Professional Documents
Culture Documents
India & The World PDF
India & The World PDF
Analysis:
· India’s Foreign Policy
o Role of Intelligence in the making of foreign policy (15 M)
o Relevance of Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru’s Ideas in the International Relations of today (15 Marks)
o How can India accommodate her foreign policy principle of non intervention with the emerging right
to intervention? (15 Marks).
o NAM (2M)
o Panchsheel (2M - 2007)
o Panchsheel Pact (2004)
o Nature of Track II diplomacy between India & Pakistan (2M)
o Gujral Doctrine
o NAM is relevant in Unipolar world as well. Comment.
· India & its relationship with other countries (esp Neighbouring countries & major world powers)
/Developments in Neighbouring coutries
o India’s response to political crisis in Bangladesh (15 M)
o Crippling the king in Nepal (15 Marks)
o Terrorism – Sources in Pakistan & Afghanistan (15 Marks)
o Developments in Afghanistan in Post Taliban Period (15 M)
o Military Rule in Myanmar (2 Marks)
o India’s strategic relationship with Russia (15 M)
o UN & its role in hindering/promoting relationship between India & Pakistan (15 M)
· India’s & Global Nuclear Policies/Pacts & Defense cooperation & Energy Agreements
o US Policy on Iran’s Nuclear Program (15 Marks)
o Indo-US Military Cooperation (2 Marks)
o Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty (2 Marks)
o India’s Nuclear Doctrine (15 Marks)
o Indo-Russian Defense Cooperation (15 Marks)
o Indo-Iran Gas Pipeline (15 Marks)
o India’s Opposition to CTBT (15 Marks)
o Necessity of indigenous cryogenic engine for India (2M)
o What is deterrence? (2M)
o Pinaka (2 Marks)
o What is Banana war
o What is a rogue state?
o Detail the salient features of “Project Anthareeksha” (15 Marks)
o Will the grand axis of India, China & Russia challenge the Unipolar supremacy of the US?
o What do you mean by Unipolar World? (2M)
o Highlight the main provisions of Nuclear Disarmament Treaty between US & Russia (15 M)
o Outline the features of Saudi Peace Plan for West Asia Crises & access its importance.
o Outine salient features of India’s Nuclear policy & explain reasons for India’s refusal to sign the
CTBT (15 Marks)
o What are the prospects of CTBT. (2M)
o Differentiate between collective security & cooperative security.
o What do the following stand for? MARV, MIRV & ICBM
o Differentiate between Explosion & Implosion.
o What is meant by SDI? (Strategic Defense Initiative).
o Differentiate between SALT & START? (Strategic Arm Limitations Talk) (Strategic Arms Reduction
Treaty)
· United Nations
o Which is the latest right confirmed by the 57th session of the UN? (2M)
o Explain the position of US vis a vis the League of Nations.
· Persons in News
o Who is Hans Blix? (Headed Commission on WMD in Iraq)
o Why was David Kelly in the news recently? (Weapons Inspector in Iraq)
o Why was Robert Mugabe in News Recently?
o Who is Xanana Gusmao.
o Why was Slobadan Milosevic been in news in the recent past.
o Who is Gao Jhan?
o Who is Meghavati Sukarnoputri?
NAFTA North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement. Comprises of 3 members of Canada, USA &
Mexico. It was formed in 1994 & the headquarters are located in Mexico City,
Ottawa and Washington, D.C. It is the largest trade bloc in the world in terms of
combined purchasing power parity GDP of its members.
African Union Established in 2002, African Union is an intergovernmental organization consisting
of 53 African nations. Morocco is the only country which is not a member of AU.
Headquarter is in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
GUAM GUAM is a regional organization of four post-Soviet states: Georgia, Ukraine,
Azerbaijan, and Moldova. Given the existence of the Russian-led Commonwealth of
Independent States, in Russia GUAM is sometimes seen as a way of countering the
Russian influence in the area, and as part of a strategy backed by the United States.
However, GUAM leaders repeatedly and officially dismiss such claims and declare
their strong willingness to develop close friendly relations with Russia. Moreover,
Azerbaijan, the group's main energy power, has managed to avoid any controversies
with Russia in recent years.
EU The European Union (EU) is a political and economic community of twenty-seven
member states, located primarily in Europe. It was established in 1993 by the
Maastricht Treaty, adding new areas of policy to the existing European Community.
The Treaty of Lisbon, signed in December 2007 and intended to be ratified by the
end of 2008, is planned to amend the existing treaties to update the political and
legal structure of the union.
EFTA The European Free Trade Association (EFTA) is a European trade bloc which was
established in 1960 as an alternative for European states who were either unable to,
or chose not to, join the then-European Economic Community (now the European
Union). Today only Iceland, Norway, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein remain
members of EFTA.
CEFTA The Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) is a trade agreement
between Non-EU countries in Central and South-Eastern Europe.
GCC GCC is a trade bloc involving the six Arab states of the Persian Gulf - viz Saudi
Arabia, Oman,UAE, Qatar, Bahrain & Kuwait. A GCC common market was
launched on January 1, 2008. Headquarter is in Riyadh.
OIC OIC is an international organization with a permanent delegation to the United
Nations. It groups 57 Islamic nations & is headquartered at Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
League of Arab Currently has 22 members. Headquarted in Cairo.
States
NSG The Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) is a multinational body concerned with
reducing nuclear proliferation by controlling the export and re-transfer of materials
that may be applicable to nuclear weapon development and by improving safeguards
and protection on existing materials. It was founded in 1975 in response to the
Indian nuclear test of the previous year & currently has 45 members.
IOR-ARC The Indian Ocean Rim-Association for Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC), initially
known as the Indian Ocean Rim Initiative, is an international organization with 18
member states for regional cooperation. Headquartered in Mauritius.
IBSA Trilateral forum of India, Brazil & South Africa.
BIMSTEC Founded in 1997, the Bay of Bengal Initiative for MultiSectoral Technical and
Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) is an international organisation involving a
group of countries in South Asia and South East Asia. The member nations of this
group are: Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Bhutan and Nepal.
OECD The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is an
international organization of thirty countries that accept the principles of
representative democracy and free market economy. It was formed in 1948.
Currently there are 30 full members prominent among them being USA, Canada,
U.K, Germany, Japan & Australia.
Mekong Ganga Mekong-Ganga Cooperation (MGC) was established in 2000 at Vientiane . It
Cooperation comprises of six Member countries namely India, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia,
Laos, & Vietnam. The emphasis are on four areas of cooperation, which are tourism,
culture, education, and transportation linkage in order to be solid foundation for
future trade and investment cooperation in the region.
Developing 8 The Developing 8 (D-8 or Developing Eight) are a group of developing countries
that have formed an economic development alliance. It consists of
Pakistan,Bangladesh, Egypt, Nigeria, Indonesia, Malaysia, Iran and Turkey.
G-8 The Group of Eight (G8), also known as Group of Seven and Russia,is an
international forum for the governments of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan,
Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Together, these countries
represent about 65% of the Gross World Product
G8 Plus 5 The G8 plus the heads of government of the 5 leading emerging economies (Brazil,
China, India, Mexico and South Africa).
G-15 The Group of 15 (G-15) was established at the Ninth Non-Aligned Movement
Summit Meeting in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. The G15 focuses on cooperation among
developing countries in the areas of investment, trade, and technology. The
membership of the G15 has expanded to 18 countries, but the name has remained
unchanged. India is a member of G-15.
G-77 The Group of 77 at the United Nations is a loose coalition of developing nations,
designed to promote its members' collective economic interests and create an
enhanced joint negotiating capacity in the United Nations. There were 77 founding
members of the organization, but the organization has since expanded to 130
member countries.
NATO NATO is a military alliance established by the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty
in 1949. Headquartered in Brussels, Belgium, the organization constitutes a system
of collective defense whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response
to an attack by any external party. Since the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks
NATO has attempted to refocus itself to new challenges and has deployed troops to
Afghanistan and trainers to Iraq.
CFE The original Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) was negotiated
and concluded during the last years of the Cold War and established comprehensive
limits on key categories of conventional military equipment in Europe (from the
Atlantic to the Urals) and mandated the destruction of excess weaponry. The treaty
proposed equal limits for the two "groups of states-parties", NATO and the Warsaw
Pact.
South South The South-South Cooperation is a broad framework for collaboration among
Cooperation countries of the South, in the political, economic, social, environmental and
technical domains. Involving three or more developing countries, South-South
cooperation takes place on bilateral, regional, sub-regional and inter-regional bases.
IBSA (India Brazil South Africa) forum is an example of this kind of cooperation.
Look East Policy Look-east policy was launched in 1992 just after the end of the cold war, following
the collapse of the Soviet Union. After the start of liberalization, it was a very
strategic policy decision taken by the government in the foreign policy. To quote
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh "it was also a strategic shift in India's vision of the
world and India's place in the evolving global economy".
The policy was given an initial thrust with the then Prime Minister Narasimha Rao
visiting China, Japan, South Korea, Vietnam and Singapore and India becoming a
important dialogue partner with ASEAN in 1992. Since the beginning of this
century, India has given a big push to this policy by becoming a summit level
partner of ASEAN (2002) and getting involved in some regional initiatives such as
the BIMSTEC and the Ganga Mekong Cooperation and now becoming a member of
the East Asia Summit (EAS) in December, 2005.
Advantages:
The Look-East policy has been given a significant thrust since the beginning of this
century and the results achieved are evident as mentioned in the report. Now India
has entered into the phase two of this policy. The second phase in India's Look East
policy has a new dimension — the development of India's remote northeast. India's
search for a new economic relationship with South East Asia is no longer driven by
considerations of globalization, but to facilitate development of the Northeast by
increasing its connectivity to the outside world. Instead of trying to isolate the
Northeast from external influences, as it had done in the past, New Delhi is now
recognizing the importance of opening it up for commercial linkages with South
East Asia.
Shortcomings:
The Look East policy did not find Japan on its radar and failed to improve India's
economic ties with it. Trade with Japan actually declined dramatically dropping its
share to one-third of its level of 7 per cent in 1993.
India has entered into a number of pacts, agreements and FTAs but its record for
implementation of such accords has been poor as can be seen from the follow up of
the Indo-Thai FTA and CECA with Singapore.
Ghanshyam Thori 8 India & The World
Ghanshyam Thori India & The World
The reason for poor implementation of the pacts, agreements and FTAs
India should go ahead with proper implementation of the pacts, agreements and
FTAs without bothering about the aforementioned factors. The Indian industry will
ensure that India will always gain from these arrangements.
Shimla Simla Agreement was signed between India and Pakistan in1972. The agreement
Agreement followed from the war between the two nations in the previous year that had led to
(UPSC2006 – 2M) the independence of East Pakistan as Bangladesh. The agreement laid down the
principles that should govern their future relations. It also conceived steps to be
taken for further normalization of mutual relations. Most importantly, it bound the
two countries "to settle their differences by peaceful means through bilateral
negotiations".
Tashkent The Tashkent Declaration of 1966 was a peace agreement between India and
Declaration Pakistan after the Indo-Pak war of 1965. The agreement was signed between Indian
Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri and Pakistani President Muhammad Ayub
Khan.
Terms
Track I Involves direct government-to-government interaction on the official level. Typical
Diplomacy Track I activities include traditional diplomacy, official negotiations, and the use of
international organizations. The participants stand as representatives of their respective
states and reflect the official positions of their governments during discussions. It is
also called “Fast Track” diplomacy.
Track “One & Refers to situations when official representatives give authority to non-state actors (or
Half” Diplomacy official actors serving in an unofficial capacity) to participate, negotiate or facilitate on
behalf of the official state actors. It also refers to non-state individuals who serve as
intermediaries between official and non-official actors in difficult conflict situations. It
is generally used to prepare key stakeholders before and during the official negotiation
process by building consensus and support for agreements, both between parties in
conflict and within their prospective constituencies.
Track II Generally involves informal interaction with influential unofficial actors from civil
Diplomacy society, business or religious communities, and local leaders and politicians who are
considered to be experts in the area or issue being discussed. It generally seeks to
supplement Track I diplomacy by working with middle and lower levels of society and
often involves non-traditional methods, such as facilitating dialogue mechanisms and
meetings that include participants from both government and non-government
institutions.
Track III Is essentially "people to people" diplomacy undertaken by both individuals and private
Diplomacy groups from non-government international organizations that are dedicated to
promoting specific causes, universal ideals and norms, and enacting systematic social
change. This type of diplomacy often involves organizing meetings and conferences,
generating media exposure, and political and legal advocacy for people and
communities who are largely marginalized from political power centers and are unable
to achieve positive change without outside assistance.
Track IV Involves socio-cultural, educational, environmental & scientific exchange between two
Diplomacy states. It helps in developing closer ties among states.
Track V Effort of media of concerned states towards conflict resolution & development of better
Diplomacy understanding of each others viewpoint.
Pugwash Series of international meetings of scientists to discuss problems of nuclear weapons
Conferences and world security. The first of the conferences met in July 1957 in the village of
Pugwash, Nova Scotia. In 1995 the Nobel Prize for Peace was awarded jointly to the
Pugwash organization and to Joseph Rotblat—Pugwash founding member, secretary-
general (1957–73), and president (1988–97).
Nepal
Kalapani village (Indo-Nepal Border) of India is claimed by Nepal and Nawalparasi
district of Nepal is claimed by India.
Maldives
Dispute over Minicoy Island with Maldives.
Pakistan
The unresolved Kashmir dispute, involving Siachen Glacier and other areas with
Pakistan.
Dispute over Sir Creek and the maritime boundary between the two.
International Organizations
1. Amnesty International London
2. Asian Development Bank Manila
3. Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) Jakarta
4. BENELUX Economic Union Brussels
5. Central Treaty Organization (Earlier known as Baghdad Pact) Ankara
6. European Economic Community Brussels
7. European Union Brussels
8. European Free Trade Association Geneva
9. European Space Research Organization Paris
10. International Committee of the Red Cross Switzerland
11. International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) Lyons (France)
12. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Brussels
13. North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement Ottawa, Mexico,
Washington DC
14. Organization of Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD) Paris
15. African Union ( 53 member countries) Addis Ababa
16. OPEC Vienna
17. South East Asia Treaty Organization Bangkok
18. G-8 (US, UK, France, Germany, Japan, Canada, Italy & Russia) Not Applicable
19. Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Minsk (Belarus)
20. Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical & Economic NA
Cooperation (BIMSTEC) Bangladesh-India-Myanmar-Sri Lanka-Thai.
21. SAARC Kathmandu
22. APEC (Asia Pacific Economic Forum) – 21 members Singapore
23. Gulf Cooperation Council Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
24. Organization of Islamic Conferences Jedah, Saudi Arabia
25. League of Arab States Cairo
26. G-77 (Presiding Country – Jamaica 2005 & South Africa – 2006) New York
27. G-24 Washington DC
28. Andean Community Lima, Peru
29. Mercosur (Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Venezuela) Montevideo, Uruguay
30. CARICOM (Carribean Community & Common Market) Georgetown, Guyana
31. South African Development Community Gaborone, Botswana
32. Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation Mauritius
33. Shanghai Cooperation Organization Beijing
34. Bank for International Settlements Basel, Switzerland
Various Protocols
Convention Year Objective
Stockholm 1972 Persistent Organic Pollutants
Convention
Vienna 1985 Ozone Layer. The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer is a
Convention multilateral environmental agreement. It was agreed upon in Vienna in 1985 and
entered into force in 1987. It acts as a framework for the international efforts to
protect the ozone layer. However, it does not include legally binding reduction goals
for the use of CFCs, the main chemical agents causing ozone depletion. These are laid
out in the accompanying Montreal Protocol.
Montreal 1987 Ozone Depleting Substances.
Protocol The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer is an international
treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of a number
of substances believed to be responsible for ozone depletion. The treaty was opened
for signature in 1987 and entered into force on January 1, 1989. Due to its widespread
adoption and implementation it has been hailed as an example of exceptional
international co-operation with Kofi Annan quoted as saying it is "Perhaps the single
most successful international agreement to date...". At present, 191 nations have
become party to the Montreal Protocol. Those 5 that are not as of September 2007 are
Andorra, Iraq, San Marino, Timor-Leste and Vatican City.
Since the Montreal Protocol came into effect, the atmospheric concentrations of the
most important chlorofluorocarbons and related chlorinated hydrocarbons have either
leveled off or decreased. Halon concentrations have continued to increase, as the
halons presently stored in fire extinguishers are released, but their rate of increase has
slowed and their abundances are expected to begin to decline by about 2020. Also, the
concentration of the HCFCs increased drastically at least partly because for many uses
CFCs (e.g. used as solvents or refrigerating agents) were substituted with HCFCs.
Unfortunately, the hydrochlorofluorocarbons, or HCFCs, and hydrofluorocarbons, or
HFCs, are now thought to contribute to anthropogenic global warming. On a
molecule-for-molecule basis, these compounds are up to 10,000 times more potent
greenhouse gases than carbon dioxide. The Montreal Protocol currently calls for a
Ghanshyam Thori 14 India & The World
Ghanshyam Thori India & The World
complete phase-out of HCFCs by 2030, but does not place any restriction on HFCs.
Since the CFCs themselves are equally powerful as greenhouse gases, the mere
substitution of HFCs for CFCs does not significantly increase the rate of
anthropogenic global warming, but over time a steady increase in their use could
increase the danger that human activity will change the climate.
The treaty as originally framed set no mandatory limits on greenhouse gas emissions
for individual nations and contained no enforcement provisions; it is therefore
considered legally non-binding. Rather, the treaty included provisions for updates
(called "protocols") that would set mandatory emission limits. The principal update is
the Kyoto Protocol, which has become much better known than the UNFCCC itself.
Kyoto 1997 The Kyoto Protocol is a protocol to the international Framework Convention on
Protocol Climate Change with the objective of reducing greenhouse gases that cause climate
change. It was adopted in 1997 and it entered into force in 2005. As of June 2008, 182
parties have ratified the protocol. One hundred and thirty-seven (137) developing
countries have ratified the protocol, including Brazil, China and India, but have no
obligation beyond monitoring and reporting emissions. Australia's new government
formed by the Australian Labor Party after the November 2007 election fully supports
the protocol and Prime Minister Kevin Rudd signed the instrument of ratification
immediately after assuming office on 3 December 2007, just before the meeting of the
UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. USA & Kazakhstan have not ratified
this protocol.
the climate system." The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has
predicted an average global rise in temperature of 1.4° to 5.8°C between 1990 and
2100.
Governments are separated into two general categories: developed countries, referred
to as Annex I countries (who have accepted greenhouse gas emission reduction
obligations and must submit an annual greenhouse gas inventory), and developing
countries, referred to as Non-Annex I countries (who have no greenhouse gas
emission reduction obligations but may participate in the Clean Development
Mechanism).
Other Treaties
Nuclear 1968 A major step towards non-proliferation of nuclear weapons came with the signing of
Non- the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty (NPT) in 1968. Only four nations are not
proliferation signatories: India, Israel, Pakistan and North Korea. India and Pakistan both possess
Treaty and have openly tested nuclear bombs. Israel has had a policy of opacity regarding
its own nuclear weapons program. North Korea ratified the treaty, violated it, and
later withdrew.
Under the NPT, non-nuclear weapon states were prohibited from, inter alia,
possessing, manufacturing or acquiring nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive
devices. All signatories, including nuclear weapon states, were committed to the goal
of total nuclear disarmament.
Although the concept of "pillars" appears nowhere in the NPT, the treaty is
nevertheless sometimes interpreted as having three pillars: non-proliferation,
disarmament, and the right to peacefully use nuclear technology.
The main reason India cites for not signing the NPT and for possessing nuclear
weapons is that China is one of the "nuclear haves. India is one of the few countries
to have a no first use policy, a pledge not to use nuclear weapons unless first
attacked by an adversary using nuclear weapons.
CTBT 1996 The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) bans all nuclear explosions in
all environments, for military or civilian purposes. The treaty was opened for
signature in 1996. India and Pakistan, though not nuclear weapons states as defined
by the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT), did not sign; neither did the
Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea).
Obligations
1. Each State Party undertakes not to carry out any nuclear weapon test
explosion or any other nuclear explosion, and to prohibit and prevent any
such nuclear explosion at any place under its jurisdiction or control.
2. Each State Party undertakes, furthermore, to refrain from causing,
encouraging, or in any way participating in the carrying out of any nuclear
weapon tests explosion or any other nuclear explosion.