Fire Protection System Objective: The students will be able to describe the basic components of fire alarm system. The students will be able to describe basic types of systems.What is Fire? Fire Is the process of burning. It is in fact a chemical reaction initiated by presence of heat energy in which a substance combines with oxygen in the air and the process is accompanied by emission of energy in the form of heat, light and sound, Therefore, three elements are essential for combustion i.e. + Acombustible matter Le, fuel * Oxygen * Source of heat, Spark flame etc. Each of these three elements must be present at the same time to have a fire, A fire will burn until one of more of the clements is removed, Why Do We need Fire Fighting? Fire safety is a subject connected not only with human and property safety but is related with design of bulldings and thelr services. Fire although » good friend of humanity, when it spreads un-controlled, in buildings can be vicious enemy resulting in heavy loss of property and lives. Therefore fire protection measures, both In residential buildings and in commercial/ industrial complexes, have assumed a great role In recent years in our country.What is Fire Protection: A method of fire protection involves the conveyance of water | pipes to extinguish fire within a building falls into the field of plumbing. Water may be supplied through riser pipes or standpipes Classification of Fire Class A: Ordinary combustibles or fibrous material, such as wood, paper, cloth, rubber, and some plastics Class 8: Flammable or combustible liquids such as gasotine, kerosene, paint, paint thinners and propane. Class C: Energized electrical equipment, such as appliances, switches, panel boxes and power tools Class D: Certain combustible metals, such as magnesium, titanium, potassium, and sodium,Manual/Automatic Initiation Requires human interaction Activated by pull station or from central point May be multi-hazard Require no human interaction Employ detection devices May set a sequence of events in motionComponents of Fire Fighting System: Passive fire protection is an integratcomponent of the three components of structural fire protection and fire safety in a building. PFP attempts to contain fires or slow the spread, through use of fire-resistant walls, floors, and doors {amongst other exampies). Active fire protection - is an integral part of fire protection. AFP is characterized by items and/or systems, which require a certain amount ef motion and response in order to work, contrary to passive fire protection. Active Fire Protection: MANUAL PULL STATIONS Alarm System Smoke Detectors Heat Detectors Portable Fire Extinguishers Fire Hydrants Fire Hose System Sprinkler System (Ory Riser, Wet Riser} Dre Con)ifauem Figures 14.39 a-c Manually operated alarm-initiating devices may look slightly different, but ail are important tools for signaling emergencies.Alarm Systems Mis An integral part of any fire protection eystam, It Is sald that the first five minutes af fire are must Important than the next five hours, Flee can be extinguished when It is in an incipient stage Moreure people can be watned of fire hasards and evacuation af the buildings become wavy, The heat & sisiw detectors detect fire and actuate the alarm system, The cyatem helps mracuation of the premines and to tring fire fighting facilities into action as quickly a5 possible, The Fire aterm systems a rovided in the residential bulldings with heights above 15 m and industrial and commercial buildings with height above 24 m. If the height of building Is above 35 m. It is necessary to have provision of heat & Smoke Detectors. sist of the following components; Jarm control panel ~ the system hub monitors inputs and system integrity, controls outputs and relays information. Primary power supply ~ primary power for your fire alarm system is usually supplied in the form of 124¥ of 240V AC from the power Company. Secondary (backup) power supply ~ backup power supplies usually consist of lead-acid batteries used to power the system in case the primary power source fails.Alarm Syste! initlating devices ~ these are your activation stations, and cap be manual (pull stations} or automatic {smoke detectors} Notification appliances ~ notification appliances are things like flashing lights, strobe lights, horns, speakers, etc, that actually tet people know of the danger in your building. Building safety interfaces - these are things like exit lighting, ventilation systems, etc. that make it easier for people to get out of the building once a fire bas started.Interpreting Signals ° Red: Fire or Emergency Conditions ° Yellow: Supervisory/Trouble — Trouble: electrical problem — Supervisory: tamper or mechanical problem ¢ Visual signals are backed by audibleSmoke Detectors: + A smoke detector is a device that detects smoke, typically as an indicator of fire. + 150 millimeters (6 in) in diameter and 25 millimetres (1 in) thick, + Smoke detectors in large commercial, industrial, and residential buildings + usually powered by a central fire alarm system, which is powered by the —e power with a battery backup ‘ Reka pe Prengasae einer N coat fonaastion Detexter ~ Photoetearic Detener Sg OSS Lotte FONIZATION: in this type radioactive source is used to ionize the air within sensing chambers. This detector is most efficient when flaming fires are expected. PHOTOELECTRIC :in this type principic of reflected or scattered light is used to indicate the presence ef visual smoke. This detector is most efficent when smoke has te travel a distance before reaching the detector {aged smoke}.Projected-Beam Style of Photoelectric Smoke Detector Clear Air Alarm Condition Figure 14.30 A projected-beam photoelectric detector activetes when light is blocked by smoke from maching a sensor, eee Refractory Application Photoelectric Smoke Detector Photo Cel! Figure 14.31 A refractory photselectria smoke sends an alarm when light reaches a sensor after revtecting olf smoke. lonization Smoke Detector — Type of smoke cetentor that uses a small amounttonization Smoke Chamber Yat Current Monitor Sapper Portes i 5 fi 5 : ' | iSA ‘heat detector is a fire alarm device designed to respond when the converted thermal energy of a fire increases the temperature of a heat sensitive element * Heat detectors are nat meant to replace smoke detectors, A heat detector will nonetheless notify of a fire in a kitchen or utility area (i.e, laundry room, garage, or attic), where smoke detectors should not be installed, This will allow extra time to evacuate the building of to put out the fire if possible. Fixed Temperature + When the heat sensitive alloy reaches the a point changing state from a solid to a liquid. + The most common fixed temperature point for electrically connected heat detectors is 136.4° F (53° C). Rate-of-Rise (ROR) * Heat detectors can operate at a lower temperature fire condition than would be pos: + Detector responds when first’s Lemperature increases relative to the other,‘Portable “extinguishers are manufactured in a variety of shapes & sizes. In order to avoid confusion, extinguisher of the same type, should be similar in shape, appearance and as far as possible, in method of i Biv wv ey i a os e te Poa m ms v vv I fa >t xy ad Wax we Ww eigenen Bly 2 Ee DE Classification Of Extinguishers according to type of Fire: Water Extinguisher: For Class A Fire, Foam Extinguisher: For Class B Fire. hi pareve remerecersensey prteraiecnns oanelsonenr de Carbon di Oxide Extinguisher: for Class C Fire. fey Dry Chemical Extinguiser: For Class D Fire. Prat the gin Ate the mee sle mess poms favehyVOICE SYSTEM TWO-WAY bees : Firefighter me aes Public address 2 4 ens A ne mt system PAUP ts 3 COMMUNICATIONsystem aterts occupants of one duiding to an incident occurring Figure 14.10 A focal alarm i Local Alarm System— ude esos wenn se Papers WI nc verbuste, pao vibe VER WR epee,Figure 14.8 Magnatic door closures. Ska this one are designed to romain oper during normal building activay and release when alarms are activated 10. close tha door. Detector Activating Elevator Controls Signalto Fire Department Control Panel Figure 14.9 In this scenario, tho ectivation of the tite detection system has caused an over tho elevator controls 50 that the elevator can be used by frofighters,Standpipe/Riser and Hose-reel System A rising main consists essentially of a. pipe (of 50 mm minimum diameter) installed vertically in a building with a fire service and has inlet at the lower end and outlets at each floor inside the building. (See next page) BUILT ENVIRONMENTStandpipe/Riser and Hose-reel System oF . ~ “jag as - £ T-4- oat Oe Dowsfeed ae te ne | (ec) Apt BREAK TANK. ee PUMPSYSTEM BUNT ENVIRONMENTStandpipe/ Riser and Hose-reel System There are two types of risers: * WET RISERS; Wet risers are kept permanently charged with water which is then immediately available for use on any floor with an outlet. Buildings above 60 meters in height should be ‘provided with Wet risers. Wet risers. in building should not be used for any other purpose. The water supply system to the riser should be capable of providing a pressure of 410 kPa at the highest outlet. Lower outlets should be protected against excessive pressure whereby pressures should limited to. 520 kPa maximum at any outlet. Wet riser system is always the preferred system unless freezing conditions may occur. In this case the dry riser system is to be used. 10/3/2018 BUILT ENVIRONMENTFIRE FIGHTING SHAFT LANDING VALVE WET RISING MAINStandpipe/Riser and Hose-reel System ° Dry-risers;-Dry risers.are similar to wet risers but ~~ are kept empty of water. When required, a will be charged by fire service pumps at ground level. Dry risers should only be installed where prompt attention can be relied upon or where buildings are not fire sensitive such as_all-concrete _ buildings. Appropriate occupants training. will be required when such systems are installed. ~ The ie common material used for standpipes is steel. Internal hose reels may be fitted inside buildings and should. be sufficiently light and easily ~manipulated to-be used by employees for a first aid fire protection. 10/3/2018 BUILT ENVIRONMENT—~ FIRE FIGHTING _ SHAFT _ —--- LANDING VALVE BREECHING INLET. SJ DRY RISING MAINPilar or Post Hydrants: These hydrant remain standing above ground like a post by about 0.9 m to 1.2 m and connected to a water main underground It consists of a sluice valve, a duck foot bend, 2 65 mm dia past one, two oF three outlets, These outlets are spaced around the periphery of the hydrant barrel, so that it can serve more number of fire tenders at a time, they are painted ted in color, flushed once in every six months and kept in working condition, TYPES OF FIRE HYDRANTS ey omet x ues stSprinkler Syste: The automatic spray or sprinkler system provides a network of sprinkler heads (which both detect and extinguish fires} throughout the protected spaces. This system may be used in accommodation areas, and in machinery spaces with certain variations in the equipment used and the method of operation. Dry Riser System Wet Riser System How Does the Sprinkler System Work: ©” ~ the sprinkler head is dosed by a quartzoid bulb which contains a liquid that expands considerably on heating. When excessively heated the liguid expands, shatters the bulb and water will issue from the sprinkler head. A deflector plate on the sprinkler head causes the water to spray out over a large area.Automatic Sprinkler Systems sprinkler head al] alle sprinklers stopvalWe back pressure valve 10/3/2018SPRINKLERSPRINKLER 10/3/2018 BUILT ENVIRONMENT._ SPRINKLER [Upright sprinkler Pendent sprinkler | 10/3/2018 BUILT ENVIRONMENT 30Discharge Diagram For Standard Sprinklers Standard sprinklers BUILT ENVIRONMENTOperating Temperature °C Temperatures and Identification Colors of Sprinklers Identification Color 57 Orange 68 | Red 719 Yellow 93 141 182 10/3/2018 Green Mauve ~ 227/288 Black BUILT ENVIRONMENT10/3/2018 PARTS IDENTIFICATION Operating and Protection Valves Siemese From Supply BUILT ENVIRONMENTSPRINKLER DISTRIBUTION ARRANGEMENTS | | | | | 10/2/2018 BUILT ENVIRONMENT Standard StaggardOry Riser Sprinkler System: A ary Riser system or dry pipe system Is made of complete water-distribution system with sprinkler head or risers and branches with hydrants throughout the buildings in which there is no running water. In the sprinkler system the dry pipe system is used partly to protect the interior of the buildings against hazards of burst and leaky pipe to avoid freezing of water in the pipes. Water is tumed into water distribution system either automatically of manually on the outbreak of fire or the sounding of alarm gong te smother or extinguish fire. When the fuse melts in due to the heat generated by fire, water gushes in and air exhausted through the sprinkler head quickly In the preaction system water is admitted to the system by a valve actuated by a thermostatic controlled device that function in advance of the sprinkler system, The distribution system is laid with a slope of about 1:200, so that the complete water (5 drained out of the system. Provision of necessary pressure gauges is made on main water supply, distribution, air tank, pumps, ete.~— Heated Ory Pipe Vive Enesosure PRB Water Pressure [J Air PressureWet Riser Sprinkler System: The provision of wet riser system whenever made for residential building should have the following features: The Wet riser are designed for Zonal distribution of water according to height of building The first riser up to 60 m height should be 10 cm dia The second riser upto 100m height of 15 cm dia The third riser upto 150 m helght of 15 cm dia These risers are connected 6 fire pumps separately provided for this purpose in the buildings Awet riser must be provided near the enclosure staircase. The pipe fitting should be approved make and quality by the competent authority,TYPICAL WET PIPE SPRINKLER SYSTEM ‘Watet Matar —. seatsInspecting, Testing, and Evaluating Fire Detection and Alarm Systems All of the following functions of the fire detection and alarm-signaling system should be operated during the acceptance tests: e Alarm, supervisory, and trouble signals — Check actual wiring and cir- cuitry against the system drawing to verify that all are connected properly (Figure 11.47). Fire alarm control unit (FACU) — Operate all interactive controls at the FACU to verify that they control the system as designed. Inspect thoroughly to verify that the FACU is in proper working order, Alarm-initiating and occupant notification devices and circuits — Check allitems for proper operation. Test pull stations, detectors, bells, and strobe lights to verify that they are operational, Test each initiating device to note that it sends an appropriate signal and causes the system to send the pre- scribed alarm, supervisory or trouble signal as prescribed on the approved plans. Power supplies — Operate the system on both the primary and secondary power supplies to verify that both will supply the system adequately (Figure 11.48).Figure 14.52 The inspector should verily correct placement tor visual Gevices.