2 UT ae a a a ~ Hluia-Flow & Mechanical me Operations Lab. “Lab Manual” ‘Experiment: Equivalent Length & Hrietion Factor For various pipe fitting Outlet ee ia wr i ora a | ee Socket sec a Globe Valve BendObjestiv a) To dee ‘he equivalent lengths of the various pipe fittings. b) Plot friction factor versus Reynolds number. Nomenclature: D =Pipe diameter, m f = Friction factor p = Density of water, kg/m? V = Average velocity of fluid, m/s & = Acceleration due to gravity, m/s? cient of viscosity, ky/m.s Ly ~ Length of pipe between points i &j,m Dj= Pipe diameter bewween points i & j,m AP, > Pressure diff. between points i & j, Nim? 4h = Difference in manometric reading, m Introduction: Equivalent Length for fi ing: This length is equivalent to.the length of pipe; having the same nominal diameter as the fitting, which would cause the same frictional loss as caused by the filting itself. There are 2 approaches for calculating the equivalent length for a fitting: 1) Pressure head approach 2) Kinetic energy approach The 2™ approach is more accurate than 1" one because we can measure velocity of fluid at the two ends of fitting where as in pressure head approach we measure pressure head differences for each fitting very far from the fitting, : Here we have to calculate the equivalent length using the 1 approach, i.e, by calculating the pressure difference across the fitting. Theory: ‘The energy loss, when liquid flows through the pipe fittings and valves is commonly expressed in terms of length of pipe having same nominal diameter which gives the same energy loss under the same conditions. This length of pipe is known as equivalent length for that fitting.® When liquic flows, pressure drop due to friction is given by: 2EV Lip AP; = — ; D, Equivalent length of pipe between points i and j is given by: AP\X Dj X Los i hij AP; X Da : _ _ Where, 2-3 is that part of the set up where no fitting is attached and equivalent length for other fitting are calculated taking it as the reference. Experimental set u ‘The experimental set up consists of a number of pipes, joined together by different fittings. Their respective manometers attached to them calculate the pressure drop across each fitting. The manometric fluid is water. The larger pipe is (1.5", schedule 0. 40) having ID 1.61" and the smaller pipe is (1", schedule no. 40) having ID 1.049", The following fittings are used in the setup: Pipe between points Length (in cm) Fitting 5 12 46 Globe valve 1.5" 23 246.3 | Pipe 1.5" “| aa 746 2 elbow(90")1.5", lem 45 2524 Zsocket 15" | 56 44 Union 1.5” 2 socket, 1 bend = 1.5" reducing socket 78 307.4 Pipe 1" | 61 osOutta + coe pat Tuer Procedure: 1.The pipeline was studied and neat sketch of pipe was drawn, 2.The manometer cqnnections were checked for air bubbles and were removed. 3.The pump was set on 4.The-manometer reading was again noted down. 5.The-flow rate of water was measured and above steps was repeated 10 times. Observation table: Specifications: Pipe diameter: Large pipe (1.5", schedule no. 40) ID 1.61" ‘Small pipe (1”, schedule no. 40) ID 1.049" Height in pressure taping (cm ) Rotameter 4] S.No. | 6 7 8 Reading (Iv/r) 1 2 3 | itpCalculation: Calculate area of both larger and smaller pipes, m? 1 2. Calculate the average velocity for larger pipe, v = (flow rate / area of pipe) 3. Obtain the reynolds number, Re = (Dvp/ji) 4. 5 - Obtain friction factor , f= (AP.D/2v4.L.p) = (Ah.g.D/2¥7.L) - Calculate the equivalent between the two 23 points using the formula Ly = AP\XD)X Las APs X Daa points with reference to the pipe between Repeat the calculation for each observation and tabulate as follows Table 1: ( for pipe between 2-3 laa; a... | Reynolds S.No. Flow Velocity | Friction Factor ae Table 2: ( for pipe between 7-8 ) 4 ‘ation F Reynolds S.No. Flow Velocity | Friaion Facor | Nn | Table 3: ~) Bguivalent fength between poinis | eer peatinn | : (ivhry |SB PB OOD S DOT Ire Ci er ee Result : Plot log-log graph between friction factor and Reynolds number for pipes between point 2-3 and 7-8. Nature of the graph should be exponentially decreasing. Discussion: ‘The points to be discussed are as follows: 1).Deviation of experimental friction factor from standard values in moody chart. 2). Deviation of equivalent length from standard values. Precautions: 1) Manometer should be checked for no air bubble, 2) Reading should be taken for steady state only. 3) The height measuring scale should be horizontal while taking the manometer reading. Suggestions: 1) The pipes used should be replaced with newer ones, as the fiction along the pipes is not uniform due to scale and sludge formation. 2) The board mounted with manometer should have a movable horizontal pointer for accurate measurement of manometric pressure difference.ee ASS. LWA ee we ee a ae 7 a WA he”, a * : | Rotameter | Height im pressure tapings(cm.) reading (lit/hr) 15.5 8 : at 19.9 3 | 24.8 Saiaple calculation: For first reading: Nominal diameter of 1.5” schedule no 40 pipe =1.61 inch Cross sectional area =n/4(1.61*2.54#107)* 313*10° m? ‘The diameter of 1” schedule no 40 pipe =1.045” , Cros: tional area =n/A(1.045+2.54*1072)7 =0.5973107 mt For 600 lit/hr (Q) for points 2 & 3 y(nV/s) = 600 10°V(3600* 1.313410") = 0.1269mxs Reynolds number = Dyp/i = 1.61#107#2.54#0.1269 1000+ 10°/0.764 = 6795.6 Friction Factor, £= Ah*g*D/2*v*L ; .006*9.8140.0254* 1 61/0.12692.46342 = 0.0303 Equivalent length of pipe between 1-2 (Q = 8001v/hr) P2*Dy2*LayAPa3*Doy = (8.$-8.0)"2.54*1.6142.463/(9.6-8.8)*2.54" 1.61 m = 2.463 Comparison of & 90° Elbow:Result: 1.For pipe betwors 2-3: [res Sno | Flow veloci.y Friction factor | Reynoldsno. | 1 0 | 2. 600 g 86 a 800 | 9040.00 ee 1000 2 11360.00 So ess 1200) 0.0151 _13560.00 6. __1500 0.0121 16950.00 fiesta 27, 1800 0.0101 20340.00 8 2200 [0.0105 ~ 24860 2.For pipe between 7-8: | a. Sao. Flow velocity | Friction factor 1 0 2. 600 3. 800 4. 1000 5. 1200_ 6. 1500 7. 1800 8. 2200 \._3.EQUIVALENT LENGTH: : Fluid | Equivalent Length Between points uid Sa (in cm.) ° 1-2 | 2-3 | 3-4 | 45 | 56 | fp Eels : - =| = | 2 [| 246.3 | 82.10] 41.05 | 287.3 | 3.12463 | 246.3] 3081 - | 61.6 4 4, | 443.3 | 246.3 | 44.3 | 73.9 | 1 $2.1 | 102.6 |Ta OOP SEDODPOO?S 7S Mg § ‘7islou factor Vs. Reynolds No. (For Pipe 7-8) Bi Ree rae eae Frietlon Factor Flctlon Factor og Te Reynolés No