2 2 : ott s 4 3 2 5 g e 5 5 OQ § S Veins awa ioe FREQUENCY FUTUNA Methods and Applic Sie Qu Dapane CHENTo Jun, Nancy, and his parents s@ To His family “De suger eee | a wosavesanae net se Satta Bas SasContents Proface it Disk Loading Instructions x Mathematical Conversions xii Part 1 Root Ghapter1 Why Do We Want Joint Time-Frequency Analysis? 3 Car? Reo i nas 8 Eeet ieee starrer ERRoeu ca reget Part 2 Joint Time-Frequency Analysis Chapter'3. Shori-Time Fourier Transform and Gabor Expansion 45 span Dc Proce so 36 Onna Geer Supa 68 25 ern ot opt Da PensChapters Wavelets 75 {3 Gomtnoas Want Trantor 78 Dita itr Ba Crater wrote ten ‘1 Ae ee Ean Sytner Sine = : Seanad twitter Set aes Chapter 6 Cohen's Class 134 setae Gacciso 13 Some Merron 102 ‘21 Gh Winns Dar ft {832 Gomoanape Batibo 525 Sateen Tie ren Byrn 8 Chapter 7 Time-Frequency Distribution Series 155 1 Saco and 0 1h Teeny Beton Ser od Cob Cat Chapter @ Adaptive Representation and Adaptive 181 41 Ada Espana Adaptive Sperm 188 12 Kepte Gabe Rapmecatom AGE 68 £5 Bat fhe Spiny) a ACH 20 4 Cpa AC ad Or Te Pen Regret 182 Chapter 9. Time-Variant Filter 199 ‘Siomeyae ie Part3 Applications of JTFA Chapter 10. Appications of TFA to Radar Image Processing seater tacge ey heat Planing 213 10171 Ryne Are Raat aig of Moring Obit 216 1812 Mies Semmanion ga anes ae er St 103318 Agr nd EH Pein Seater Maas SAX image 30 1g ae Fein Progmige 1A iap ss W0ddtamgieae 1025 Sonar 29, Chepter 11 Localization of Brain Functions by Joint Tine Frequency Representatlens Mog Sun nd Robert Stans 241 111 Baga! Baga ofthe le 32 112 The Need fr nal Prunny 3 $3 Jot Tinerounoy aap and yeti 265 4 Noda and Swe Leche 87 been be(Chapter 12 Economie Dota Anelysis Pag 253 222 Hrcions Chae riod ia Tne arian iter 58 185 Beno haem efntnal oen 124s Ang stig Demi Cs 262 ‘Appendices 265 2 Gta mate Dar abr eet (.Baonce a Adapt gress Joint Time-Frequency Analyzer 2a Bibliography 267 Index 297 Preface ‘Tenet tae il n tina and fie do silo ws ‘peta gag. Bln te te gueny sae BAT Ge ‘Sateen Pore wont S77 fara gly aed ese ‘eiarh besa th empleo Uae he ena Ss iin power Bere the" vy ow arn TPA eds eh Re eg IAS nn Catt, nn a ER sop ia raat et Ee Severna ach Sen Soe fees ryt, seit ecemema Leet eects spat Sa of cnn ae ee ee ee ste je tmefegaener ler hat en ‘gan eam such 8 ional eagercng wonome tate ata om Struct eatin, rata doesn apa meng. The see ‘tenis this rat ad ffi mend fase hare) ‘ur wi apa in merce we seme ey ad he ee dcaly tn tis pret Ar mere tnd moe pacing ERglonteeniexgore STPA, the dana fr one comprare aie, ‘ion th vt as bce erly s tond fa ts ot Ute os eda on rj ‘Brit Overviw of Book ae pray ‘era inthis ok sextet toed ated ada ome "Teed caps he parts In Pa rin evi lane ei scaly that lundmenel or TERT eae Sevens ae pe ‘ced a Pat npr athe dane! Fer aaiyceur poet ‘eprint Bnet aed hina meted. 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Far saamol ‘don pena we er eter ne end eviste tut toned [nedaed te bingo Chapa By cenming ha peta we ult ‘iho day ececcntind tbe matarneSat wearer in Tt {SSccate i eomans ae ee own Sate uqensce I han rent fru spectra tan at of copper ‘yr the cxpanen Sram, the Fetes presentations of mw pedie = {stem olde era) Say = fetexpi-sortae fea) 2.10 named cotinine Parr one. the mame he ‘Slay eens the sgl 1) nd mpl tania ins ar ora Se ‘au intone (210 andthe sl inns 20 ve nce ober Morera coepends oan imple fewer a ance, ‘hele uso user aig Regency proper passes te est {Ek mar Conner Sil the aml rien om the bes factons, "he ngars ihe Frese toni TCO elle per wee wis ites norte al soem iste in the Segue domain.‘ie the Fourier tram Si ier ton of he led en he bore specu |S gaat to thesia ih. Tho Fore ae ‘Sic psmral come hres te wer spectre 1S wars el {hefeaseruaatrn and ie pore opr aretha to met mpan at Ereuony soe o™ ung Wee Hint wtan tele eaner Sanat the ipl stool fen, [stor = frreerae ens) ere the aun foetan (0 ienepatd by 2 = Jnosree enw) oe preetain (21) wary wef, wi ads to feo way of seine i Jot tine gueny opreetainn For scp swe wake) ne ‘ent ch enh rong Foster ssa manne Pray = facie em (ot ipecrum, ood scan inde the SPT spcepram se wala he ‘oer dents We al lab etm mere Stl St Chas 0) = othe thy a9 sare wit 2x named the somal fheqoans. The ive dae ayes em | ecu the ine vse of a dig fea unter became thepera acion ae eco) dma hatin 3) = Seal) oe | wut ne equoey ven 210) wl (218) x inn rt wap Sm pa te Rhema | Soe ant= Somwy ean w= oof} ce we seh yi 0, ne sags 2:20 am PEs ea 0 = option Sto) = feria} dutide = 8(0- 1) em |{ ‘rte ete as ea r sass eof 4) «Wf amy I foe Ste fanow- eo 1 the agian domain, he sina ype fstin ae perf ates thse ad fo pin a he ine emi hs foe {Una aot tated Trt, they ze not slab songs pte ‘Soa Mn tg Il vt hn 0) = foarte Slsh ar hp el Lief vir come je Bae 2 cared oe func ernenas to peso une ty, Way ey {ha fran aia eal sp A te Pane tate mt tS) yj Stole wees powerpc ramet wik rope 1 ao={t er tole or fl ‘stove inti 7 la iets sto -Afyeottt = featfye a8l8 aay ict nears a [|\ een Fi. 24 Pater este tener pe Inara aly tn Pas ar rene ple a aril caren?) 20 ‘hs mea sation of Sey dal gry propria the ted engi psi tra hc ape oancn a nto tac ee it ios [Ron| en aol Ll tore Le | Fp 24 teponin Pte Pe ein et he nt ak ely Sod 27 tc och ep aad pode ue) one [ts Asean si Osher ‘lull. = { Z\ 2 saa 9 5), 4 84 (0 Upndd sual = Eethnta ex 0 nnn np St wih el ea ry Spat fer, hi ca eb 2 hang sting etre cnatng Via len, aero Catat= Tapa ae Se ing th date Woe tate wl rep ‘tong eet, oping rato in ce i “he dtaenr fe canal Foro alas tht he open ain alban fe re at penetrated Sn ein te eg 21. Te astern, or rode beeatn th ely Menaltod ople ‘cee et ly aa i nwo For tind in, gh th gn a ra ai Oe tr yi ae Sound, sath os he soem named ate ‘vty ela rer sot speech gn Ih ne eed or ‘Tagen tna hs or eqaney epamtsoune aim are staat in apie W's boa soy the sgl tine al ey a 29, ho sae an ey Dm ono ha ah Sh tors Se aster ay A ars ere as be kant ho an aa ne {Eee Sn par pe ei ea a rea ig. 2-8 haze the psec nals ol of an waranty re ours ny To pomer aera gh eats tere reqs {Ec bat ane ne ul how Sy ae sang over ine nates, the ie fiveaatias flomPaotacia =f cw rant ata ok at at) 8 8 Sti ra at cr ele Example 2-8 Sealing tnction 02) Tahir tga ee ‘Tefen eatin ft mae spare KW) an o/0 even ihe man Eng ad feptey bau of aah Sotelo ek svawterant« Jpwotevenires =Ai(o) = glia 'Atan? +10"9tt/a}—(orapy'A%e/arnde = law street waytiray ic nha ti et a he ray hig ad ‘Sing hit saw ete thine nl wane asm nae te eng yc chung event Petey ‘snl neuen Tae pen etm erase ea Aegina em cen eu hei in i tine 08 Euan tots opty sen ey ar eg ‘pan sak stg tind teres in meee cp set dp iy sy hoa so Rene ST bea ‘Seceper gattun ay ge pate Geen cca Seen set ae eee SEESTotalt arise sha de ee 25. Uncertainty Principle ecto sncln. ne arene mod give the untae dacs of he ‘Seen poms ar le THEOREM Jiao es) (ersten aavet ea 0) = Ase (202) eth ake af split astute <> = and cab =, Gis ‘pes and 2) Berens as) a Lscitae ons sia) = [Pouragsfstaie 00) cig w= i i 260k as) Peetafainmne es) rhc we pid Panel isin Because ofthe drat pei in eaten Hin asn Appying 257 tes aoa exe rom Setar inauaty iloes tat Partaftdofa ingot asa aro Jocngete « Yedona Ievering (2.70 nt (240 snin he artsngy nul alton {260 at tan cya 269) met al beam ely Tae ony ect at en by 6,= angus Owe 2.6 Discrete Polsson-Sum Formula (The Pein ar very fl galas hi tion, shales tan ft aware ohh ae "Ue (ain) be e pre sequence of period LANA, Thea, we daline (Biol eth pete eaten fa) tt Bin = Sate—masn, an Omri Bin = te ane em et ent the DIT a Pio ha, aie "Bung = E(Ban-nanyg am Bin = ga = ioe ‘Steno = aah (Soo om le news a the Page un fra, ‘summary ‘ram th mate pinf vw ans ci be epee in = ‘tomumte of ways ica! eponan pie go nal pees ends pronation se wis aria sre fe anal oe le ‘Slt Toure te cst inae of sgal prcsnag are bam n costa tary non no ao bw cmp he nerpening ‘ation hi worhohde edie Iyer ad Wee te ete ‘Siu Stes cont nel be nal incase spe Sepa ‘ine in tonsa The porn af eompeting nfs la SSEp chet conte by otf nals nein o mene ee Sillunk casteston Tor pd raring te set he naa tans ‘hls te lng ae” ocame obo bi and lk St a pen er tt ti nein ras eens Soran ees meee ie Feith tes epee ea eerie tpotag roan Sep crane amet saa nel Serpe Se ater ei eee Sees een eres ae eet eg ren dere nines panier eeate eee porate tae ier cigs oie Sp ase y noe oe ores Se naaat wate sg simrare ot eee ars ShteaenP aoe Re Adon SSioemces Aes5 PART Joint Time-Frequency Analysis Te wre rane bas ban tent common lo siya ina fay proper Howrey on the Fo ‘tenn pt ss ar ceo ‘ks Pemecy conte tees nn, or thongh the phos ofthe Pair Iromfr aes tne wing On tee deep for fo se SER fon connt of the mage af egal canted he eo SSG Saari ins Inte ptns, thea Fourier nat Tonge: astute, As taunt Chapter god example te sph sa (eactn mont teem bearing Other De ch Wi etalon ect bd for au” ty emai aoe han et rgd freon fet the aerial pea ‘nts ny fc, Deputy aswel mony er anata toblhthe spar wate ith ime ‘hie the pinay ul the bok niece the gal on siete ena Scope aan i tne Poe farina) ja ines reprettina Chaps and are Std lic alerts Feuer Somfeon (STFD ond the walt ransom, ree (isa Sheng os of he STF ad he ce rae lnt gate er te tings aed fo measur the nga oa behav are ite Al ‘tor ronfoaton ae ccd by paring tie onl anal ith ay ced seranaes acon Wat an be Dag foe ckrhe trate na in our sere The main diferencia ‘hub heck mare are bl Was ths funy mars ae oti by Feeney tannin the STF thee afr he uy rhe vid by lg he eter equ fhe mathe se ech ‘equim recta sig ofthe mer weet ne te doa nlite he nor rerio, char erly predated by he sre wad aoa rain here ae mre on dure saat oth ner ime egeny pronto Our Gaon ees nh the Se tn apr nig bt car, ‘ern seas tne open spt tase STE pregame tetera Porer raafirm eae ope ofthe are ll ab Iman str meen sa far Te mae decay fh Were a il athe salad ce rea tree at igen obser the Slaton he Wiel stato ht Lang an gus han reek be cam urs cn ata in emia often ator Theor ‘in ed highs msn Oh rad tata propre prom ijahe Wigner ie darbutan arom y curating he Wine Vile d ‘oaton Pe obarosons eat hate ay apy supa filer fo te Were iriaton to ema ow gnen compere an one EI omuaney port Bonus te donnie igh sled ports hee eat (earth apn tod Meer ds arto pee pron ‘eral pps th nada erator ier Bae ere te {eno pon fir lines Charan ty ens cain Chae ea ‘ow tie rie the meen eration es oan th (thar appa ic Chap? Chapter x athe heat Sdapce epention art ae etm Whi ih to inal ‘etry func hn fed ese te Umefregeey dba ‘ele beet tos i entry tts tap tt Tu odd fo sdying the mana Proven cont change, onter nao ada oan conn ern deat for in fitch Gorey gating the mer to ely spn na te ‘Slips sn rue dei a een ticles ocd it ‘elt a rc rn th gil age once rs of nie ‘ote peculiar ener ach esr ‘Mag he holy eal the et Hnefumey meh ha rr er erga deme lone Onc teen ef hen on ea ‘ae mp ying th ew tv an 2 ein Fite Byer er fly sat ‘rant tag on as boon ond oy pei fr he sed ens Tn pn a nt rgueny mrt bth ara sl sna it ad fr he era are Gu datas Chap ese a fre on th Oar expansion asd i arin iter, eae (hiyan sgl ond peu ‘he tartre an nt ine fren ana nari bu mot oft requir el of ethanol partion ssh potap wh [rent te fondant sor kd important lithe ony ih the hal of a lad tere ne ar ad Po (tthe yor away hehe rade fi to mae ‘astm spartan neighonarren B Short-Time Fourier Transform and Gabor Expansion Troveatnal Foater rant, sg sa camper ose "towns Beau snl na fe ‘Fourier weosform dou nv eri tice how 9 agate raey ote accent sigel and gooey erltnenay i oconpare nal {Sop finns ee opionly coco he je ine nd ene ‘onl te venaing congas fei ata al ie nd ome Te Sstiog we bint muhadlogy of esr tine Fo ‘sera’ GTP, or een ine SHEE een ce ‘into ted co Su SUT However the represestatinn based on te coi (sine SUPT se igh sedan avai. or 3 cope Si wate peor uo he amped STF I sae, the ir sess he Gabor expanse, AhSEESIVE We Caer copa sara au ee he ret oper 6 mpg ees of esd STP Sen 3. dead te genera evden af Se aber expanse, [Ashu be iden the Gor epi was rather ego, ‘Seto bo hc a etre ape cstnsutie Gs expen {int aster cope ogee tbe nua, wach hs ne oe ‘hci ed by Jana ae 6) BB (8D 2 ela any her ‘Sich th Gn ine Gar ezunsion, n te the had lia ect ine ie wt lait nent teva tne acne Cabra forte sos Seton 34 Ing sr geste yt on hae ot nin, Th fin ne dv he esate f te toga ein st ten stein troopers weaves the ua opal guts ha lige td {Eocene oan rary ened enti c ‘Ore te gars ay tuchigues have bmn rafly eraleped 12 ‘ingen te Gabor tetdoap teeta eine ee Seiakahee Seem retest ata i ST 1 PorthitPaed Rats ein! paper BS ea rere nt a a= hin Seat aea hfe op ote muesli oi ine 08 ae ‘Sai reepcinal Th red 2 qual athe al ber oe Cab Suttete Rowing 25) ts bebe tens 0) renaming tea) = Sot tac OT) tS gefihe numero Gane smplos Fo ena some he ake etcetera sles. “Garson 1 treum, he making Ger xponon luna. "SE cccsu-nasong omy ea) Gus = 'Eaath-man nbn ean beens the mambo agency inst uber a esensy ‘unc By 20 kes ttt aber coufcnte pri Can sCnne Vier 25) Subnttatng = ANW ina (20 es SED 29 sek pt fr habe mdi ne maging io POLE I DMRS Puy srs on ican nace isn ‘herring guest i lv cmp) «ven Ml] and sam pling ge Sabu 3.0 na he geo) ye sie 'S'san'S) Spm -maaciie-masnny pen eae, gree dare Gar expan eit and al the dnb ‘sonata gel othe con “Ptwmaloite-maannge? = 6-8) 28 ‘he dele ummaton fem a very peta 9 war with Ba 28 de prosecutor sobing i) By tudes Pinon ema Be 0.) forednod oa snge summation 85 tha insane = Ba a0 ha 0p aia By 0: aly ee ede "Sp mano -matan" St -4-000) 9S sak -em Henan settmai) 30 obi de arm a 270.0 he nde SPik-manonth sat —mast uw some m2, Fieeoarwstiees = Brier for vepcawt oesI = ane Fava Towe apnea Gand ' £2.29) ean ln be frm in ern are orapetat, weet faa where in AAR’: mate whom mii add a oem gy asa | pate it ietho May dimensional eter gen by show hat hdl ion fi mere eon ' incr psn, The tesa nd ist ono tee at | (aura ithe fie erangeotf? armel sampling oe 8 Dias Lapetre matt erty, he cles urge st For tring aT in ‘rts lit cd fr ines me1 lnen Limestone Replacing (41) (2499.4 aac bs fs 0 Vises 0 o eae) bom fun = Bastae-noie| MEPS EE ben ‘hn, hein Hc i dod the ane mana an inthe a ‘periodic dicrote Gabor expansion (3.32), ad Byucoes Hho oem Sndependeet of oe signal length Te guarantor tat fhe Cua inctons 08) and ‘ih bane mime epee Hin Qapiea korea whee w= astaav-1) (240) en ani the ein te Trin 40 aden A ou = Ahern ‘ste aber expan have iran of empath at Rts ‘Sigs eaa ea eta ecw nt ray Hr dct nr aan nti yn ni fe ee Pca thes pile eden acon NL ‘ray ered or the dae Cab ogi ea eubet fn ads, eek Bi Spat latins of perme ta Gab ecu Se ree Sepa ne ear ast a oars af evi headin Sen os fac mosh mare resid than that i peso ee Sat fe ia angling a= N.Boeaue ne een Sie ert meray eng pl apa le ma aire agpeoe, ach mete mazanly dae iw ee LEM ainsi he usin of he crea sale Get een ate in ny rei ihn moe Pelayo pce, eine Ste pean © seven {sore icnam IRacetof mutes Inne sist ie (00; 9..9%q30 es) ‘hen lhe nto mer xls none oe we at bt or ra mampting te Hartog the lai Cor exanton es (F MOANA AGN eS. @MGN-UNede0 G50 suhece 0c Nad ANN = A fn (3.58, then YA twenty seed Fantom 8) sama) =| Ripa meee es thee sm < AW and Fi aed Dak sd & 01 am | a 1 Maal and= ton ace Tacs EES OT 3ySeeoum oar ome * Pe 3:1 dpe hn ro i at Net) conics Cymer rod of fA} and would et characte thee | Saleen wieno So = a Ns Lhe name of feguney seed ~ —-- RERSESRARiaa lieu tn tensa ad ae SETS RENN a cio ot “ge | auleo vheIne) a ] ich tid Fg 3-1 a a hn a ney ae of on eeap a ahimmeoaat 3 j oan ee ‘812 pot A and for A = = 12 = 6 In ie ano ard pst hog bw int nar om rl Patra Syl pao gmtaeeniecinsemminersin ff aa amare hace nt ge | Sa areca 25. OrhogonaLike Gabor Expansion | = ilmenite caer ore ache arcate | abet cir ceases os a ces —— is ede gem ctema ar centered «Onn = anda iin fr stor inmana, hy havsompstay terete sf ite smth Althagh tt wl ad to pro estrucon with oe A he tng Cabra have stan erence ay 3-1 urratan se rng ofthe Gabaron opt oy tv dias for ne a hr sab ope the pet tone hl Fg cas tected ine ft ae aoe ‘imo he optinal A} tse soem. Connon, te sau ‘tba etocnte we preset the nanos rar cy tna Oe computed {y'Yh peta in afd who shaw incr rs rm So Caer steno i iu Onn i nd hp he oa ‘septnaly acetates in te jane imovqune dma tho nar ml fant owe hag a vet oh in toe ssa ae ea ear Spe aul ast ——. ne [Sar es gM anole neti, ta A = 1 For mal Y= a Tiesgitsmaoaeed ovat nt te Gc ar exponen oS amwu-munwgs ese ai) = 3S Guenth-maanioy? ase) ig iit eh peer es ea let at faire Seles eateries rea eet ind a ogee Sor eponin. The euonading (0.90 enna bina ae one fan es ima ps0 op fa ‘aan cao) ‘Sia -ewwgzrin = Bsns) wel-nie) empath ton the a geo 8 Acorn the TSR fl eso ngan etc fi ner a ot Pata arvatoe mak emits of fe eal tote eu Fon = any ‘osu ths te ak oH pad te arabe ows where g = Aonyng SYD era, 4B bone svi it ese | sasnomerstoeerga eG and VC a tng 8 Bie Ua oth side of (3.69) yiekds ” ea t, 4 °, en ere $= isn dagaal matin with un angie a agen enti. ‘Toit ot. ne wee otngta 0 emaatener cota ass ioe Ht = SV« cP ys flo rank» aa = (Ui Then, the mi im energy elton ofl, Poon = HP ees irae (leonnnainenanam 286 es Ade en yi. Se raeaad tows a Peas * Mig 15 die he Cousin fin pd evening tl ne 2 cer lin be FF tt Foe oe SEES Ee an Si uh raat Rane AT eno te mung ee ett lend aa eda et ant en sam cma tense od if denen er smog cr Bay Sane tea hl sen ah rete yrtens arco sa ee en fice wees ns Need Cm ney epangng aoe Wie Gala tin 2 efeol $e} om hin teen he eral on ay es he tint Gtr pn nh er of gr th abt ets Oe cars arity a ib anion SORT Sh anand te Sy Samia ‘She al ree, Sal ise ‘where tina cored tnt fencion Sash generale pinion ve TELE urine he tone ppieons bene soaiaa aed apatei ane SEES tne ature geoprtne Fr ote, we eu we the iin i tr is emu Ses an rn a Seite ane remind ty HA tc eeu sted Tih To gana slain a 2.0) inrned in Acpendx Ba te nd ie ee: 38 Fast Algorithm of Computing Dual Functions tnsetions 33 1nd 34, we sas the leith ompating te dal tion ISIE ahh berets aber spain aod infste rte Cabraso, rms I ath co eh tn of in ig ‘verted inc reavaed mais and they save scnaierable ato ‘Srutatane 8) The falomng anon ae nny tse oth eo Steaks spe (849, br the cle shal br cay ended oe pe ‘ic caee 9.20 snp by placing sory eon ye pee firsts when hte aor estar i Lb a cin Sxmesnvaiei = sem one 0p < AM and 02g < HAN-1) Te ery perl nto BA] i ene Thao sepa fins ode te nee a iN) man Sheena Seah” «Maal Engh rm Ewa? - oew-nay er ‘Sia cpameenivtn spat «ae em er << a 09-201. mm a om Wiha =e oo] ster HS Mer wth oe site psam] om Haina enna er wth nr it) = Hb eeaat 975 A -roa.0" ‘i 4) AMMAN espe ey the ein (3.72 10 yndent 2-1 ert arm Tew ere hc nnd inear stern (79) We nove he pon forte reader ter. ‘summary In ths hope, dated th sore Forecast (STF and {Eterm Sib ae te rere oe SE ‘Rrctect cepted STE Ts Calor span as bon tocol (Bete ear or ng ine, ho the anal as nnd 5 Settee ene, tach hs wider ae fr depernathenses tues Te dss Gabe cxpnsen, oe star Rand, eat ot ‘iran ene andi eo can nr ior. eSeens's and St we nsesurd Gabor exancion percent ite lbetetine sample’ reecinAlthoegh the sracure of atts ‘Sy ea ee alien uf other cnr 9 alarms aera a Sele 2, ng op tbe oct of toga ie ‘SER oecl unfaentl ee ine eqwney aaa ot as ea Beene Weigel eres othr abet im Chapteraw cuaeten 4 Wavelets” De mort sen tshsqeeo sabicg SESE enor wt of prey oid leery tenn, Petts spre agate pete property raion we capa the Feet Ee eee tmrmoncaly ted compen spun Sein pomnee ech inured spi hore swe foto evant coments tn precla Fequnny Beate Foe ae Fae talaeaure eerie gen) td expen 7) eis he i ea er suey Sy cungng the parameter rea a Se etary eck martes adcoon comprare snail nc ey fancon vo asedoedn Carper’ Sealing seal inthe ESP fants cate myers scythe eeuecy demi. Wap the ‘Sel Ged) and Geaatel mesa) crentary Aneto: va "e-0) ‘Pecan meme geal be ming rata red sci ie cacy rst woe ik paar al the wai iti, "SEO jean acs et tw seve nee pe 1 mat See Letiged ll tenoatn ower (an 25. Se ‘Senate trea connierbl Stal by rer rears rieictnathematc sod sogmsing terre prelate ‘Eaten Meer 18 damerd a de elationatp Eaton waveletin acer malt Tos werk ny mabe sec betwee ti cline wstelt aad Sal Str bok, Dosw ee (4) CH ab keaped' seman snoviqae fee nering Seeearton ante ‘Ten wh FR inline) er ban Thaw re ere ‘Sntanise Dao th ese a reprcntingnansaseeay sal Ph ‘Sip nent ger Fo sae “fogs oth wows nn ST ou bso tad aa el eta thy ae stan eerenes a many ape, Uae the STP ‘atta ate hoy apply wee sali oe oe ea vel ot ‘Srhuate prpaain-Beetar ain otter ‘pecs coerce lw ww Sal ly ee ‘hr peer ar ed swat Aad Ts Seti 41 inka boop walt In pra {heat erpanaon nen val we ny fron the window ei aren eegosten, Rowen heal mer wate ay ‘ality condi une ob annus oe wee any show > emai» deed mcber novel plague hy She» he atten mn ee So nervosa, pe eat pnt Ps 1b, Pills in Seton we inteeace dial inplemeataioas, Asn aie ‘Stn at rl opiate, onal scincn naret aes ee Sink thou expat eelating tn other ware aneten 4.41 Continuous Wavelet Transform shod ttre are ally way of sng ener 25 he mln toe Gene ain, On rte armoscaly ‘ete omg sus fenestrae Four rant sel Gao ‘Risch atten tie ee ae ren cee ‘iit tee ose inna ai cere ern le Tet Witeraponl toy frstane, cpa sown ams 1 tented ante tno ya ne the aha > teeta nn at bao te aig prostate named net {Pons (Wwe conte est ronfm (CWD) t a nde emiderton i ection of tino, He ano a ace odes tbe mathe coset Th parameter repre the le ‘Bho ust ecg ot qaeey. Te arn ates thine ‘Somos ou ier ot er ad guar i Tye daon and taonaton yar) ane a time bd re ‘Senay oy, apace. Coeur th ancy CW) acer rod ‘eran yey reste sa hot n e ey oU 1) Tora, Ca) cold alo be turi fo aRnconof te ad I ‘pen vt.) = Solaon| a (Gober dementany tons) Waa i actions oes her tel nine ea oo mean ty emi upouunatih and Requen mdelted ate poop et ‘lott ems ee ee sae op SSthe semana fentins e-epart! ate ed (hell wavelet nme banca byte inion and alain ‘Secor weet Corgan ot ip eslticn and fos a hs ig fn ng ee sme tt Gece Svs cf the mother ware fi) ar a4 Ny Ut Smpndeg tee aa eqoney evinos of Wi i-0) area 8 Oe ‘Sipe ce Husngle 2°) Fe tho wavelet toc fnaon wa, the Tee woe rn eat) yw von te ea ean tou oe dortducin sigeal ws igh oti ig 2 ates [St and Wr ing athe jane ane eae) drain Wile he ST ie nen be i arte ig ing STF ad WE siteceting octet for malt ai anton va At cof te enn ay and rane rstatin ese oe Sita othe ies ut he wow Erclon a3) ho ape {heuneranty poncbln Maree’ are that te m,n the ‘Sone eset ie hen, tne Gogoeney fa H-9) i ne ‘Eilape 2.9, Conmqueay te ao af eanony bantwth 2aye (ne ‘apd iin tency Sami te mean wey oy fe 1 —— sen ‘ih wiih stalls the marae ror to the erential oman ‘bls reqncy spmaes of ST and WY oo plot in ig € and ip epee fat Hai of STE mr gy dana 4's tarde to gota betes the ieee btwn SIFT and WT se lok a snp ample Sopar that we bare sn ha tins ‘Se ple od on equeney ues sch a2 0) = 8-1 eBi-4 ote us Sta) = oss 2xBe 9p 2080-0) Fg. 45 compare STP and WH fir the gna in (5. Wie tine ante ty ronitions of SE aw af ate ere nena dai Nivea WE A ich furan, me havo br te ren an {Eojcnyeeien, Aw fqunen, we awe beter fen nica SSRSVLSSISNAn heen te aa o bandmate and seme BeesSeats, 6 = as a i a Spake « ape | ol fetes ab . [5% ae ae soe me rome day ty vary n WE nga SERENE Repeater thon oar smut te ht ty wat ns hen od ‘ther wart in ald Se any nen ve ke. When the pero: ‘Snead ceded ty sls fu mother nave yw bah ‘osetia teal andor br ey Laan &s “atthe Pier etre ter wri onde an ssa na ye a2) = lf downan(tct) da “9 the ume hiner mmc a dln of ‘ovo redundant The ra ignal ul wey ‘Scatace bytin tld CW The enone pret taoen oe ‘ ——— _ ee eee eee Sa» eee sea a ‘monic sauidal fonctions, SPT veully are complex On th oshor and, WT nee WT adeastv orm anton : 4.2 Piecewise Approximation ‘The rpotation the tina ine wav adda. For «given ‘ery sl efi wecan opty daraceie by sped CWT Ta ‘onal ne sample CWT haya pe hae Bag CDE AI) « Pfam « fowl rg itt at tt se ete mr ein ese a st the ei 4 re) are 9 Wie For thesoke csp lt ait or ruin tt a——<——_— =. So Seat = Walthall ar ethane: nc, 0 ao) ic sommenly hao a meer Th cosants dy te eo Tt Softies Sd crmpwad byte seple ier ros gn = Wotan 18 wn Aaa i mh F v= WOK BeBe Ccouty econ pramadan Vb aly sh alt pl st of mpg other mai ed [Hanjin Mage 1031 Bebe introducing sbsiactdeseriptions of mulzoao ce soni fe what lw, ls Gtk a a simple example pcre “he town in Fig 4-8 an fw goon abiray salu) ean be appro drat nes y psn nestane bn ante Poitanetie Seti cen an sony ans pnt By dfn of trait are ethan teehee Jaeompneon ist = eon) forme sen ona mci maa ce cis d= eaten» Beet) wa whee sag reas the weight fh een om) SSSI te smi drain en be aml yt Ht)= Batt » AZ, ttm aa where 2 ated 1 ntatiog that cane wan in Cr st ae For enact, We) = 900 928-0 ae ‘cae the tere of 92! a of) the piceine aprsinution| Aisi nig tt aa analer ear ay atc sss) Sent Fig 0h Weaton Va sno nemine by nat of anand tenet? fetsoe [240 tm Arig yi a space Astrid by ae of ‘analated amnmtary futons (2°42) te Dera of pei sont fnetine 2°79) get nae ta tay he stn ca to te Wg {ny ie apron anf surege ost Theatr #9 canes {hat ae ha Eton 2™AG a) fae ene. When mba ns ‘Edi tens octal cnet sar TH pura a hate ogo he onalan of 4. ae re rani of has ht Olloitasttdt = 2°fo"% amr" = Teme mt : en ee “0 we fig 7 Te wt tn an become peed yh 8 ak ite ‘Ruri so ep in Pgs 7, ms ic wert hgh vsti as ia yw rslaton bsg ane ed eration teri by (el So ann in aie ' sseaninanateilatitiatn wo : «9 via he ranatinnfyiae nema ie. Ie-myrt=n Moroso erie oh Le yb pas ha stated the ot of mT, Wy tail Sadat, ven Teedea Meron con of pice sppatiation i tate bid t= Ze. aaton) = BS ‘esd ta ps i Fig <6 whe in Wy The praceing desea pei iscmmenyresesbered by y=¥em ce ih imi ht hence en thelr ao nh the pace Wn edb (nh ha Snnicns fi) ibe smlar Ww (4.15), te “ ena aot es a Siesta re er ale yr) ae eto Saslt¥aat8 fey Ota Kom nn Thi elation voi apps ‘ect cam here 0 an Function defied (261 Pi 8ie awe Lb ab a Tl? at Pe (yah vrtesora nbn sede boat psc we ly ee when aprons noe V2.0", 8M% 20 ‘The shove decompo nb gurl Vet 8W OW ORAM, O.8Mq Ymez 21) spp ncn Se lan a Mtonj-an) Se me an) Apoving 8) an 17, wean eit 420 a8 woe E Saarveten wa Vee dn Yg = 8 HAWS OHS. 20 let cs de wae arse (10) 6 ded fe peat elitanee wave enone Bene al io Ta oy Sm eee den ely comput he tans PaO Mae 25 echt cae duc tee por gency elton, the comp NEOUS ircac Sant opposes i ym Base he eae ‘Snr nlcesoson aa csgn aor melt 4.3, Multiresolution Analysis In this tn we hl geen the den ofthe pee apron ‘ume the cating neti ou aveald ultslaon ana then ‘teen gent signori oe nar at fetaren GR etn nis ro saa, me i ay sl in begin tw fe Rem st aa ie Yo uh at natn) ne Junge mae = 6) 426 inane eting anton Latarey‘bv the paseie pronation example in he seins ton an MRA Th bal sf MEA fi tow tgp empl Sace Naat pln and Serssponting ther want), Bee the meter Wem cic ltd tg in 9) tl hal rs y rope ia aye ¥ then 0/2). Pram property Co) hace i)=2zhae-m wn nih inamod te dation euntinInthecabe fhe loco npr EES ensue Iie agave “= dei arpa ci afore Mat = IEA Iwo = ha fuente 42a) eon =H) Pe Sorat mente tnaess seo <8) = HSE) LM 90) = feat 1 aa ascent a ow = fte(S) «9 "Boma sorb Jocnore-mise = en) ez syed = 20) (25 Flewertwe do = 28 408 Jowornzerme aefolaereiEHe-tanda=28 37) Tact, Persia =i ve ass) ‘Sbeitting (420 int 4.99 ide " Petes thnk htesptsyoe 1 430)icin eg ht HC) = Mla he ey (8s to 0) iu se storm ete 0) = 1th Heore)+ Hoa ‘he pit oH and Oo) sed quedotare irr it or MBA, Ones Gay « aoeney deci, Conseoent © prop? darted a (8) leap ba oe {En propery ee une ern exptiaran ee) 5.2 General Properties of Wigner-Ville Distribution lhe Tigre tutes Cand SIF he WUD conkers rp be i nino on Ts ne, ‘ime Shit tavarant 1h WYD of sels « WVD4é} then the WWD of Uietine shied en a= a) ina ne tied WUD ofa Le WYN 4(G0) = WD,t-ta) ey roqueney Modulation Invariant: I the WD of signal es WWD,é, then 'he WUD oft nquencymdalaad versa oil= abecping 9 fe (wenorshied WWD ie WD, iG0) « WDA, 0-4) i529 ‘ime Marginal Condition: Efwvo,e,010e = [ete (e-J)esfear-sonete = fea (iF = wo 1a Prequency Margi Condition Jvc na» eee = fort yore citae = feptiouRinde = iia Because he WUD sas lsh in and reqncy mana conditions, we cas ‘way aterm en Purseal lation hat flores out = Eisenia = fourte 20) ich sje Ut the nergy ean in WD il oth orgy po sed y tho inl slota inl el fa? «Heap 2a) -00-2Bysa eh pled 2 we cose (622 cers diatrtsin in the ont Sine equeney domain, on gun (8.22) manly lea measure of enn inatantanots freuen, a _ Howie Lamnnierte RIWDicede saa co lh nate the canter of th spectrum nin Subting 22) ‘Be(G22) cine Note that the gh seo (524s easly te ‘te, hes (a = 280 = 90 25) ‘herfr, efit derivative of he ne phan eect the mi naa ‘set mc 28) deer ey mpc property the WYD, “Asa ert fact tho cacnahp (839) ae aly bode fr Brample ‘de and pase gl bath are eae fans Ten Froquoney Property: Lett = Altes, where maa lowimicoide dfemmcenda fe BETO a0 “Liwoeom war hie ap hat a time insta th mesa aetantanoas cue of WWD ‘als the mean istantaneousruney othe soul ena Hlowvnjs one = (2}feMos(o-3}o(e-Bosn 529 ut te) =as{o-$) mae) = sfo Based on deriative propery 28) ad siting proper (225, we have ) 10 -heom[ A) aot 0 = sol)-Avrlyng Paros farmala (2.9), mec ete (527 a8 lowwnade = lef = gel Satan sera ze} doa ene, re Pana PL fotar coe" %enin into ie) ds on oping te cat rem, term eae Ja yaife*taaa = Marsa) 951040 4 jstbiskfasr(a—byeanad Hswrdtere oa = Psiofe Gere esterene ay ngersoheondan 20 bing 20 int 38 ai Rfammeorda= rudror-mefan]=iacriviy 650 Replacing te marceratr in (5.26) by (S90, wean realy obtain the fnotantenaue ues ane “radnal: we ae the instantaneous egy property (5:8) to va ste wher be the ine dependen specs fees the nal eens fhotan change Fo the desired tneapendent pecan we oll ep at Jorieoido Frio thereat) = Aesth Note that mith the STET spectrogram nor sae ow 2 Fe Geen payer carn 7 By.) and (6.2) shew that fay ineinetant, heres more en oe ‘hequeney coon In ober weds, the ictartanenue eae htt Sa devalue funciona im Signe eengy. ede with trp to te ea Instantaneous fui The tntaneanenan wt nme ce At "mater tact heat nl tur xan Eaatpl 6-1 st Example Be 3b alan bole i any efale hos anergy ft, There, Ua nak ‘mre ue nat nih tanta tani Oho te lens anergy eprend wit oper fo the mesa insane quant $l Blerusethe WD nan (622) are non-negative Wecan au he cnept ef ‘Scandinavians to measure the stattanens endwanPr sang gece wwa ence Favicon feel nea ™ wor * ti tt cei nr tie nets infra me tr Cone ae certian naa masta eterna les 8 arc en Sal ape ony pena eer mone eee ‘cr net mae ene Ls scum pel ere hs fb ken wen te ints SES Canned Group Delay Property: Asme that the Evie tno sgn) ‘Stay Bunespivenh Teun, tn ie deriva othe pace le) eal the oro del. For Wigner Vie dsruto, we have Jewrayemee TWwpcoue Uthich sae tht ts ein man tne of WUD ie eal a the group ely ‘Welese the pret rte ret ron eam) Toe impart t note hat most wf proper fh WD ar etn ‘ined by attrogig the WWD, Por insane, te tine meri conden i ‘Sininat'by avoradig the WVD ove the legueny. The ietananeor es tiene property 25 th ential genes ser. Te sage that= Tepe ve Beever Game the propetos that are wsfl sg procs wil be mainly deer the amon esone, Beeaoe te average of he nigh olan prt al, {be highly ected joan wl fave hed seo o thew preperie "Thins avery important servation which eds toa improved tie dependent syocwury tine eaaenty citation srea We sal doce ths subject & ‘Akough many ether time dopendort specu shames det geese sll anil properties of the WUD, cine of ts haw wh dened repre {oe the spl wil he Gaussae envio doe the WWD in (Se) 3 52), ‘hey mesa te arial coors and stanton racy reper Tut thay have ngativewaes sn are nota senoentsed se (60 and S25) ly ante ote of th shoretime Fourertansrmeton,o l timefreasey fancies) canbe the Wigner Vile Gsiibuton Foe sac 1 sty end sey, Pom « 9 is) SS bad wil ot be ava Wig Vila dtrbutin, bch sia ns be ime ard Freeney lnited singhaneay 5.3. WVD of Sum of Multiple Signals ‘ey ited, One main dfene of te WWD ithe eae sete nee ‘reac Farstl= 2) 29 sha WWD se WYD{L.0) = WYD,(t.01+ WYD(0)+2ReLWWD,,ete)) (534) hich shows thatthe WUD ofthe sm ef tn sgl isnt the eum of ir ‘epectne WWD. In adlon to fre sutras, (234 cians oo carer WY, Bene the erseierm neelly coils ee magi ie trial a thao te auto ora, aft het th taal eden fine spt pater. Hw teres the tonearm inereree wat ‘cag te ical proper of ne WWD bas been vx Sera tinet ‘jeensy anaes wl ao be the oes of hares ef Pare 2 etre nro Ing aro pint ne heqaecy representation serene Tok ts euple ‘inne topo «batter des eat he rome tren ners ct ipa ce ha wine) = forbeles}-t amici antio-ay 695] hich hs a th VD nnd gay Te eely vat Semana a Sie akamened women ae) 9 meno | WDi.0) = 22 Hom) +4xbea-0,)on) ean ae | \ pt ares a. The Wy psn spat cin diet tras ate | Se aly Seca ee suarme, Ue eater it av naa teteoe rac esucng den Abou tere ethecrscurm Segal tae kts Jasiwn-o,postaeidt = 0 rays0 (530) Senn ms im on |sere meyrt a tint a em ia a a rom fra (5) ach pais eate tre erates ene rst ter Foe india conpnnts De tal aur ef onrarma fe MVD nt se Fle cave uch ais Example Sn cam eal en the veer teri ‘ice Ferenc ho pastors othe er, wich uel sneap wh ‘Stotaron coud be more eompliated, Conuuenly he died n-ipa ‘ent pet ls be een nd ofan ig. $-4 Thee oe ine maar conan fer guns ts. The ‘latte the tule poner meen. Te me pee on a ‘lene pretnen comple of dn Pg. 4 sates th of a rane ones. The ett pa eine ‘waveform The rite the radio! power eps ‘The mile ott {he dasredUeependentspecram spud by te neu) aren ‘rier thot we wi cnsan it Copier The convenna! poner spect ne fetes hat thre ne fo ileret sqwney tne, bt to Sear ne thane “fret Srgueney tres osc The teers power spect ht on ‘hows our reaueny tone, sa al ho Sey take ae ig 05 aod Fg 6 lune the WV af these ene hopes i ‘a Becae of the presente of te Gotta iteernce the tae ine pendae ptcern iy comply doseoyed. Tia We undesired teeth ‘uc the sppeaton af the WD, even tnugh the WWD pee may rors roperte oignalanalee -'s Fi £5 Prana tpg irl emp by WD. Fe. 6-6 AD poet aqua Roper sg ted by VD. Fig 8.7 and Fig. 5-8 demonstrate sani signls. Te power spectrum ely ndtv Sry sung reueney eompane, Recs of te Pera ‘ofthe interferon, homens thew to prominese ene) nee as tem ‘lay estrogen tho WUD es Pig 8 pe Sicaectntomel ees atFig 54 Seen pte by WD. 10 3 (Jeno Geno 639) sis oe mene Gi gn ema i wea «2 $f ae os stexpl a4 (oa, lestco—ayrat of) ‘putin 4 ree tao ith ae ain (rma, ae stows Pa "ciate bch tne and frequency \Sounon enone tt fa txsotated an sma jase me ears DES Sere esther wee note at aarp Beampla 4 datos the maha the eset The rose in creche rele ef the orepuing pir fae em Its Tmten and the rte nino are detained ye nd Cee) t turn ate sutoterma If we knew the pasos of fete Ben we can press ientily the ceerpnding comer In the abe sft. Ganesan Fetish auo-tras sl ers term ee spmmetil ated sited ‘het meteqaoney demas Now, the startet pate sb thease term and creneserm at sal properties. Tn err the gut, ey wet « 3 at-ne-nira fin i fnr(-nie-1, Flom tat) Eocene ornate) oni) ea ‘Te tum the etgato fe ato rma wich ae aan eating The ‘cnn term in extsed by the custom, which oats The at cease, {ip portent the distance between tro ater fn egucecy Gna ‘Thermgntude AG! exenetl dea tthe ano tet bo terme i the ite oman, inten te ace wor the fare apa the ‘totems ace, th la nang” eee tar coring Similar sberv tons ‘tk el for the eer ropes Fer eames tran wey tat ely te retest are ct by cane serine hve same ance theme raster eau “aitennly, the comets ht bin nse to deere apmething unde ied in the WYD, euch as those Sow io Example Sand Beams Sot. Coe ‘vey they shld al be removed. Acly Wis tanking i bo easelcoer. Ft ules fr vory ple cee, ouch as two sins signal in ‘Example 8 and fo Gaussian functions in Example tbe emer go tral mot well dined Ae we the gal en be Bees to part 0 ‘Sutra Secood he comer rote hots As shown io Exaile ‘Swen the ero term io eestad hy te Guna fein hae tie end ‘Eapnay centers are apa the courtereshighiy ect, which a> ‘ld ifsene onthe Une urs raisons ae rel a eras rope Is is can the crave tr io doed sot important and thereby ei ‘eored When to crotaurm i nnd hy two Gata anton whan ane ‘Ed egvecs center ar ler, the cea tur wil nlite ess an hertre It lps average veh aero Sor i Gane the racing preset: ‘ion wl ave significant sgl energy ont. T this ae, we cn tape! t oe ‘mach af the Ge margin! coon ae wel ae wher proper Ts, Sgly ‘Seacing acre turm oot eh pores ‘At this point the natural gueston ty what pers of Uwe WVD are uname! How ean we gta bt jut ane aque represen? Bele ‘lv adarsing ti on, het er wens sme oe apes ef he Ww. 54. Wign Sealogram 1 he basing of thi chapter, we mentond tha both STF spectra en talagram cat be wed We dene igs enory change al time: ‘rene dao, Then, hw are STPTapecregea td walopas rltad othe ‘gone scebocar in wha lowe, me shal spy sentry alsa ‘verte te ntedue some paren lta. Ville Distribution, STFT Spectrogram, and 0) = en Ge = WD, sI W/E 4 here WV, and WWD.) dence Une WYD ofthe analyzed sigol {Re eale foneson 40, tenetvely Formule 40) i piel 20 cntlr tu, wich sys tat the STE apectopar fat i ts onvsoy fe ‘Wave ile isebtons he signal i) od aula fence, | BiWevartea arena eae a et xed tie th | Ulloa S}e(2-$)ie-eS pete Seri -v) aude = Ihe Bole $year Powr rosin vad (eee Spfe-w Thelen a ss) det =Uidaa = dad 5 orale 4) bacomes ‘Sfecarertbive—byrtt-abemp(-sta—Bre}daads | + jte)yt espinal) bJesp odes | = [Soy Wen the Wigverile distin of the anaes fence WTA lowpass, inthe ease af wot eppiadon, then the SIT specie nocd WWD, Thar mp tet the rslaton othe STET taecoseem {nfeoo to that of te WWD Fig 30 dai the TFT secrete ete ‘ueoey hopped sia. In is sample the analyl fncton n'a hoses nse WD 20 fowpase Compared nthe WD nig So sso ance ut ise en rein bt bint inerterase sad wink eee Ewa, oe= Woe veteran Cae £5 £2 Compr he UD i 8 he TPT as er rie ‘Wi atrsing nee hatte seslogram, he sare ofthe wae rane formas be an try sro) Le : (ext Seated) = [ewe b4? » wm conevDLEEE ody (46 whee WYD,t) nd WY fs eh WD sand inal ad The mlber wert fonctind yf, rectly The opersaen wb ie moive imidé)ienee sinc orion Let expan the right 06 6.46) a, deo 3) FeSE- De xemichm son idnrinde = Les) (0-3W( lies 3 reso wnawoa maa 7% ‘he Jocian uarinat | Bie f sda = Whos ene I 55 Smoothed WVO and WWD of Anita signals | In the preceding ection we showed that the WD of the eum of eultcoape ‘ensithe ineareombaton of ete an ern trna The autem in et ‘al are relatively sooth, wheres the cocoate are ctongiy owed ‘hotfor, «nataral way of overiogcronetarm inrece i pp lw ser gat the WYD, =, SWwD,t.0) = [WD 1He-s0-y\dedy eso | senate cet aoa a re, Seiviemitantim samira ac Soe Sete ca ee Salcrna rete ahem Soche 8 the WVD of a fancticn ‘ft, then (5.50) becomes the STFT apoc- | ee ec bn Sag ace oe Tanner es ae eae Seto ot die saree eT eer eee ‘That are possesaed by the WVD, Usually. the SWWVD improves the crose ier | Sees age US ar er eee PE er loner ed dred a See | Guten) = [Jungs Atay es)= wept Se owes tho ny mau eas whe be 3D ler Hi) wpe acral ca aoa ors ke Wigner ale atnton a cr on yee ee tanta aha Der wv0(i8) = [lo(es}at-nn-oNey 6m rp of tal rein, nly et yt ger eda Sa uns antes thet teas Se eet Ww ‘he sale hat wed wits under normal seumtanos aera ed. Ac ones leis Uta the peas Sio)= 80) oe Blwl* ISP 1559) In thi cae, oly oe af the apse sntaine norman, whe the er Ss vedcndane To remove the sduodany, pope ually ouvert Sh ra 1s Sree ena oa ie = ‘gl othe sealant ig 1) denser tho Fear tonto ‘ie real-idsgnal es Ce anata! inal ethers Pare form ef Si) pees 2510) 0>0 59 ar a ea-naed igl he epative fenquensy cmpanets oly nt ee ht reftndangy ut la neti es ede lhe aster tse: ‘eros Boashash [3] sugested ing th analtclinal’s WYD, Because te spall funcion isa halhend funtion, he rolng WODals) avd a ‘es rm that are scsi ith he negative run semper e Tig 8-1 and Wig 6-2 Mate the WVD of eal vlund Doppler sens ‘and the WD, ef the eocrapending natal ipa Obtnuly ferret ‘chen ig 6-2 than hat ig However thes be hepa in tat the ale ation sf ‘he orgal sgl in teverl wap ane Cohen (3, For netaner, snl fancied alas) where x) for ff até > ‘gis mune ne longer tine ining ecane the analy fos sad ted Terr, we sould be vey carta wun the aad Raion fe ied, Aha the analyte! feos ha theca eee power penttin se {hat orrepning rtrd pai taaanee properties my se "analy ferro that the onion eel "The lation becnen the WWD, and WD ct best be deterind ly wing (816, Forexampie. wingc) Lis(o-9)e: («-S)euonen +2] s(0o9)e(-Bjepunnen eh enact wro.0)= ziaas{or2}e(o-Bjanyanaa 65) ‘wer His an ea wpe with caf goer 2s Based the ‘elution there, een we eatin 6] oe wp,c.w) = 2] 222% 60 trends os= Wipe wi baie Co ‘Ths reralt eo covere the WYD with ania raqueny-dpendet lp ‘ler Sioshs Th spread of the lwsenquency parton fhe VD in ah ‘idee thas tha the ih regen porcin. = = cal u _| ‘a, i-13 WDatrcangi rad gma 1 Theanine nid nal 4) nt Sn ite. Si beac fron te VD, stein) ers et cng oe ‘Wedel agli Fig. 6-18 and Pig, 214 unsate te YD, and WV ef he tang sind fncn Pig 18 shows tha tne WWD G0) ~ 0 whenever a)" {WWD stoe he time marna editen Hooves nt the abe or {he Wi in Fig 5-14 Camara tothe WV the lonroquncy portion of the Wid, vigfeany sure. Buse the WD, of the enya! fneen Se erg i nai 0a ne dma rs raced The WD, reduces the crams tor itekrenee a th et ang tac onicbama = 56. iacrte Wigner-Vle Distribution | The emnaetine Wines il iin inde othe previa ‘ins great vale analyeing td gating naga ina prope scar | ‘invoustine signals. Bens tbe myer fsa that wo Sal iar | Shorten sgl inthe preset sein we shall dren hee de ‘cute Wignerile duran The lnportaace fdordepng te dort one lerpart isd othe inceasing ute apse of Spal outers sd the dstlepnun of eign metodo tpl ata rains The pre hey ot {he igtal computer bar spared experbontation wh the dng of nereas ‘nal ecpintd dcrtene syste fo mich So apparent praia ple ‘neat aig analog euipment ete | By ling w= 2 in (69, the WYD Beamer | Wunyi.0) = aes mee anenp tite ae sn | ‘Asam the intra of the lagratin (5783 Appin the Topi rut, ‘wehave sn appresintin of theta by WOe.8) aS ree naweit-adyenp(-an} se) i | {= reve araa chs be sonal a) empl in atry 8 cod, = th we an the di WYDymtt.o) = 28eT elim taps npatlee( jonas] (50) Wrhinstor Se WTmsto) 0 ‘Torco, the pei of WWDymst 0) Se at rather thas 288! raged by ‘Shanon sampling theory. The fom (60 phe tae he highest fue oonponent in '.60 mst be less ho equal a 20 Tbe lena arch ‘later st then aig wil ur ng 5) rr cia ‘ll it) tw “a Ps) 3 o -_e ee {| i. AV \ luli”. "2 \ ‘he simplt way of dublesarnling i a apply the iteration fier os ter to remove the age ohaded aren in power opetan). Such psig precast Sterhed y vim} = S elnnin20) on where xm) a halstandowpac Sta sp] ences an upped sagen tt {be oil singe itera at sco, than the neva utente amples 0! mond. Aplvng hs ves ni (9), weave » = linen pelim-mi fan] soon] aq) ‘Th pero of (bases, whih i exacly wha we antic Le the norman reuaney 6 = Wilboat ee betray we ar her asue tht = Sem la 2 ads nin$ FAT Im.6) = 2 F sims atrm-nlanpl-/20m} (563) arma) require tn evluton rom minus inte to pasate, which ‘= inpustle in ra applatins To evercre thie probln, we impo era ning ied fal ath 98, Wet.) = 2 F elaiyin eadtm mi (64) hich called dhe pad Winer Vile dnriusion. For the ake simply, Tete) ba yetangular window wah erg Le, i, way aft bite Lo cerwie ea De oh did gp ray won a mnepenbhestaSubntttingt ito 560 yile Whine «2S Dio say —aespt-i260) $2 Eaten njoen( 2001 4275 yim igen mp 9200129) =n Smet mr ion Wwe urbe dtc the rgueney index shen (68 bese orvaimit inns shi wen fer 0¢h-<21, Th form (7) called cles Mp Vile dsrution (Biwpv) Nett (5.57) DWYDIn,A) = DWVD[mA iE} fer b= o.sh92. (sea Uwe use the tndard -prnt FT agen Ye eompto the summation (GF ha the outpt erent Usual we assume tat foe n> 1500) ment ‘hon the arma (687 rede to Dw, b}ee Sytner nae 2 astm (570) {s jet Nov, the summatin Seems L-psint FET Therese 30 redundancy The i ‘eutey range oA EWVD to 670) Osh< Lm hip equney seat ings. Been he fran (3.70) compeltienlly fini seen ‘edt ite te curate Wigner Vile steaton ‘Bay get ric hve eee proos! te ence th ling ro ten, However no mater whit kinds ef ke ee usd, he egret eu » Te teenage tn barn = Sythe same: we must ovrumple tri the tine don oi fequnsy Shain Aboogh terse se aration nen th alle aoe, heats in campus coophty as nll rin nama sage te mare “Tere are wo abvatags of thes ited is maan Passi hse the amtinanorsine Wi, Crmoqtly many properties et on Ucahatine WD arco at it crt tuner Seo er lan fer is relates sir 40 inplement wth eng astro Tehnigoer. %. = 1s worth noting that wen the tay sna i mplepd healing problem i astamately avledteaane' sa hlPba ipa Te eres, Fremencycompment of te aaa tiga se eHow the mod stip wrk fer erled snl er copes gl ih Thee een tein the radar apltny, the tetera ymca rey we art reg he egrve fugue ne cay, the snag peor 2 ‘ist ales we apply ners tering ei pepotngeaae ‘othe sina! bere compat the erste Veer il eon Summary ‘ave pan the wadiional power spectrin thischapter we intron gen ‘ral formas af tho time epee. oprum. In yareaioy we dined te ‘oer Vile drt hs ea tat ae he WYD os epe set the [WUD better charactrne alga regione hanger Oa other schema, such a hu STP spcragram a ealogam, wich are popu ine eae tienl promsng The WD posses many ahafl ropes fen pre ing Any o he aerated ete wera the WB, Because nerage ‘gnlostiatedprcns prsumehl poses slay sal rerages te oe {at properior a the WWD are sly Ate ty seth pare. (uo othe mor eden fhe WWD i the cesar interne, Te tudue the unwanted torn, we Samaaeé te Apis mtn, the seid [WUD and the WD af the analyte! function AlCnugh toy tre single aad ute itive rma eppcatis he al ede hermes bw cot Ieing wef! popes he tps crn suppres ea ‘wl be the main oa Urs eok "inally we stedsed«feanble nr iplerentation of he Wie. Vie deincuarten 6 Cohen’s Class Ta crater 6, we itrdaesd te Wigner ‘ile dstiboto. In ation the Wanerile Sait, there re Sen cf thr lien they representations tat have es developed rhe ty nr Gon 9 an HL a {sera fem tht wae atedued by Cohan Et) The disney te ser form of bilnear joint tvesPequency eprecetstions facaes oe wt che (he of th dase joist Reqacncy representations, Becnaee an ey way cf rag Clben date from the amtigity dona is chpier sare witha ie reve of he niet aga ane tien. The genera properser of te abiguyuoction hase been tree ‘ied Inthe ener if nen sod seh Gasen i he cuper el Be feensed welt os noe apc tt ar importance fora bec netanding of Caen te. Secon 62, we don he estnaip heme the eel Fanci andthe creaming ear reomaeestion nals Sotn 68, ety fon val-Known meee of Caer slaw ne which nc te (Ghishiane dstbaten, the soe spe tstaton aad ngmabdepedent time frequen dt= comets ae 6.1 Ambiguity Function [nthe paiding shape generale tha tena power spectra ints he tine dpudeat spectra te B63 60 = fe hp jus it Sue dependentsutosorrelatn funtion echosn m2) = (t+ $ (3) then the recting te dependent power spcrum ie the Wignes Vie trim Mon WWD) ne (8.3 v0.0) = Jeo (e-Sprotsande 1s we take the Fourier tna wih espace the variable instead of tin (8) thon we ebta aethr poplar ont ime faqusney repreceninton ale {hr samuroambguty fenton AP te, {eed (e-Fercvanes 6 seheh was at drive ty Ville and Mpls reton wo mote iene wae {rvloged by Woodward 190 Forala 6) eaioall nated Deo A ‘carcngy the rae AP Is defined ot 18, 40.9)~ eee Dantsone 2) Unlined sate WWD, wh i al ran signal th AP is genre sme sod AE (0.0) 2 AF A02) 63) has bees wily man he cote f ada ad seat, ey wel underson.The dean inthe bak wal te paca that ar of igortase or a ter anderanding Beaed un the Fourier thescem, fo a given ambiguity fonction AP) wen eo he serena antccatn fen he er Manin.oerpyonds = oi$}>(¢-3) es) Suiting ito ide { rig = 2 ie indies thas the Wg dition idee Reso nfo ‘Satna the evmtcambigty fencing 6-1 dla tho colitis ‘renee the Wigner ie dutntatee std the yc feta, xp ile onde 69 =F rots natant rin part, | 10.= SJovel-Se-to"me} eo) riled itso dtd ey need caed Se eerant 50.9) ~ ol is. 69 trate lt of 7, which entre tthe (0 and ae re ee See om sf esnview +00 ea] ‘SR metE iy tue rgerana seed tes Ss emwhich save hat he patil derivstivs othe phase hermes abigliy Tinton ay equal aU tm and regunney eter the ener eGo: Ban, Covers ewotses ‘hich cave dat the part deativsof tesa fhe Wigner ile dts tion ave ual ote enor 9 the samt amiga anc, Base te ferivatve th pase ual cosine athe eqaecy the enn ofthe fpmmetis antigay fancondiely relates tothe rate of encllten ofthe ‘Wipe ater In Posen th ese ea nthe Wise le ema Insert glee, hich Sper ht She paral Germ ef the pe a the WignerVile dott se are Inthe eign, tn que len th sorarpending seg fenctin ing sy fom he ei The ‘rier away AF.07) i fox the vi Ww higher the etn ot Wye, Semple on Fi6-4 Maping betwen Pad HYD, Becrase the highly ited WVD,. i) has & very small average ‘abere having opie entsten 0 ean propos) omivelnty {he AF. tha isaway Pom origi mete Se pte Ply 4 de ‘rote ppg betncen the ancy aad Wagar drain | BES, cet etree case een etic he salut hi hr Gana aos have eae fg AF al) cor[ Trae eet] dogs (623) ies mara he ann The tare tenes te ctr of Raduioagaie yfrandori re eee Sees, Sear ‘pine oe ND, al ht See li Ie a sand thervby Nas a neghphle average. = ‘Sim fv he vo Gain eens at ae sie eer en A, Sai ea 180 = exp [ama $e ee treven sero aa. eg ele oo te Ate ‘er my, Beene ofthe let ly ena average, mach WD, es hae np ‘btecotiatins wa preprtir te < nore fomsiniain te wel propre of he WVD, any it tine-r- ‘woe rprstation end wena prins of APO tha a hee hich i encntated in the Gana stated fn Pig. 64, Th aes= Soros Oat tee —ay} ea sehr need (en ama thal i and gine « em aot ire td fh annie moran Saco Mag acento tea a) roms sf wai aeeicscae em Ullo ate oye Comune tome ln tarme tage ad poe, WD 8) = Amott eRe Lienntt)} J 0.0) = Aut 9.2 Vey} ox then | radars deena wa { \sur aie. Aste wane omer, the pren of AM 9.) the ain oe soul case sgiGeast unceaed tera nthe Warner Vile docs: O2 ‘ho thir hae, hon AP.) and AF‘) arefar aay rm the on, er 0 teu te te wl properties lee. We shall deus thie prose ve detail in subsoqunt sestione f-. | Mano a fw Pa |e i ‘i J nally, ke the Wigner Vie dite, the abit fain ie alee wre, ICT far ss.0ae, ord 0.29 erect 60 tela Miele dpe(e-deaelur(o+ 52-2 anata = Meo ae ez Sabai ve22) foto (620 Because sat = dye = dee (29 sere IJ denser he Jobin determin ss moe deta abet sal aah els Suet 8 4 62 )bemmes 20) Afooiverrenm cto? ae = ewn,b1CWPe.-8) 62 Cohen's Class ofr we have stadud the SFT mectrgras,Wigne~Vile dssatio, an ‘mete entity fen. Intent teen hos bisene ae tener oene reprennationy, ween Int a ent anther darn couiespets In 106 (Gat ampiyed arate fanctine and oper they ere = poe las jen tine-reeney representation (26 Weak be sow that al ce ‘Steer representations cn be tenn one general rm tat wedi sumed Cater ls, ‘cringe me dependent autosrration Finca i ined ue fants. c¢0. shes Ged 29 where AF) the apmnoti ety fmt, defied by (and 400) [scaled the tert fan Bao th croton tart, we can rer Aue = PPO. MOF 008.0) = bfe3 (Honea eller dele et-asnde 625 wheel dootes the averse Pour taneormation f 0, B4(625) sys {hatte general ine deendet ulosortatien Pein greene oy Cohen 3 timednaln Inara ution sive 2 tthe atom ‘Sen fiction employed nthe Wine" dren. Tere dienes Teter the Wigner Vie diet and the mambo Cos ies ach ab ‘Ghillie datbutin tal eeshped ctbae, fe complet, dovetae de natre ef the far i When i) aan, nat 469 = 2 His bewnee ua = Sara ove 6m ices cee eee ae ele ee, e eee o sooo Prpertiee Kero 1 | desi vara Indepeodent of ime variate 2 | oquoeyahit variant | independent of ease varie a eons) ona 90 3 [eeeewrmerea_femies z © [iano teany [woes tant Gores] 0 mar see 7 [empainrpemey —_[wansimaziores],_=0 > [aia ia ay cin eanalepencest ‘Soba (20) aie i of hen ln Cm Lifare.noienesucoeunitaes a7) Avera aig HU) (83125 (6.25 ye Cue = [hres Dpole-Fpeemedeemiceriés am) "compu th ambit neon we (tent epee precio ce ohare he etre te sed whieh Ful (63) cosa nan om Z te the ambit ecto it i sable fer ol mpementaiens ‘The spate of Cone mort fa reduce te oben fhe design ob ‘he umeepotent spear othe snc he ternal Rncuen (6, We lit the latins betwee te here anton a weal oper a ae 1 without prot: Reader intersted in dervtne ne eatoraged fo eau (aa. In neal, Cbars dss could be nagatve ules the Ler nctin aig ‘nabdopendent crit is the ambiguity function of « fuocion 4) I» this case | io) Seeuivalet othe SIT sperm he spate of the ST fe Q(e-Farc vena amy ‘Thea, iere Foie ear ie Gea] ea) Subetating (60 in (62 obtain we MeDeefeorimae — | Delt (oo Bll -e(e+3)} { Deb Heofele- ae Replacing eo mare deta abot multiecabe callus in Seton 58) Cie) = fift-aed}r (tw =e sree} yond ean | sta tm) oert-stanteohtont-siobww iat «804 | hms erste hn kel 08h ntigy ten nce | sn iaaeg Seater as Ko Tree al eye ge een er sev dy cio ay Hall treat pee oe |(087) and 188), towne that the instante no ily versal ‘ndiens and be nensomgatie elas ‘estar gunn thi ont nde ¢sn-aostive tine Aregueny di ‘bul or Hse regeensy density fet sue Te nae nya le cs ‘ne dota anit aranven cer transformation, uch ax Cen rue (G21) ana (626), twee could ely mae tonenapive Gm sroqancy hae ‘one with nar ondltn proper Ror xan Le? sea? Pra = EE sc (ea) in" Baa? «fea ‘videnty Pe) in 6.) noone sd satif tinlegueny marge Cendien. With x armalston ical be fouled sect Sey ne im. But each a time‘Pequncy dena neon fo mente fr nee tenes analpin,enune dene mt ene nny eration ering gl eat vtec "Ten, te nest qin wil be, out x meaning non-apatie tm e quency anti ext? Unfstunsely the sneer of thin quo fe ‘let nea Altnugh thee ave say waye of sneer osonve tne ‘mney irene, nae fem basen proved to tase eal Sie The suit of the nstence a nese time faut dram ‘at sels he ga tome saryng neta fa emai esa pe oot ene of ntret to senl proces, aan ie undatrensa in phyees ‘The vac nara eth pie enearaged to onal the papery Caen {hd Poach Th and Senaen fe 67) an, ‘Al disease in this etc oe pra fared on te cota ime caus and therfore al ences ely hl fore eat ine sige Tae Sete warterprts were eed by Jeng and Wiliams 85) Morn ad Wa [iB and Kectnt to [10 iscoy'ew 6.8. Some Members of Cohen's Class ‘neo he main motivations fr sng Cohen's rhe pt en yar has ‘sa to sa atime epencent spam ht at aly preserve al wea pre ‘es, bt ali hs ved rar tarnnerfeeny Avan the eae outen, tbe prem othe ambiguity anton tat eneepnds i uosere ts "gece tothe ogi keese the par of th aman une tt Elita tothe cerns tans to spread somevler se Tui eration Inepace many sate to nares fr heel annson Oye state ed. (Ee To(er0AP(O0! meee he rant af ono ad suppres wey te there ie. At the same tno, 7) Shonlé east os many prope ise jn ‘Table Cl an pene p= = 5 | Eo] | =./3 Fe. 6- Teele eta Pig 61 nasi ene et Te ee) ad have shane aun tat Th sa fund ae te Sate eee FEES pla the WD he sil when ta ca pra a Fig! 6.8 dopics the trctooe tt gal inthe ambiguity domain. 1 shows that asp fo the ner emared (al nen ae coal ivomene= . ee Maa “ ‘a ( Interference, the product 14(8;9AP(201 haste vanish foc larger and On the tler ban, wo roses Utne and ogee) mural snatins, the fob WSOAFE,0) = AF.) MONARO = AROS) (6 which inl that ll prin of APE) in beth th cain and Dai have be 62:1 Cho. time Distribution 940.0) = exp(-0(007 9 Tei itor ay teak tat the exponential ere! a (54 eater prap ‘he inven Fourie random af the expat herain (6) i Pig. 6-2 dpi the pres of cos-trm saprson hy ext ker ‘= fin forte hee ton at Spa. Atogh ibe epoca ere rests dhe peton hats away rom the orgie preserve alert craw Svein tho Ga and-rase Consus the OND cnn tenga