: 7 ee A's | Building Research Tae -20 6 Establishment Design of normal concrete mixes Second edition Buhne Research Esablchment ts Garson W027 DC Teychenneé, BSc(Eng), MiStructE RE Franklin, BSc(Eng), MICE, MIHE. HC Erntroy, MSc, FICE, MiStructe Revisedin 1988 by DC Teychenné, BScfEng) Fistucté 3.C Nichols, cfg) WPhi AC, DC, MICE MISbuCE yay, RE Franklin, BSc(Eng), MICE, MIKE DW Hobbs, BSc, Pid, FnsiP Second edition amended by B K Marsh, BSc, PhD, CEng, MICE, MICT This second edition replaces the fst, which was revised in 1988. The design of concrete mixes for ‘most purposes, including roads, is coveredin this combined work by Building Research Establishment Lid, where twas prepared for publication, the ‘Transport Research Laboratory and the British Cement Association,“Prices fra avaiable ‘RE pubteatonsean bane om: searvctonfesearch “Tareercabons Ltt 151 Rosebery vee ‘ado ECIR ACK lephone Sin 50s 6622 Fase 1715056606 ok Sretemenctenap cok e331 ‘1 86081 1728 Ce copyignt ne 1987 Festpublied 1975, “aed 1988 | pri cometns 1982 pened cond eon 1997 Most BRE reports publshed since Janay 1995 a8 Eten ponder ote ‘Bremner Nene ena cn E pacrentenopet = Retaepascaseasone eae: taeda fea Fae im ey 2 fame aioty recon cles bps hivecomenesneiey at naw fete becotperdones Sisters a betel 20% Score Oe tear etc Cota . Seccsmowisnc: Contents : Foreword 1 Introduction 1.1 Principles of proposed method 1.2 Basic concepts Part one: Background information 2 The workability of concrete 2.1 Measurement of workability 2.2. Water content 2.3 Type and strength class of cement 3__ The compressive strength of concrete 3:1” Age at test and curing conditions 3.2 «Type and strength class of cement 3.3. Cement strength variation ° 3.4. Aggregate type.and grading 3.5 "Relationship between compressive strength and free-water/cement ratio 3.6 Type of mixing 4° ~-Nariability of concrete strength during production 4.1 Factors contributing to the overall variation 4.2 The distribution of results 4.3 Characteristic strength 4.4 Margin for mix design Part two: The mix design process 5 Flowchart of procedures 5.1 Selection of target water/cement ratio (Stage 1) 5.2. Selection of free water content (Stage 2) 5.3. Determination of cement content (Stage 3) 5.4. Determination of total aggregate content (Stage 4) 5.5 Selection of fine and coarse aggregate contents (Stage 5) 6 Trialmixes 6.1 Production of trial mixes 6.2. Tests on trial mixes 6.3 Adjustments to mix proportions 3 mls ww oalaaaaaungl aan 13 13 13 13 17 17 7 e& iv Contents e - — 5 (Ue 7 Examples of mix design 20 - 7.1 Example 1: unrestricted design 20 e 7.2. Example 2: mix restricted by maximum water/cement ratio 22 7.3, Example 3: mix restricted by minimum cement content 22 © = 7.4 Example 4: mix restricted by maximum cement content 22 € b Part three: Modifications to mix designmethod « 8 Design of air-entrained mixes 7 € 8.1 Effect of entrained air on strength 27 € 8.2 Effect of entrained air on workability 27 8.3 Density of air-entrained mixes 27 ¢« LE 8.4. Modifications to the design process 28 8.5 Trial mixes of air-entrained concrete 28 cere xample of mix design 28 « 9 Design of Portiand cement/pfa mixes 9:1 Introduction to pilverised fuel ash (ofa): ¢ "9.2." Changes to the background informatic € cabnh . fo'th : ign. : « lerised-uel ash cement had e land cement/gabs mixes _ i 862th 531 Introd round granulated blastfurnace siag (ggbs) + » « 10.2 Information on Portland cement/ggbs concrete, : 36g: 10:3: Advice on methods of mix design for Portland cement/ggbs concrete BG: ee Be 5 References... , UE € — “ « = Ee ; <= NV P be used instead. A trial mixis then made, but because of the assumptions made at tis stage in the design itis probable that this trial mix will not completely comply with the requirements. Ifnecessary itis possible, from the trial mix results and information given inthis publication, 40 adjust the mix proportions and to use these for actual production or to prepare a revised trial mix. 1.2 Basic concepts My 1.2.1 Strength margin ~ Because of the variability of concrete strengths!” the mix ‘must be designed to have a considerably higher mean strength than the strength specified. The method of specifying concrete by its minimum strength has been replaced in British Standards and Codes of Practice such as BS 53281") and BS 8110" by a‘characteristic strength’. ‘The difference between the specified characteristic strength and ti¢ target mean strength is called the ‘margin’ and is explained more fully in Section 4. ‘This margin is based on knowledge of the variability of the concrete strength obtained fom previous production data expressed as a standard deviation, or alternatively a substantial margin is applied until an adequate number of site results is obtained. 1.2.2 Measurement of workability”). In this publication two alternative test methods are used, the slump test!) which is more appropriate for the higher workability mixes, and the Vebe time test) which is particularly appropriate for those mixes which are to be ‘compacted by vibration. The compacting factor'"is not ‘used in this method since itis not possible to establish consistent relationships between itand the slump or Vebe time tests. Ifrequired, it can be used a8 control tes. Bonet y aE ate to bringit toa saturated ‘Condition, and the frce-water available forthe ‘Bresh concrete. In practice aggregates are often wet and they contain both absorbed water and free surface water so that the water added at the mixeris fess than the fre water required. The workability of concrete depends to a large extent on its free-water content; ifthe same total ‘water content were used with dry aggregates having different absorptions, then the concrete would have different workabilities, Similarly the strength of concrete is better related to the free-water/cement ratio since on this basis the strength of the concrete does not depend on 6 J Monin @ ROS we 8 WO OO OW CM OR oon 1 14 noma a2 1 Introduction & ec the absorption characteristics ofthe aggregates, from the previous edition ofthis publication which used ‘The water/cement ratios referred to in this publication the grading zones given in the 1973 edition of BS 882. ec are the ratios by mass offree-water to cementin the mix _ Fine aggregates should comply with the C, Mor F and these, as well a the ree-water contents, arebasedon grading requirements of BS 882:19920), but theselimits = the aggregates being in a saturated surfice-dry condition. _overlap and are too wide for mix design purposes. The ‘iyimitgdgigrpinitmecneracne © 1.2.4 Types of aggregate ‘¢° account the many relevasit factors, ie the type and « Early mixdesign methods used in the UK" classified "maximum size of coarse aggregate, the grading ofthe fine € « € € € € } the shape of aggregate as rounded, irregular or angular. aggregate, characterised by the percentage passing the — Thereis insufficient difference between the behaviour of 600 ym test sieve, and the cement content and rounded and irregular aggregates in concrete tojustify workability ofthe concrete. the use of separate clasifcations for these two shapes of © aggregate, both of which are usually uncrushed, smooth- 1.2.6 Mixparameters textured aggregates. There aie however significant Itwas previously the general custom in the United differences between these aggregates arid angular Kingdom to specify concrete by a system of proportions aggregates which are usually rough in texture and, or ratios, eg 1:2:4 (being the proportions of cementifine — invariably produced by a crushing process. aggregate:coarse aggregate) either by mass or by volume, - ‘Two of the characteristics of particles that’. » or as cement/aggregate ratio, water/cement ratio and alfect the properties of roncrete are ticle shape and » fine aggregate/coarse aggregate ratio, usually by mass surface texture. Particle shape affects the workability of ‘1 «Such systems have certain therits in terms of simplicity + theconcret, and thg surface texture iil fect the P) fofexprstion wore, ‘they are not so convenient when» bond between’ the matrix and the‘ageregate particles afd ‘discussing the effect of mix parameters on the te. Generally, erushed . 7%" characteristics ofthe concrete, nor do they adequately ~~ segregates consi ofrather angus partlesbaving w py. deserve the quantity ofcement required toca given rough surface text resiling i ‘volume of eoncretei}:2 ow y 2 !Thé most fiindamental way to specify mix parameters )-sgi | {sin teris ofthéabsolute volumes ofthe different «=» 1-1 Ee ‘materials required a concrete mix. A more practical *':+-~5%gaet “ ‘method, based on similar principles, which hasbeen ssn 1 @E, | ‘whefeas uncrushed founded gritstone has arough surface :*-adopted in this publications to refer to the mass of “ “ < texture. However, in line with the principles ofthis ‘materials in atinit volume of flly compacted concrete. | "publication oftaking only major factors into account to": This method of ferting to concrete mix proporionshas «design the initial trial mix, only two types of aggregate are been in use for along period in Europe and in the United considered, ie crushed and uncrushed. States of America, and is becoming the general practice in ‘The type of aggregate becomes ofgreaterimportance the United Kingdom. tp" for concrete having.a high specified strength. Ifthe ee "specified strength at28 days is 50IN/mim* ormoreitmay the expected density ofthe fresh concrete. This depends become necessary to use a crushed aggregaterather than primarily on the relative density* ofthe aggregate and the | anuncrushed gravel The higher thepectied strength water content ofthe mix The efect ofchanges inthe | the more critica isthe selection of the source of the cement content produces at the most about a 2% change i] aggregate. inthe expected density and thus, forthe purpose ofthis | publication, is ignored. The small quantity of air normally e || 1.2.5 Aggregate grading entrapped in compacted concrete is also ignored. Data | F This publication deals with concrete made with are given from which an estimate of the wet density ofthe = @ | aggregates having three nominal maximum sizes, ie fresh concrete can be made. | 40 mm, 20 mm and 10 mm. ‘The method of mix design given in this publication ec. Early methods of mix design’) used in the UK results in the mixbeing specified in terms ofthemassin specified grading curves for the combined fine and coarse _ kilograms of the different materials required to produce « aggregates. These required the use of ine aggregates cone cubic metre of finished concrete. « having a rather restricted range of gradings compared , with the limits specified in BS 882. In many parts ofthe 1.2.7 Durability Pee one € country fine aggregates having such restricted gradings. A durable concrete is ong which gives a satisfactory. | are not available, although the gradings ofthe available _\°* performance during 4 adequate life in a given e fine aggregates are stil suitable for making good quality P environment; this includes providing protection of the | concrete. Combined aggregate grading curves are not steel against corrosion in reinforced concrete and. e | | used in this method of mix design which refers instead to _ prestressed concrete. There are some durability problems | the percentage offine agyregatepassingthe 6Q0ym test | - e || sieve. The higher the percentage passing the 600 ym test “Destnaymnicm ite sey tn pct reyes | sieve, the finer the fine aggregate. This isadevelopment “aeewten’™ ererennnea « | 2 « |rae 1 Introduction rea Sqr s —— js F associated with the constituent materials,and others due in BRE Digest 363 orn BS 328" J tothe effect of hostile environments. ?%* cafe’ » Concrete that is exposed to freezing when wet and to ‘A major factor in providing durable concrete isthe ~"’ the action of de-icing salts is liable to spall and production of dense, impermeable concrete, having any) deteriorate. The resistance ofconerete to such : ‘adequate cement content and low free-water/cement I'y”” deterioration is greatly improved ifit contains entrained ratio, whichis flly compacted and properly cured. Tobe air as required in BS 5328. The method of mix design durable in hostile environments, Codes and Standards _ described in Part two requires modifications for air- Fe may specify the use of particular materials, drlimitson _ entrainment which are given in Part three, Section 8 the cement content orfree-water/cement ratio, ‘Concrete that retains a high moisture content and that Provision is made in the mix design method for these to _is made with certain aggregates may react with the alkalis ‘override the values obtained from strength and from the cement to cause cracking and expansion, owing ‘workability requirements. : to the alkali-silica reaction as described in BRE Digest ‘The problems of providing protection against 3301), Measures to avoid such disruption are described corrosion of steel in concrete are discussed in BRE Digest _ in BRE Digest 330 and in an independent Working Party T2639) To ensure adequate protection, BS 8110 requires 3», Report published by the Concrete Society, These may ; higher strength grades of concrete as the severity ofthe °*”” require the use of a low-alkali Portland cement available Y a exposure increases it also specifies minimum cement under BS 4027 or the use of other materials. ‘») contents and maximum free-water/cement ratios, Many ofthe measures described previously to give depending on the degree of exposure. Corrosion assurance of durability in adverse environmental AX problems are aggravated by the presence ofchloridesin conditions involve the specification of minimum cement YS either aggregates or admixtures. Limits are specified in _ contents or maximum free-water/cement ratios, Owing ’” BS 882 and BS 8110 and materials complying with these to the difficulties of testing for compliance with such requirements should be used. requirements during concrete construction, an alternative . Concrete in the ground may be subject toattackby approach sto specify a high strength requirement for sulfates as described in BRE Digest 363", To minimise durability", However, the more fundamental the effect of such attack requires the use ofsulfate- requirements can be checked ifrequired by using rapid L resisting Portland cement or other materials, and thé mix ” ° analysis techniques, such as that provided by the RAM proportions should comply with the requirements given equipment available from Wexham Developments.7 L 2 The workability of concrete 2.1 Measurement of workability ‘The word workability has been used to embi4ce many {actors associated with the ease of placing concrete, such mobility, compactibility and suitable for placing and cofnpiacting under the site conditions using the plant available; thus in road * construction a low-slump concrete is more suitable than ‘one with a igh sainp eke 46°" Itisnot considered practical for this publicatih to definethe workability required for various types of =~ “onstruction or placing conditicn’ since this ‘'« many factors, As explained in 122, thie publi "the skimp and Vebe time teits as the means by which the ‘workability of the concrete is specified as one of four ranges given in Table 3. : 2.2 Water content: 55° “The water content expressed as mass per unit volume of Concrete is thé major factor influencing the workability of coneréte. Fora given typeand maximum size of “=~. aggregate, the higher the water content the higher the slump and the lower the Vebe time. ‘The free-water content required to produce concrete ‘ofa specified slump or Vebe time depends upon the characteristics ofthe aggregate. Research work using 24 crushed rock aggregates?! showed a range of water — _Fequirements from 170 kg/m to 230 kg/m. A similar range was found during a nationwide survey" of mix cused. The strength development shown in Table 2 applies toaconcrete with aéeinent content of about 300 kg/m? .cured in water at 20°C, Such a mix made with Portland : + cement class 42.5 hiasa 7-day sirength about 70% of that. 1 attained ut28 days, However, richer mixes initially gaia ‘sy ystrength more rapidly so that 7-day strength may well exceed 75% ofthe 28-day strength. Conversely, forlean * eoieretes this ratiois mearer 65%. ° 3.6 Typo of mixing ¢- ‘The compressive strength of the concrete is not directly affected by the type of mixer used. Certain types of mixer require a higher degree of workability for efficient ‘operation and this may have an indirect effect on the proportions ofthe concrete required for a particular value of free-water/cement ratio. However, hand-mixing is likely to produce a lower strength concrete than machine-mixed concrete of similar proportions, 4 Variability of concrete strength during production... 4.1. Factors contributing tothe overall variation ‘The main factors influencing the workability and strength ‘of concrete that ae taken into account when designing the mix are discussed in Sections? and 3. I'these factors change during the progress of the job, the properties of the concrete must also change. ‘The overall variation in the measured strength of concrete that is obtained daring ajob can be considered to be made up of thi¢e compoitent sources which are: © Variation in the quality ofthe materials used © Variation in the mix proportions due to the batching process © Variation due to sampling and testing. aeAMAAAAARARANRAT ARR A HHMRABRARARAPLPL I I. During production there are inevitable variations in the characteristics ofthe materials used. For example the quality of different deliveries of eement may vary, or the srading and particle shape of aggregates may vary, requiring changes of the water/cement ratio in order to maintain the specified workability. It is known that considerable variations occur in the proportions from batch to batch respective of whether the batching i by . 198g volume or by weight; these can be attributed partly to the plant and partly toits operation. Finally, some of the variation in the measured concrete strength arises from the processes ofsampling, making, curing and testing the test specimens even though these are carried out in sccordance with BS 1881. There are few data on how these three groups contribute individually to the overall variation of concrete strength but there is considerable information on the magnitude of the overall variation'™, 4.2 The distribution of results Itis now generally accepted that the variation in concrete strengths follows the normal distribution such as that shown in Figure. The area beneath the curve represents the total number of est results, and the proportion of results less than some specified value is represented by soo theres wngls soonerafedavassnea mani avrg Me where x = an individual result ‘ie the number of results 0% 86 3 m= the mean ofthe results Itis now generally accepted that at a given level of Control the standard deviation increases asthe specified Mean strength Specified characteristic strength 8% defectives 283035 Compress 40-45 strength (N/mm?) 3085 Figure 1. Normal istbution of concrete strengths 4 Varabity of conere neth duingproducion 7 characteristic strength increases up to a particular level, andis independent of the specified strength above this level. This type of relationship is shown in Figure 3, the Standard deviation being independent of the specified characteristic strength above 20 N/mm? 4.3 Characteristic strength thas been shown that concrete cube strengths follow the normal distribution. There is therefore always the Probability, however remote, that a result will be obtained less than the specified strength. Ithas therefore become the increasing practice to specify the quality of ‘concrete not as aminimum strength but as a ‘characteristic strength’ below which a specified Proportion of the test results, often called ‘defectives’, ay be expected to all. The characteristic atrength may be defined to have any proportion of defectives, BS 5328 and BS 8110 adopt the 5% defective level in line with the CEB/FIP international recommendations for the design and construction of concrete structures! BS 5328 specifies a system for testing for compliance with a specified characteristic strength, The compliance ‘Yalues have been derived by making certain assumptions to give reasonable levels of risk to both producer and Purchaser that conerete of thé specified quality ‘accepted by the testing scheme. However, as described in 4.4, it may be prudent to base the inital mix design on a Proportion of defectives les than 5%, 4.4 Margin for mix design “Asa result of the variability of concrete in production itis * necessary to design the mix to have a mean strength ‘greater than the specified characteristic strength by an ‘amount termed the margin, Thus: Sahl where f= the target mean strength J, = the specified characteristic strength 4s'= the margin, which is the product of J) = thestandard deviation, and 2 = aconstant ‘The constant fis derived from the mathematics of the ‘normal distribution and increases asthe proportion of defectives is decreased, thus: 4 for 10% defectives = 128 A for SYbdefectives = 164 4 for 25%6 defectives = 196 4 for 1bdefectives = 2.33 For the 5% defective level specified in BS 5328, A= 1.64 and thus/,=/, + 1.64 Figure I relates toa concrete having a specified characteristic strength of 30 N/mm? and a standard deviation of 6.1 N/mm. Hence: ‘Target mean strength f, =30 + (1.64 x 6.1) =30410 =40N/mm? «re «om ‘Since the compliance rules given in BS 5328 operate ona small number of tests, producers may find that a margin based on the 5% defectives with Fof 1.64 leads to an ‘unacceptable rate of failing the compliance rules. To avoid this, it may be preferable at the mix design stage to ‘use a greater margin by adopting a higher value for & ‘The standard deviation used to calculate the margin should be based either on results obtained using the same plant, materials and supervision, as for example in ready- ‘mixed concrete plants or precast concrete works, or, in the absence of such information, on a value taken from Figure 3 which should be used until adequate production data are available. Itis very seldom that standard deviations less than 2.5 N/m? or more than 8.5 N/mm? are'obtaisied from cqnerete prodticed in the United Kingdom, and on about 60% of sites the standard. deviation can be expected ‘groups of results are taken where mis 20; the values of. Seceih ribet teh eit dre ‘atitcally It iethur descable that for mix design meee at east. 20 peal Fewer 12 lated from these may vary by. Part one: Background information standard deviation of 8 N/mm? should be used for ‘concrete with a characteristic strength of 20 N/mm? or ‘more as shown by line Ain Figure 3, ‘When the standard deviation is calculated froma large number of results it isa much better estimate of the true standard deviation and will generally include some long- term variables that might not be present with a small ‘number of results. However, the value used for mix design should not be less than that shown by line Bin Figure 3 (41N/mm? for concrete with a characteristic strength of20 N/mm? or more). Various Specifications and Codes of Practice may impose different limits for the standard deviation of the ‘margin, and ifrelevant the mix should be designed to." ‘comply with these requirements. IRRRRAAMROKO ARH AARHR MRP RHA RAR MMM AA aon~ Part two: The mix design process , 5 Flowchart of procedures. coed with the relevant boxes of the flow chart in !” he manner in which this method links the various factors involved in the process of designing a mixis 5.1 Selection of target water/cement ratio (Stage 1) ‘shown asa flow chart in Figure 2. Also a suitable mix Ifprevious information concerning the variability of L design form for recording the values derived is shown in strength tests comprises fewer than 20 results, the @ ‘Table 1*. It will be seen from the flow ehart that initial ‘standard deviation to be adopted should be that ‘obtained “information is divided.into two categories... from line A in Figure 3. If previous information is specified variables; the values of which are usually») available consisting 9f20 or more results the standard nominated in specifications, and‘! -z-~3. deviation of such results may be used provided that this ~ @ additional information, whichisnormally avalableto, value snot ess than the appropriate value obtained from *__ { sthe productr ofthe conerete.issssoietriist: c+ ine B, The margin ean then be derived from ealedathes sc Adis st arias, 2 te ‘> ‘This initial information is used in conjunction with, = =. whee refereince data, which appear in theformoffiguresor.. | Mm BXs sy ‘5 C1 “tables in this publication, to evaluate number of derived {h* values! which are also subdivided into two categories * “ @ themix parameters several ofwhich'fotin an"? where Mo themargin(iemi3) | 4 = avalue appropriate to the ‘percentage “* intermediate step to the derivation of the secoad defectives’ permitted below the category, and... 3.1 + kg/m? 3.4 Modified reewater/cement rato 7 ‘ 5s 81 Percentage passing 600 ym seve ‘5.2. Proportion offne aggregate Fig6 5.3 Foe aggregate content } 5.4 Coarse aggregate content Cement Water Fine aggregate Coarse aggregate (ke) Quantities (ke) (kg orlitres) (kg) iomm™ "20mm 40mm per m?(to nearest 5 kg) per tral mixof tensa a oto nt vabes ata be secede Secon 7 Gente sre resident eM = LBV = Pa won P= pc ‘De eteaterayieovn ter ee ey edb rnp wh Spec ry wis ale atts naar fc hme an ean ‘SO nbusedenbe rated race con 1SVtg ie df, Oe Oe ee Ce Compressive strength (N/mm?) 8 12 Parttwo: The mix design process ‘ 10; a ‘ E eae A; s for Tess 2 than 20 46 results 3* B;minimurs] o for 20 or 5 Imore results z 5 ? ol Figure 3 9 "10" 20-30-4050 6070 _Relatonsho between standard devafonand Characteristic strength (Nimm?) characteristic strength 905 \\ [irom Table’ 2, [Starting lusing'data 70) 2 s is x 8 - | 7 ol l ! a 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 Free-water/cement ratio tk Figure 4 Relationship between ‘compressive strength and ‘reewater/cement ratio ARH AOAAARR RAO MBRAARR RAR DR errr nnn on~ Peer el aed ee cee Cement ‘Type of Compressive strengths (N/mm) | strength coarse ‘Age (days) class aggregate 3-7) (2B OL 25 Uncrushed 22-30 G2) 49 Crushed 27364956. Uncrushed 29-37 48~—~—«*SA hed 34438 ‘raged ntlancoctesrrgh erect neu Nie ive = uN 1s ines pe) | corresponding value for the free-water/cement ratio can, then be read from the abscissa, This should be compared with any maximum fre-water/eement ratio that may be JL, petieteeiieewar ete tra id 5.2 Selection of free-water content (Stage 2) ‘Stage 2 consists simply of determining the free-water j content from Table 3 depending upon the type and “+ maximum size ofthe aggregate to give a concrete ofthe — 5.3 Determination of cement content (Stage 3) °° ~The cement content is determined from calculation C3: +» specified slump or Vebe time. |. pene cme CARER COMER Secretar oement ato: 7 © The resultisig vale hid be ehiceked aginst aii ' maxim of minimum value that may be specified. Ifthe * caleulited cement content froth C3 is belowa specified I » guinimuim, this minimum Value must be adopted:and a * DoS inodified eee-water//cémhent ratié caléulatéd whiich will * beless than that detééminedin Stage 1. This will result in * aconcrete that has'a inean strength somewhat higher +> than the target mean strength: Alternatively; theifree=~ = water/cemient fati from Stage Lis used resulting in a = EE J Wettig: ena via ae 0 ‘Maximum size ™ ' ofaggregate Type of oe ze. a = sae Soa ae See _—______bnused_155_178_190__205 _ eerie Soo amen, ere W, ree water content appropri opto! ne agree TedW, = reewatr content approparat ope cf coarse aggregate 5 Flowchart of procedures higher fiee-water content and increased workability On the other hand, ifthe design method indicates a cement content that is higher than a specified maximum then itis probable that the specification cannot be met simultancously on strength and workability requirements with the selected materials. Consideration should then be given to changing the type or strength class, or both, of : cement, the type and maximum size oFaggregate or the level of workability of the concrete, orto the use of ' water-reducing admixture. 5.4 Determination of otal aggregate content (Stage 4) Stage 4 requires an estimate of the density of the fully compacted concrete which is obtained from Figure 5 depending upon the free-water content and the relative density" of the combined aggregate in the saturated surface-dry condition (SSD). Ifno information is available regarding the relative density of the aggregate, an approximation can be made by assuming avalue of2.6 for uncrushed aggregate and 2.7 for crushed aggregate. From this estimated density ofthe concrete the total aggregate content is determined from calculation C4: @ Total aggregate content. = D-C-W e ca (aturated and surface-dry) where D = thewet density of concrete (kg/m*) C = the cement content (kg/m?) W = the free-water content (kg/m’) 5.5 Selection of fine and coarse aggregate contents (Stage 5) ‘ Stage S involves deciding how much of the total aggregate should consist of materials smaller than 5 mm, ie the sand or fine aggregate content. Figure 6 shows recommended values for the proportion of fine aggregate depending on the maximum size of aggregate, the ‘workability level, the grading of the fine aggregate (defined by its percentage passing a 600 ym sieve) and the free-water/cement ratio. The best proportion of fines ‘tousein agiven mix will depend on the shape of the particular aggregate, the actual grading of shape of the particular aggregate, the actual grading ofthe fine aggregate and the use to which the concrete isto be put. However, adoption of a proportion obtained from Figure 6 will generally give a satisfactory concrete in the first trial mix which can then be adjusted as required for the exact conditions prevailing ‘The final calculation, C5, to determine the fine and ‘coarse aggregate contents, is made using the proportion of fine aggregate obtained from Figure 6 and the total aggregate content derived in Stage 4: . “ne rtensonty gen tom esheets paetens rane “pechepney nseteroinolberattlagvenesnestonrance owe assem statarectot 1714 Parttwo: The mix design process 5 27 z 2600] rh] Relative density of $ combined aggregate| & ~>—Y (on saturated and # . ‘surface-dry basis) = SY 2.9 8 ; 5 3 28 2 a7 3 s 2.6 = 2.4 260/32 Maximum aggregate size: 10mm 10-30mm 30-60mm 60-180mm = 6-12s 3-68 0-38 w 80 T [4] = = 70 T 15° <8 pr | BE 80} 5 i r 98 is %o [| - 2 50 40 <4 F 40 peel 2 l = 4 La] ord = ea 3 f i F J we lei pet 8 sof O71 | ee] Eti0 0 5 Ere mor] € 20 10 02 04 06 08 0.2 0.4 0.6 08 0204 06 0.8 0.2 04 0.6 08 Free-water/cement ratio Figure 6 Recommended proportions of fne aggregate according percentage Passing 2 600 um sieve 18 € € « ] € 2.5 6 e « 80g5 Flow chart of procedures 15 is Maximum aggregate size: 20mm Slump: 040mm 10-30:nm 30-60mm 60-180mm Vebe time: >12s 6-125 3-6s 0-38 80) = x0} 8 60 3 15 2 5 15 7 15 £ : 40 PL 4 Lt ¢ 40 = 30 eo) ae] Reet 5 = ps “EE g wok Leotoot| Cob aoe 82100 —_ & xo ES TW t 10! i i 0.2 04 06 08 0.2 04 0.6 0.8 0.2 0.4106 08 0.2 0.4 0.6 08 G ’ “_ Free-water/cement ratio Figure 6 (continued) ’ z Maxim aggregate size! 4omm “¢10:30mm | 30-60mm_' 60-180mm “612s . "3-65 ~ 0-38 eee = “480 a ahaa i = 70 te et B 60] ie 5 2000 15' 5 : So is Bazza 15 woe Wy 1) 18 2 sob oo Wo vt heoteod § 60 go4 60T |-60° 4 LF g oot | 60 90- = ce 100; | & 20 e0sc0ls 565 100" 0.2 0.4 0.6 08 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.2 0.4 0.6 08 0.2 04 0.6 0.8 Free-water/cement ratio Figure 6 (continued) | | 10 | | "416 Fine aggregate content = total aggregate content proportion offines C5 Coarse aggregate content = total aggregate content —fine aggregate content, ‘The coarse aggregate content itselfcan be subdivided if single sized 10,20 and 40 mm materials are to be combined. Again, the best proportions will depend on ‘aggregate shape and concrete usage but the folowing ratios are suggested as a general guide: 1:2 for combination of 10 and 20 mm material 41:1.5:3 for combination of 10,20 and 40 mm material. Parttwo:_The mix design process PHRARARMA MRA MAMA AB Rh Ane AARRPRHARR RRR HAA6 Trial mixes ‘The preceding design method determines a set of mix proportions for producing a concrete that has approximately the required properties ofstrength and workability. The method, however, is based on simplified classifications for type and quality of the materials and it still remains to check whether or not the particular aggregates and cement selected for use ina given case ‘gi; will behave as anticipated. This the gbject of making 13," the trial mix, and the subsequent ek otinformeton $ from the trial mixis an essential part ofthe mix design qr. In order to avoid the possible delay caused by anced to Prepare a second trial mix as a result of strength tests, it ‘may be expedient to prepare two or more initial trial ‘mixes with the same water content but with different water/cement ratios. . ‘Normally, when typical materials are to be used, a le trial mix would be sufficient although some Codes ‘ofPractice may stipulate not only the numberof trial mixes to be made but also requirements for accepting them as suitable, Adjustments to be made tothe original mix proportions, ifnecessary, will differ according to how ‘much the results ofthe trial mixes differ from the designed values which will depend partly upon how typical the ‘materials are oftheir classifications. Depending on these, a (© To modily the trial mix p (© To prepare firthier trial mixes inods © B represents the free-watér/cement ratio estimated for the trial tie osc icweaead = Si tums ayn "represents theactual free qvater/cement ratio used in’ * the tril mix when different from, (Thissitation +‘ » tise ifthe water content ofthe concrete is adjusted"? ‘ding the mnufactureof the tral mix agin example 2)‘ C iepreseat theitrength result of the test specimens + made from the tial mix: 4¢ 6° S30 5 ":D represents the'iew éstimate of the fiee-water/cement "= ratio required to give the target mean strength ; Miniordjustments may be madé:to the mix propértions ~ {foruse in production mixes without the need to carry out **.°* farther trials. Exceptionally, when large adjustments seem to be necessary to the water/cement ratio itis advisable to make a second trial mix using the revised proportions and recalculated batch quantities based on the updated value for density of the mix. 22 Anarene eae ARHeRnAAAMRAPearannna ARRARR AB_6 Tal mixes Example 1 Example 2 ‘A Reference point from Table 2 B Initial estimate of water/cement ratio for target mean strength B' Actual water/cement ratio used in trial mix, when different from B © Resultant strength of trial mix D_ New estimate of water/cement ratio = & 2 = 50) 2 £ YON ° rr) é 5 § 8 =e ct 05 06 07 08 0.9 Sieg ° Eree-water/cement ratio, Figure 7 Two examples ofthe process for adjusting awater/cement ratio using the results ofa tial mix nes tats eee)sishoy o. 7 Examples of mix design ‘The following examples are given to illustrate theuse of this mix design procedure. The relevant details and calculations are entered on the standard mix design form (shown in Table 1) and the examples are chosen illustrate the various options that may arise. Although there are eight items listed inthe specified variables (see Figure2), ie 11, 13, 15, 18,2.1,22, 32 and 33,only four ofthem are essential for the process. Three are optional limiting values that may be specified: Item 1.8 maximum free-water/cement ratio; Item 3.2 maximum cement content; Item 3.3 minimum cement content, These are therefore shown in italics on thestandard mix design form (Table 1) and by two-way arrows in Figure? The final specified variable is Item 13 specified margin. an alternative method for dealing with the margin required todetermine the target mean strength. The ‘ther methods to ise the permitted percentage defectives in Item L330: 7.1 Example: unrestricted design. So ‘The following requirémeints are specified and thus ‘ntereil under the elevantitem:onthe mix design form, ae shown iy Tablet j.5c,.00 WChabaiete mipressive’strength, = » 30N/rnm? at 28 days: withila 7} 2.59 defective rate (= 1.96)» ‘2 Portland.cement elass'42.5.: 3 Slump required, 10-30 mm 4 Maximum aggregate size, 20mm ltem22 “5 Maximum free-water/cement ratio; 0.55.4 Item 18 6 Minimuoy cémient content, 290 kg/m? Item 3.3 A maximum cement content is not specified and thus thereis no entry under Item 3.2. There are no previous control data and thus a standard deviation of 8 N/mm? obtained from Figure 3 is used in Item 12. The fine and ‘coarse aggregates to be used are uncrushed, the relative density is unknown and is assumed to be 2.6 as stated in 4. and 5,1 respectively. ‘The target mean strength is obtained by performing calculations Cl and C2 and found to be 46 N/mm?, ‘Table shows that for the materials being used, the estimated 28-day strength ata free-water/cement ratio of 0.5is42 N/mm. This value is then applied to Figure 4, and for the target mean strength of 46 N/munitis found thatafree-water/cement ratio of 0.47 (Item 17 is required. This is less than the specified maximum value of ‘This completes Stage? is completed by obtaining the required free~ ‘water content of 160 kg/m: (Item 2.3) from Table 3 appropriate to the specified requirements, 24 that the appropriate constant & i 1 Tem 11 (0.05, Trem 15° Item 2.1 Water 2°? Parttwo: The mix design process ‘The cement content of 340 kg/m (Item 31) i obtained from calculation of C3 and, since this is greater than the specified minimum of 290 kg/m, itis suitable for the design. This completes Stage 3 Using the assumed relative density of 2.6 and the free- Water content of 160 kg/m’, wet density of concrete of 2400 kg/m’ (Item 4.2) is obtained from Figure 5, and calculation C4 gives a total aggregate content of 1900 kg/m? (Item 4.3) completing Stage 4, Finally the fine and coarse aggregate contents are obtained in Stage 5 by selecting the proportion of fine Aggregate of 27% (Item 5.2) from Figure 6 for the given ‘maximum aggregate size, required slump and derived five-water/cement ratio: The fine and coarse aggregate ‘contents (Items 5.3 and 54) are obtained through calculations C5. I single-sized 10 mm and 20 mm coarse aggregates are ‘used the coarse-aggregate content is proportioned 1:2 as i Patil . 340k Ec + ‘ “onsisting of “'* 460kg 10 mm single-size and if thatthe agyregates are used in a saturated ‘Rirface-tiry condition the quantities for a50 litre ‘m’) tial mix are therefore: Cemient! 1Z0kg 80k. 25.7 kg (satuated surface-dry) 692 kg (satuited surface-dry) 23.0 kg 10 mm single-size and 462 kg 20 mm single-size Fine aggregate Coarse aggregate *Seohsisting of ‘To obtain the mass ofthe oven-dry aggregates when ‘aggregates are to be batched in an oven-dry condition, the masses ofthe saturated surf derived from calculations C5 are multiplied by 100/(100 +4) where Ais the percentage by mass of water needed to bring the dry aggregates to a saturated surface-dry condition. The amount of the mixing water should be increased by the mass of water absorbed by the ‘segregates to reach the saturated surface-dry condition. ‘Thusif the absorption ofthe fine aggregate is 2% and of the coarse aggregates 1%, then in the above trial mix: Mass of oven-dry fine aggregate = 25.7 x 100/102 =25.2 kg. Mass of oven-dry coarse aggregate = 69.2x 100/101 = 68.5 kg ‘Water required for absorption = (25.7-252) + (692-685) 540.7 = 12 kg £160 kg 515 kg (saturated surfice-dry) 1985:kg (siturated surface-3.1 4.1” "Relat density of ~< 9garegate $50) ha mi p 5/0" 75.1 Grading off oaregat.. Pergetage pang 600 pm sive 5.2 Proportion of fine aggregate Fig 5.3" Fine aggregate contest } [a 54 Coarse agaregate content -I2QQ.. Comont Water Fine aggregate Coarse aggregate (ke) Quantiies (ea) (kegortitres) (ke) iOimim” "20mm 40min perm? to nearest 5 kg) er tial mi of| 2B. 4G2 oe. 17:2. esac aot in wes ut ay och oe Scion 7, Core seed ecressed tees Wier = LM «HP evi Ps sc) Petey own tem ete ey edb sranmousonke my teaches laren hme strc be must oven whee let SSD abuse sured nace canon 08:2). im PBT, qe Borne a es 2seé Parttwo:_The mix design process _ 6 ‘The quantities forthe trial mix are: workability, maximum ffee-water/cement ratio and Cement IO kg ‘minimum cement content, e€ Water 92kg Fine aggregate 25.2 kg (oven-dry) 7-4 Example 4: mix restricted by maximum cement « Coarse aggregate 68.5kg (oven-dry) content consistingof 22.8 kg 10mm single-size and The following requiements are specified and thus e 45.7kg 20 mm single-size Sptered under the relevant item in the mix design form, 28 € shown in Table 7: 7.2 Example 2: mix restricted by maximum 1 Characteristic compressive strength, € water/cement ratio 50N/mm? at 7 days, , ‘The following requirements are specified and thus defective rate 196 (&=2.33) emit, g ntered under the relevant item on the mixdesign form, 2 Portland cement class 52.5, Item 15 asshownin Tables: 3 Slump required, 30-60 mm Item2.t gy 1 Characteristic compressive strength, 4 Maximum aggregate size, 10mm Item 22 25 N/mm? at28 days " tem 11 §, Maximum cement content, 550 kg/m? Item32@ 2 Portland cement class 425°, Item 15 3 Slump required, 30-60 mm, Ttem2.1_ Previous control data: indicated an expected standard ¢€ 4 Maximum aggregate size, 40mm. , Htem22__ deviation of N/mm? and thiniaused in tem 12, free-water/cemient atio, 0.50." Items 18/5, "The following information is known concerning the € “aggregates to be used and the ‘data are entered under the ~ Felevantiitem on the mix design form (Table 7): ¢€ , Abérezite type: coarse, crushed Continues as in the previous example: “butunder Item 17itis found that the free-water/eeme ot. |, {ato forthe required strength is 057; thin is higher tha the specified maximam value of 0.50, so this latter value is ed in the rest ofthe mix design but Figure 4 indicates a - ~ pean strength of 42 N/mm? instead of 35. N/mm?, The emaining stages ofthe mix design are completed asin the previous example. 7.3 Example 3: mix: ‘restricted by minimum cement r Ag. content “Np this example the same requirements and materials are ‘Specified asin Example 2. but the workability required is r ‘Feduced toaslump of -10mm. ‘The mix design proceeds as before and is shown on the mix design form in Table 6, Owing to the lowered workability requirement, the ‘water content is reduced to 115. kg/m? (Item | 23) and this results in a reduced cement content of 230. kg/m? (Item 3.1) Which is less than the specified minimum of (ltem 1.8). At this lower water/cement ratio Figure 4 indicates a strength of 55 N/mm?, ‘This is an example ofthe required strength being very {ow in relation tothe other specified parameters oflony 267_ Examples of mix design Reference ae stage tom ercatsiaton Value ; _ 111 Chanetistestent spect co EB ce NIM BB do Proportion defective in penne 12 Stdaddeton Fa Wren treats eZ. Nt 1.3. Margin a i eae, = al Noi ects 4 Tagetneonsiengn — @2 25....+ 10. 1.5. Cement strength class Specifies 425/525 °6 pea tate 17 Frewotrfamctato Te? 18 Manta? Sct je cents @ 2 2.1. Stump orVebe time Specified 1 MMorVebe 6M nares $ 22 Mionmumaggeas ze. Speed : AQ. en 23. Feowslercitet “Tes Cement content °°" ¥5 3 ‘Maximum cément content Minium cement content _Mosdied ree wate/eametato Relative density of aggregate (SSD) Grading of fie agsregata 5.2 Proporionof ne ageegate , Fig6 °5.3. Fine aggregate content Jes 54 Coarse aggregate content J” 405 wm QI incon = 14-40 bo/m™ Cement Water Fine aggregate Coarse aggregate (ke) Quantities (ea) (kgorfitres) (ke) YOmm™ "20mm “40 mim perm? (to nearest 5 ke) p per tial miko ALOE, mn ABE. Be: BO: PNG. G28. ena re pra ig aes Dt ne pechid Seton. ‘SO berdontwssurtedsraeay conten, Cnc syergis eres est ete = MV n= LMP ew P= asa) ‘Dera own wm esha Sety ad re ona wo Yc rey we eranol easel renwohme lst Rema aati 2e24 Parttwo: The mix design process Cue ar CIT ri Reference stage Rem oreateulation Values _ 1 1.1. Characteristic strength Specified { on, Nim? at Pa days: Proportion defective Bee eta 1.2. Standard deviation Fes «Nim? orne data ae. Nem? 1.3. Margin ct 2 coe os Ni? Specified 12. wmnme 14 Tagetmeanstengtn .°- c2 {26 3S mm? 1.5. Cement strengthclass Specified 125/25 1.6> Aggregate type: coarse Cysed/uncrushed ‘areeate ype fre rushed 1.7, Fide water rais "Table Fig 9:87. a Tee aes te Sy Use tietowervatie [ O-B5 1.8 Movimunresater/ gy zag Semana 2.2. Maximum aggregate size Spectied 2.3 Freewaterconént "2°. Table 3). 341 ¥Cementesent” 277°" og * 3.2! Madu cement content: Specied 3.3: Mrimun cement content °” Specied iat : we 3.13.2 wse3.3H>3.1 290 wn 3.4 Modified freewater/cement ratio 1244.) Relate density of aggregate SSO) 42 Concrete density Fes 4.3 Totalaggregatecontent = C4 S 5.1 Gradingotfineaggregate Percentage passing 600 ym sieve 52 Proporionottne aggregate Fig Zam 5:3. Fineagaregate content } 3 - [B35 em 54 Coarse aggregate content . = ftSSS bem coment Water Fine aggregate Coarse aggregate (ke) Quanties we) (kgortives) (ke) 6mm 20mm" 40mm perm (tonearest 5 kg) BBB run ZOO, 448, BIO, QP. m 24:2 BBG. per trial mix of "rsa oto in ves at ny eae ue Sato (orcree steht ues tents Ni 1 Ur? = ABV = 1M ret P= paca) eterna reste ae det weer is rommons wh Sone ety a beat emai 3prenohme ol coca easton he we, ‘80s nsedone tre sutaenoyconon. 28 anna nee waaeeenmmeesardenanan7_ Examples of mix design 25 PPA ees Reference stage_tom orcalcvaton Vales 7 _ ce 111 Churacterstestength Species so BQ, Nine at Zan. days oa ao 1.2. Standard deviation Fea Wm? orrodats ae. Nn? 1.3 Margin cl x ING. wm? Spectes AE Ni? 1.4 Targetmeanstrength "C2 BO. MG... BZ win? 1.5 Cementstrength class, Specified e258 1.6 Aggregate type: coarse Crushed/uusetQfed ‘agregate ype: ne Cyated/neroshed 1.7 Freewatercementrato —Table2,Fie PBT. ocd 12 emits Mn oh 87] Cement ratio, 22 Shmporvebetime °"~ Speciied sump IMmerVebE EME naan 8 2.2 Maximum aggregate size’. Specfed _ . 2.3. Freewater content Table3 2%2(205) * ¥s(230) B45 tam 3 -*73.1' Comentcontent 3 oe PI oe cnn DBT. = .BEQ. tem “32 "Maximumcementcontent. Specied ” 3.3. Minimum cementcontent. ~ Specifed eter! = Jo joo Snusegioaa - - ke/m? Cement Water Fine aggregate Coarse aggregate (ke) Quantities tke) (kgortitres) (ke) iOmm ~~ 20mm 40mm perm? (tonearest 5 ke) per tial mix of... me ersnacs a pon vg vas at mab spect Ses 7. Cone segs ress pnts N/a = 18 of = MP et Pa sc ‘Theta ow a ete eyed Mei Hane meh che pa ea mala rent nee ema one wane ‘SO -taedonBesmurandurncay eon. 24Concrete that is exposed in service to temperatures below freezing point whilst in a saturated condition may be susceptible to surface spalling, eracking and general deterioration. The types and characteristics of damage are ntumerous and are collectively referred toas frost damage: The extent ofthis typeof damage s markedly increased when de-icing salts are us “The incorporation of entrained air into% mix enables the concrete better to withstand the action of frost and ‘de-icing salts nd is consequently specified where ‘concrete is particularly subject to such damage, eg in Guidaxice' given i this partof the publication for ‘making allowance forthe effects of entratied air on the strength, ‘the workability and thé density of the concrete: °° Ri “The effects of entrained air vary actoiding torthe'mix’”* proportions, thé type and grading of aggregate, the ‘cement and the actual air-entraining agent), The <7 following allowances should therefore be considered fet only as an tion Over the fanige’of air Contents of ss EN Sto Tsk nofmaly epeified dnd condeqiently adjustments. ih tothe tril sh proportions arémore likely to be AS necessary.“ 8.1 Effect of entrained ar on strength In general, the strength of concrete is reduced by the addition of entrained air. The aniount of the reduction ‘varies according to a number of factors as mentioned above: However, forthe range of ar contents thats likely * tobe required in the mixes covered by this publication, it ‘may be assumed that aloss of 5.5% in compressive strength will result for each 1% by volume ofair entrained in the mix. In order to estimate the water/cement ratio required {for an air-entrained concrete an allowance for strength reduction is incorporated by aiming for an appropriately higher target mean strength. The appropriate target ‘mean strength for an air-entrained mix is therefore given by: artthree: Modifications to mix design method where f. = specified characteristic strength the margin (see 4.4) 4 = percentage by volume of ar entrained ‘This modified target mean strength is then used in Figure. 8.2 Effect of entrained air on workability Basically, the introduction of entrained airinto a mix increases the workability of a concrete, although, as for strength, the size ofthe effect depends on a number of factors. In terms ofthe ranges of workability and ir contents used in this publication, the effect in the majority of cases is to produce a mix with a workability in the next more-workable category to that shown in ‘Table 3 fora particular water content. ‘This means that when designing an air-entrained mix, for example, which is required to have a slump in the Fangs 0,40 iia eater Goatea atichld be elogea ficin ‘Table 3 to give a slump of 10-30 mm. In addition to affecting the workability ofthe concrete in terms ofits slump or Vebe time, the entrainment of air ‘modifies the character of the fresh concrete, making it more plastic and cohesive. It may sometimes be possible, " therefore, to reduce the proportion of fine aggregate by up to 5%6 of the total aggregate, thereby permitting a farther small reduction in the water content. 8.3 Density of air-entrained mixes Estimation of the density of air-entrained mixes may be ‘made by the use of Figure 5. The correct value of the wet density ofair-entrained concrete is obtained by subtracting from the wet density shown in Figure 5, an amount: 10xaxRD, where a = therequired percentage by volume of entrained air RD,= therelative density of the aggregate calculated on a saturated surface-dry basis. (When unknown an approximation can be made by assuming a value of2.6 0r2.7 as appropriate). zo8.4 Modifications to the design process “The design process is basically unchanged from the normal method. However, itis necessary to allow for the factors discussed in 8.1 to 8.3 by making the following ‘modifications and substitutions to the items enumerated in Table 1 and Figure2. @ Item 14 Target mean strength ‘The target mean strength derived from the specified characteristic strength and the appropriate margin from Item 13 is modified as shown in 8.1. © Item 23 Free-water content ‘To allow for the improved workability the free-water ‘content is derived from Table 3 for one level of ‘workability lower than that specific @ Item 42, Concrete density. “\ ., Toallow for the reduced density Of air-entrainment ‘concrete the wet-density for the non-airentrained ‘concrete derived fom Figure 5 ip reduced as described the fresh concrete; oa + BS 1881:Part 106", The: precedence over the other test results because, as“. * explained above, theif values dein tum fluenced by the” es ut according to 8,6, Example of mix design ‘An Example of the tbe ofthe mix design method is shovra an ait-entrained concreté mixusing'a Grushed coarse aggreigite with an uncrushed fine aggregate. ‘The following requirements are specified and thus entered under the relevant item on the mix design form, as shown in Table 8: 1 Characteristic compressive strength, 30N/mm? at 28 days, 196 defective rate (F=2.33) Item Li 2. Portland cement class 42.5 Item 15 3 Slump required, 25 mm Item21 4 Maximum aggregate size,20 mm Item22 5 Maximum free-water/cementratio,055 Item L8 6 Minimum cement content, 285 kg/m? Ttem33 7 Aircontent, 45% Item L4.1 Previous control data gave a standard deviation of 51N/mm? and thisis used in Item 2. “Thelen eo pete ase ert nd verte in Table 8°. This example deals with the case of designing’ Partthree:_ Modifications to mix design method The following information is known conceming the ‘aggregates tobe used and the data are entered under the relevant item on the mix design form (Table 8) Aggregate type: coarse, crushed fine, unerushed tem 16 Aggregate relative density, 2.65, tem 4.1 Fine aggregate, 50% passing 600 ymsieve Item 5.1 ‘The design process continues as in the examples given in Section 7 subject to the modifications described in this section. In Stage 1, Item 1.4 is mod content as described in 8. Further, the determination of the free-water content (teri 23) involves the calculation given in Table 3 to deal with the diferent types of fine and coarse aggregates used. In Stage 2it should be noted that, although the \ specified shump is 25 mri, ie in the'10-30 mm category, fied to allow for the air ‘the water content is taken from the lower workability“: ° _ateory, iea slump from 0 to 10 shim as described in 82. 1s, Theoaly other modificatioi to the process occurs in Stage 4 where the wet density of the concreté (Item 4.2) = Hentof- adjured tallow foritsar content a described in 83. 3) aeaewn 6 € « « ¢ § 6 e e anreenwoeneoaeeaueaae8 Design of airentrained mixes 29 Pn ee Raference Stage tem orcalculation Values 7 _ 1-11 Charactrstestrength —_—_Specied Nn? at Ze... days send seis % 1.2 Standard deviation Fie sv N/mm? orm d3ta we N/m? 1.3. Margin a x BEBE. = MZ. wom? Specited A Nn? 1.4 Target mean strength c2eParaai* + lB = ARR. Nome? "1.4.1 Aircontent “1.4.2 Modified target mean strength 4:5.) = BS. wm 1.5 Cement strength class Specified 1.6 Aggregate ype: coarse ‘Agzregate ype: fne 17 Freewater/eementrao. ——Table2,Fig4 rior] | vsenetonervaie 0.45 1.8 Maximum freewater/ Specified ‘cement ratio - PE rcnnne MOVEDE IME en aa; 42 43 51° Grodegt re oer. 5.2: Proportion of ne ageregate eay... BZ... 15.3 Fine aggregate content } GOO bam? ‘5.4 Coarse aggregate content 1275 key? ‘Cement Water Fine aggregate Coarse aggregate (kg) Quantities (ke) (kgorlitres) (ke) 10mm" "20mm 40mm ‘erm? (to nearest 5 kg) os PQQ oe ABB, BBQ. oe per vial mixof .. 2: OF. LAL. nm Noten ae earn an acs pra wes at ay scl Scion 7. ‘Gira gregh reid WN = MN = WP. = et Pascal 2 ‘Terteratnty howe mete eet eres pone Spck any aber ol berancte venom others erassteneacart ae ‘Standen srs rtaceyeton. 3230 9 Design of Portland cement/pfa mixes 9.1 Introduction to pulverised-fuel ash (pfa) ‘There is a growing use ofpfa in concrete, particularly where the concrete is required to have specific properties. Pulverised-fiel ash is used to replace some of the cement in the mix but in order to obtain concrete having the same strength at 28 days, the combined mass ‘of the cement plus pfa needs to be greater than that ofthe ‘cement in acement-only mix. Pulverised-fuel ash which is suitable for concrete initially asists in reducing the water demand ofthe concrete, bat later, acting asa pozzolana, it increases the sfrengih of the concrete. Pozzolafias, including pfa, react in the presence of ‘moisture withthe calcium hydroxide released by the hyidtatioi of the Portland cement to form additional strength-produéing compounds at later aged.” inlarge © penn ais sere) The ie tia etl wha concrete fpliced in'dlte- bearing oil conditions increasing the sensi * although witht gate 5) varies fromm source fo Source and it also v tine from a given source. Notall pais suitable for concrete. Pulverised-fuel ash of suitable quality is covered by: British Standard BS 3892:Parts'1" and 29), Pulverised” fuel ash complying with the requirements of either part of this standard can be used for making conerete. However, the requirements of BS 3892:Part 1 are more stringent than those of Part 2 and this quality of pfais required for structural use in BS 5328. These more stringent. |" requirements mean that the characteristics ofthe pfa will be less variable, for example the loss on ignition is, restricted to 7.0% and the residue on the 45 ym sieveis restricted to 12.5%. For the purposes of this publication the pfais assumed to comply with BS 3892:Part 1. 9.2 Changes to the background information ‘When pfais used in concreteiit is necessary to consider the following aspects ofthe background information given in Part one and the reference data given in Part two: © Workability andwatercontent * © Strength development and free-water/cement ratio, © Cement content Variability of concrete strength © Density of concrete and aggregate content 9.2.1 Workability and water content Pulverised-fuel ash acts as a water-reducing agen or aad za 33 Table 9 Approximate Peo De Ty Part A: Portiand cement concrete: Slurp (mm) (0-10 10-30 30-60 60-160 Vets time (s) 212 6:12 36 03 Maximum size of aggregate Typeof (mm) aggregate Water content kg/m") i0 Unerushed 150180205 25 a Crushed 180205 230 250 0 ‘Unerushed 135 160 180195 Crushed 170190210 _225 0 Unerushed 115140160175 Crushed 155" 175190 205 Stump(mm). 312,612 36 03 Reduction in water content (em) ements ita), Lior SE nS "20" 10-1010 15 ASO S SS oe as.) 20! a9 TE *40 20° 20°. 25° 25 eset 25 2530.30 “water reduction depending oi the characteristics ofthe ‘geméat and pla ised and on the pfa aad-cement contents of the fix. For the purpose of thix design, Hobbs? has. shown thatthe water Content can aormally be reduced ‘by 396 for each 10% proportion of pfain the combined cient spl: Ths the values given in Tabled ae reduced according to the proportion of pfa and the level “of workability required as shown in Part Bof Table 9. Part Ais the same as Table 3 but is repeated for convenience, 922 Strength development and free-water/cement ratio ‘Asa pozzolana, pfa contributes to the strength of the concrete, this contribution increasing with age. The mass of pfa in a mix can be regarded as providing strength equivalent to a smaller mass of cement. This led Smith?" to propose the use of a ‘cementing efficiency factor’, & ‘where AFis the mass of Portland cement class 42.5 equivalent toa mass F of pfa. This & factor varies with the pfa and generally increases with age. The strength of Portland cement/pfa concrete depends upon the free- ‘water/equivalent cement’ ratio in the same way as Portland cement class 42.5 concrete. A Portland cement/pfa concrete will have the same strength as a Portland cement concrete of similar workability Ww CF & “G where W, Cand Fare the free-water, cement and pfa contents respectively, and JP, and G the free-water and ‘0-10 10-30 30-60 60-180 Rarpenannnaannnranane ane enn ae ane enw aeJ rable 10, Approximate compressive strongths of Portland Mea urna kale ‘Type of coarse ‘Compressive strength aggregate at 28 days (N/mm?) Uncrushed a - Crushed 49 Unerushed a8 Crushed 55 ‘cement contents of the Portland cement concrete. ‘Although the factor may vary from 0.20 to 0.45 depending upon the particular pfa and Portland cement used, for the purpose ofthis mix design method based on 28-day strengths, itis taken as 0.30. The 28-day strengths {given in Table 10 apply to Portland cement/pfa concrete made with a #/(C+030F) ratio of 0.50 (these are the ‘same 28-day strengths given in Table 2). Strengths at ‘other ages could be used but these would require different values forthe # factor. Provided that the Portland cement/pfa concrete has the same strength at 128 days a5 a Portland cement class 42.5 concrete, its strength at later ages will be greater than the equivalent Portland cement class 42.5 concrete cured under the same conditions. To design a Portland cemeat/pfa coneréte mixto hive a specified 28-day attength, the ‘carves givedtin Figure! ftie'value WAG 0308) ratio: With Portad cient conczeic! We ‘cement content i” _ deternixied from thé free-water ‘content and'the free- ” {mass of cement. where Cand Fare the cement and pfa‘contents:* respectively, Typical proportions for pfa li in the range ‘of from 15 t6 40%. For use in sulfate-beariig soils BRE ~ Digest 363 requires a proportion 6f pla bf between 25 and 4096. To minimise the risk of cracking due to'ASR, BRE, Digest 330 recommends a minimum proportion of pfa of 30%. total mass of cement plus pfa in a mix will be greater than the equivalent mix made with Portland ‘cement alone and the free-water/ (cement + pla) ratio willbe less. These total masses of cement plus pfa are used for comparison with specified limiting minimum or ‘maximum ‘cement contents’ or Wwater/cement ratios’ as, specified in documents such as BRE Digest 363 or Bs 8110. specified asa percentage, by mass,of 9 Design ofPortlandcement/pfamixes 31 9.24 Variability of concrete strength Although the use of pfa needs an extra weighing to be ‘made for each concrete mix, there is no evidence of an increase in the variability of concrete strength when using pfa concrete. No changes need to be made when fixing the margin for Portland cement/pfa concrete mix design 9.25 Density of concrete and aggregate content No change is required in determining the wet density of | Portland cement/pfa concrete. With this concrete, the cement which has the highest relative density is reduced and replaced with pfa which has a lower relative density. However, a greater mass of plas included, and the mass, ‘of water, the lightest component, is reduced. The ‘changes result in a change to the wet density offesh concrete of about 1%. This is not significant in this mix Item 22 Ttem3.8 Item33 From previous control datait is known that a margin of 12.N/mm* is required to produce concrete ofa specified characteristic strength and this i used in Item 13. The following information is known concerning the aggregate tobe used and the data are entered under the relevant items in Table 11. « 4 « 1 « ‘ ttemis CT ‘ ‘ C] ‘ ‘ « « ‘T ageregate type, uncrushed Hem 16 ~ Aggregate relative density, 2.60 Item4.t Fine aggregate, 70% passing a600 umsieve Item 5.1 ‘The design process continues asin the examnples given in Section 7 subject to the modification described in 9.3. ‘The target mean strength is determined using calculation (C2 and is found to be 47 N/mm?, which is entered under Item 14. From Table 10 and Figure 4 this gives a value of 0.46 for the #/(C+ 0.30F) ratio. Thisis entered under Item 17 in Table 12 and completes Stage 1 9.3.1) For the specified materials and requirements, the free- ‘water content, 7; is found from Parts A and B of Table 9 tobe: 160 ~15= 145 kg/m? ‘This is entered tinder Item 2.3 in Table 12 and completes Stage2 (932). Stage 3 requires the additional calculations C6 and C7 to calculate the Portland cement content and the pfa content as described in 9.3.3. Fora specified propoition of pla of 30%, p=30. Hence from calculation C63 es 22854 (000 80) 145, » Ponlapd cement coitent . {00H0:7x80)x 056 “(item3.6) ‘The combined Portland cement content and pfa content, ic280-+ 120=400 kg/m’, is entered under tem 3.1 in ‘Table 12. This exteeds the minimum cement content of 300 kg/m* specified in tem 3.3.08". From calculation C8: 4s 10+ 120 w ern ‘This is ess than the maximum free-water/centent ratio of 0.60 specified in Item 3.8. Using the relative density of 2.60, the free-water ‘content of 145 kg/m?, and Figure 5: the wet density = 2420kg/m? (Item 4.2) From calculation C9: thetotal aggregatecontent = 2420-400- 145 = 1875 kg/m’ (Item 43) This completes Stage 4 (93.4). Inthe final Stage 5 (9.35) the proportion offine aggregate 36 33 is obtained from Figure 6 for the given requirements. In this case the fine aggregate proportion may range from about 23 10 27%. Itis decided to use a fine aggregate proportion of 26% (Item 5.2) 9. Design of Portland cement/pfa mixes ‘The fine aggregate content 0.26 x 1875 490kg/m? (Item 5.3) ‘The coarse aggregate content = 1875-490 1385 kg/m? (Item 5.4) ‘Thus the quantites ofthe constituent materials for one cubicmetre of concrete are: Portland cement 280 kg/m* pia 120kg/m? Water 145 kg/m? Fineaggregate 490 kg/m? Coarseaggregate 1385 kg/m? ‘Theindvidual fractions of the coarse aggregate, 20-10 mim and 10-5 mm, are determined as described in (6 55 and shown in Table 12. 9.5 Use of Portland pulverised-fuel ash cement ‘The same modified mix design method can be used with Portland pulverised-fiel ash cement complying with . » BS 6588!” With these cements the manufacturers will, «declare the proportion of pfain the cement by mass ofthe ” “+ mucleus* ofthe cement: The same mix design process as described in 93 is carried out, butin Stage 3, although the * separate proportions of Portland cement (Item 3.5) and of «pfa (Item 3.6) are determined, the value used in practice is" the combined value of (C+ F) given in Item 3. re onsi penasileemen ace ca fie ed ny ete,ul ns a Toe =iey? Spe a Part three: Modifications to mix design method : # e ies om crestuiion vas : « 1 1A Characterstesvenath ——_Specied 7 BE fs © (rowunuees ore ok EC 12 Santddvaton ga sen Worn. Ni? 13 tan a vo aE Wing EF Specie 12. wn? 14 Tupstmemsiemty cz +l A te 15 Camentstegticass ——Spected a. sa 'e 16. egress tence epaeinenctes 1:7. Freewater/comentrato..., Table2, Fig 7 121.8 Masini freewatei7 3 Spected. + *. Gament ratio. € _« ee ¢c ‘e ce ce € € 42 concrete densiy* ri ae ce See pfa sheet ¥ 43 Tolaggregnteconent 4 oe a « 5 ‘5.1 Grading of fine aggregate Percentage passing 600 pm sieve a 52 Proportonct ie aggregate Fig 26.5 © 22 Pesertotet 490 wm] @ 54. Coase agregte content pees wm] gy Cement Water Fioa sezrogzte Coarse ageregste (kg) € uantes (ea) (karte) (eg) 1mm 20mm Winn erm tonearest ka) See pfa sheet nts a pertiaino.. ein acs a opal in wes Batra be snc ee etn Grr sree eres ete. = 188 m= LWP. eer Pa = scl) ‘eetentany nome Tee ey wed re Spano wih ache ayaa lena genet near Pessoa eek ot SS -basedonbesuramd face cman. at9 Design of Portland cement/pfa mixes 35 SEY ‘stage em ‘rcalculation Values _ 21M <> on standard frm ————> 15 Comentstrengtclass Spected 425/525 + pla 16 BABA Fine aggregate Coarse aggregate: tomm 20mm ' e ‘ete row rm eve dew br Sno Sec ry anh a oe mao renee sac ee ms ne ke ‘SD -baedonbe arate suicedyenon Le 40mm I Net: aves eh fl comey wih BS 38927 u 1. (Sree srg exes tes WW LN8V = LP ret P= se 3810 Design of Portland cement/ggbs mixes 10.1 Introduction to ground granulated blastfurnace slag (gebs) Granulated blastfirmace slag has been used as a constituent of Portland-blastfurnace cement for more than sixty years, The British Standard Specification for Portland-blastfurnace cement, BS 146"), was frst published in 1923. 1t applies to cements containing not more than 65%, by mass ofthe nucleus’ of the cement, of blastfurnace slag. Blastfurnace slag contents of between 50 and 90% by mass ofthe nucleus of the cement are allowed in BS 4246l"1, the British Standard Specification for high slg blastfrnace cement. There is thus ample ‘experience of using this material in the UK. Ground granulated blastfurnace slag complying with BS 6699"! may also be added to Portland cements class 42.5 and 52.5 complying with BS 12°) in the mixer to give similar performance to Portland-blastfurnace cement, -BS.146, and high slag blasthurnace cement, BS 4246, Blending in the mixer has the advantage that the’ . ‘producer can vary the proportions ofBortland cement and ggbs'to suit the particular application. Ground ‘granulated blastfurmace slag for use in éonerete should - Sree os i “comply with BS 6699: the order replacement ofPortland cement by ggbs generally improves the workability ofthe conerete allowing fora smal reduction inthe water content Portland cement/ abs concrete has a differentrateofstrength’” development from Portland ceinent concrete; itis slower at early ages, butits strength gain after 28 days is normally higher than that ofa comparable Portland cement concrete. Ground granulated blastfumace slg s particularly beneficial in large concrete sections in reducing thermal cracking problema due to the heat evolution during the hydration ofthe cement". The use of certain ggbs can also be beneficial when concrete is placed in sulite- I I bearing sol conditions as described in BRE Digest 363 and when theres the possibilty of disruption ofthe | concrete due to the alkali-slica reaction (ASR) as described in BRE Digest 330 andthe independent Working Party Report™! published by the Concrete Society. However, the use of ggbs also has the effects of increasing the sensitivity of the concrete to poor curing, although witha greater potential for recovery, and increasing the setting times and formwork pressures. 10.2 Information on Portiand cement/ggbs concrete Information is given in Sections 1,2,3 and 4 on various Aspects of concrete which is used as background enn enema nian ien it mee “Tenchanbemsicleaet cee ims tye, 34 Part three: Modifications to mix design method information for the specific method of mix design described in Part two. When the cement is a Portland blastfurnace cement to BS 146 or BS 4246, or when the cement isa combination ofPortland cement to BS 12 and ggbs to BS 6699, its characteristics are influenced by those ofits constituents of Portland cement and ggbs and. their relative proportions see also 10.3). Despite this, however, the background information also applies generally to concrete made with combinations of Portland cement and gebs. The following particular items should be noted. 102.4: Workability and water content ‘When ggbs is used as areplacement for Portland cement inamixitnormally acts as a water-reducing agent. The workability of the concrete can be obtained with alower ‘water content, the reduction depending on the characteristics ofthe materials used: Asa rough guide the ‘ater contents given in Table 3 should be reduced by about 5 kg/m’. or : 1022 Variability of conérete strength (seé Section 4) °” ‘This isa miajor factor in any mix design to establish the, ‘margin to obtain target meat siren (see 6,1 Stage). ‘There is Substantial evidence™ that the on-site ‘ variability of Portland cement/ggbs concrete is no greater than that of Poitland cement concrete, even eat ofPortland .; :'~ though the production process does involve’ the weighing» ‘of att extra constituent. Standard deviations ofaboiut 3.N/mm*to4N/mm? have been obtairied of si ‘margin for Portland cement/ggbs concrete.’ 1023 Density of Portland cement/ggbs concrete ‘The relative density of ggbs is 2.9, slightly less than that of Portland cemént, 0 replacing Portland cement on an ‘equal basis by weight results in a small increase in cement volume and a theoretical decrease in density. However, the water content, the lightest component, is normally reduced and the total results that there is no significant change to the wet density of the concrete compared with that of Portland cement concrete. 10.3 Advice on methods of mix design for Portland cement/ggbs concrete ‘The basic principles of mix design apply to Portland blastfurnace cements complying with BS 146 or BS 4246 and to combinations of Portland cement to BS 12 and ‘2gbs to BS 6699 produced in the concrete mixer. Information should be obtained from the manufacturer of the Portland blastfurnace cement or from the supplier of the ggbs relating to the particular materials to be used and the level of ggbs replacement appropriate for the work. Guidance on the proportion of ggbs in the total of Portland cement plus gas for different purposes is as, follows: in the 7 SUK: Theres thus ito Aééid to make chiaiges ia fixing the. eaaenw Qreeaeannaannaan eeaspemnaeanananeoeauwaae10_Design of Portland cement/geb: 37 ‘Type of use Proportion of ggbs @ general use, including structures, about 40% © ‘improved resistance to sulfates, (see BRE Digest 363) 70-90% © improved resistance to alkali-slica reaction (see BRE Digest 330 and reference 21) often 50% © ‘reduced temperature rise 50-90% ‘The actual proportion of ggbs and the cement content of the mix will depend upon the 28-day compressive strength and other requirements of the job. For general use, Portland blastfumace cement to BS 146 having amaximum ggbs content of about 40% by ‘mass of the nucleus of the cement, and combinations of Portland cement to BS 12 and ggbs to BS 6699 produced in the concrete mixer with a maximum ggbs content of about 40%, should be used. With this proportion of ggbs the compressive strength of concrete at 28 daysis ‘comparable to that of Portland cement class 42.5 concrete of the same cement content. In this case, an «ordinary Portland cement concrete is rst designed as, sdescribed in Section 5 and then modified fo replace some ofthe cement by ggbs. The cement content obtained in » Stage 3 is divided, for example, between 60% Portland Ml ‘ph ; is required. «j;, ne As with pfa, gobs itselfis not defined as a cement but t can be given a ‘cementing efficiency factor’ as described ‘» in 92.2. However, the cementing efficiency factor, &, for ‘gbsis far more dependent on the characteristics ofthe particular Portland cement and the proportion of replacement used than isthe case fo Portland cement/pfa concrete For the compressive strength at 28 days, the factor varies fiom about 0.4 to over 1.0. Ata ven age, the strength ofPrtland cement/ggbs conerete depends upon the fee-water/equivalent cement ratio as dloes Portland cement class 42.5 concrete. However, ‘owing to the large range off factorsits not possible to recommend a standard modification to Figure 4 as was the casein 9.2.2 for pla. For these reasons this publication does not give a detailed standard procedure for the design of mixes applicable or Portland cement/gbs concretes with high proportions of gebe. For mixes n which the ‘cement is required to contain more than 4086 gebs, therefore, the best procedure is to consult the cement ‘manufacturer or the supplier of the pgs who will have detailed information on the properties of the materials to beused in a particular area. ‘When the mix parameters of Portland cement/ggbs ‘concrete are compared against specified limits of « ‘minimum or maximum cement content or maximum five-water/cement ratio, the ‘cements the combined sum of Portland cement plus gab 4o38 References [1}Teychenné 0 C, Franklin RE and Erntroy H . Design of normal concrete mixes. Department of the Environment. London, HMSO, 1975. [2] Teychenné DC, Franklin RE and Erniroy H C. Design of normal concrete mixes. Buidng Research Establishment. Garston, CRC, 1988 (eprited with corrections 1992). [3] British Standards Instutlon. 8S 12:1996, Specfeation for Portland cement London, 8S [4 British Standards Institution: 8S 4027:1996. Speciation for sulfate resisting Portand cement London, Bi. [5] British Standards nsttution, 8S 882:1992. Specification for = egregatesfromnatural souces for concrete. London, BS. [6] British Standards nstution. 8S 1047:1983,h-cooled bastturace slag ageregae for use in construction. London, BS. [7] British Standards instution. 85 3892:Part1:1993, Specification for pubeized flash for use with Portand cement. London, BSI, [6] British Standards Instttion: 8S 6588:1996. Specifeation for Portland puerizeduelash cements. London, BSI. [9] British Standards nstution. 8S 6699:1992. Specifeaion or ‘round granulate lastumace slag for use withPortiand cement.» London, BSL. {10} British Standards institution. 85 146:1996. Speciation for. Portland blastiurmace cements. London, BSI. [12] British Standards institution. BS 4246:1996. Speciation for high lag blastfurace cement. London, BSL. [12] Metcalf 1B. The specication ofconcrete strength Pat. The seme © aa N/mm? iaeammeaiey Geese Noses a oo remiss aches 2 pwn wuss eet [ooo = on Se eteee sod 2.3. Freewater content Table 3 7 Boe BA Comenteontent 5 beim? use3.1H<32 < use 33> 31 . key 4 4a Relative density of. © Ss ‘egregate (SSD) 4.2, Concrete density Fes 4.3 Total aggregate content C4: festa koown/assumed 5) 5.1 Gradngoffow aggregate. Percentage passing 600 sieve 52 Proporionattne aggregate Fig 6 ‘5.3. Fine aggregate content } S 54 Coarse aggregate content Cement Water Fine aggregate Coarse aggregate ke) Quantities (ke) (kgoriitres) (ka) 10mm 26mm 40 mm perm? (tonearest 5 kg) per tialmixo ” . ‘tens nas wert aes at beet Sion 7. Gente seenghis ered es We. LN = = 1H. eo Pa aca) ‘ertenaponay own abe Sey ee rena wh ec a nsberee le mast preenect ners ters oan ea me tne SD tudon eames cna coon. 42Concrete mix design form for air-entrained concrete _—_Jobtitle.......... Reference Stage tem orcaleuation Values - _ a 111 characteristic strength Specie Nn? at =) | lameness ; | 1.2. Standard deviation Figs . Ny? or no data seo N/m? | 1.3. Margin a ike seo . None? | Specified Nim? | 14 Torgetmeanstrength —-C2&Para8.1* a i * sens {0 = 0055 % rare) see NA? 15 Cementsvengthclss Speciiad «425/525 1.6. Aggregate ype: coarse Crusheyinerushed Faaregate pe: ine CGrushed/inerushes 1.7 Freewater/eementrato —Tabe2Fed ee Oe ; } tsetetonerae ‘cement ratio 2 21. SumnporVebe time Specied 2.2 Maximum aggregate size ~ Specified : fm 23° Freewater content ‘Table 3&Para8.2° .. rm or Vebe time ke/m? Boj AL, Gomentcontet so fes€8s 24 242. Macrae cementcontrt::Speced 43 hou Smen cont sci! t ,) r use 314<32 wse3.3if> 3.1 kes? 4.2: Concrete density FigS&Pe83" cesses = (0X ne 43, Totalaggregate content C4 5 5.1 Gradngot ine aggregate. Percentage passing 60D em sieve * 5.2. Proportonof fre aggregate. igs 2% 5.3 Fine aggregate content } os - en? 5.4 Coarse aggregate content afm? Coment Water Fine aggregate Coarse aggregate (ke) Quantities the (kgortites) ke) mm 20 mam me perm? tonearest Ske) per tial micof Sedan tore rome en acs we eonaleng abe tay be ect Sto (rere srnghs eosin ts Wie re = 1 = 1WP eewePpsct ‘Thema row te Tene eet er ronan ty satebtel Dessela Genet since amas mea ke, ‘SSD aed one srt acerca azditional mix design form for Portland cement/ptaconcrete Job title elven Stage tem freaeulaton Vives 1s — onstanrtorm ——— 15 Cementstenginclass Specied 425525 +a 16 + onstandar orm 17 Freewater/eementrai Tae 10,Fes— WAC-¥0.30F) 18 Tansteredto38 2 2-22 <> onstanrt orm —— > | 221 Proportonatpfa _Speced pe so 23 Freewatercontent Taleo : fay 335 Portandcement 6 ce ken? 36 placontent cy F kun 31 Tous = con = 6 a2—34 <> on standart rm > | a7 Wace o — - { 38118) Mosmumteewate/ Spected Mere hQoe oe weak «6 end On stand frm 43, Talaggregate content 9. : hain? 8. fo ; oe Quantities. (othe pearest 5g) per atm ot Cenent te fa soi Me e Water e Feaggrgite ig Conse agregate: tom. te 20mm ig 4omm ig Net: Prt a como WS ERP. ror sreghieesed tes Mine. 1Wera= 1M =P. eto Pa pec) eftenatensy rome eb eyed brine eee prot nd bra el Peseta femme stce se mass Lon euler ‘SD tuedonbe urd racycenn, Ayes ao le pee et Alsoavailable from BRE Aalt-sicareactionin concrete BRE Digest 330 £4.50 each part; £13.50 the set ‘Concrete can deteriorate as aresutf anineraction between alkaline pore his (inal gating fom the Porand cements) and reactive ninealsin certain types of aggregates. The mechanism of deterorationis known as akal-aggregat reaction AAR itcanoccurina rnanber forms, te most commonbing akal-sica reaction (AS. This Digest ge guidance or general concreting appcations: highly specialised applications ae ‘sides scope. Risin fou pars: Parl gves the background tothe deta and spied guidance cantanedin Pats 2 and 4 Part 2 ges detaled guidance for minimising te rik of ASRin new constuction, Pat 3 ‘Eves worked examples Part gives sinlfled guidance for new costucton using agregates of nocalreacty ‘Sulfate and acid resistance of concrete in the ‘ground : ‘BRE Digest 363 2 This Digest discusses the factors responsible for sulfate ‘and acd attack on concrete below ground and recommends the type of cement! way of concrete to ‘provide resistance. Sites are classified on the basis oftheir stifate concentration but recommendations also tae into ‘account water movement and acidity and ther individual effects on various forms of catinsit and precast constructions. Assessment of existing high alumina cement conerate construction inthe UK BRE Digest 392 £4.50 ‘ter afew collasesin the early 1970s, reference totigh ahaa cement concrete GVACC] was deleted frm the code ol practice for thestructuraluse of concrete. This Digest ‘explains current guidance fr the assessment of HAC ‘construction, taking account of developments and research ‘ince 1975. Most ol the new information comes trom ste investigations of structures; the fndings have a bearing on ‘how HAC construction should be appraised. The main conchusions are tha, nthe absence of chemical attack, the strength assessment guidance isuedin 1975 by the Department ofthe Endronment has been shown to be safe ‘without being over pessimistic but thatthe risk of corrosion toreinforcements nereasingy inportantin te assessment ‘Of HAC components. This Digest describes a testing regime to identity cases of chemical attack and assess the current vel of protection aforded tothe reinforcement carbonation of concrete and its effects on durability BRE Digest 405. £4.50 ‘This Digest discusses the carbonation of nora dense Conerete which results from the reaction of atmospheric carbon oxide gas wih ydrated cement compounds it felates particularly tothe assessment of the risk of corrosion to embedded steel The Digest describes the carbonation process and how the depth of carbonation can ‘be measured: outines the various factors influencing the depth and rte of carbonation, indicates the possible fects produced inhardened concrete and biely _discusses maintenance. ypensg gra yap o sa an eee iE