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(313-476)

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bmomrsm;tm; w&m;r0if a=ujimcJo h nf? a&S;&d;k &m bk&m;ausmif;rsm;udk ydwyf pfcJhonf? (Theodosian Code
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epfpwdek D,efepfZif Nestorianism wdk@tm; jypfwif&_H@csI/ tysKd pif rm&dtm; cs;D rGr;f jcif; Blessed Virgin Mary udk
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vlom;jzpfonf/ tjynft h 0 bk&m;ocifjzpfonf” c&pfawmf. obm0ESprf sKd ;udk twnfjyKcJah yonf? ‚onf
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the East rsm;onf {zufquf at'D 431 oHCm,em Council of Ephesus ay:Y uGJuGmcJah yonf? ta&S@wdik ;f
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k pf ef ED iS fh Edu
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}uD;us,fonfh zmomrsm;udk topf arG;xkwfay;cJh ayonf? ‚wdk@txJwiG f pdef@=o*wf pwif Augustine/ *&D,&kd D
epfZifZmhypf f Gregory Nazianzus/ a*s&q k vifrS pD&;D vf Cyril of Jerusalem rDvefrS trfb&dk@pf Ambrose of
Milan/ *s&r D ;dk Jerome ESifh tjcm;aom xif&mS ;onfh zmom}uD;rsm; yg0ifayonf? xdt k usKd ;qufrsm;a=umifh
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a&$acwfodk@ a&muf&cSd aJh yonf? *|ef cs,f&qD pdk wrf John Chrysostom ESifh atoifeDq;D ,mhpf Athanasius uJo h @kd
tcsKd @aom zmomrsm;rSm rdp>m bdik Zf efwidk f {u&mZfrsm;. jynfEiS 'f %fay;jcif;/ ESyd pf ufni‡ ;f yef;r_jyKjcif; od@k r[kwf
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k pf feD acwfveG f zmomrsm;.
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t}uD;qH;k +rdK@jzpfaom em;vnf+yD;om;twdki;f c&pf,mef avmuY txGÉf txdyf ESifh tm%m t&Sq d ;kH *k%u
f kd
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tifyg,m. +rdK@awmftjzpf 'kwd,ajrmufjzpf =oZm ud&k &Sad yonf?

atmufaz:jyyg pm&if;rSm a&mrtifyg,m. rlv pD&ifpk ig;ck. 0gpOfrsm;yif jzpfayonf?

• a&mr (&Sifayw&k ESifh aygvk) taemuf a&mrtifyg,m. +ydKifbufr&Sad om yky&f [ef;rif; tjzpf
• uGepf wefwED dkbv Jh f (&Sif tif'&l;) vuf&Sd wl&uD
• tvufZef;j'm; (&Sirf muk) vuf&Sd tD*spf
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• a*s&q
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k m tm&Hjk yKv#uf emrfydki;f qdik &f m (avmukwW &m) aemufo@kd
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tdraf xmif,lom;arG; tvkyu f dk a&Smif=unfaom jA[Rp&d, tusirfh sm;yif jzpfayonf? ‚ onf *sL;omoemY
tjrpfwG,cf Jhaom &d;k &musr;f pOfrsm;udk vufcHvmcJhonfh rdom;pkrsm;jzpfonfh toif;awmf. a&S;OD;umvuyif
pwifcJhayonf? bwWZd q H &m &Siaf ,m[eftm; rlvyuwd &[ef; omra% yHkpaH wG@&ayonf? xdk@jyif bke;f }uD;&[ef;
0g'tm; wynfhawmfrsm; (wrefawmfrsm;). todik ;f t0dik ;f tpnf;t&H;k rsm;uvnf; vH_aqmftm;ay;cJah =umif;
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bke;f }uD;&[ef; 0g'rSm tD&rD ufwufcEf iS fh pDEb dk ufwufcf [lI ESprf sKd ; jzpfI? tD&rD ufwufcf bke;f }uD;onf awm&
&[ef; jzpfum woD;yk*~vaexdik f usif}h uH+yD;/ pDEdb k ufwufcf bke;f }uD;rsm;rSm a,bk,stm;jzifh bkef;}uD;ausmif;rsm;
jzpfonfh ausmif;xdik b f ke;f awmf}uD; uGyfuJr_ 0denf;atmufY todik ;f t0dki;f jzifh aexdik f usif}h uHayonf? rlvtpY
c&pf,mef bke}f uD;tm;vH;k rSm awm& &[ef;rsm;om jzpfI tefwedk D onf *&dwf Anthony the Great .
yrmaemufodk@ vdu k fc=Jh uayonf? odk@aomf emrfydik ;f qdki&f m vrf;!$ef twGuf tzGJ@tpnf;wnfaxmif&ef vdt k yfcsuf
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bke;f }uD;ausmif; jzpfvmcJah yonf? aemufrsm;r=umrSDwiG f tvm;wl zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmifrr_ sm;rSm tD*spfoJuEœm&
wpfav#mufEiS fh usefaom a&mr tifyg,m. xuf0uf ta&S@ydik ;f wGif jyef@ESH@oGm;cJah yonf? bke;f }uD;&[ef; 0g'
xGe;f um;r_. yifr xif&mS ;r_rsm; tjzpf ta&S@bufrS pdef@ bufpJvf onf*&dwf St. Basil the Great ESihf
taemufbufwiG f ausm=f um;aom bifepf'ufpfwed ;f tkycf sKyfr_ Oya' Benedictine Rule udk zefw;D cJah om pde@f
bifepf 'ufpf wdk@yif jzpf.? xdOk ya'onf tv,facwf wav#mufv;Hk wGif tajccHusaom Oya' wpf&yf jzpfvm
cJah yonf?

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