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Life Detection PDF
Life Detection PDF
279
ISSN: 2277-3754
International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT)
Volume 1, Issue 5, May 2012
components such as reflex klystron, isolator, hybrid and Simulation of Rubble: A series of experiments are
circular tee, horn antenna and diode detectors. A reflex conducted in the environment of depicted in Fig. 3.
klystron generates the microwave beam of 8 GHz to Various layers of bricks were used to simulate the
9GHz. Isolator is used to avoid any reflection because of thickness of rubble. The bricks used are of concrete
noise. When it is required to combine two or more signals material having thickness of 3 inch. Initially beam is
or split a signal into two or more parts in a waveguide illuminated on an only brick then thickness of rubble was
system, tee shape junction must be used. There are two increased upto 5 layers of bricks. The several experiments
types of tee junction H-plane tee and E-plane tee. Tuners were also perform by taking non-uniform rubble which
are used to match the load impedance with the source includes two 12mm wooden sheet, a water bottle, two
impedance. A horn antenna is used to transmit radio concrete bricks and two thick note books. The thickness
waves from a waveguide out into space, or collect radio of non-uniform rubble was 10 inch
waves into a waveguide for reception. A microwave Subjects: Several experiments have been conducted on
circulator is a nonreciprocal ferrite device which contains ten different human being (S. T.: F 20, S.A: M 23,
three or more ports. The input from port n will come out A.B.K.: M 24, S.S.B.: M 25, P.P.T.: F 26, A.A.: M 28,
at port n + 1 but not out at any other port. A three-port A.O.V.: F 29, S.B.: F 30, N.N.M.: M, 40) are participated
ferrite junction circulator, usually called the Y-junction While detecting the presence of trapped victim, the
circulator, is most commonly used. To observe the received signal will have phase shift, this amount of
microwave signal on CRO, detector mount has been used. phase shift is vary depending upon the orientation of
Detector mount contains a diode which is mounted to human being under rubble. So, phase shift for the
provide complete dc path without upsetting the RF fields different orientation of human being were measured. The
in the waveguide During the experiment an operating beam was illuminated on face, neck, chest and stomach
frequency was kept at 8GHz, repeller voltage was taken from four directions of human being. This also helps to
190V-210V, beam voltage was 250-300V, beam current predict the position of trapped victim trapped under
was 20-25mA and antenna‟s dimension was length = 7 rubble.
inches, outer aperture = 4 inches, inner aperture = 1 inch.
EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
280
ISSN: 2277-3754
International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT)
Volume 1, Issue 5, May 2012
Fig. 3 Lissajous Pattern (a) Absence of Human Being (b) Presence of Human Being
III. RESULTS signals of living subjects through rubble having width of
The phase shift was clearly observed upto three layers about four layers of bricks. From the result it is observed
of bricks i.e. 12 inches and for non-uniform rubble of 10 that phase shift between transmitted and received signals
inches from four direction of victim. But for four layers are increases from forehead to heart and then decreases. It
of bricks the phase change was very small. The X band is believe that through the development of similar and
microwave beam illuminated on an overhead, face, neck, related techniques for life detection system, it may be
chest and stomach from front, left, right, and backside of possible to overcome the current fundamental problems
victim. The phase change was observed for each in detecting buried victims and save many precious lives.
orientations and it was found that different phase shift
were obtained for different human body position. Fig. 5 REFERENCES
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victims as shown in Fig. 5. Also, phase shift was less for
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spite of the amount of phase shift, the same nature of Trapped Human Personnel”, Work performed under the
change of phase shift were observed for two, three and auspices of the US .Department of Energy by the Lawrence
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IV. CONCLUSION
[7] Albert Ko and Henry Y. K. Lau, „Robot Assisted
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[8] Olga Boric-Lubecke1, Victor M. Lubecke1, Isar
system operating at 10-GHz with 190-230V repeller Mostafanezhad1, Byung-Kwon Park2,Wansuree
voltage may be used to detect the breathing and heartbeat Massagram3, Branka Jokanovic4, „Doppler Radar
281
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International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT)
Volume 1, Issue 5, May 2012
Architectures and Signal Processing for Heart Rate
Extraction‟ DEC 2009.
[9] Kai-Rui Zhao, Xing Ming Wang, Yan Li, Xiang Yu, “A
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52
phase (degree)
47 phase
42 Front
37 Right
32 Left
Back
Orientation
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e)
Fig. 4 Variation of Phase Shift With Orientation of Subjects For Rubble Width of (A)One Brick (B) Two Bricks (C) Three Bricks
(D) Four Bricks And (E) 10 Inches With Non-Uniform Rubble
282