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    © All Rights Reserved
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    99 views28 pages

    DNV (1991) Environmental Conditions and Enviromental Loads

    Uploaded by

    Tze Wen
    DNV 1991

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Ey CLASSIFICATION NOTES & % i NO. 30.5 3053 DET NORSKE VERITAS Rama ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AND | 1ENVIRONMENTAL LOADS } 1 ; MARCH 1991 Det nersie Veritas Classification A/S VERITASVEIEN |. 1322 HOVIK, NORWAY TELINT.: 4472479900 TELEX: 76192 FOREWORD Det norske Veritas is an independent Foundation with the Objective of safeguarding life, property and the environment at sea and ashore Classification, certification and quality assurance of ships, offthore installations and industrial plants, as well es testing and certification of materials and components, are main ac ‘vides. Det norske Veritas possesses technological capability in a wide range of fielde, backed by extensive research and development efforts, The orgasization ir represented world-wide in more ‘han 100 countries, © Det norske Veritas 1991 Gasification Noies are publications which give practical in- formation on classification of ships, movie offthore units fixed offshore installations and other objects, Examples of de. sign solutions, calelation methods, specifications of test pro- cedures, quality assurance and quality contral systems as well as acceptable repair methods for some components are given as interpretations of the more general rule requlement, ‘An updated list of Classification Notes avallable i given inthe latest edition of the Intoductior-bocklcts 10 the «ules for Glassification of Steel Ships, the «Rules for Classificabon ef Mobile Offshote Units» aad'the «Rules for Classification ef Fixed Offshore Installations». Computer Typesetting by Division Stip and Offhore, Det norske Vecius Classification A\S Printed is Norway by Det narshe Vertue 391.200 CONTENTS: Introduction General Environmental condition: Environmental losds Wind conditions Average wind Gust wind Wave conditions Wave theories Short term wave conditions Long-term wave statistics Current and tide Current ch cea eee 2 Tide Gat 5. Wind loads... Si Wind pressure 5.2. Wind forces 6: 6 The shape coefficient... 2 Wind effects on helidecks 21.1) 717! oS Dynamic analysis of wind sensitive sirustares |. 1S Model tsis Se: 15 Wave and current loads Nirtomesseseeels Wave and current loads on slender members 18 Wave loads on large volume structures 19 ‘Second order wave loads on large volume structures : :2 Slamming loads from waves 20 Shock pressure from breaking waves 20 Vortex induced oscillations... 2 General. eo Wind induced vortex stiedainng © oa Current induced vertex sheddiag a Wave induced vortex shedding 25 Methods for reducing voriex-induced oscillations 27 References . 1. Introduction 1.1 General 1.1.1 This Classification Note gives guidance for description of important environmental conditions as well as giving suid ‘ance for arriving at enviconmental loads. Environmental conditions are described in clauses 24 while environmental loads are described in clauses 57, 2. Environmental conditions 1.2.1 Environmental conditions cover naturel phenomene which may contribute to structural damages, operation di turbances or navigation failures, Phenomena of general im- portance are: © Wind Waves © Currents, Phenomena which may be important in specific cases are: lee Esrthquake Scil conditions Temperature Foi eoeeces 1.22 The phenomens are usually described by physical var. inbiee of statistical nature. The statistical deseription should reveal the extreme conditions as well a8 the long- and short term varietions, 1.23 The environmental design date should be representative for the geographical areas where the structure will be situated, ‘or where the operation will ke place. For ships end other mobile units which operate world-wide, environmental data for particularly hostile areas, such as the’ North Adantic Ocezn, ‘may be considered 1.24 Empirical, statistical deta used es « basis for evaluation of operation and design must cover a sufficiently long time period. Classification Notes — No, 30.5 For operations of limited duration, seasons! variations must be taken into account. For meteorological and cosanographi- cal data, 34 years is a minimum, Earthquake: must be based oon long-term historeal data. 1.3. Environmental loads 13.1 Environmental loads arc loads caused by environmental phenomena, Environmental loads to be used for design are to be based on environmental data for the specific location and operation in ‘question, and are to be determined by use of relevant methods applicable for the location/operation taking into account type of structure, size, shape and response characteristics. 2. Wind conditions 21 Average wind 241.1 Wind velocity changes both with time and with hejgat ‘above the sea surface. For this reason the averaging time and basight must always be specified. Common height level is 2 = 10 metres times are } minute, 10 minutes or 1 hour. Common averaging Wind velocity averaged over 1 minute ig often referred to as sustained wind Velocity. 212 The average wind speed end the wind height profile may be estimated by the formula Ue UG, t9(140137In Ex or7 in ¥) height above the still water sea surface level. reference height = 10m. averaging tints Teference time = 10 minutes 3 wind speed by specified z and t reference wing speed. ‘The ratio U (2, 1)/ U (2, b) Is given in Table 2.1 1 Table 2.1 speed ratios, 3 (metres) Time J seconds ‘Sseconds 15 seconds Trinie 10 minwies [60 minuies 10 0934 0.910 0,858 0,793 0,600 50 TIS 1,130) 1,078 1.013, 0821 100 1,249 1225) 1173 1108: 0916 20,0 1344 1,320) 1,258 1.203 Lon 30.0 1,399 1375) 1,324 1,258 1,066 40.0) 139) Tals 1.363 298 106 50,0 1,859 145 34 1329) 16 1000) 1.564 1540) 480) (ara 123 2.13 The statistical behavior of the averuge wind speed Pr(L) = cumulative probabiliy of U. Ue, 1) referred to a fixed height und averaging time may be U. = UGz.t) = wind speed, described by vie Weibull distribution given as Us = Weibull scale parameter Pru} where = Weibull slope parameter. 2.14 The most prone largest wind speed for un exposure time, T, may be obtained by: Classification Notes — No. 30.5 le Ue (@. t= v(m) where T= exposure time. T, = average time period of constant wind speed, usually 3 hours. 2.2 Gust wind 22.1 In the short time range the wind may be considered as a'random gust wind component with zero mean value, super- posed upon the constant, average wind component. 22.2 Gust wind cycles with period shorter thar about 1 mi- ute, may be desribed by the gust spectrum FS() 4x0? @, yp—L power spectral density (n/t) frequency (Hz). non-dimensional frequency, 7 =FL/U, 1). length scale dimension (m): may be chosen equal to 180m. surface draz coefficient: may be chosen equal to 0,0020 for rough sea and 0,0015 for moderate sea. UG, = average wind velocity s f f L 223 Gust wind velocity, defined for instance as the average ‘wind velocity during an interval of 3 seconds, may normally be assumed to follow the Weibull distribution law, sce 2121 3. Wave conditions 3.1 Wave theories 3.11 Wave conditions which are to be considered for design purposes, may be described either by deterministic design wave methods or by stochastic methods applying weve spectra. By deterministic methods the seas are described by regular, penodic wave cycles, characterized by wave length (Period), ‘ave height and possible shape parameters. ‘The deterministic wave parameters may, however, be predicted by stotistical methods. 412 The Kinemain of regslar waves may’ be described by dnaliical or numerical wave theorise, Among theee may be entoned 1 Lisear wave theory, by which the wave profle e deserted tea tne fonction © Soliary wave theories fr partclaly shallow water © Croidal wave theories hich cover the waves above at special ees Stoke wave theoies for pacar high weve. © Sweancfurction waves which ore bexed on numeri sh and seenetcly serie te wave Kinemates v= {broad range of water depts By spectral description of random seus, the linear wave theory is almost always used. For most practical purposes. the following wave theories are recommended: © Solitary wave theory: Peon © Stokes’ Sth order wave theory b o1stso3 © Linear wave theory (or Stokes’ Sth onder) h seh where b= water depth, wave length, 32 32.1 Short term stationary irregular ses states may be de- scribed by a wave spectrum: that is, the power spectral density Function of the vertical sea surface displacement Wave specira may be givea on table form, as measured spec- tra, oF on parametrized, analytic form, 32.2 The Jonswap spectrum and the Pierson-Moskowitz spectrum are most frequently applied. The spectral density function is: ‘Short term wave conditions S(o) = 2 ¢7 (2) a Sexp ‘angular wave frequency, o= 2sf = 2x/T. wave frequency, f = 1/T. wave period, T= 1/f. | angular spectral peak frequency wp. acceleration of gravity. generalised Phillips’ constant. spectral width parameter. 007 fos ap. 0.09 if o> ay. = peakedness parameter. fy = 25 /T ‘The Pierson-Moskowitz spectrum appears for 323. The Pierson-Moskowitz spectrum is generally applied Tor open. dep waters and fully developed seas. The Jonswap spectrum is normally used for fetch-limited, growing seas and without evell 324 The ptak period T, mey be related to the average zaro-erossing wave period T: by. where : Hy = significant wave height. If no particular values are given for the peakedness parameter 1. the following value may be applieg: <36 Je* pa BIEL or 36 y= Vfors where Ty is in seconds and H, is in metres. If the period is not given for a particular ses-state, a tentative estimate a, <6Hf where T; isin seconds and Hi, isin metres 32.5 The spectral moments M, of general order n is defined as M, [F ePsteieo SOHO Ate The Jonswap spectrum above has approximately Quantities that may be defined in terme of spectral moments are among others: © ‘Significant wave height: H=4./Mip © Average wave period: © ‘Significant wave slo © Spectral width: 2.26 If the power spectral density S(0) is given as u function of the frequency f rather than as the function S(@) of c, the relationship is S() = 27 Sta) Similarly, if the moments of the circular frequency spectrum S(O) are denoted M,N, the relationship to My in 3.2.5 is Classification Notes — No. 30.5 mso= [Psi er= ony", Ib Directional short-crested weve spectra may be derived from the nondicectional wave speotra above as follow: S(0,2) =S(e) fa) where @ engle between direction of elementary wave trains and the mam direction of the short-crested wave system, Sle, lirectional short-crested wave power density spectrum, fis) = directionaiity function Energy conservation requires that the directionality function fulfils the requirement [Pree ie 1 ‘The directional function fe) may have the general form fe) = const- cosa where2<358 ‘Due consideration is to be taken to reflect an accurate corre- lation between the actual seastate and the power constant, « The main wave direction may be set equal to the prevailing wind direction. 32.8 The statistical distribution of individual wave crests Z in an icregular shortsterm stationary seastate may usually be Gescribed by the Rayleigh distribution, The cumulative proba: bilty function F(Z), that is the probability that « crest shall ‘be equal or lower than a value Z, is ~e( PZ) where Ag ~ HE The highest wave-crest Zmas within @ time tis 1 Za ByinN where N =u, To the first approximation one may put Zax2H, 3.2.9 _ The peak-to-trough wave height H of a wave eyce is the difference between the highest crest and the deepest trough bbetwaen two successive 2ero-uperossings. ‘The wave-heights are Ruyleigh distributed with cumulative probability furetion PIM) = 2c © = wconstant ~10. ‘The highest crest-to-trough wave height Hyay within @ time t Classification Notes — No. 30.5 Hane Hee aN where N = t To the Gist approximation one may pul 043 =10 Haut] Zs 3.2.10 In evaluation of the Foundation’s resistance against syelic wave Toading, the temporal evolution of the storm should be taken into account, This should cover a sufficient part of the growth and decay phases of the storm, If dain for the particular in Fig. 3.1 may be applied. > ie not available, the storm profile 10. wy Home os: UNE HOURS 3 ificant wave height relative to maximum value as 2 function of time during a storm. 3.3 Long-term wave statistics 33.1 The lone-term variation of the seas may conveniently be described by a set of seastates, each characterized by the Wave specteam parameters, that i, (Hy, T) oF (&,Tp.7) de Fined in 3.25 and 3.2.4 repactively 3.3.2. There are currently three ways to deseribe the m long-term probability distribution of the sigai height: a) The three-perameter Weibull distribution with probability density: 1 iene MRIs: ong (HEHE) =( (ech) ‘This distribution has evident advantages in connection with extreme seastate prediction. 1b) The generaliced gamms disiribution with probability den ree (ae) oC) Fb) is a complete gamma function. AH) ‘This distribution is most convenient for establishing long- term distribution for individual crest-heights. ¢) The log-narmal/Weibull dictribution with probability den sity function: (BY eGR) men (Fea) omer fH) Onn Hy ‘There are also constraints on the parameters of the two parts such as to sive continuity in cumulative probability and in probability density at H, = Ho This distcibution is convenient for extreme seastates and in prediction of persistence of low and medium seastates. ‘The two-parameter Weibull distribution is obtained by: © Putting Ho = 0 in a) © Putting b= 1 in b). © Putting Hs = 0 in e). ign and oie are parameters fiued to the asymptotic parts Of the empirical data, ea 333. To extblish an extreme design Stdrm in a time span t ‘Gordes 20 years), itis convenient to agree upon a design storm Curation % usually 3, 601 12 hours. in advance. The number ‘of short-term intervals in the time span cis then ‘The significant wave height in the extreme design storm is then 2) By the thres-parameter Weibull distribution: Hamar = Hot (Hy — Ho) (to m)"4 b) By the generalised gamma distribution (approximate for~ mula): i" nii(nB Hana =( ly ©) By the log-normal/Weibull distribution: Himes © Hy (lnm)!3 Hy < Hear +O Dinin Re ‘The other spectral parameters of the extreme caaciate may be chosen az advised in 3.2 Design storms with a prefecred value for the storm duration are advised in 3.3.4 and 3.35 below. 334 Ifthe time t covers a total of N wave cycles, a long tec marginal distribution of the individual wave crests are preferably obtained in terms of general gamma distribution, The probability density is, (Zz) Tam (B 4 seo-pramser Web dncbton i sind for 8 ae Coe fZ)=. ‘The optimised clementary method. © The sedale-poim method, 33.5 The optimized, elementary method it bated on two- parameter Weibull dietributione. ‘The design storm duration advised is reNTGT, where T, = 2 relevant value for the average zero-crossing wave period. ‘The corresponding significant wave height is 2 \a Hama =: (q2zten) ‘The extreme long-tecm wave crest i: In the long-term wave crest distribution the parameter ‘The parameter i &§ found from Table 5.1. The scale parameter Dis Zeus (InN) ME 33.6 The saddle-ndit procedure takes into account that there may be & relationship between. average sero crosing ‘wave period and significant wave height of the form. Teent ‘The long-term distribusion of the wave ereste then has the pa. ‘An extceme design condition is esablished by the aiding vari- ables IRN + (4 ~ 1) lols RN Classification Notes — No. 30.5 This gives the significant wave height of the extreme design ‘The duration of the extreme design storm: ge ei 1, where T. = the average zero-crosting wave period representative for the storm. ‘The extreme individual crest height Zax = D fe The peakcto-trough wave height may be cstimatéd as if 3.2.8, 3.2.7. When specific wave data for a site are not available, the ‘data in Fig, 3.2 anc Table 3.2 may be used, In this soures ¢ two parameter Weibull distribution for the significant wave height 's assumed, and numeral values for the parameters j and ily are piven for the most rele i 3.38 | In some cases the design wave is defined ae the wave ah he ext Z, whch hasan exceccance peabitty of efor instance e= 10-9), With some approximation this value may be estimated as 1 1 Yo la HE OE Zax = the extreme wave crest in one Year, calevlated ac- cording t0 3.3.5 or 3.3.6 N = number of weve cycles in one year (14,400 + 363). F(Zmax) = the value of the long-term probability density function for the individual wave crests in 33.4 for argument Z = Zme. Classification Notes — No. 30.5 Fig. ‘Nautis zones for estination of long-term waye distribution parameters /1/ ‘Table 32 Weiball parameters j and 1, for the longriccw Table 3.1 Table to obtain the parameter k of the long-term ] | Probability distribution of the significant nave height. wave crest distribution. ‘The data refer to the zones in Fig. 3.2. j i dna |i = 2,000 1 Ta 10.00) 1,780 2 133) 8,00) 1712 a 172 375 6,00 1,614 4 1.64) 38) 4.00 1a 5 1a 241 3,33) 1,354 é 183) 337, 86 7 2.04 4.05 0 1,208 a 197) 435) 2.22 11a 5 1.89) 418 2,00) 7,086 0 138 2.98) La 1,034) oy 153) 233) 167 0.988 2 179 395 sa 0,944 3 195) 3.86 a) 0.904 4 1.68 3.19 La 0,868 15 Liz, 3.68) 135 0.834 16 182, 4.02 Le 0,802 7 1a) 313 Ta 0774 18 138) 2.56 15 0,746 19 1a 291 1,00 0,722 20 178) 3.38) 0. 0,538 2 179 3a 0,50) 0.428 2 190 289 0.40 0.356 3 187 295 10 Classification Notes — No. 30.5 a Te B Bs 170 78 26 a3 7 2 0 7% zs 132 7 2 738 re 30 ie 7 ai i m0 = 10 a FA 1 a 34 L6L 83 1 z Tai Bi 36 22 2 37 Te 6 38 TI Hi 3 1 a <0 5 @ a a 30 @ Tay 31 @ a = a 245 35 a 223 7 a as 35 a Zor 36 a 1 7 @ Za 35 30 1a 35 a 167 106 z i 7ol = 7a 102 3 233 1 3 3a io 36 zi 5 La 3 La = = 4, Current and tide oo 137 44 Current Gi 2s i 3 4.1, When dete eld easements ae not avalible the 62 1.43 Variation in current velocity with depth may be taken as: 63 2.03 vz) ~ vugele) + Yigdl2) 64 2s i” a vt) ~ran( 222)” toed 3 2.70 o = a 229 ‘ends von( EE) tor ny zo 3 Bas \"hs @ 186 patna) (tence 70 2a uae é i 1a x a teh Soul cemeteries 2 = distunee from still water level, positive upwards: ‘yee ~ tidal current velocity a Uhe still water level. Classification Notes — No. 30.5 veins wind-generated current velocity at the still water level b= water depth to still water level (taken positive) relerence depth for wind generated current hy ~ 50m. hg 4.1.2. The variation in carsent profile with variation in water depth due to wave action is to be accounted for. In such cases the current profile may be stretched or com: rested vertically, but the current velocity at any proportion of the instantancous depth is constant, see Fig, 4.1. By this method the surface current component shall remain constant, Pi Me te ta Seno vat eS Ne NSD tm toe ae Fig. 4 Recoumended method for current profile stretching with 4.13 In open areas wind-generated current velocities at che still water level may, if statistical data are not available, be taken as follows 015 UE, t 10 metres, Vind hour 42 Tide 42.1 The tidal range is defined as the range between the hi- hest astronomical tide (HAT) and the lowest astronomical lide (LAT), see Fig, 42, 4.22 Mean water level (MWL) is defined 2s the mean level between the highest astronomical tide and the lowest astro- nomial tide, see Fig. 4.2 42.3 The corm carge includes wind-iaduced and pressure induced effects 42.4 Sill water level (SWL) is defined as the highest astro- nomical tide including storm surge. see Fig. 4.2 “surgi dew? og ATR LEVEL Hanes aa | toveer acrnowowen tine years Fig. 4.2 Definition of water levels u 5. Wind loads 5.1 Wind pressure A. The basic wind pressure (q) may be calewlated from the following equation eee @ = the basic wind pressure or suction, = the mass density of air, to be taken as 1.225 kein? for fy air Vie = the wind velocity averaged over a time interval tat a height z m above the mean water level $12 Any external horizontal or vertical surfaces of closed Structures, which are not: efficiently shielded, showlé be checked for local wind pressure or suction using the ‘allowing equation: Ga wind pressure or suction. the basic wind pressure or suction, as defined in 5.1.1 Cy = the pressure coefficient. $13. ‘The pressure coefficient may be chosen equal to 1.0 for honzonial and vertical surfaces. 5.2. Wind forces ee 521 The wind force Fy on a structural member or surface seting normal to the member axic or surface may be caloulsted according to: Fy=CiAsing where = the shape coefficient, G = the basic wind pressure or suction, as defined in $.1.1 A_ = projected area of the member normal to the direction Of the force. Ais to be taken as the projected area of the member normal to the direction af the forces. © = angle between the direction of the wind and the axis of the expesed member or surface, ‘The mest unfavourable wind direction in the horizontal plene should be used when celeulating the stresses in a member due to wind. The spatial correlation of the wind may be taken into ‘onsideration for large surfaces. 5.22 _Ifseveral members are located in a plane normal to the wind direction, as in the case of a plane truss of a serie of co- lumns, the solidification effect ¢ must be taken into account ‘The wind force Fuse. may then be calculated as: Fwso.= Coq A ¢ sin Ce. ~ the effective shape coefficient, see 5.3.7 q. = the basic wind pressure according to 5.1.1. A = us defined in 3.2.1, To be taken as the projected area enclosed by the boundaries of the frame. solidity ratio. delined us the projected exposed solid area of the frame normal to the direction of the force divided by the area enclosed by the boundary of the frame normal to the direction of the force. fale 2 © ~ angle between the wind direction and the axis of the exposed member, as defined in 5.2.1. 5.2.3 If two or more parallel frames are loceted bebind each other ir the wind direction, the shielding effect may be taken {nto account. The wind force on the shielded frame Fwan may be calculated ax Fwsa=Fwn (3) GE Eq, in 5.2.1 is applicable) Fwsit=Fwsor (6) Gf Eq, in $.2.2 is applicabie) where n= shielding factor. ‘The shielding factor y is dependent on the solidity ratio (¢) of the windward frame, the type of member comprising the frame and the spacing ratio of the frames. The shielding fector may be chosen according to Table 5.1. Tf more than two members or frames are located i line after ach other in the wind direction, the wind load on the rest of the members or frames should be taken equal to the wind losd con the second member or freme Classification Notes — No. 30.5 Table £4 The willing factory ‘Spa- Value of n for an aerodynamic solidity ratio @ of tre Tor [02 | os | os | 05] 06 | ar | oF up | FO [ose [o90 [ORD | os [oss | ome oa? to 20 | 19 [097 [om [oma [om jose [owas 3.0 | 1.0 [097 [092 [os [0.74 [04s [oa [04s «0_[ 19 [088 [033 [0.6 [0.7 [oa [039 [0.54 50_[ 10 [088 [084 ose [oso [0.71 [o-« [0.00 é0_[ 1.0 [039 [oss [oso [0.33 [0.15 [0.9 [056 ‘Spezng ratios: The distance, xatre 19 ceuirs, ofthe frames, Dexa tr girders civeed bythe lest overall disension ofthe Fae, Seane beer meant a eh ans othe diction othe win. For ‘eiaagular or recangular framed structures diagonl to the wind. te spazieg rato shoulé be calclated from the mean distance between the ffames in tke airectog of the wind Acrodynamic soldiy rao Baa where = solidity ato, see $2. 2 = constant 1.6 for fatsided members, '2for etcalar sections im suberial range ard for Natsided memoets in conjunctor with such circular sections. ~ Go for crear secuors in the supercritical range and for Aat-sided members in conjuncuon with such ecu Set- 5.3 The shape coefficient 5.3.1 | The shape coefficient Coo for circular eylinders of finite length mey be chosen according to Fig. 6.2. ‘Reynold’s number Reis then defined as Dy R= a) where D_ = diameter of member, Me = wind speed. vi = kinematic viscosity of ain may be tken as 1.4510-Smijsec. at 15°C and standard atmospheric pressure 5.3.2, “The shape coefficient Coo for other shupe than circular oplinders may be found in Table 5.2 Classification Notes — No. 30.5 a ‘Table 5.2 Shape coefficients C.. for various members of infinite length. R in “a1, vv te | ES a) «|G TG | Ca o | tis | +093 ig [sits | +01 | sis | 0 +205 | 0 a | tis | Sos +18 ross | +15 | -o1 +185 | +08 go | +20 | +17 10 +175 | 089 | +07 O° | +06 ir | 18 | +01 +03 +075 | os | +105 x16 | +04 yor | 20 | Fon 14 sor | 415 =18 | “0 F; ‘ me n qT f fe od el | i ae eS Sha, reo eo, | a | G [Ge [ee | ce Te Ge w | sta] o | +205] 0 | +16] 0 | +20] 0 =20 | 0 ase | +12 | +16 | +195] +06 | +15 | ous | +18 | +02 +07 | +155 | =1ss sor | o” | +22 [0 | +09 | o | +19 | oo | -o1 +075 | 6 30 [Noten thi abe the force coefient Cris Sven in relation i the dimension jand notin ration to Ue effete Femi area An 5.33. The shape coefiicient C for individual members offinite 5.3.5 For spherical and parabolical structures like radar length may be obsained a5 domes and antennas, the shape coefficient C may be taken from Table $4 C=xCos 0 were “Table 5.4 Shape coefficients C for sphere-shaped structures. ‘Stmcrures Sh ke = the reduction factor as a furction of the ratio {/d (may conf be taken from Table 5.3, where d = the cross-sectional ay dimension of « memiver normal to the wind direction - tad = the length of the mombet). D Hollow hemisphere soncavity | 14 “Table 53. Values of reluston factor w for member of nite , length and slenderoess. (Ref. Fig. 7.1) a == 035 td 2 [5 [0] | o] 90 [ilo] | — Cueular [058 [0.62 | 0.68 [0.74 [0.82 [0.87 [0.98 | 1.0 Hollow or solid hemisphere, | 04 glinde, — concavity to leeward suberitical flow Cicalar [OBO [0.80] 0.2 [090 [08 [0.99] 10 | 1.0 Solid hemisphere and cireular | 1.2 = —p) optndes, superent- ical flow 5 Hemisphere on horizontal os Fiat plate [062 /0.86 [0.69 [08i fost [ov0fos| 7.0] | | atane perpen dicular to Sere [ReSaDTe os SG | eres Rez 10" 7} 534 For members with one end abuting on to ancther ‘member or a wall in such a way that free flow around that end ror hollow spherial cupolas with «wrisey les than the radi, one in intergoine linearly for the eee fp between the valoes for r= ‘Soler die and a hemiephere, of the member is prevented, the ratio !/é should be doubled for the purpose of determining x. When both ends are abuted us mentioned, the chape coefficient C hould be taken equal to that for an infinite long member. 53.6 For three-dimensional bodies such as deck houses and similar structures placed on a honzonial surface, the shape (coefficients may be taken from Table 5. 44 Classification Notes — No. 30.5 Table 5.5 Shape coefficient C for three jensional bodies placed on « horizontal surface, 4 een ceases ‘ Wa NY Plan shape pig a Cy for height/breadth ratio * rs ae ole le | BUR 2 wens = t = real erealee a eee (ee #85 ] Ae ab — p+ ys | 07 | o75 | o7s | ors os Z ath 2 | vo | tos | aa | tus 1 = fh oe cit os | ors | os | os | oss os ts vo | vos | oa vas 1s = as | os | oss | o9 | 09s wo Plan tare E | £ Calor heightveadh va + | 2 a Upes, 1 2 4 é 10 2 ey 1 oo | oss | to | vos | uv | az | te a p = the dimession of te menber ncrmal to the wind © lhe dimeasiog of te member measired in the direction of the wind e © the greater horizontal dimension. ® the lesser horzoatal dimension of member Example A:t= bow = do Example ow =>, = 6. rae Classification Notes — No. 30.5 53.7 The effecve shape cosficient C, for single frames is given in Table 5.6. = “ Table 5.6 Effective stupe coetficient C, (oF single frames. ‘Solidity ratio Effective shape coefficient Ce ¢ Flar-side Cireular sections members | Rozanl05 | Ree 420" an 1. 12 07 02 18. 12 os 03 (mets: 12 8 Oa 17, MW 08 OS) 16 a 08 075) 15 1S, 14 10. 2.0 20 20 5.38 All shape coefficients given in $3.1 through $.3.7 inv lude the effect of suction on the leeward side of the member. 5.4 Wind effects on helidecks 54.1 The wind pressure acting on the surface or helidecks ‘may be calculated using 2 pressure coefficient C, =2.0 at the leading edge of the helideck, linearly reducing to'Cp= 0 at the tralling edge, taken in the direction of the wind, The pressure may act both upward and éownwere, 5.5 Dynamic analysis of wind sensitive structures 55.1 _ A detailed dynamic wind anelysis considering the time variation of wind forces chould be performed for wind exposed equipment and objects sensitive to varying wind loads. Typi- cally, bigh towers, flare booms, compliant platforms like ten sion leg platforms and catenary anchored platforms etc. should be considered for such analysis. 55.2 ‘The gust vatiation of the wind field can be described 85 the sun of a sustuined wind component and & gust compo- neat, The fluctuating. gust velocity can be described by # gust spectrum as given in 2.2. 3.5.3 The spatial correlation (or distribution) of the gust in a plane normal to the sustained wind ditection ean be de- scribed by 2 coherence function using 2 horizontal decay fac- for, normal to the sustained wind direstion, and a vertical lecay factor. 584 The instantaneous wind force on a wind exposed structure can be calculated by summation of the instamianeous force on each wind expoted member. The instantaneous wind pressure q can be ealeulated by utilizing: 1 piv, teil (yuna) where 4 = the instantaneous speed and direction variation from the sustained wind. Ys = the instantaneous wind speed and direction x)= the instantaneous velocity of the struciural member. SSS _ For time domain calculations. time histories of wind ‘Yelocities corresponding to specira as given in clause 2 cen be ‘sed in combination with the force calculations given in $.5.4 to establish time histories of the wind forces. 5.5.6 When using a frequency domain calculation, the in- Stantaneous wind spectrum can normally be linearized to 1 a= pevitpye for strictures where the structural velocity (i) Is negligible compared to the wind velocity eames $5.7. _In direct frequency domaia analysis, the solution can be obtained by multiplication of the cross spectral density for the dynamic wind load with the tcansfer function of response, $88 In a frequency domain analysis 4 modal formulation ‘may be applied, ‘The modal responses may be combined with the Square: Root-of-Sum-of-Squares (SRSS) method if the modes are no! too closely related. In case of moder having periods close to cach other, the Complete-Quadestic-Combination (CQ) method can be applied, S$S9 Allrelevant effects as structural damping, acrodynamic damping and hydrodynamic damping should’ nomnally be considered in the analycis 55.10 For the structural design, the extreme load effeci due to statie and dynamic wind can be assessed by: FeFtee() where F, = the static response due to the design average wind speed. o(f) = the standard deviation of the dynamie structural re- sponses. & = wind response peak factor 5.6 Model tests 5.6.1 Data obtained from reliable and adequate mode! tests are recommended for the determination of pressures and re sulting loads on structures of complex shape 6. Wave and current loads . 6.1 Wave and current loads on slender members 6.11_Wave loads on clender members having cross-sectional imensions sufficiently small to allow the gradicnis of liquid particle accelerations and velocities in the direction normal to the member to be neglected, moy be calculated using Morison’ equation. Normally, Morison’s equation is applica le when the following condition is satisfied: ssD where 2 = the wave lengih. D_ = diameter or other projecied cross-sectional dimension of a structural member 6.12 In casts where Morison's equation is applicable, the inertia force may be calculated by the formula: pV a tp Cave ee where Fa = inertia force acting normal to the axis of the member, If sectional hydrodynamic added mass coefficient and volume per unit length are used F,, is force per unit 16 length, 1° varce-diniensional hydrodynamic added mass coulfiieat and coimpste volane of member are Used Frais the total foree ou the member, mass denoity of ul ro. of tree dipensinal led mass cork tp general Ca iss function of cross-sectional shape a nian of ody Reynolds number, Kealegane Carpenter number ad roughness. Cy valucs es fone tion of the former two factors are usally accepted. aT paris stelertion poral member exe 3 = Felative acceleration between liquid particle and mem ber normal to the member axis Y= volume or sectional volume (volume per unit length) of the lguid displaced by the member Ya = a reference volume (total or sections!) to, which the hydrodynamic added mass Coefficient may be relzted, Classification Notes — No. 30.5 G13 Recommended values of Cx for different smooth cross-sectional shapes.are given in Table 6.1 and 6.2 for two. and three-dimensional bodies respectively. Values of added mats coefficients for « smooth circular cylinder close to a wall are given Table 6.1. These values are based oa potential the- ory and are thus only accounting for cross-sectional shapes ard orientation. Other values for Cy, may be used provided that the chosen values can be justifie ‘The values of Cy for ciscular cylinders with in-service marine roughness should normally rot be les; than 0.8, The effect of marine growth and appurtenances as anodes etc. should be considered when selecting effective diameters (and volumes) and added mass coefficients, Classification Notes — No. 30.5 17 Table 6.1 Added mass coefficients for two-dimensional bodies, be. infinitely loog cylinders ‘Section through body Direction af mation & Vr 1j©, ena 19 it t Verse 1 ne = SS Verizal ir - nee 1% | ab=5 Lan 2 aj = 2 is 136 2 ae? Vert 36 = Peed woo se Boe iS eee \ jos | |= Vertical on ze Vv Hath Be a 18 Classification Notes — No, 305 Table 62 Added mass cooffiient for tree dimensional bolls Body shape Direction es Va gf mane Grcular dee | { Vertical 068 ae Elliptical dise Sit Su \ oe 10 1235 03 or Vertical ay 037 LS 30 090 us 075 Fiat plates ne Ot Rectangular plates We Sn { 1 Ost Vertical 1s 068 aoe LSPA . 29 07% one sre 30 on 1.00 Trengular pats { Vertical Jean gy 2 zeae 3 Spheres { Ou Any direction 05 foe zs 3 Bodies of afb, Co revolution Ellipsoids i Axial | Lateral > Lan 20 030 0.62 lee 2 Lateral or axial | 33) | 021 | 070 ' mand So | ois | a7 A 57 | 008 | os $5 | 00s | oss oo2_| 055 te i 1 Ose 2 036 5 3 028 Squate prisms Vertical a ous # 3 ons é 013 te 7 oul 10 08 6.1.4 In the cuses where Morison’s equation is applicable the drag force may be calculated by the formula: Fo=tp Cow lvl A drug force normal to the axis of the member. drug coefficient for the flow normal to the mass density of liquie. liquid particte velocity relative to the member normal 10 the member axis, absolute Value of ¥, introduced to obtain proper sign of Fo. ber ‘A = area of member taken as the projection on a plane normal to the force direction, 6.15 The curtent induced drag forces ure to be determined in combination with the wave forces. Thit may be done by vector addition of wave and current induced purticie velocities If available, computstions of the total panicle velocities and accelerations bused on more enact theories of wavejcurren interaction will be preferred, 6.1.6 When using Morison’s equation to calculate the hy: Grodynamic loads On 2 straciure one should preferably take into wecount the variation of Cp as function of Reynold’s number. the Keulsan-Carpenter number und the roughness ‘Classification Notes — No. 30.5 number in addition to the variation of cross-sectional geom- © Reynold’ number (Re=U Dj) © Kevlegan-Carpenter number (Ke © Roughness (k/D). © Distance between the cylinder and a fixed boundary (H1/D). Ue TID). where D = dismeter H_ = clearance between the eylinder and a fixed boundary. T= wave period, k = roughnese height. U_ = flow velocity Un = maximum orbital particle velocity. v” = Kinematic viecosity of the water. ‘AS 2 guidance for the susface roughness used for determination Of the drag coefficient, the following values mey be used. E (mewres) Steel, new uncoated 51075 Stel, painted | S10 Steel, highly eived I 310-7 Conereie | 310 Marine growth Bese ‘The effect of marine growth and appurtenances as anodes etc. should be considered when selecting effective diameters and drag coefficients, 6.1.7 Two-dimensional drag coefficients for smooth circuler cylinders and cylinders of various roughnesses in steady une form flow as. function of Reyaold's number are given in Fig. 32, 618 Values for the hycrodynamic drag coeffisient Cp for ‘other smooth cross-sectional shapes in sieady flow may be chosen equal 0 the corresponding wind shape coefficients given in Tables 52-56. G.1.9 Hydrodynamic drag coefficient for circular cylinder in oscillatory flow with in-service marine roughness should nor- ‘mally not be less than 1.1. The drag coefficient for a smooth lteular cylinder in oscillatory flow should nat be less than 0.7 6.110 | Tentative values of the drag coefficient as function of the Keulegan/Carpenter number for smooth and marine growth covered circular cylinders for supercritical Reynole's ‘numbers are given in Fig. 6.3. The figure is valid for free flow field without any influence of a fixed boundary, 6.111 The drag coefficient for steady current is equel 10 the asymptotic value for Ke equsl to infinity. For combined wave ‘and current action, the inctease of Ke due to the current may be taken into account, 6.112 To determine the drag coefficients for cicculur cylin- ders close to a fixed boundary, the drug cociicients given in 6.1.10 may be multiplied by « correction factor obtained from Fig. 64, 6.113 For several eylinders close together. group effects may be taken in to account. Ino adequate documentation of group ffecis for the specific case is weilable, the drug coethicients for the individual eylinder may be usec. S.1.14 An increase in the drag coefficient due to eros flow Vortex shedding should be accounted, see 7.3.3. 19 S145, Tent rao of ig Gy) and da intertrence oecient (Ip) for cotoporie cslindivelsnaeas oeeerenes Fig. 66nd 6.7. The coefinients are based on geese reedd els vit shape as defined in Fip 63 and presen ese of length solidity Sy in constant and oxtiataes Ana Reynol’s number nd’ Keulezaa/Carpenter nonber we he fered to pity dmete, By The solidity ratio Sit defined as; @) ‘The interference drag coefficient is defined as: yD, Ibo Sebo, Cc) adividual cylinder, ste Fig. 6, = pitea diamter, see Fig, 5.5. CY ~ Grag coefficients for the individual cylinders without any interaction, SL. = length solidity ratio. Ip ~ Interference drap coefficient 6.1.16 Ifa deterministic wave analysis is used to caleutate global loads, a reduction in the drag coefficients given in 6.1.7-6.1.14 may be appropriate. In such cases the drag coef. ficient for circular cylinders is, however, not to be iaken Ieos than C= 06 Where no, or moderate marine growth is considered, Cp=07 where marine growth is considered, For individual member design, the drag coefficients ars to be selected according to 6.1.7—6.1.14 6.1.17 In some cases it may be necessary to inglude higher orders terms in Merison’s equation This may be higher order terms are important for the excitation of struc tural dynemie responve, 6.2 Wave loads on large volume structures 6.2.1 The transfer function for linear wave loads on large bodies should be determined by diffraction theory. The theo- fies may be based on sink sourc= methods or finite fluid ele ments. For simple geomeiical shapes analytics) solutions may be used. The results from sink-tource methods should be carefully checked for surface piercing bodies such that irrep- lar frequences are avoided. If a new strdetural concept is ine troduced and the lods can not adequately be descrived by state of the art methods, model experiments are recommended 62.2 The wave loads on structures composed of large volume parts and slender members may be computes by 2 combinetion of weve diffration theory and Morison’s equation, The mod- iMteations of velocities und acceleration cue to the large volume Parts should however be accounted for when using Morison’'s equatio 62.3 In the vicinity of large bodies the free surface elevations (ce. wave height) may be increased. This should be accounted. for in the wave load calcalations as well ar for estimates of Geck clearances 20 6.2.4 Hydrodynamic interaction between large volume parts should be accounted for. 6.3 Second order wave loads on large volume structures 63.1 Second order hydrodynamic loud effects may ia many ‘cases be important for the design of large volume structures in waves. Such load effecis should be investigated. The different effects are explained in 63.2-6.3.6, 63.2 When a linear regular first order wave is interacting with itself and an ccean platform, forces of diflerent characters are created. In addition to fist orcer linear exciting forces, mean nonlinear second order forces (Arift forces) and non- near forces varying in time with twice the first order wove frequency act on the structure. [n the present state of the art effects of higher order than two are usually neglected: 633 _Imegular waves are assumed to be composed of an in. finite number of fundsmental frequencies and amplimades (a ‘wave spectrum), In irregular sea the resulting second order exciting forces contain chice components. These are the mean forces (drift forces), forces varying in time with the difference frequencies (often called slow drift forces) and with the sum frequencies of the wave spectrum (high frequency forces). 634 ‘The difference frequency forces may in particular be important for design of mooring and dynamic positioning of ‘offshore structures as well as for offshore loading systems. For large volume structures with 2 small waterplane atea the slow rift forces. may create large vertical motions. 635 The sum frequency forces may become an importent excitation couree in considering wave load effects on certsin ‘offshore platforms as for instance the tension leg concept and eep water gravity platforms. 636 The second order forces should be determined by a ‘consistent second order theory of by model tests, 64 Slamming loads from waves Horizontal members in the splash zone are susceptible wees caused by wave slamming when the member is being submerged. The dynamic reeponse of the member chould be accounted for. 642 Fora horizontsl member the slamming force per uait ength may be calculated as: Fy 1 ep Zee where F, = slamming force per unit length in the direction of the velocity. mass density of fluid. slamming coeffisient member diameter. velocity of water surface normal to the surface of the member. beta ‘The slamming coefficient C, may be determined using ‘theoretical an¢/or experimental methods. For smooth, circular cylinders the value of C, should not be taken less than 3.0. 644 As the slamming force is impulsive. dynamic emplifi- cation must be considered when ealeulating the response. For a horizontal member fixed at both ends, dynamic amplifi cation factors of |.5 and 2.0 are recommended for the end moments and the midspan moment, respectively Classification Notes ~ No. 30.5 GAS The fatigue damage due to weve slamming may be de- termined secording to the following procedure © Determine minimum wave height, Hae, which can cause slamming, © Divide the long term distribution of wave heights, in excess Of Hye. into 2 reasonable number of black, ‘¢ For cach block the stress range a .y be taken as; 2 [8 ouan — (ep+e4)) where Fane stress in the element due to the slam losd given in 642. = stress due to the net buoyancy force on the clement. = strese due to vertisal wave forces on the clement. 2° = factor accounting for dynamic amplification, see 644. @ Each slam is associated with’ 20 approximate linear decay ong stress rengee ‘© The contribution to fatigue from each wave block is given ‘umber of waves within block j centical number of stress cycles (from relevant $-N curve) associated with Ac, = number of stress ranges in excess of the limiting stress range associated with the cut off level of the S.N cure, reduction factor on mumber of waves. For a given clement only waves within secior of 10 degrees to cach side of the perpendicular to the member have to be accounted for. I case of an undirec- onal weve distribution, R equals 0.11. K__ = slope of the S-N curve (in log-log scale) 64.6 ‘The calculated contribution to fatigue due to slamming has to be added to the fatigue contribution from other variable Toads. 65 Shock pressure from breaking waves 65.1 Breaking waves causing shock pressures on vertical surfaces should be considered. 65.2 _ In absence of more reliable methods the procedure de- seribed in 6.4.2 may be used to calculate the shock pressure 653 The coefficient C, depends on the configuration of the area exposed to shock pressure. A lower limit of C, for circular cylinders is 3.0 654 The area exposed to shock pressure may be taken asa sector of 45 degrees with high of 0.25 Hyp, where Hap. the most probable largest breaking wave heigh inn years, Fig. 3.8. The region from SWL to the top of the wave etest should bbe investigated for the effects of shock pressure. 655 _ The impact velocity (v) should be taken ss that corre- sponding to the most probable largest breaking wave height in years. The most probable luegest breaking wave height may be taken as 14 times the most probable largest significant wave height in n years, Classification Notes — No. 30.5 a ; “ eS | Tw =e POVIPPPTTTTTALTT?. a i | ee | Recommended value of the added mass coofficient, C, for 2 circular eylinder. Influence of a fixed boundary on the added mais coeffi- cient, Ca, of a circular eylinder, DIAGRAM oastD oy LocaRirw acre. Polatonadetvest Woe a 6 ” 20 » to Fig. 63 ‘Drag coefficient C, as function of K, for cylinders in waves. Re> 5105 Fig, 62 Drag coefficient for circular ey linders for steady flow. | 20 a Colo, | 10 oo ez a4 oe ce, 0 Fig. 64 Anfluence of a fixed boundary on the éreg coefficient of a circular cylinder in oscillatory supercritical flow. Ke> 20, Re= 10° — 2108 Fig. 65 Parameters of typical composite cylindrical shapes. co f8 ow tc“ prone sith Seas ot —— o as to 15 LENGTH SOLIDITY 25 57 Fig. 6.6 Drag coefficient as function of length solidity ratio for smooth composite eylinder stapes. R= 6105) O08 91520 8t LENGTH soLioiTy Fig. 6.7. - Interference drag coefficient 2¢ function of length solidy ratio. R=6105 Classification Notes — No. 30.5 7. Vortex induced oscillations 7.1 General 7.1. Wind or any Auid flow past a member may cause un- steady flow petterns duc to vortex suedding. This may lesd {0 vibrations of the member normal to its longitudinal axis. Such vibretions chould be investigated. 712 At certain critical flow velocities, the vortex shedding Frequency may coincide with or be © multiple of ihe natural frequency of motion of the member, resulting in harmonic of subharmonic excitations. The following provides guidance on both methods for determining the motion emplitude and/or the forces on the member, 223, ath loving the center for pesnce of vores shedding s liste. The vortex shediing freducney ms be calculated as follows; ee Sp vortex shedding frequency (Hz), ‘Strouhal’s number, ow velocity normal to the member axis. ameter of the member & shedding is related to the drag coefficient of the'mem- ber considered. “High drag coefficients usually eccompany strong regular vortex shedding or vice versa, ‘This means that the Strouhsl’s aumber (St) is a function of Reynole’s number (Re) for smooth rounded members. The relationship between ‘i and R, for a circular cylinder is given in Fig. 7.1. For other s6 sectional shapes St may be taken from bie 7.153 (ex remeron fe , Fry B HH Fig. 68 ‘Area to be considered io evaluating the loads duc to shock pressure on circular cylinders. Fe Fig. 74 ‘Stroubat's number for a circular cylinder as a function of Reynold’ number. 23 Table 7 Wind Vahie of S, Wind | Profile dimensions mmm | Vale of — 0.120 erry = cao | caso | | - = us] | ahH bite | aa | a y ou? — wii | ah—4 ee | Fi ose Y tae cas? 1 0.140 | === aay 0.121 ass | “ela 043 0.145 3 Ete saa) pass uae a —_— = 0.180 as { | oni Wie RES wo Q 0.200 | —|I 7.1.4 For rounded byérodynumie smooth members. the vor- la ROZOSIO™ le tex shedding phenomenon is svongly dependent on Reynold’s SR < 06% = umber for the flow. a¢ given below 610 Re < 510" Wide-band random shedding 3108S Re< 610" Narow-band rendom shedding Ree 610F Guasi-periodic shedding For rough members the vortex shedding shall be considered strongly periodic in the entire Reynold’s number range. 7A For determination of the velocity ranges where vortex shedding induced oscillations may eccur, a perameter V,, called the reduced velocity, is used. V, is defined a5 where ¥ = flow velocity normal to the pipe axis. fj = natural frequency of the pipe. DB = pipe diameter. 7.1.6 Another parameter contrlling the motos Is the sta bility parameter, ky, defined as 2m oD? 2 = mass density of currounding medium (air or uid). D = clement diameter. le = generalised mass per unit length of the element defined L nm [yi)l?dx +) MG) [ior a generalised logarithmic decrement ( defined by 2) of damping bm 554 5443p logarithmic decrement of structural damping. logarithmic decrement of soils damping. generalised jogasithinic decrement of hydrodynamic damping, ‘m= muss per unit length, including structural mass, added ass and the mass of aay containment within the ele- ment, My = concentrated point mass ¥(3) = normalized mode shape. L = length of the element ¢ = submerned length of the element. 7.2. Wind induced vortex: shedding 7.2.1 Wind induced cyclic excitations of pipes may occur in ‘two planes, in-line with or perpendicular to the wind direction, The amplitudes of the vortex shedding induced motions due to wind may be derived according to the simplified upprosch for vortex shedding in steady current given in 7.3, substituting ‘the mass density of the water with the mass density of the ait (ar = 1,225 kg/m? for dry air). 7.22 In-line excitations may occur when: L72.2 the shedding will be unsymmettic, and the motion will tke place in the second instability region (2.2 L. Jit 738 bundles. 1 (@s approximation). Vortex shedding in combins ion with composite pipe 6 Yortex shedding takes place on combinstion of pipes or on pipe bundles as global vortex shedding (on the total enclosed ‘olume) or 2s local vortex shedding on individual members, Pipes spaced so densely thai the drag coefficient for the total enclosed yolume exceeds 0.7 can be exposed to global vortex shedding. ‘The global vortex shedding represented by a transverse lift coefficient will depend on the cotal drag coeificient roughly so that (p>0.7) in which Cro is the transverse low coefficient for the enclosed body if itis solid. In addition there may be local vortex shed. ding on indi Pipes spaced so, that the draz coefficient for the total enclosed volume is below 0.7 will only be exposed to local vortex shed- ding on memt 74 Wave induced vortex shedding, Téa Waves andjor current flow past a member may cause unsteady flow patterns due to vortex shedding. This may lead to vibrations of the member normal to its longitudinal exis. Such vibrations should be investigated 742 _Atccertain critical flow velocities, the vortex shedding frequency may coincide with or be a multiple of the natural frequency of motion of the member, resulting in harmonic or subharmonic excitations. The following provides guidance on both methods for determining the motion amplitude andjot the forces on the member 743. The vortex shedding in waver falls into two categories: 1) Vortex shedding of the san type exists for Ke > 30 type as in steady current. Thiz Koen (4) TA4 Vortex shedding for Ke > 30 only exists when the or- bitel velocity component perpendicular changes less than 110% in 2 vortex shedding cycle. In mathematical terme uD De >a Sasi Keo 30 where = the instantaneous orbital velocity W = the instantaneous orbital acceleration, For sine wave motion this criterion correspond t0 si [Ace in) Classification Notes — No. 30.5 = =e aca wnt verrex | no verre serene, Fig. 75 Criterion for presence of vortex shedding in waves. TAS Vortex shedding for K>30 follows the rules for steady current. 746 | Resonance vibrations dus 10 vortex shedding (lock: ing-on) may oceur a: follows for Ke > 30: In-line excitations Issa kets Cross-flow excitations: 4

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