor dtc abo be coelated by he mets of he ee nee ‘un Ta oom energy fn fr a a) the dts lied Tale Ooo feta) = (2 ~ Mi Th ow (05 - ttadoa= [ona DT ~ 29) Ye mole sn n= ie [ery Sie ~ So + AS} ALIS +16 408 = 98411 pe (Siouy = $9411 27826) Yermole“K Sins feta) [0 i/o (Sone 55 ~ Hindoay= [1 Gna = 2121807 - 28) Jeme and (Son + leva 1904s 21-2167 7255) emote For the waporton Gl) ~ Gal let ony Hany588 10 Phase equilibria “Wl 10-4, Prev eergfaon rd scion toon of vapor peer “Te toners sons cles dere temperate se te ‘i re Ome) emer) For pups ieroliton, ft can te expend a second-degree pi ee, oh tin Yt ova errs i eminent Bigg 5+ 30F = g~ Tate 0-380) (00-5) Vales for 3G" — de a een empertiee shownn Table 1084 The seg nae ood AE ener eo wanda Seviaons) for Big te Aig og = BSS = 85 pm “Tivahc grep wih eid owes ered. Tis ibeaabe 10.10 Vapor pressures: systematic rearment 59 heer function wed ere needed tom the heat aces ta fe eand ff analy, tw a onic: 3 secon treatment of cae vepr presie dat ang enya eaten semen. AS in yorion (SUno) 1 uncon define ie term of men 6 UE ~ He) /T ~ ASE ~ Sm) TSU, SLO. Sateen peaheo remeron Lin aaa (U= Hh) = 27-4827 ~ 296) (55 Sigh © 708 (THB) For Gus, (OPE Hy = DEIN = 298) (8) Sy = 21.2189 Fac he virion Gat) => Ga. AU ~ Hj) = 6617 = 288) AS} ~ Hi) = 6.61 CTE) Tncemel date and voles cent t19°K terials Yereeen 1200 and 100 we =F =a) = Ma Say “The @ vate comenpondig 19 the experienal temperatures oun by sping tnd cao enn oc {ont The When defines si egunioe B17 $2 AG 4 OT = bag — 9 - Tai 0-8) Repression amas of §~7 daa (Table 1-4) pies the folowing eatin (b= 29 a = 136 4STTK) pote (00-9) ‘Coupon of equations (10-8 and (10-R) ys 20 = = 297.00 = 18.252 ewe Aen sa 6S 2 1 Hcl “Te wcecaimics ate equal tote sundrddeitons. These se agree scely na eter alle ee he econ sigmafncioe ethos Flowers tee remain comers enegencebeoveen te sso ew ad ee cnlpy of seblinaon of Gale) at 296 can be found by coining lth fg the ater Big the etay of son = 298K.Oe ee ee ee a ee 390 10 Phase equilibria Tae 15 Same of mnie and eae fr vr For mination Cas Ail =p Bi 4 Big == 5576+ By 0-4) Forth eto) of linados of Ga) 296%, AS ae Sonat Aim 1 IADB + AS = 10-805) “The te eh ant emo als fr miimaton = 9K cn be found lesigtincestaaes Therese ste sommarzedin Tae 1-5. Abo shone {eats an py vase eprtzntion of Ga) et 296K bale con mi in ros repre le ems [St Aol ane we (rae 30-3). Snaios 0” Be) comdeed i Some etl Posie 10-32 te Served son and rw heats of sublimation fort ance Ulase)= Ui) 3) Do ee qt nsw prot gl Uae ied wh a. ‘See tnperte, wot tw fmm fe he esr pemueo| ‘cingulum inspec em nr emer fee‘ wine be Rete efi cage The fw a Irv iomy tae ie Tn Bs as 410.10 Vapor pressures: systematic rement ss ea ee ee Ue) + Aha = Cg) STOEL fo dina nk Ge me Gag ets a ea T) Apex An) > inp aM: 280489 Dement 2K Gn Sib een GIR GN Sie nie Unio = U9) + ta) ‘he geri rev rb = aul = AL ene Kopel eee, Ayr ai Ee oRln k= Rim tT +1 egenion nas of fot 3 yr 17 ts or ts ci ep = 090 ~ pax 1-97) — (485 HF >) ea 52 aw nsor “awe Stn rhe feat wT Pcie Lie © bar rs Unrex eo Ts aa Taisr pene For Ba) = Uo. SOR) Rs Sore Pe ser Ye ‘Wecennow ier fe tanto he nsem yn Fr) ih10 Phase equiibrio S002 ime 2Stat wis tse 10 Pe Sse apm SC) = Aa ® AO + AOE 9+ Og nei poet aes Yl he eid oe ener ein: s)= tn — sue T+ Beate x1 T) + Bats 1077) 10.11 Phase eqitbris and chemical equilibria ‘Aten iba dati a to prose 2 second eondemed subane AY ‘Rese, whe ws press tenet nb pe 40) + 29 Reaciog (10-8) he eye for are maber of metre rion. Typall A epee dtd metal, Xs and foronppe sa, {Aton nie rae The heron chang rts este 8G = On ~ Gy - Wr, (00-95) “To singly mates eer, we mea tht A nd AX ee mul sable; nett nd, A) tian ded XK tue hat te oom {Peond AY wouter ve tee ier ances nor a dete | 1) Thee smumpdos py arta th hud A tad sake AX sen 10.31 Phase equibia and chemical equilibria ss retort, which ate the norm in mt metab reaction rtm. the ESSER GN ately hea = Ps ire [6060 Bucy = Sin Subhuti hee quae it egution (10-9). 6 46+ RTP 0-50 36 = Ge) ~ Ais ~ Gan) (00-95) AG = “RTP = “RTD (00-96) shce Pf, he equim perf seus seks 3 “Tassie etme badequnteformay purpres.Eqution 10-86 allows auton oP, rom aves 4 dvs vers. Equation (O38, {Se other hand, enables wo determine femy of Facon {Be forward este hen the pl pese of 12 e Fy Thc tod ot Stuer, however mse retve compet a he apt. For example ‘oer ao recopie th at hat tea he fs pase Cones at) 2p owt abo Some Alp ad ANg) however sal the pra preses inns be At tempersor 1 bald har cara equitram saprt gusum vapor oresore of Py. Vaprston of subse ich a A) Soles accompanied ty discon ef pout AX io the ements much that Pa sll as Adley te spose AQ), NA), 888 ARIS) Present in he ts pe en to ea wh exh et. The eteopeneos an Somogencousfeacbos ecu este ean be epeerad a At) + a) = AN) (00-99 I -- Aig) + 980) = A) os “Aroms repree eerie eho rapt change. Figte 10-9 proses {'euthes pcre ef he vate pe ng pct Teaco, When the ‘pve fa euro, ih poe ha ae eferet facto 296 pase Teahe forcotee enya of te bosons eater AG)~Xee)— ANG), cern apes bape aot been fron fly, For inane, ere my be ‘posetin the arson inno othemonomer: Ag) and 2g), pmenesss 10 Phase equiria Te oon agree ene ea spelen sch ms Ade), Als Ada), nd 0 for, md AYA: AX. EEG we fs Forres thre my sbo be pee pete ach as SARE. Nie and efoto te ge pete rete of 502 ‘puts tls ay ational equi bus fesse sa) ‘atte, KB 2G) Elsner orn. er shall nels he sen f hese pots spec and ‘See tht he pple contains oy Ag) ad AN). For tbe lo ‘ston (0-57) me hve at equi 0 Bax ~ Gay ~ HE Faroe, Canale ™ Ginu* FT 0 Pa Guaha= Gant Tin Pe (Creoles = Gigy + RTI “Toe suber gan supe e denote he eh ae; Cg, Oe ni ip rete sar re ener for AG) Al an (in thee ‘peo tana aces The ance ste or ANG) pre gs a1 at feeure and Th The sandned sts for oer per we sniny defined. ‘Gontnng the fegmg cautions end remain tres aba 10.11 Phase equilibria and chemical equilibria 585 AT PaeA PAPA) © “RT Ie Ky 0-98) Gexp ~ Gru ~ Haw 00-9) From equi (10-86) and (10-95) flows that a0" ~ RT iP) (40-109 “ae san non be eed in rs mars Sap at a ‘Mies oc emeguin nus) Making wacot he econ een 0-95) EGUSH tere tan eso prose a $6 = 0 = 40° + (ang ~ Gan) ~ AO; + (Pay ~ Cas) o© Gi)" AG" = ACen * SCL a Consider the vporiation proce: A) = Al 0) 2G on = Ga ~ Fan = RT Kao seth ot Aig eet Koso tof AI) aura * Hence Cit = “RT (0-10) Conse te mination process AX() = Ah 8Ghaeas~ Casas ~ Ci were Karon = ia TB Bes Ghana) = “ATI Ph (00-100) Combing eqns (10-100) pnd (10-100), we oben Gf = AG ~ RT W(PinlP2) Sienedyghind crore pu pe tenet Teno ees FCO) [nocache Me Sumo ade mine, oer ee ee < pun D Fem ret eel ingire co + G6 RW9.Fo, = 1) Hpmale586 10 Phase equilibria 1 $66 = 0 36; 86% + y+ soy ma) Gam) *0 ‘zample1-11, aes nema ean hans (AG) ante fee ‘ung (4) ras tt elvis nce ®) Also = tat aus Sas) at ere caw gmc were : Gio rnb» Cay — ATMOS = 107 Ye mle » Ce Gigs ae Spone Gh Si © tam ee iO SRT Ue eT mOS = 1012 pmcle 280 Heme 10.11 Phase equilibria and chemical eguiiria 397 Atv a terms of paral pressures of polymeric psn Somiger sao gid elton compose of mbites A and B. Suppose ‘hath por phase equllram ith salon ace spesteg tempers ‘oti AG), 46). ant so forth in addon a) an tase of ‘Voporanton oom th slton canbe repcencd x etoee Al) Ah (20-108) Alo) 34K) (00-10) 40) = 3488) (40-1055) eos the codes phase (et oss) For the fst aeons we can wre Gags * Co + RT loon ~ ayy = Cag + ATI Pa (00-208) Sima forthe pase eqairan represented by equa (10-108) Gacy = Can + RTI 04 = Hrs = agg + SRT ID Py, (0-088) ties phase cuits ape ested ewe or he prio: cnet hich the condcmes phe pre sbsane A quits (0-10) and (10104) some Cag = Gign + RT 10 Pi (09-108) Cag = IC * TIF, (40-108 Subosing eyuton (10-15) fom equation (10-100 Tn ag = RT W{Pa/P3) oF ag = PalP (40-10%) here 7th vapor pres of Ag n equa wi (ine standard ‘ate Simi om eqns (10TH Sd (10-105), feos that on (Pa/P)" (00-00) 4 PalPi = BaP = oo = (Pa Pa* (40-107 ba ol dere te standard tee nee chang forte polrmeition ‘esta Sbracingequtn (10-1) fe jet (10-168), 30igy + HRT Py, ~ Cy ~ RT In ‘Rss. forte pomeranton resin A(g)~ 44, th sanded ee ney Tent se) = 44 = 1, For the fomation of | emo of diner, Gia = Cig ~ 20iyp = RT APR) = RT P59 /P3) Bkewi, 6 frmation fhe mh pymer,558 410. Phase equilibria Ba ne Da) ee oa 30g = Oh) —AGigy™ AT I(PR/PA) = RTO CPE) 0-106) “Thc aor pha erm wit gl dam know cmt of» crn uate (Sa) we ete propria Sept on emp Tana re peers perc cate by eonsering te 2) = ete © Na} = Nab @ Kae Pa em9dOpiRT) Ku Peo eA RT) sce Py na Pee th egulleum rial press f monones an dimer FRGERNS TELS apg rectney ae the nade fee ener, Breen fr Sere ut Sine wm ld so By mang woe of Se Cy type epee fy Pa Pa ve sa AC see bern he lig yous (°K) on ti og pot GASSE Gataney eam, Tepes pen Fst 10-10 ‘Caine moons te predominnt pees al epee coadeed Sou Serene f duper k's te Gao 00K, br ee to Tegncae 1236 wD. The purl prewar efmonoper racer eae GITEEIG hiatus empertoe ean Oe eared ote bling ptt for She snenence, Hever he cones apr (Ar Ns) eq wel Sidhe ccl pore off sn me oer temper of 10 as ‘Capertee ees to a6 ude! he Bing ot fF 10.11 Phase equilibria ana chemical equilibria 559 SES ASST eT ena OO Hepes Beatles Be Caine he ves he even stan fe octane Nes) = SRUpVi a emperre the sana wap ef seam 2 ag) = 284) + 05 ~ 030%) ‘pepe aie mom and das an teem. Jan etO + 0505 24 = (05 058995 + 050) Theme eh of he apr Suter smi Forth di acon Neg} = 2842). ebm asa Kt we rhires dinar, re. se eo x “Their eter phate ad reaction quirk i hetrogeneos arte canbe ered the example te sodim-angen sen, In the ge Sure age H0D-HOK, gud Nos the sable form fod, Tn comet omen ifs 1 sate sos nite, NO) anda shble cous once, roi i an waht Ngh Nh. atone wee ‘Gps: Naf, NEG), Of, MOK) Lisle: Na) Sid Fine: NO) “Te fig independent ection equa mu be cmesa 10. Phase equibria. Nall + HOxe)= 8208), © ag) = Oss) NOE) 2 Nal) Salo 3 ‘farhom be nuke of pe Ts en “The rumber fps 3 (Le. p= 3). Aint he phase re ls fre-p+ (Saree mun seman in ste tothe forego rection eli, Be Foon ae epi alt) = Naa) @ ‘ne tetanic specs be equim constants sre veiy deine Ky = Poy" eA a oIAT) ® s-AGjpalRT) cy Ky = Pa, = SCT) a Ko= Pa mean-$C RT) ® ow plied aon acre eels of formation (2 fe een (pete pow detemie i ver of the equim cones ad ‘lace pn roars, ey en temperature fll tht Po= (Ki Poo HY, Pee Pa “Te equity petal pres for thse four species, etd from he {Fle ct a iw a ncn oftrperatare Fie 10-10. Som ‘Ronn! fhe aon ges, flied 0 sodium aime in the vapor ae The pil res of SOK] and Ox) ae sen fe athe: sa ser festa eed te 2x0) (9 Whe Fact oe Be pe Sievert inhtemesner itn ates ie ean (2) op per of 20) 4 log P= A507 1S 6g T+ 945m IP Hh ng i ep in rake SaRISES fam = (0) Fv the oe ee, zai) + Coz) = 29063 + C012 Ks © (bee ape Fr he res coment, 2G = AO + RT FcR Fa = ~IRSSS + HBIIOT = © "Pn ne ype he ur pe cae a ei Rep 1 ce, Wa alcatepana etre zai) = 20 @ InAs te as o£ a8 me Kin DHS HM = Feline 8 Ken tpg = W918 Pa = 88 ae et iandte ita SNC creo bre ron, Ee Ne Ta A cts wad mouaio, weang we xcce AL a tga Ste = re = Pos From eetion 0,so 10 Phase equitdvia “neta” CO 8 fommense = 09% eos" t= 1288 = 8 eH es = BSS ‘inborn creed i) = 0405 = OO 1 sem 10%) 10.12 P-T-xequilibria involving condensed phases Boan-ise digas usually ae T= represen made at» specified [Peer | fhe pretre cms ete, then #tecmpone| ‘acm el lave see dees of eto tempera, T, pes, od pesto somes te pes ofthe vr ps tends te aa ine. Sek ue cant be sequel ested byenary T=» ras he peered rrsentatio fo tose rene i thee mension! PoT = “Connie bie system made up of components ad Bt he sl at, components 4a we comple nme: Hower, nthe bul te PoE nit rly aed fate» continvows ser of Bp slate. The ‘Setanta F==dgram ore ystem e impe tet, not ele te ‘Shmedagrmsbrenin gue 10-8 The Pe ears alate 13) [frie prconpncas ne show on he boudig yal panes (ea ran dys er Abe at ry". for 8) in Pe 1O"I2G) Tee we ‘Sind ary PT agra and 72 ane Tate he wpe pot for A and Ssmpesey, Tae rote « 1 Gai le) are Bree retest Sse show gure 101) The eral gue caves Bence to sas, the Upper represendg the hq compotion 2 he Ibwereraemig vapor compton. These mc nese coaunu on Ietebeted, ema at tbe cel poi Tan own oF iE Tage tc gd 2 elort ee eee Ut scratch iguislton compost Pra for sess A ad 8 1 he sae elas wh he hid Pg eaPh ant Pom enh (90-109 10.12, P-Tx equilbia 563 tne Ra © hore Py and Ph are te vapor pees of pre ks A and Bt he ‘Cherie ude! coscran, The raor~paase eamposton de! by B= Palla + Ps) and sh~ PalPa > Pa 0-110 rhce the spent doors the apr paseS68 10 Phase equilibria. Ancien sh ein ae nti Pa 10-10) tetris ein et em es ‘Ehpenete ten acgudsoutnn The saporcomporsine crease Leave Setpoint te tl srrationpresueoe hgld cls tsgeticd compan the gen temperate Inte CS~Zn syste SP ov equrions boa sist im equiriam whe spor mite fewhich Pore a' ai and Pon (29 som Ths rls imo a apo Compostios fx. 08 and sh, = 02 "Te sku st th he #- an I-v vee of Fue 10-12) prowes the Fs eazam at asec ) shown in Fre 10-16. The bo ‘inal secon au: Fpee 30-1) wlaeroen he ula (as Tower tengersue anthem the ag sae. sore at ded ie Fre 301 tr butcompasion cave tes blow the vapcr-compotion ne, The end pao he Hesotprtns ane vapor composition tet Seve sng posta pres yo pre carpets and BA temper [Sie peter oox nsesed te vaporcomporion eae, he sae ‘Saul inte estat Io aes Blow the gw ompestion ce ldobove ie haute (othe unis) gad oon the able pla ‘Thnropo goer, spied teres ext expressed sie ‘Faure loth asseuted temper snd pes, he compostions he Tid ana vapor snows are Gen fy te end pos ef te line sucha Pe tape ete Ex and Tye he sng pn fx pte compares ‘hand B x prone less tes shown in Fre 10-15 A inary (AWB) iui elton cfconpostion sy eaten wit apr se Boing aoa pres SiS pert 7 We te be Ban Gan where Ga ant Bag tthe paral lar ene of component A Tigo ond por sion a seperate: Funhermore, Gan = Gans FTI by = Ba = Gi * ATI tilows tat RT neq) Gags ~ Guy =~ AT PE oe 640)” PalP = SEPUP 0-2 ere inthe es restr of pee aid A at TK. Piste pri presse Urine vp pe ave igo soon a gah at TAK ik {Seto proses he vapor undete ame comaons, and = the mole ite cr Amar nae es eer songPh = Mh, o-u2) “The ni exist Ya of componet A inthe gi shon of com 10,2, P-T=x equilibria i Pt Ss ee ions becomes qual oun ifthe latins ed, Met maison, iti! dare, are snidea nthe etesolebon ane, wie A tends 0 ‘hey Heep ws in which cave the ach coetioen of ATs» cons ‘dignted hor10 Phase equittvia awa Ration Pherae, Incongrnt vpn 1 some sss ete acu seer ete soi compounds. A peat lamp 10" CaSO, stem, nen here are tre ere: hse ormpounds pera, C280, S140, yate, 280¢31,0, an mone ‘yee, CuSO, 2, Whe one hs compounds placed an erated Bee eee ree oa oeaee ee eae tel ‘por prose One! ie produ arns dso ts HLO copper faehsdreetzbeetaponceseevey When equi ful eatin, ‘be found tne top he apo pase erent om fo lor cteiae pn te Sippel tpeente tte, Be tot se Ios nth speed of LOG whereas the ended pane tins rend spony compound "Tee T~z phase Sapa forthe H,0~Ci80.pstemissona in Figure 10-16 nepcedin some gr Te ntl Fns Gagne “hepa chan surgi heer becomes protec nied wih 80, ante vested by peeeig fom Te to it og the wo therm an Fie m1 Stpyese ht he erpearre of his Germ SOC ‘cite tle Rt es gue) ep ue a [OL Fizo (= 608 Ton) st IC. Supp that some CaSO, rade othe Wate, ‘Te Mt ea we tomato’ Ot ston having oepetion sy oF ase.) The wr phae in quan wih te st conus Mat 10,12, P=T=x equiva. 367 cry of H.04).becse fesse the vor Pom Pao = oyoPio * Due TOT neces i the tiv of wei the Homage sition, As the om ‘reef 80x nt te apor rue ttn decree long ie SSncdB intipue loc Ti hen te companon fe tolton reaches Fo ig 110) neo rd tga CASO. 80, hl inFigure 10-73) ar mre CaSO. 3,0 pct eto ts ali JT arenecomposton of tom change emote CuSO, ded Tel {he Seunwef tried sor and G80, $Hc0 no hnge heaters [By atthe eee ofthe forme. Ie i pra ot despite a, De ‘Sapotionsal the ro yhaues donot kegs Conse tapos ese ‘ems ons atts Toten caresps othe vapor esa of rated ‘Shun (ompostion pes pont 6) 40C. Tae elon vo be cont {CaSO,(eutedslaien) = CuSO, SH06) + HOUR Fo = 8S Tor68 10 Phase equilibria {Send a pas ©280, 30.0. eppean when he ov opin the eine ea lpi: 6 oe ps fe ro Toa Gs. 3140 rr arated mth alo wal put Dis face Toe C1S0.51406) = CoS03H.018) + 28.018): Fy = 4 Tor Fre ain C80, ren formation of monde 380-10 sega ie ile Tsuen pep C480, 3H,06) = C2S0/H.O( + 24,048): Fro = 31 TORE Freres of he tes with CASO. tess in compli snperance Str dn cempoion e igie pla Ee et he AS01406) = 5040) +1048); Pao = 45Tor Nos tht te F-taso, cure shown o Figure 10-17 eto sealed the ‘apeour ce fo CoS0, = ret exageatd “Csr peo halo tbe po compotion Zag, thts omevtere betwen pats Dad E (on We AW bother) in Pre 10-16: We an Se ne ae i ape Pas Ca8031/049), C380, H50(), H.0(8) 9 = 3 Spec: sme pe = 3 easton eqs: r= 1 €280, 3,06) = O/H.) + 24.048) Beoue the epee i pce a OF, we have uber a consis = 1 Tus grec = N11 = 2 Aplin of hepa re ges nce he temper pec, stem bes no ote dees of feed. ‘Than te preset vapor pase [H-0) eagles one ‘semper se For Suet Ce ref eter Io. Fr (composition curves and equirium 12.13 Freeanery-compo 1 eulibr ‘The phase eu o os interest tothe mesg ewe sce oder ichne conto, ply aT atin oe fetcnergy cen canoe ood 10.13. Free-energy-compostion ces 568 to geermin which ae the sub phase stam of speed compostine| ‘he mos sable pas ocombzaton ope te One that hse Lowes “heefore fhe oe ents of repose phases in» stem se cae es era fs pero) ee ‘Sleomposion ovr wich ay paso cmtuaton ope sae Ts SSBC one cn se esses pe and component te actions) ene be presente by 4 Bote, snr the parlor re eng and Ge a een Sutstting and reatanging em OM » G ~ (4G + 24H) = RTq ney + 29a a) 0-115 For te pei ie in wih hs ote ies, he equa Dsomes OM = RT ery +59 38) ‘ao-n0 este oegoing te sm x40 + 905 ret thee epee eps ‘imponent The secon of ands basa pact mporance Test Sane pure slo purges oon pure soe anene put gud. G™ tie alert vv wth dire tte card ate, ees hong Ie femperatare an eompstoo mn be ie sage “The felive nel nia fe neg or GH) ofthe binary ston ‘pled gant composton shown nF 10" 18. The poste depute fers to. son mich nd ye ese tha on. Such 2 etn Sree ening ry nes pda ‘Sons ta at lower terres ent cevompoe neo ret Sl Pine The rene sg or formato of mat of oo slason om esd componets pven by eganson 0-13). Adon. oN = 1 = 750 When 2s negnve, te Gry cane wl be nate at compostons70 10 Phase equiibria cae the prs 15 usualy pote, The unis ate down Torco of Compan a Rpwe 10719, Wen Hf ponte the ape tiege cay came noe ore compat eaecaty whee Pt rae ‘Tins tetas me term Deomen more pra’ tas the “79 term tion eens ie ea tate 6" eu ames becomes Shapcshows inthe per fl Fgh 10-2. Witten at the O* cane ‘Balsce upard nr ge eomposens, pce 00 fa = 102 Ieuticemeapen pm henge honogcnens soon caters be ie ste pase nn cnaton of fo sd souons becomes he ble ‘Sato, These be Gaied mfow ‘Cones he rece vie gro compton 4 = # igure 1-20). A sie homspenee lt o hcp ave ee ee en 10,13. Freeenergy~compositon curves sn typo Aone ee-eery care. In ant, combination fw pases Se composts se ndched byte pou ang wi ave vainly lores feccnep. rtp pum Furernvesitenreearhat {spr Songston y= he lowest een condzwrain Ut Teprened by fun G gone comme gent = Fuad Sede lower {han Don te hee-nzgy see The sole cotguraion eso oe ‘Sion on af somponion sg = andthe othe ot empson xe = THe {este sun af ee sn an be amp meas eevee ‘Than the fo featonyyesual 19 3)/2 9), ane ar of ean Pega to = pes) ive tee energy O" (reve fo pare sanded fate for hemem G men GM = fe — aye ~ E+ [= rye ~ HE = 6 or a Fn 33 ie et ig he os Hon ‘ein penton rang tm su'= 10 fp-= 7 cof to separate Bee a ae er sro fe oe yuu coped tae too, he ‘Sherman reese omega Bticlower ho Fpwre 1000 Te two mina £ ted Fone cere Sune intr Sure ove vet the temperate bene ob meet Sopletey aati aperare Tepes agama peo In Fre Moa temperatres shove the meting pint of A he gad scottesat natant compen ange AT epee ‘lowe meting po fA he sem move the Aichi othesm 10. Phase equilibria oe, ui ae ain ssa naan temas ne ae Sis aatert Wie uamer See ieta as cain aiface “pe cna temperate T, std wih he mbit au (x ina Secure Lesmemsetea mete ropemtpenateaeecteseman ary See ase eae Sencar canoe a ao St “Rg In 34 20020) 0-115 BM = aes6 (00-156) see th interac pre. independent ef competion wd temper Tia lis the on Afisgin24 tal0 34) 0-115) “The feenergy—cmeposton seat Ta (TT. shown i Fir 10-2 Beat ceipei econ ut on ch af pe A. At be lesion SORES Tey co aste Cnpeenre ited over Tbe so mins latcue: pains an Foc inenmpeton, on dosh icon fins even loo oma 7 anyone Aan eal perc T beh be mime and he facto pts eget tn conpsion 6 pe 10) Tes aT bey = 208 SGliaccana 86M ay ta ton Pre egos (0-115) ne ve 10,13. Freeenersy~composton curves sm a anay eens a Bowiad = Sas Rreteatt sb) =O T= fsa ayia 0-116 T= 02k o-7) From equations (10-215) and (10-112), ang = y= 05, fon ha T= HR 0-11”) Troe the eee integra mola entapy of te aon, ms te postive 1a 1 wt be pone, Along the frei weament wot Seveloped ‘fetal fr decmmpotion fare so sath, th equates predcne Red crea hn be apple a aptems fo uch 3 hgud slsion.on ota aston nto reo mec gu pss, “When component Aan hve tm of sina sis an elvan sae, {ie orm Romogenous ell sohog over he ene compostin ran ise cam swe te pose esgrm forthe AP system. Suppor ha Boh ‘tetiuc onto eee: Comer teperar ates below Fee line pot for at eave Tray oe mang poi fr A git WoBn) shows Seeeerpy (OMe) cas fr th aod 0d ‘Sons empeatre 7 Noe tht ic tempeatee te sale (rma Sans frand B oe pre Ug Aas pute od BT sanders ‘nce aerepesened by pum wand by repetiveyn Fig 10-220), So ‘Bet se form fet mT eins Wy poo eo te sme Bare ‘Te mel fe egy Cif sch A, eae rene Yo a for pe ‘as ea pot gun. Soy, pot # Senos tes abe fo Br ih pur ud Tw ml res enerzy Cn oye 0, messed {ele tat fr pare Bs), rake a pontve qua Atop» Fre 10- 250) pra ig haat Ch tsetse eet Fa ~ Baw =~ where 40; ay the nad re energy of fn for pe A ho ~ Che = 405 un) (postve) ere SOE yi the sandra ee emery of son for pur Ba TK, The Miaihinere2 Bando "dame represented ye eons 20,9 = 2A am aa) (Pte)sm 10 Phase equilibria ar 10-2.) Fain ae eee Inconsracig te enrey-compostion res ors angel soltons we ‘Eatashes ita or uur sar ster endear Ferman ‘Siamese soo rom pre A) and pure Bs) ean be wud {Stominnp clacton Of ob Bt Po second, ead ‘issn clay ol ng f wth pelt gut B. Te ee ener ot {oman ft byt don rom pce A) sa are BU) 5 2G = Gy 29305 yy > ATE I + 41055) 0-118 the abl stadt ses pore a} and pare Bt) y= GS = 240; uy + RT akt shined) 00-119 10.13. Free-energy=compostion cures srs ‘re the sopra nde tt wae dig ith ce so son, Ne Fro amin tt nb [Se aeterminea kes Using tse quarts eofonction sth equsns Gocitgyme 0-19) wecin comet rep semen oer {gad tnd sob eso: Pe 10-200) ors cae, ere SERS cine ttene ita elder’ inprion ster set Seah it cnet es rem Se phase tr ths eomoston rage Simard sete the sate feet bubcepepedin ge) “Sts rembstoergs eames SRST SB estceart ks nite ntgetien Arve peed ome fia igun 1D-2ie) sod @).os Sed are roe moot hd {oi Ses inh au hinge oi so nym Cs ove ‘os rom compotion tov compton everest Or bya ana sos scams essing MP nan caged we ne frometo Nowe ts reer ompoon ttf teas ope So LSS Be 10-500) Te ooo and ams ee Se emperatareger thn cy yet ie temperatures Th) esr ieee esate ‘Sopeerts Ciepoi sSocs oe been eens pss bons {GE us edt na tow Pg 10200) Secaey of late Boyce nposas Pe iwa ae acon i epon n igs ioe 236) wo tay saves epee TTR pot psa Bend ead j= P= T=, for tig Behe uc eee sty oft tycongrtos et Tlastntect om de tom fonts sen) nae ie ae ‘Gane oncnergy ced he obpoton at bene f nea SaEmTpctiocaiay spe nena pincer es Say = 1 Th lng ts rekon nee fom pt bor St tine omer net tere paces iy, ih are 1" ne manard rene ner cs esc gl wipliga thay re say Bea Sp Uetne = gandhi epee eso Ene mB i mor gn tun iy flow tt te acy of Bee 0 heel Bana hes pny Pew 0-2 (EPEEE, Ths Tenens le ety a3 ikon Ol orm) fais ft eB sata te pre ety sae lt pe iB stems setup a Fo ty Oia ncn an (nis seale. The acy ot Bie te cen rcaive fo pare gud Bis ‘Spetcdty nine} = 1-'mla gee 0-296) Onae bac sole Thee) Lid mbettorurioe) tok ge cer516 20 Phase equiibie cis i eto en hay Nig lo Gimameuaeimuncmthccimes ef ~ b Me purl ee cre (Coe omponc Bs elaine cn bz expose ree) n= 8 ae ‘oom ALTK. semper bow the meting point of BAG: yy pon. ab- Ch RT laa Ch sire a the ait of lca othe gsi lay wth reset hepa vere AGS yy the add te easy of ion fr nn at TK. Thi ‘Hany can Se taprened as tncion of tomperarare tng daa on hea! of {ion and eat eaacy = Tos 2G) yy = SUSSS— Ler ig 2036 een avn Forinance a1 = 125%, a ually wth = O40 inogulbran wih 0.898 ses for comin oy of tern compestions ak beer ‘elt (Tae 10-7), scp cation ave been acted at common “The roncippr yam rman may espe the git xcept tht thes on prestige the gid pa cos some ‘Sssoted cooper: he sy o ope in slid won rages erweeh 3 an SOmat. Comesuendy. the acy oon nthe ais pate ee an wy. Forthe eqlitnnn Fe Coll) = Fe-CH 2h) + a2 x10 7) 263 — on “AT nen ty = 03717 at EK586 10 Phase equilibria 10.15 Thermodynamic date from phase diagrams ser Gry = Gian + AT ant) = Gren = Gis + AT) (Kips tom cps sal eae fl sites re ig ie a da "ele fo the uo iro Sundnd sine When the mig othe send Ble obeys Rives lms hence au} = af. Pom te ecdly equate log = og, ~ AC — ps8 S087 Ineraanting AG; yi sald e ed tate a form of 0 rm i ‘8 tpt i ange T382~1SWC, barn a ont eapereeres e Posgbibemor lnm ease sy nse ey ‘Oterytemts ar amenbe 1 ok ype of nas ince easier, ‘nse ae sabe for one pea concen These sat aa combined vis arc dts deuce tos te pouedaran to Oe the aunty~eonpoton relation forthe nhl smu ge oN aE ane ‘Toermadynamic a ror sbity menarents we For binary es wth a spe eeiciype phase dapam hao se liga dacs nar one eens conpesios fe bgoaite oeaton ‘ke themedame proper fh compra in soe cup he eo sy tee Seo caps wipes Hh below SHC and Sereda prt ef the gus 0-32 malt Ci) forte Atty po eo eH, ents pte slate, Cul) gp ‘ihiaturatedsan. Pe =Call) Teen tndoerccunes arth molar tes emery of copper he tht sane oh pass Th dBc. = Mase + $8.) = Tass + 56,— Rinse) sel = “lallegaty'> GUase +R) (00-159) (verte empeatane ange comidere. equates Aly, AS, 0nd SE, can ‘Se tumed wo be lndapendent of ermpertineFom is Cosson te "als Hoop se vests IT sar sigh ne whose ape aR ese ou srs ae ve “The sly dts ef Keps and Wea™ are pen below. Noe that scx aoa Poe 10 teeter ene cine. AC en by us eo 1 = Bn = ty = Ale, ~ Tae, = 0 Ste as 3 or thes = 158 er: oases te i 8h sn ian rth ma ety A, ois oo pa: tena ol > le os force, terete pa eu fr epee un ose Sch ale 6S nm fh tory of taper, 5 an Sh Rinse 56, where 5th exes prt mola nropy fig fer ger Sab ie eqaion Gos) Tel ec ne 10/7 stow Fg 1-29 Ta ce 1 Sor Rah wen peer $2, setts of ayer Te ape of te seine pl (zee 33) prt ae of fers Meh Gein Woe es eaea a ae. $08 10. Phase equilibria. Prt a dpe a MM 8 ie snd Relies asta a in tert: Peace tg resco. Ne ey ig td wero nee (chav rp eter ig ee 2 Wine, th Ags tent oe at 4 Sab, ett x Recht arene te et tom Seneca ty Oe + Cis al we aed emir ln sp Ss a ae con {Siena pete ns sian ight nine wn det tri ee ep sx = 35967 + 105g T= (164 10-7) 8) = Bi) Oo WhIRT+ Se/R rats Casa the ser | tare T. Ws the slave parhl molar ent ee ‘cution (Tatas Ene incre aes et 10.16 The iron~carbon system Here. es the acy of ares Ca eave tote pure lau Ce an Peco hatee ator Aigeid Cu standuré sae, atthe Liquids lemperature °K At each lige tehpzrtre, pte ad Onis eqilun vig aloo Rain ld/T)= WE, = sid, cyan in es Solu athe soi sate can be treated ee, neq, my Ban and aint” Their msbosconsecdeegcinnnr na 1 mtr ats conan gee See ten in Table 10-8 column aa) Incaprening ele pores raphe (gun stared tis eto, the values of a lero compos canbe eet sate of 1K: te hg Poe rca ee TES git he oid solution of sole 2 in son A we have tom equation 00-149 wr i fe exces Paria ny ofc B. Ther Fyt wend neste aga a a a ee nee en Sere ot aie 90 10 Phase equilibria 10.16. Iron=cerbon system vane anand se Te econ ofp 0 git wth » CO-COs te santa ig Bououar econ ca De eS PS ie) + Cox) = 2008) © ‘To ein ssa Ki fo this action it = (ESHIPE, = exn-Ai/RT) via 46; =286%c0 = AGjoa Toe supe in PE and Eo, Si i oe Coro, pr on eid eae ce segura Osan ware Yu peste Po * PE, Pho + (PE Phos 05K) = 05108 + 483)" sr peed temperature and aim presse. Ki, Pox an@ PE, wl 1 ea arco te eu ao reac) Fo save ra yan foeenerzy Onur for CO and COs, we ota bog Ky + MBIT — 126 0g T+ 1S HOP, we fn = 1803 athe equim PE and PE, ae Sa 7 a ok an a -earon yan the COCO es Pi ctfe-c) + cous) = 2608) “Teele coma! oF Yeates Kx Ki = Pho, (PEF PE, nse a he ait of tied earon, eho be pre sob dome Arey Ben fePErAE ec = Ro eo Heo Tee menmarené nT 1-8 le). The os Terahs caperere cn be mens hiewbe In eer Ee (FEC alge spends on 0 pe: com si a of Se rtre, Sever temps have bers mace ot ee rly verse te eompenion aa epee J re roe tt Sand Chipman recommeded te owing rele eres, aon ante. Tesla {Fein an mecca oh pod res 5 end dove dom for he Fe—C Sem 100°C reactivity canes for ert deduce ron tis equnlon ar sown. ne ee SIR forint Tne tron souy of zante sen Sees) Mayer oc = Oia onion (10-140) a sig Forse &$92 20 Phase equilibria given alu of 7 Th line pain molar fee energy Gt! or garon in sold 62 e117 + 192574 HE 00 +50 At ini ite. c= ve have WE= 1 = Woe dpmele w2c—0 The acy ean, elaine whe pus iron (y phase) rdad eee Resi Sh cent Ge Duet (~ zc] emote esr tes inn ison (10-24) and multiplying by 233 on baths, Imac = ic + 07 ~ 2419+ (89/T¥e Ths Give Dates eto fo this Way syatem can be writen ete mand nae he nue of erm mols of Fe and C, Resenging Sense eee coe pr = 10TH s0P + EO ~ 2ecHKL~ Ae] dt) ‘The sos tina on inthe anid canbe ou “The rele pra moar ee energy Gs for trom eqtcg (16) wing GW RY ap Oe —36955he0 = Z0F + RT in [(~ 2e)(0 ~ 20] mole ele sae 1036 on~carbon sytem, 593 ee BC og erm a fa ' | ‘Te rentve pai mba entropy a extalpy for oo ae found frm his She = Rink — 20) = 20) emotes and inf = ~SossieoGl soF Spimde ‘Asie both hse qa approach sr, whith meas that he no et Someta fete vragen expen cso aces elaine the Lefty die soln stad eT sty fr carbon tnt FEA Ay, wh rpc tte Hon snd atte an Een Ei») + COs) = 20049) ° “The equiva ene fo thi reson is Ky PhfPoofe = KI" KY" = PeolPeotc aol ie~ bcec ‘A any gen temperate, the ve of Ky a be determin fy the values IAT ng the metodo Seton 9.20 Vast RY at UP for {teen atom concratratensare penis Te 10-8 (clam) tee vals fe deve tom experimental dat A tof lg KP" vena se 6 Saws {ergs 10-32. Theintcop mae by te plot on he odie sy Osea 10 kp Ky, besa ae fo= 1.0 tad lop RY The ae (Of Ksis fund to be 118964 HAC Te ct (a) ve found wgsea 10. Phase equilibria ‘Roma for cn be abames tomeguton (=). Te aca ne ‘ent ye Cons Ravan el) © per ‘The Heer cin cefiin 96 oka ro his equation by ain the 00 - 092 0-18) opt ~ Rel + 28007 ~ O92 + (8 7YEc4d ~ 30] Jem ach tr nhc = Wp c= be lop dc~ lege! = 2 + (8K ac ~ 23) (00-148 top = ~~ 240} + GAT! ~ 23) 00-145) ‘The acy i reatonia FeCl wih epet othe Fn snd ‘imt) +60 = 26016) 6 Far the equiv const Ke we hae Kim Phobia = KPH) KY? = PiiPeolst5O) and jem Elin.) ‘The wale fo 7 compte 109PC or dierent carton bedi Te 0“8 lun) -Apltoon A" yeaa we 5 C eanown Fre 1O-28 Av C= ,jo—> Gand eR? op ke roms ‘found tat = 3260 FORME The aia vaue are determing sn c= Fon 0)» ft CURE These dts ae samnariaed in Tate 10-8 (sam 8). Exyeinentl dts at nes fsa dred fom aun (30= 4) an 30") a eombw ‘ln with css reponed in Tae 9 (ema 5) re }OM My) = 2 She “Tas, enjnos with euation (10-160) lds log de = 18+ logic 249} + 08TH 20) O-46) 10.16. Iron~carbon system 385, ‘Cone fit omer ose Raub (pe apie) othe Heian ‘Sind sae ws) Cth 20) ‘We hve, fom egunon (9-24), AG; = G28) ~ GHB) = At ~ AGE = ATIna¢ [AC 10°C, we found earn = 1503 and y= 1106 wc es» ‘Siete 58 Spmae fol 40>, Sabaing for lop 9@ ors equston G8), 30). = Mou — 17.6167 Heme ou For cmenion from the Ragan othe Lv © Smad te coe) = cos the fe energy change ea by te flewingeqeaton, which ina 2 ous B28) 8G; = GB) ~ GEG) = AGT — AGE = RT MMe) ‘Wihh vtes of Kané Ka getnined eal, fd 2. egealto "per imole a 10Q7C. When tog ye. es y eqn OTHE is ‘etre he peeing rela, SG = 0 = ALT pmol 0-18) “To cain change assmpaning the taste fle the Raoubisn whe59 10 Phase equilibria 3036 tron=carbon stem ha ime at fo te ar ae) easy ces fron the igs te the een an se Rave the same meting af Before: Je er ein. heat of on sen yt equi bin Fell ag)ese= xe ig) Te ress forte inane pte by Be om et in gare 1X4, The esc bes rete ed on tet ~ 40» 8) seat =e86 10 Phase equilibria pus eléave rarer. Tecmtnuow ine represent ivy fetbon Bae RS poss pope sandare ste The carton 2c c= Smt piety # EDC hy > aaa Cen) Oa Mesnard sees mee deduced) Gite Dube to eP arc aches ne aun (yen. The ets a one {Sasson ce amin dened wine be Othe Daemon, ie a ee ere panetaisatspomicer yee Tamim TOW) Clemo) (Cu = a0sa0 2114 107) eo tn eal ie bg oe eee =O FOr = ohn C: ee tne tn ie mn ym Senn Sons eunin OT) we eae e sas 3 ROUT (9408 41°97) 2 18.97 Ip arg .= a=" 8 A910 ‘encuting a y= 1ST = 1HOPK. weit (oS fabs 10.16 tron=carbon sytem 99 SG. = 195 WATT Gm #107) + Ser HEME 60-1) ios yh Nev Rapes meted. The rie “a comple’ es ‘aerate egupcmeodcan encod Thi cmig ho ese tts oct” yore cern ustnitqid eq nthe en-earbon phase gram [Atany temper 7, the sab ype f comps cin elem rth ‘ad ston of songeivn The comparison of he od pase ‘Seedy te otausUne yy i av tt ofthe bate pose Wrepresemed| tite hgudeeine (7+ ia Figue 10-38 A gan Fata 9) = Fata gl) ® {ts 2) = Ot ih ® Gan + RT Man) Sse hat yon stint forthe sd soon aun), nd pe FS th sdord ste for tc ud won. ean real be Shown hat AT non hép] ~ 305 Combining equi (1142), (1-18) and (20-18, we bain Gray + RT Ine aos) See te Wee ee aaa aos) tere ye = All ~ se) an 9b = = 28). At any gen temperate, ~The at of dy. an be oud fom enon (10-13). Pom equaion Begs Gey oF Ogy + RTI A = Gig) + RT el) SSS (rue) ad the gui pe. Ts Rr facta] = 0 0-8)ra 40. Phase equilibria. BM OLISKT~ ESURie ~ (LOSKRT + TOAHL ~ RT oie) = 0 the 11, 10-145, ad (1-155), fins tat " ali 2), Equations (10-154) and {Hc ed pan ihe ead ot fo i088) as 159) now ng SMV? = 38 ~ 1,86 ~~ ye) = 384 nar Tagie. barene = aso taseg “8 Tae aes oe = 0011 or 2.1 WC) anda = OATLE or 426-4) hare feria gure 10-4, Me fondo nti ten enon oped "Ro th the saan lds Bes alee by emeation (10154) and pfs) ean hc re a tt ae feverend to ie =O, beat of he ner pee eso HET ear 10-34), eve) + Cin = Fe) eon ate) ~ Oi ascent) = Foss) Ieee) en 8G/R) = 120 IK ia ion yo ee [ihe ha will ply ener a tata gi (eh 5 ©) ‘eine pone The ne woes se ge Sow toe 10.17 Sytem with intermediate compounds 1 Fiemme me hPa Dani th gh the ig ers eon casi. Essien en ie em sec He ca 10.17 Systeme with intermediate compounds of variable comporttion Sori tina Be non pan Gapramishowia Figs 10-358) compen A and Bare que dain insonictan rtons Sagoo aa be el aed noone Bes mel aoe es Sigh Wei wen atte AB sine an naan ee2 10 Phase equiloia omen apne snc mal AB. Tempe hn apron ose coon the mie of slo OF anon op nig 10-0 chanaes ih ‘perme THO _spgostion carves hee pss. ee Seren err ck Tok we chown nee 0-80), Te es ees ei patente we ih lowing oe the ase Sui oneraon aor vraee aches dan one sown m into of compostion a compen te eian ot atone aa he ee cones Fie 1S eee he sen conforms Rana a eke ea racy o aster wma. ne sepepia pe te aya esl compones B. eins snl in Few 1 re agli neg oie Henman any coctet ene i egos crm Balin fee ie hy I 2 Set cers of feedom (excog ti ober =n ett eg anies morc enero epee regan? = nw characte tat cont’ ove NS [> 24 ct i eg a n o h y o 4 e Pt oe smpesions icy Tm Tian mt we Ot SCRSTSE Te yn: em Ame em oe teeepowe ep) =~ Ah = oo Torte ai oat Be bys Hen a. pai 0) = WA 7 Ho) oo-ssm aie cesapts ot oe dren ie wien ofA and Bin Niet Sate wat Ae to ps) se a et ey compaon agen ire 0-350) See min acs of te congonet 0 1h sr ee rt we te pe sabe, Th eet son Se peo ach «a ae tego Shwe li oe ae Ein wea Beco wih soma ire Sy ug fo nerf maze a Ti mm neta The aio Aan Bn. BD at a agin wep ron B+ tate Hr cent ee ennai ae wig ete Se ey et creo mle Stepan ee 1017 Systems with intermediate compounds os ex@oginerepion) = Yin ~shae) = eh (00-1588) na reson) = (a0-1si0) series ven he es ewe eqns are nly the ais fA POSES Te Saunas! wb 8 (be Be 8 phe). The chang Bie Be urs ie ein of aya the Pave can be cb Bite! On he anche, we ve T Oyu + ATI oss = Gaon + ATI anu) 08-3588) Bhan = Gua + RT ey = Gaon + RT vO ~ hl (00-1386) -toecungin the pra males energy (orem potenti ofA acoss FESR Sotpolnon wp nats the B reson en scat Buy Bh" BT y+ #8 (=) Yop 02, and, Yang) = O48 = T= BK FET oe "tha "Hy = 095 0, ~ ~S8:30Ypmole = RT (oie) tnd dy O01) Tus the actty of A tedues 0 » are 1% fi fomer rate whe We Ta the at eon rege othe Pps: fom put Br pm Fes 138-0 Tee egy of formation or the AB sanound (or the B pine) eens ating the towing ear iva}ing te @ and SEES ESR Sar ofc equim: compotion: ‘Aon 2) + Bin 2) = ABA 0 ‘he surat for A an Bae peso component he temper Be eae cmon AB (ore aera, should be tok Sit ot Soe enone rm he ecient somponton 29 PE ta ease chose be aarti pase AB ss ere Dehn The mee the sada ote for th Bie spud acini f ABY ace ego tei, he eSa ee ee ee er ee A ee eos 10 Phase equa cael hs ste wh a he ae empre ale fom ahs a Pay Forearm (I) tneeqlibei const Ke = Chand" Pecan es nergy formation Sqn" found othe wal mana a6 uat = AT cnt) [SGjae = RT} ~ Hye) * RP Hn 0-6 ‘lin + ion = ABB) 2 ice avs te city f the Bch AB compound slave the AB™ SRT naga * AT elehgp ha)" 3G a (0-16) Fe teeqen (6 tand (19-162) spose determine eae aa capes The flowing neal cations wi Sage tt nvched ATT = 875°, sng te naomi cok iow peice, we 292 = 8 Sm Sar nege* AT 0.00 95) ~ ~822% q triacetate Bich AB pe secede hn a Ta erie ore ne), ia aesiow bc portend her epee 10.18 Metal-oxygen systems with intermediate CSinpounas of variable composition Spe eeat~omgch sem ee of cnederate torial an pri ioe sar oer compeeck hing the sprecnmate oer eels Wor Wrst re qeecmpon moss En ce eg nc whic toe pec comyouns fe se aren et remo rior ise (MO) 10 exhib sigan! oa: 4 sate aN Sr bea maybe med or excl absent her ces 90,208 MO eh one Moe Ear Meter sit or Ua, 1 a a conan er re mca -eaypen sn formed is. Te wah ‘Senate ee epeseies by ttisorty + HO) = M-Olko = WC + 9] 10.18 Metal~oxygen syeme os, pe 038 Fc where = salty Whee a5 Ao Ae Me atom facons of mew! and Dineen nthe hopopenous M0 sols. To facnat comparion between ‘Elen onygcn neg pases commen bas ef gato (005 pmol) of ‘rypen alee PEC oneness stig: rue 4 lige wl dale a greater move of ong, bu ed Series we tom Sere Men) eo =m) ‘Sizcto ei he -0sleen cers oe spe at facto ‘Sisto incense progeny ot post ben te caves = 8 eee ‘ates mn he ma Os re Wet pear ol ono (Pad 7) Te soma ‘ine (ome wry 0) sniion ange of homoge Sine defn Pte 10=30. tn cour Os recente Staal ence Oph is Seuly'wuny. Te amnaign of MOcu tepid y JMU or) + 40d) = 4,01) “Te relative ine He enero he cmpound, we eq 1 eth om pla Figue 10-3, Bren conte & = RT In LP) 20H0 ive 40 nde cul oman te snd emia ofan pw go mi 20 mann Taegiiee Came aiteabae Tiere meee nb tae rr anal erie Neva6, 10° Phase equitbnio. separ there oneey~ competion pat orthiscmpoundiathecaveh ~~ eee Sma ain rieeqeindeeova eee = |e seat feces die fon pe he me one ae fg eo ssf pelt wich ae eprse ie pars mca ‘Sequitberum The monoside MO fst forming in th system (ad having the peo kann wo ne ml ry 2Gep = MET Pe, surnéa uso pse nt at iter to meh sandr sates ‘Rass teat bended at Py the ecampouon xen pete [te NO pe ht espe Mt ofthe predace Sion ‘emperor. The Warton of Sige wt Teen be repre by 22 {ungtam dare, as Sucued Io Sect 9.2 The decomposes onyx ‘ines for erent seem eguirom with he spective tal) abe Fed of Figue 9-3 ce, where proce vl re ough, ele fone ‘Sed rece iam Append C 10.19 The iron—oxygen system ‘ep rin imporan ems een aed ee nvesignar ip seer treat wie: Danes and Gury PHentedenachoratvetalosolhevaros pone eqns imahed tht cm. The pate dapam they rcommaend towne gue 10-38 ‘lace vaso one 10.19. tronoxygensysem or Sr Tiekeesepanesb-esomate aeesnies syuaaaye gre 0-3. Pane aga re ie-arpen ten. (Adpe fom Daken0s 10. Phase equilibria 10,19. Irn-oxygen ster on sa sno a Fee 1-36, re ai one pas oral Oe “ad ore in Fe peu aa ent 00), Te wie ie 0 meget hecomrnnion BCS ble 10-8. Ga composition forthe elvis rontaustoCO + COs ‘roririnaperacC0 * C0: ne rier ela inti of he monoid peat rear RR in pan Pores CN Fate eat caaiageaneemgonin FeO peters RTE, Ce soe etm ae i oma mae ui nee wee ee tees kee fe ans ec care7m arr ane. Tule es gt: BME Sen cry ocean mint et ae seme om ese gat: the appt ci ch in of BOMORENENS, ete e ie meena tae TOM OOET sedetzatn RS eases, gone, ok ese, we SP in 5 Stan nec ascal tomentosa, seinen Se a hrm ne of EET tore tec act en were meee a sete i ountan d= Lert iran Zar coma pour widened ante se semulbat anc ye hat has oe deta ofS San copes aniston mgt aC Aan fed emer. ay aqotemeninte teri, sc MEPSE a eiscty popornal 1 the to PooJFco, Tas i sal fgume of thang nye ot 1a resem the sndard c= P= Mco/Peo) (00-16 “Te anivy oy of toa, as gen exmpertre fr» pars composton BES ZERD EE at Tun fy prteming Gi Dube iteration fhe — a a fam compen (teste) nai ith eae PORE Je Gctredeomporon Pare ion atte teeperst under conseron TUES sundae wate Fore inary FeO ED ox gc epee pom nine wae Bl, a dra. Tem and med cn ny Sera ranc. temperature Pot so 4640+ 34 #106 = 0 Te i fre eget Rr 10 +60: md TOGO == [coir eee Tay £0400 a Be Starr anand en nd a aS i ebm caret ei Te, Te encoun evan ea Bo pn eee i Fe aa eae bees Oe hemo te esas yuo 1, Ae ora et es ae ting nemeresme Sovg ae i TT eat Rae Ean Pome Ba fap an FoF. oman by et ep lemme Tap PosFeFe,0) = -27 300 + 6.68 90-16%) top PoP0Fe0.)~ 554957 + 1391 (00-1650) panei we senonatlagremen wih det repncsin Tale 10-9 0-108) Sores SE SS gee cone tne = HBSS + 0.068 (Peo) Peo) a OFC 0-167)peter Tae 10-10, Ga compaton nett wi wat of 10.19 ton-osygen gsm on ee tee ee) ote, = L000 > 053 lgiPoo/Po) #200 0-167) Folie * MORE + 00827 p(Pco Peo) at BOC (00-26% Altre = 10986 + 0824 lg Peo) a1 400 0-167 Jolin = A+ By 10-165 SAR eras eater Megs beasts Signe toe valve of TenP Po) for te Fereo Cqutatn are ‘Perea tenga. Combining eetins (10 ne nay leper ("= iA + 0586" + 4) (00-199 N70 hogan the vals fay are alate titre tempersies nd ‘iaposicarin he weal Fale 0-1). The metbodeeaeeann es Smcaed solos: At TPC, when sean = 1088 4o oooh wee 0.80 adie ates of and ae pent aon (130 sc tthe valcs ito equ 10-109) ke ae no ‘havi arc of wee en ao be cles om tte in Tale 10-10 (te ssi in F.0 oped tor camer) To wcampla se ‘Sosen sth andr sie. Anal eau ts sndard se eae ‘Stein of composition (Le. 9" haw feet asa feen eee, ‘ets The stv ero a ase proportion ee eee nee 406 ero = 08 or + dog 29 (06-19) Subetstio ies ox eno = I(t) 1 og (Peo/ Pox) (co-m Ioegraing, We aie Woe era = (" = XA ~ 1) + 05.9" + ot 0-9)10.19. Iron—oxvgen stem 63 ‘ened with iis eu ae pen Tah 0-1 i ‘he rl part moar bap 1 farenypen i wie (he wate {id} obtained from be temperate coven of ae Oe eset s fSnstanromponton em feds) Th WE = (Rain 20%0/M), (00-175 Hi 2 1g P'S AL/T ry 00-179 Note ta the quant 1% represen th wou es erated or stored) shen 3 pmo of oxen te standard ra (astm) ated in ey ig pi wisi ld ins ad compton a ue ‘ale of): Reretion amas th daa N= 10 4 0-1! os the atay—temperatue felon samara ate 10-12 Items he Wi 2300R6 sod Hi = 290K 0-179 "Te elie intepal ar enthalpy 1” a1 pa of wt sluton WM = lt + antl (0-76 ‘The sandaré enthalpy f formation AM or Fe,0 is deived wing AH ~ Hing = HE + YH, or, AHS, te amount of heat released when y atoms of Fe combine wih {GS emole of oxygen ps (at atm) 1 produce | gmole af FeO. The vaies of sltereat enthalpy tems ae Ise in Table 1-42, "The relsve patel lat ‘ental HS and HF ae shown as cto of emporio in gure 10-40 hae aR he Sd ently of fomaon fronted ‘ough, sey speaking the vale oy in som-turated woe varies ath signed aed rate of 096 for 095) rete ane DO. Became ibe composi of mete cessing with usb indepeden’ of ‘enpertre. it ispoibl toca tate ener forma coshdesne the equim beeen FeO the Srygenanuie $0 aad FeO ehh {rath slcomeri) Le Mo, eet he lun onper pos at ‘he syuem Fe,O.F EO seperate of Pk Tnun forte ree 3506) + HOE) = F048) G5, ~ 336% ~ HRT In Fo, = 0 ce AG the saniad fe eee of frato or map fom pa 410.19 onaxypen system ements For FeO. the andar sae AG n,0 = AGigs0 + RT as Ths sandr fe cezs of lormaton fr Fe,-0 fom pre cement cin be found by conieng he Mon wute-on es equips Fe08) Rio = (SRT Wn Po, FO he ater ein ow stunted + RT nto 4 OSA In Po, SRT Ia Pi + SRT I yo + OSRT I Po ao An akeraive method sapped by Darten aod Gury makes we af the 3EXin Onc Fe.0) + 2044) = Feu) 0h “RT In hig = SRT ape = 2A Po, 0-1) econ te ivy ion inthe wate phate neguliv wth sgn Fs aie acy of won te mpc ae ening wh mae ada 8 Blan Pos sand eng ate gn Tats 1 and (00128) 07 0-179) Te renal av ws folomsae ‘sundae of formation kx mate hs fad ob sped Bets indy weaceany Dero com facts oct Pens tere mrad (00-10) 10.20 Thermodynamic quantities for homogeneous metal gas sutions ‘The dsolionat x geous cmp: Xa meal A can be epee by nce + HRKAN) = Akl 0) ‘ee A tonogencos oon Fr mela gio fourier of in component tbe an sf f= Gs -Gi= ATIng, OY = Gy Mi,= RTinay = OS ATID, Wh = Ale melAl/Deay (90-18) (a0-1 Wha ORI Pu Sas/T 00 Of Oh act 0 BY = eH i (00-189 vier andy the reaping woe tacos of A and Xin the on teal 21. ni mde tn tg dc re ey OUT 6 2am oe ee ee a a a 1020 Homogeneous metal~pas solutions Phe, vicar Pictionary ince Semaine anc em mse she, dnc (ei) med. Te neces ‘irs der of ian ee cGeeeeee, Soci Me tong cin ce onied aber ans ¢eaas ene atc te ce oma a re gat en [ew ingen ne aed ate ered ee te Yr (atten snd a oe t BISSR LS igi oi tn (gr pe ane fam Statin eet ndbae =os 10 Phase eguiltbria fee ‘eins = HASHe9) = Ca Stas ye oh ATW he) + 19AT ng) + O8SRT Og schon, Westen 2) The Pr=Hsyse imino the Ce—Heysem man; importante reece sawtson pose, Py ite sse, ender thermal esse SesSomces uncon ofbtoyncencntevonin gue YA AL SERS oma mgr sobdeolaton wh prasad {ne aroma he Marae tnt fhe den th Py or ‘Shut ineaande phe. By seprate ot ns wera eo, Pi Jeljenensmponos an epens nl antemperare Toner weer acer wht pacer Anurminthen * Preponiscompoedot ‘hein (ean gape nts nee oem JT ean be ses ysestng temperature pet, Ys ot Doth “he diya enonolsimmetn Ian sar tinal byogen much 1021 Uranium carbon system Seeing oe it natn Mt nd Gare Seinen cn i ar rom ae ‘on and vesperature at FUP ratio greater than 2s epic i Figure 102. ssten ns stem thedompontion ange 2= WY hd waste poe ‘en ecu rm Mat Oi te aoe nse) Seria to seperate out andor the naw nage LSC, wae and ‘Gude cou sn eguiboum vi pase. SHE: hc Wasson, sat iid fo ate noe op ae ge NOC {fom show 10" um a 385°C to tan 10" a a APC AL the ater {espera (wnt eoresponds to pit pin Pgue 10a, te mapa ase tess to frm, The exyen preset potty x they oe eats pete eum aPC To he temperure tena eS. wae inane cocxn in avi witb a phe. At °C noe ot Ini At enperntures Slow SANG, agetie andes he nas ak Sense pes, andthe xen presen by he Sultan Pe PesOs ek ty grea temperate. THe wae pe oats Eelow SOP:a 10 Phase equilibria Sa eye ie toca To tee of pio TSRET cae bg iy tes par) ad SERS Gotigiec ath b he ssc bi compored single condensod ecu een een es rae rc onem ems of ius onde ath wast oexing ea sep pee. ar thetmeomperane. when gob eh eee it one been unformed ie sobs we he Ages ngs Towre ae cred ae = cht ineurion meine ree Sm Eqn eh magnet apes: and oh Ps, ree este cos equi with te ps pha, Awe proce TEES Pe cca more mapa formed at he expense ofthe wee so echapomc the wane phate complete dsppeas Th (he Bae aac pine — Pemapcte te seconded phan xing aa ee cata pu pane cniaing ggee a 10" aim At SAE Facies wl appear wl son wid Page fee ea) meq wa the cnypen of he a pas, To the NE pen ote coo of ene ad te = Bi hc pleut eytallon tha osc contac! wih mel sropinadnc ecm infipar 10-46 Tis path comespnaro be Dowdy seri mit theign en the lovesle ode, AtTS20 Gn) hee eeerstghtes on edne na oryen i and iui on, oon Seger pe iedermurs een enti Pom und Higa ride cocvet wth the gas phase. Between 137) and #12°C ich “ace comat ofan ein one Seep er estat tc cved pues t-fok- The po one. Seeman ane pmecs oe SIRES STESGRC fare = hte waste ps ein elite mth seat hepa pase Blow S6PC (opin m), the magoce pas coe 1h teeta dvs presed in Pape 10-46 canbe wed 1 oma eee Sa fg and Hak). Te ft of het shows aot EPCepertes tome fg Fy be second sm ent» reson of te fo sowing» lt f te epoca te wre sem ep Po se Fe est eoting teu pas) Sls spon ima tut the ‘etfs a vechcnng the ar pase) els are no longer ite, TAS TRIS MiSccondenct'pote ld the oxen pre cane vad pee gue erperc heen ero cmdemee pose Bl, ing ‘Sherr stomata face te angen presse, ane ve wei, A eas {EiEvinep et pe af precios is comics sppenece of ‘Seppnon eae ua i vial informotion aso he compostons of ‘ae Eencomcd hme vary wih tempertere oe onygen Des Cpa Tin dn tad a Ap to aycoo 10 Phase equilibria. re -19,Pas shy rea inthe Fe-O tem eid on a Eg renee 10.8 andso forth a Figs 0—7 and 10-#8 exactly correspond RED atc Tocag Abin, BCs 0 for in Pate 16-48 Saad fos igre 10°38 The ado elvan estlietion ete ee eee lean pt ‘Scminetihee ak pt ogutm ciition omtn cSfeTomars deed byte ded vere ie og drown st 1 ge ere gars Poy tuck sade which ae the oppose Pole, ate ogi ng te ese) a ow ie of ee enn Pare 10-0 is psslew dese he Eoghan, dram forbes Oren unas mate Fo 220 geting {Seth otc ete ana fee gee he onion econ fauna ofersee) get pee The ee proce hh re edn, ti te Engin aga how in Fuel ‘Elrson mph esprit ue, Ae ow ak mach Sac wen Pe 0-86 1023 Metal-sulfur-oxygen ystems: stability diagrams “he elon cnen sss sy pipe aig md SEBO Sunbeam relator bewernCu-S-Orelisandngespine 10.23 Meta~sulfr-osygen systems @ ont sods Section 9.21). Now ne ae cone wh the vas “Rival ule concente ae abject trong testmes sn coe fiw cin oa up ean barred fe we heme composton fhe yep ne roser hc Oe Sa sl) fad oie on en pr iret ha pte pcg cee map ‘Sryeraaac he nish thermodams ta for et oy al peer them ies mean ay_A tomvenc seth of epee the erm Sioumcinormatin iver tbe omar of oteras Sagas a hor {be rangeof ps campston over uhh condensed psc a her ‘cel o i egitnam nth anor condemns pha Tha ype of ram Cae the bin oF predominance ae dpa. Keloge a Bau” Talley Rael mt rau hen any ‘sens Typ, the Sibi gra fr 2 mean -onygen ye nerd ts species tempore with lop Py, aol op Perm te ‘ists The panes uncoee te consti wl pow ena ‘When nike sate (Ss) rome nan capsn-teaing mower. citer rick nde (NO) or eel slte (SO) asormed depending on te srg fonctions be tempertre, oan Pe) employed Ths sry icles ‘thao our pase see Conde pans (IS, NO, 200 NSO) 208 fase (0s 000 90) ppropte coo or pass th co ust teal, Sich ate be bt one deseo ecm, wich ct [esate by apecing ne emperor; sutra the rae ‘Pao an ayia ss phe The four pha gui th an Yet ‘tare: Toe pace coipuraon nlite sande gps {eabe poule nthe “SO remem, Cefl sales eet ta es ‘gaih gus ahi te pues nse Tse ets Nise) + 1404) = NOK) + SO) o Nis) +2048) NiSOUG) ° NOG + SOU) + 4OAE)= NSO) ° A= Pelt (00-18810 Phos equilibria a (00-15) ti A ateertrect INQ: ners pve i allonng a or ii oglu exams (ce ao Tate 10-19) lop Ky = ISTE fp hy = 2.502: lg ky = 27201 les Po, = 18H ~ 1 Fo, coo-tatay ag P= 1076 (00-388) Wo Po, = -273~ OS og Po, fc0-14e) Tae phascullron codons ean e represented onan athena (T = ssi orth cde phases NS snd NO to corsage wt be [ince (wht stare $0, and On) the sore Pash P ce {hips that ens option 10" een tase esi ie oy Sethsope Sieh He-3Na) Itwe mamentrly denen pees 180, we fod at ahve the ne "= ce Bigot Pan aoe RS se ae tN. tw nor Tira eng NS. NEO, wo 0, uniaunees Wy an The vere te Cd fepetens sb egeiteum Tosh le efi ¢- df owes Puc ithe meray dae the presence f NO, te slp sate than NSO, and to he gt of ea he coment ue For te lram NO-MS0."S0.-Os the aston of og Pan wh op Poe ‘Borne ye nee ~ - Momentary diepirdins ne psn ete we fd on ahve ie ¢~ eather Fa, values). NSO, 6 me ine that NO. et enw @ te sooner, ine SO) en hee hers 6 ane —f be gen emer of (OMPYte slurs of Pas and Pr st os ened an trate of point Cn the nga ed, WE ao a at ‘Scene erate fore pont C Besse er te oly thes pes ‘steatnalets ep uy pace Yo preoratsons a sebnes ef oe ea ‘sc Inter oil aby gran wl conan fsa Bote (xcug ep hate) sub To at oly eof ae i tes emanates pat Crepes sale puis te whe ee Yee ‘estes ens Ae iporar crass of hi pe of age {the loes npg the sable and metarabe egal oun ahr "ey om eer pet sch ae Thay tetera os ns Bisied, C= eC =e mde = FeO“ C~ branded Cacalseny fers tht oir eon ~ C ~ e808 the moe be pase Say. the ares bounded ye = C~, NSO, ie atle elon Cj NO ie ‘este p. Tee Snceonn re ly nut with he eee 10.23 Meral~sulfur-oxygen systems rs itnednweean wats atam one ‘ive ie ae aoe ? rere ithe ete C=, C= frinde Cg ee ttt ins Cs Cd C~ feet theses as ‘hs sabi Gisgram or profomasce-a dagen fe em. Figure co speieable only over the spalate range of compositions. tas ove Seon sll pce NS, nd, na ee? A f= Figure 4S. The poim appearing ots gue crespne o nar ict rom ae Fo Ant pen snes Pa hn ‘aoe el pes NaS Nid OTe ae pa canbe deseraned ely pied te lenges aoe Sobghine = deed Arona paren eee. Te Sat at AO", 0; aad Na NiS9 + 34046) = OW) + 0K) © NS) + 2049) = aM) + 040) ses te uo gers comtonnTe 10, wed 00, to P= 22184 + 1.75. Py (00-1850)eo 10° Phase equibria. eer ‘set op Pan, = 04+ Fo, (90-188) evn ewe regan simulans a Pn warn AES or Fag, = 206 X10 2 eee eS x Foye 468 = 1 a aannesy mmscrenindn open: Awe cute retin nd SRST Ts ecu eked aeons Ten me. Te congo Lhe Be ee ei een Tn nde yO oe SPT ag am, epee, arom ering * Soe pe hp competes inte eee 310% Os 208 oe i ely raced. Howes wth 8 sts a tk Sy mee nie wee cl PO eon og Sos tn Oi eve tv SO NORE cen ee ae oem Ts cn be vepecred WY S04) + WOse)= SOA) “ sane vrs tepeacet oh enim cosinor ena bene to Ke Thea be en sb tt ten Pa = ot + og Fo, * 05 98 Po sv = 1. i eatin becomes toe Pioy= O25 +165 Feo, # 0520, (00-157) ug + 687+ 121572 og T (00-186) 10.25 Metal~sulfer~onygen stems a “Tobie 10-13. Euiibconsi da for diferent reaction i he RG Te = hy + $0: am ISS INS 0 30, sae ow pl IRs = 0, = Nis + $0: aes. m8 Es Eps Bes “eso. ae Nosh To.> nso. ie eae tenured nba detmine by ments quan ae repent Sie er ngncie ea ene ew ys) + Ore) ~ SOLE) o top Ke = I Poo, ~ #410 Pa ~ We Po [At Mr (Fable 30-18} lp Hy = 150506 Setting a eeransing top Ps, = 2168 Poo, ~ 2108 Po, ~ 108 0-188) “Tees narcosis guaton re io how Fir 0-H) ect ins wah ponte spe o one tes wi Tapani and often pound tls ra TT fey for condoned pone may Nome ea See ee cepero raed. The changes can be prose fo strung a ie err gareonfnen oequltrom onstats TH cot ren ae ay repos n the NSO sate be Behoe 10 Phare equitibria eee aoe one Seon misewwersme sees Eerie eee aise essere ar tor es ioereaie aero nee et eat eee eon a paca cea eta mianeaen ane anata eee eee eee pee ee coe afeee Sen 2NIS0, + INS) =NIO + 50, ® Age Tings IMAMTD (1000-10665) his0, Pisin NO + 50, ® agh= Baa Vaimer sos -1150%) TNS) + 280 = SNbS) $80. © oes our a (0106) nist) « ss) 50), o 10.23. Meit—sulfar-oxygen systems os 188-4 12507) essen) E sis) tN 80. © agp=2m088— Teer en—r06r) SIN + 6 ioss—1asrx) 8) "S05 © So; 2 ie ena ee) ‘Thee ecnsg equations Were dere fom plied date on euro ‘Sosa Standart eee of san Four iron pon ees oi the allowing ve pt gaa hve been emilee aspen Point: NS). Ni). N80, NO, ad $0, Pom 2 Ste), Nisa) Nii). 0 Frm 3 SI), NG), NS RO. se SOy Prat & NS) MSs). MO, Ni sn SO, Forth forgoing reac, 40° ~ ~RTIn = RT Pa. To. foreach Ins foreseion ‘Sm tions cap be derive for ote rations. Ung satan, the ‘hermodnumicstaliy dap hewn io Figwe 1S was nse Tee ‘empentaeerends rom ator 1007 to tou 1290 “Ths aaron (ert by lee igure 10-53 ee te wea lo several regions in each ope ewe pro cndened ples he aa ‘eatigton, The ep of Sali or ach ark marked Fre 10-8 een pitch itn ee {ast reen te folowing Pan Nit, 28804. 10 80, seion() NIGH, N80, NO. easton) NiS9, NII ISG. SO, pe chines NS(): NBII, NO, S03 pe ange wid pena othe main pon oe se pe NISL, NiSs9), N10, SOs ration) ist) Nest NO, $0 easton isa RS, NO, SOs ase cage Si), NS). NiO, 80s; ein) NSIS) 10: 505 reason (2) NSW). Nil NO. 30, pase changea 1 Phase eg i tcp dependent mai elaine nt SI-E-O. nem Genuree Ee segue dacwon weshal conser two esions: he re Ar anarR Fat 0-51 wa Puy = at te variant equi ase mvahel Taba ae NSONOL gn ah DCN Svea a and NiSIUN: gu ye bhanant eqns and the cnesowdog sada eestor ae-pw ne NO + $6, - 40; = miso, ® ON ee ee SS ee ee 10.28 Mest Hcg" out of SiS. UWK! atone and the a==f tam. og Ky = 3G)2ART = ~lop Pa, ~ 14 og Pot) = ~S887 ~ 2235 te hin Fue 2 Sh Above nest ihe Fo, SSO mere forte Pan = ~dv em be predicted fromthe tnemdyramiss of enton (0) log Po) = — 144967 ~ 267 ‘This spn by the sng bre J Figure 10S). THe point of ‘allt aneny NS-Ni. NO, and he gut pave Abn e (ah For oquiibrum (. 30 10 Phase equitiria bop Foi) = -:264 = 06 Tre temper: dependence ogo, hen bs nin Figure 10-5 Thi ag oe oh po Ate ie er Fo, a ks addi: bivariant equisiom. that involving NiS. NiO. ano tbe as siasecmmt sb sonsett,simoogh hi na ray appa ope NIS+ 1M, = NO + 50s © be Foi) = “ISTTIT + 18h Woes storm ews 10-458) Ts ne a wl nde mest. Trove tn vara pet Above the ie ecase Po alate ae ethan agen None an Ne ee BiPeoe am and ver he tempertre range S210 be ren sive gue 10-51) nthe allowing ways NO-NV-po pan NUNS pint fy aad NSN or point m These ar Meta sulfar—osygen stems pre, 8 abs etin soig Po, es 7 forte N-5-0 mse qv and te eomesponding de He-negy changes cn bere oy © Fer equiv (ik independ of Pa, We ane bee Fo, th) = 248807 + 9.505 as er lee Inaucis Cie ve nN REST nee Sa sebioe euros eta is te Aone log PQ = ~1020077- 6.78ow 10 Phare equiinia {in gue Bie an in he pes ths pi A Alone ee Beate a ah ewer es nF Sea) oper oh A ve ie =D the ate peo She Sle pe ati cum iam ne Ws) fin gente Foe 1 ann nae gal, bt sul ike pws ete, nig 10-3) ad peel Ike sand > we eter. mat be’ soir tn cooing ney erin snes the moet le when Ph Pye cei pan a moc ac gional nets 10.25 Mewl=sulfur-oxygen sytem ‘beer cee NS, and NO. Ate nee ula ete ‘cna 24 <1 Woh apes a re me sd pe ae fences, hon mutha neque’ How ah es ae ee Congdon Um) Reese estan dts ema Novo): “pis + fines = 3-7) Nowy: “Boots © Gaiaesao" 7)» aly fee eae ip crc Se Ee eeoe 10. Phase eguiibria 10.24 The lead-slfur-oxygen system Xelog at 8! and lly ad Resales he sirens ‘Ruhoopscy Sen ondened pene tnownseeabt PRD). PS). PHOU) meso gs) Rio, Rs) Pass aTeOG) end MEOLAPHOD), Ween din Flies and feat eg bermeen hee conden Puts a ine ia eve we Ma 3 pote nt eae SOSECE Tyson elgg and Han sees thc twinge sabe RS ~ 79804 ~ PSOL TPO) + 4505 ® 1s + MP0, PO} ~ 180,200) + 450: o PIs + HPriS.3MO) = SPaSO-APRO) + 80: 0 10.24 Lead-sulfur-oxsgen system 8 ‘ute 10-14. Date on euro onset frais Fo PASO.4PN0 = 60 + 50. « 39063 PaSOaPr0 = HE + #80. ‘3 amis = 14PISO-740) = HPOSO.APHO) + 1250: 0 BRS © PESO, 2P0O = = 550. ® Fr Sp180-3F00) = APsS0rshb0) + $0; ® “The salu of oe K and og Pu, fo hese eis 8,180. and 110° ‘suman Table 1D-18-The taieydlaram own Figure 10°52 Prag I: PS. PSO, PRO, PSO, 2P00. PYSOWSPI0, 80> 2, Ph, tS, FeSO, P40, Po8Oy APE, $0: ‘Note hat poi cca fer SO, prestr inds lover temperature hat fa 2am iain strc ars oh he Sdn cman rm Frit tere te tee tea appre shan ‘juin ressione (cel ana (6 The fours gut Inset SO, (as aqurd ysl) anther dre ne seston ‘hep of Puy eto VT gee 0s) “Te motion cg fo the FD~S—O tytn i he veer range 100 poo 3) 0 he lng ot shown nar 0-38 ie scen tat the fou pus 290, 4PEO, PESOL2700, PALO THO, and SO) go ech orate tine msng nel) seca one wpotion ‘Sign in Fpue 107s here fe unease sguri eis al for stampa es tea a eespondt opt (SR) on Fueeee nea e noe item “iSong ane Ap bar. gation oling Posy) an SOsgh ‘ema dams itr employ 10g Pi, ame Pn thee ses nd Ti ot Ri She pn 50: stones thn tm O.=80s atmespheter t's pen lompese od til prea! S0, As area the produc of endsion Ce POGOe cag) “here maj easy alates af ny my costae the oli nn yang Caneing) operon, The fone he eee fava $0; t= he te of eacton th este abn he foes sue: ts scant eeauon by PHS supremo Be kigo 220)* 4nnsotaneo) sso, 8 an ‘ear. tan ema ae equi compe wih the This | { | | | ems = ow 10° Phase equittrig = 4 10.25 Copper-slfar-axygen system sth example th ne narer (4) of mol of $0: ppc on he hse tha aber ere fleet or erent equi fee mesos Imp 36 (o 67), neonmon tse nh at mele o $0 mae aoe 10.25 The copper~sultur-oxygen system Like th PO-S-O nse this stem ole seven condesed pes: Co {es8). CUS). C04. CHOA), CuO-CaSU Re), a LSD) panes invstante te temodyiamer of esompenion af CaOnane coord uiviansentam eats forthe tere ean: eed ate Cane ‘ahem (Table 30-15), In ths ye there ae 3 sale enero Seaton (voting tres condensed phases the gx pas) tnd] sae ee auib noting wo consent pax sade ga Jose) Vang he ea Inpraac cette predominance sume Sapam Fig heen Ing the tmperate age Toss ‘hs cara cn be ed oped he Babe phases forming when CoS ‘subi an oun ros For nan, canarias Ee Pes ‘exidze i remonable to expect (a this low valve of Pye) C0 and {600-Cs80, to arma asitermetate pss: CuSO he Bel pee SERS Ro an pial ola cpr ‘ressure thas const with Cu(s formation, as dccrmaned by equation (8) from Tate 10-186 «mee 6278 10" nm a OES SO "ea i even of Cu) tothe Cn) pe ‘elle CaSO, produ ora mature of hese (ogee mh seine C26 CSO, ‘epencig on wher romero yserclrped soca ees 'stiedsnequenty. Copper oes generally cna spr camera ion sles, nd theo ndergnencator dur the asee oe owas and Davenport eed nthe sabi dagre io ae eband on 10 Phase equi Tate MIS. De uli cots or deel in he Se Da or gat ter enero) O sis (tes 106 a 10-820 pet th mineral emp: tw fe voared prose reaned (suming tgs uur ated) at dlcont empertres Ther salt eon fa tne 80, sune thats ntsinwn Fue WU The copa ‘hapa cat nul tong ta comoped oth ty ced Ingenta thle copper aon remorse ascompard ih bi og o [Atay sen temper, the wa fc bec fom the stars itecentas chan Ao eo (tT ae fut ane ate one from he compostion a the coment. The guns Fad (pera o {ae specie i each option. Ths, the oly kona. fe eet of ‘eaion ea be found rom easton (byl ander Equation (x)os 10 Phase equilibria rosea saming the various tes of emperor. fens ante The elite pscomposion resin om Fst lapecoecence m7 and stm fpr showin Fue 10-2 each et of a f ys fhe anda the ven epee, the ‘ur of Ep canted tom eqston the coresprsing gx enption {Eon in eqanes (ih Tel epeated fo ater! dienes a Stn the toes y= C208 nod m= Da, Pgte T0“E3 shows the ott ee ee re are eS thei enc me Pe 10-8, Wen moun of i uae is ‘ty Ahly paar hen tc thence rian vue ie $0 coemt svt Maa he reat 8)» freed to ped fo hte pore cse nna Ocbaneoenen a (2h frum igh = " afr et pers $05 fen cea ‘Regs crt ow sr Os Fare 1-3 shows ht tha tale comespond Sane pa a upp Nas Gppecceeau Stax Ooveay el eee ea eieeme ee ere $20, Flesch wn $0; emenien ef ol SaTicae SUT RSS Topeka ek esos pinecmsssns gorse 1 10.25 Coppersulfr-oxygen system 685 Fe 0-4, Eqn gm ‘hep cong how Fe 0 ai ht Snirmanplon hs fatin dimpeneto atone Se On je pernee ae ees ae ne Sas cf ec” Su sta eee Ses Cope nacocmcnnstrmeey ear! cs eset Ae et Sr (E50 ne te OSE Te ula ‘suis ros cic Senna eae 200, = CoG, +5, a Sor= i909 «aii Fr Cuoco, = 2000 +30, ° Soa Rat Sg FETs Tne eguioium $0 preserestr then ean ee real ceed any ened umperatre” For stance 900, te eam Pave et0 10 Phase equilibria ‘exon @) a ae and 028 stm. respety. Cary, oration ot (G80, request heer SOs presuetan does omonen ct CaO Case “The dat prc in lre 10S) mere computed = BOPC al! nt rote ACh tmpstatte. the egsonam 80 premare ate plane Pure CuOGO,» CuSO, tat for ren), 6 OIBH NS oe {Pak S03), Rest the $0, conten ofthe panes (nh uth ry ‘che mi: males CaSO, rani dies appear nt {shined padi: For ie phse mature CaO CSO, = C00, hat resto (ath ame vreau the equim SOs pene 0 at {or 39% $6) Feiss he Sv on 0 fod rchedu. Clea orthiseae eau, eel te i east a tesa amount of CaO CaSO the ial, eset Sines th SC, stent of pest lone than Sad escent site pa Cu0‘CuSO, il be esale hese ses Te he ok Soporte he Fre ite enc flog tempersantter ey clans he kernoe nee Sapetinpsetec gue 0-saretursahowing sation 0, peers for CuSO, (0 CuO CuSO (Ka fens of empertr The $0, line forthe fx miture CuO + CuO SO, iesees tt he Sy ‘ecient the maser ues emperatre af THC. Alt pt as “senna guns tonsa walle presen stequltram, Toten sheet be peed ashe maleaton po foe teens Bebe HOS fie eos extine (CuO CuSO.) wil en the ene ofthe ‘eocentate, Ths rsa le sof sme $0, rom te tps. wih the 10.28. Copper-sulfr-oxygen system ceeteoal consqieh: tht the ras compotion: sown in Fg 10-6 wl Ineo for tempore than TRAC Te poo econ of WE Ke ne ote frmaine C350, wt the Socom care show a hs ee eye Na Se ao 6 8 (CEs somes tte ssaed nthe reng operon ‘ia enc esa capone errand ie pout coperete preset eee a tempers ow te teaton {SPR ane pe Th owing ape spreea eee ‘Sep ~ B. Conger nthe eine int form af C0 Stcpls= © copper ine cae nh form of E00 08 C0-CS0, Sicpe~ - Caper ne same nh form of Ce0-2U80, Sich ~ & Caper nt cate n he form af Co0-C050, an C0, Sicp€~ Copper nae lane nin he form of 250 (rer he ene sng of erratic coidred erin he ane wi ‘anne fom of Fed Fee woe aot owner econo “The pan ee Connon cocspondig 1 the fren fe eps athe ee a een te a teit 10 Phase equilibria a ese ei ‘sev shcn te seponcing ve te mtr Tae Of Pas Pye Phan one heCOSO, besos ct m Sor Tia Beas te foresrd Stay D - Ecgper Inthe ean i in the fr of CuO Cu50g and saat Boyles icon te canta Oi ecm pla ine {iG Cisde = Gln as per eacton (The equ cmon Kel = Ie Sten tate tw ares enc ats emer (Pn ‘he nam th pratense gem of CH8Ou co ai fer he 50, pase. The a open tha po found by inter Foto of ar the tang 3.9" A80'C) ted enter Ie foun ht Bein TATE (7 08826 Po,=40 «107 um BR) Th S09 at S98 By 26» Ham (2.88%) Actes oer thes TC te po Deter aman fo pate Unc tee contest gu phae egitim reso). Bs Ge at aoe CVO CASO, pew une Fenced 0 Gis. he wk heron sninintnalmoumfCv0.CaRO, wl te carne acre Tus, mhe en taster fo. sod 3 {les SO.> gummi of Conve tenho om ese phase snk 1025 Copper-sullue~oxygen system 1 = my = 08-075 = 5-056 mt, foo Gln + +e ae = 10 ve SONS + bao O w poo Pi, LER 1005 = 15 ~ 078) + 44 €~ 030, Teed" O= fime 0S = O12 OF Swsuig the ame alas, “Tes 058 “Uae pyro = 0587 “Thee two equations sr sed inline hese manner ss ured for sep B= CT reas conesponing tapi Ere T=€9SC: (= 12m Po, =250% 30" aim CR) 2g =SH Ham BET Page ee Ee Se (2.38%) ‘Thega compostions sare rsa where 0S

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